Mhikaela V.

Animo
BSED EN 1-1

Readings in the Philippine History Final Examination

1). Discuss the rise of the Philippine Republic.

- In the Philippines, the First Philippine Republic, or the Malolos Republic, was a new revolutionary
government. The First Republic showed that, after more than 300 years of colonial slavery, the Filipinos
were capable of self-rule and deserved their longed-for liberty, a bondage shaken time and again by
intermittent revolts whose disparity precluded ultimate victory. The First Philippine Republic was
established after the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1897) and the Spanish–
American War between Spain and the United States (1898). The first constitutional republic in Asia was
the Philippine Republic. The Filipino rebels routed the Spaniards in Alapan, Cavite, a victory celebrated
by Aguinaldo with the first, albeit informal, waving of the National Flag on Philippine soil.
Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from the window of his house in Kawit, Cavite, on
June12,1898, and formally waved the Philippine flag to the martial strains of the new national anthem for
the first time. The establishment of a revolutionary government was motivated by two basic principles: to
help the country achieve genuine independence and to pave the way for the formation of a "true
republic.". The Malolos Congress gained its place in the history of the Philippines, if only for two
purposes: the ratification of the declaration of independence on 29 September 1898 and the constitution
of Malolos, promulgated by President Aguinaldo on 21 January 1899. When he took the oath of
allegiance to the United States nine days later, the First Republic of the Philippines came to the United
States. The First Republic of the Philippines has come to an end.

2). Why was the Malolos Constitution significant in the Philippine History ?

- The constitution of Malolos is the first significant Filipino document ever created by the
representatives of the people. It established a Filipino state with three distinct branches — the executive,
the legislative and the judicial— whose government was "popular, representative and responsible". In
particular, the Constitution provided for protections against violations, and enumerated not just the
Filipinos national and individual rights. The Constitution, drawn up for the first time by members of the
Filipino people, is a committee led by Felipe Calderon and assisted by Cayetano Arellano, and is the first
republican constitution in Asia. Aguinaldo was presented with the final draft of the constitution. This
paved the way for the first Philippine Republic to be launched. The constitution as a whole is a testament
to the Filipinos' willingness to plot their own direction along democratic lines. It symbolized the values
of a people who had risen from the Dark Ages into the Light of Reason in a time of storm and tension.

3). Discuss the Filipino American collaboration

- 1946 defines the time of the Philippines' American colonization. It started in April 1898 with the
outbreak of the Spanish-American War, when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East
Indies, and ended when, on July4,1946, the United States officially recognised the independence of the
Republic of the Philippines. When Howard Bray, a British national and former resident of the Philippines,
approached Aguinaldo in Singapore, he told Aguinaldo that the American consul in Singapore, Spencer
Pratt, wanted to speak to him. Aguinaldo tried to consult Dewey in Hong Kong, but the latter had already
left for Manila. Instead, he met with an American consul in Hong Kong, Rounceville Wildman. Wildman
told Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines and establish a dictatorial government so that the revolution
against Spain could begin. After consultation with the other rebel leaders in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo,
together with 13 revolutionaries, returned to the Philippines aboard the McCulloch, Dewey's dispatch
vessel. They arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898. Conferences were held between Dewey and Aguinaldo.
the Spaniards promised the Filipinos several reforms in an attempt to win them over to their side. These
efforts proved useless for the Filipinos who were no longer interested in reforms. They now wanted
independence for the Philippines.

4). What is the treaty of paris is all about?

- The 1783 Paris Treaty officially ended the American Revolutionary War. The peace treaty was signed
with representatives of King George III of Great Britain by US statesmen Benjamin Franklin, John
Adams and John Jay. The British Crown officially recognised American independence in the Treaty of
Paris and ceded much of its territories to the United States east of the Mississippi River, doubling the size
of the new nation and paving the way for westward expansion. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the
French and Indian War/Seven YearsWar between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective
allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively
ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there. The Treaty of Paris ultimately encouraged
dissension between Anglo-American colonists and the British Government because their interests in
North America no longer coincided. The Treaty of Paris ultimately set the colonists on the path towards
seeking independence, even as it seemed to make the British Empire stronger than ever. (see
Parliamentary Taxation of Colonies).

5. Why is the death of Andres Bonifacio considered a tragedy in Philippine history?

- It is a tragedy because it's injustice, He just want to impretom every Filipino deserve, He is selfless
man who only want to fight for his country and country men, and yet, He was executed, but what's more
sad about his death is, it's not the Spaniards who executed him, it's his fellow Filipino men, his own
country men who he's, willing to sacrifice his life with. No matter how hard we try to forget, how we
skillfully sanitized history, The fact is Bonifacio's death forces us to admit the painful reality that even in
the glorious revolution, Filipinos were fighting fellow Filipinos. Filipinos were murdering fellow
Filipino.

6). Discuss the first Philippine Spanish encounter.

