ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

ASSESSMENT

August 2, 2018
Quedsa Plaza Bldg. QC
Speakers : Ar/EnP Maribel C. Tubera, MsCM, UAP, PIEP
Flow of Discussion
 History of EIA
 Intro to environmental effects of construction
materials
 EIA areas of concern
 EIA process
 EIA Philippines
 Sample EIA report
 ..\most beautiful places in the
PHILIPPINES.mp4
..\Causes and Effects of Climate Change National Geographic.mp4
The history of EIA
 When “Silent Spring” written by Rachel Carson was published
in 1962, social awareness to environmental issues in the US
had reached high proportions and grew as very intense
movements at the latter half of 1960’s.

 1969, NEPA (National Environment Policy Act) came into force in

USA.

 The concept of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is

applying EIA consideration in earlier stage of policy-making,
become prevailing and some practical cases are reported.

 The influence of NEPA in which the concept of EIA system as

its bedrock was extended beyond the US and provoked the
introduction of EIA policy in many countries in Europe and Asia.
Countries with EIA systems after US

 Australia (1974)
 Thailand (1975)
 France (1976)
 Philippines (1978)
 Israel (1981)
 Pakistan (1983).
EIA shield against adverse impacts of
development???
The buildings in which we live, work, and play
protect us from nature's extremes.
Buildings and development provide countless
benefits to society, yet they also affect our
health and environment in countless ways.
Lifecycle Building

 design for disassembly and design for

deconstruction, lifecycle thinking encourages
creating buildings that provide resources for
future buildings.

 Building material recovery and reuse reduces

energy and resource consumption.
Major Environmental and Human Health Concerns
Resulting from Construction Materials and Products
Material and Product Production
Earth is the source of all materials and sink for
emissions, effluents and solid wastes
Depletion of Natural Resources

 The construction industry accounts for almost

75% of total raw material used.

Land Oil Timber

Clay Sand Coal
Lead Silica Limestone
Iron Zinc Tin
Slate Gypsum Natural
Gas
Energy Use
 Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy
consumption

 Results to 36% contribution to CO2 emissions.

 Accounted for 72 percent of total U.S. electricity

consumption in 2006

 Projected to rise to 75% by 2025.

 51 percent of that total was attributed to residential

building use.

 49 percent was attributed to commercial building usage.

 A leaky toilet can waste 200 gallons per
day.

 26 billion gallons of water consumed

daily in the United States, approximately
7.8 billion gallons, or 30 percent, is
Water Use
devoted to outdoor uses. The majority of
this is used for landscaping.

 Eight percent of U.S. energy demand

goes to treating, pumping, and heating
water and is equal to enough electricity
to power more than 5 million homes for
an entire year
 Climatic Effects

 Urban Heat Island Effect

is a metropolitan area which is significantly

warmer than its surrounding rural areas

Heat islands can affect communities by

increasing summertime peak energy demand,
air conditioning costs, air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related
illness and mortality, and water quality.
Environmental Connections to Construction Materials
Concerns
Global climate Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from
change energy use, non-fossil fuel emission
materials manufacture, transportation of
materials, landfill gases
Fossil fuel depletion Electricity and direct fossil fuel usage

Stratospheric ozone Emission of CFCs, HCFCs, halons, nitrogen

depletion oxides

Air pollution Fossil fuel combustion, mining, material

processing, manufacturing processes,
Smog transport, construction and demolition

Acidification Sulphur and Nox, emissions from fossil fuel

combustion, smelting, acid leaching, acid
Environmental Connections to Construction Materials
Concerns
Eutrophication Manufacturing effluents, nutrients from nonpoint
source runoff, fertilizers, waste disposal

Deforestation, Commercial forest and agriculture, resource

desertification & Soil extraction, mining, dredging
Erosion

Habitat alteration Land appropriated from mining, excavating, and

harvesting materials. Growing of biomaterials,
manufacturing, waste disposal

Loss of biodiversity Resource extraction, water usage, acid deposition,

thermal pollution

Water resource Water usage & effluent discharges of processing &

depletion manufacturing
Ecological toxicity Solid waste and emission from mining and
manufacturing, use, maintenance & disposal of
construction materials
Major construction material