- It does seem that long ago, but almost 500 years ago, in February1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
landed on the Philippine islands to continue what Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy Lopez de Villalobos were
unable to do: colonize the Spanish crown in the Philippines. Owing to this act, Philippine history has
changed so much. A series of events that put the Philippines on its current course was set off by Legazpi's
landing. It is important for us, five hundred years on, to look back and remember that this was not only
another historical footnote in our textbooks, but the beginning of something more important than that.
Spain and Portugal concluded the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529, shortly after the Philippines was
discovered by Magellan, defining which islands were 'occupied' by Spain and which were owned by
Portugal. The two nations, particularly in what they called "the Spice Islands,"now known as the
Moluccas, were at odds with each other on issues of colonization. On February 13, 1565, the Legazpi
expedition landed in Cebu. Different accounts by members of the expedition generally followed the same
story: After landing in Cebu, they were forced to flee due to native hostility, whereupon they decided to
go to Cibabao (Samar) and Tandaya (Leyte). After which, they went to Boyo (Bohol), before returning to
Cebu and settling a permanent fort in the area.

7). Discuss the third Execution of Bonifacio.

- One of the most important events in the history of the Philippines happened one hundred and
twenty-two years ago: two brothers, Andres and Procopio, were killed in the mountains of Marogondon.
On the orders of Emilio Aguinaldo, the execution of the Bonifacio brothers signified a new turn in the
Philippine Revolution, one that would eventually lead to the Biak-na-Bato Pact and the exile of
Aguinaldo to Hong Kong. The trial was a sham. Tried by a jury of Aguinaldo’s peers and defended by a
lawyer who declared his guilt, Bonifacio was assured of an unfavorable verdict. He was not allowed to
confront the witness who charged him with conspiracy, on account of the said witness having died in
battle. The witness was present during the trial. In the end, Bonifacio was found guilty of treason.
Aguinaldo, not wanting to further anger any of Bonifacio’s supporters and not seeing the threat of a
living Bonifacio, commuted his sentence to exile. Noriel and del Pilar, who were both signatories of the
Acta de Naic, argued otherwise and strongly urged for a death sentence. The order was given and signed
by Aguinaldo’s hand. Bonifacio would die.

8). Write a short biography of Jose Rizal

- Jos Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born in Calamba in the Laguna Province of the
Philippines on June 19, 1861. The second son and the seventh among the ten children of Francisco
Mercado and Teodora Alonso. With his mother as his first teacher, he began his early education at home
and continued in Binan, Laguna. Jos Rizal, a talented student who became fluent in many languages,
In1872, he entered the Jesuit-run Ateneo Municipal de Manila and in 1876 he earned a bachelor's degree
with the highest honors. He studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas but had to stop because he
felt that the Filipino students were being discriminated against by their Dominican tutors. He went to the
Universidad Central de Madrid in Madrid and, at the age of24, he completed his Philosophy and Letters
course with an Outstanding grade in 1885. His allegorical play entitled El Consejo delos Dioses was
chosen as the best entry in the competition of 1880. The jury, however, upon discovering that the author
was a Filipino, decided to confer the grand prize to a Spaniard.
Two of his famous literary works written when he was already 26 years old were the Noli me Tangere and
the El Filibusterismo. Because Rizal became an ardent exponent of reform and racial equality and since
he considered the friars as enemies of progress in the Philippines, the friars did everything to have him
tried on charges of treason and sedition, condemned and consequently sentenced to die by musketry on
December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan.

9). Discuss the Filipino reaction to Spanish rule.

- During the time of the Spaniards colonization, the life of the filipino was very poor and faithful, because
the spaniards treated the filipino people not as human beings, but as their slaves, they abused the rights of
the filipino in their own country. The lives of the filipinos during the spanish colonization was very
difficult, they never experienced "freedom", that's why they revolted against the spaniards. The
Philippine Revolution (1896-98), a fight for Filipino independence that revealed the vulnerability of the
Spanish government after more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, but failed to expel Spaniards
from the islands. In1898, the Spanish-American War brought the rule of Spain in the Philippines to an
end, but precipitated the Philippine-American War, a bloody war between revolutionary Filipinos and the
U.S. The long period of Spanish hegemony over the Philippines was punctuated by multiple
quasi-religious uprisings, but none had adequate coordination to overthrow the Europeans. However, an
educated Filipino middle class arose during the 19th century, and with it a desire for independence from
the Philippines. Before 1872, resistance was largely limited to the Filipino clergy, who resented the
islands' Spanish monopoly of influence within the Roman Catholic Church. During the Spanish colonial
period in the Philippines, there were several revolts against the Spanish colonial government by
native-born Filipinos and Chinese, often with the goal of re-establishing the rights and powers that had
traditionally belonged to tribal chiefs and the Chinese traders. Most of these revolts failed because the
majority of the native population sided up with the Spanish colonial government and fought with the
Spanish to put down the revolts.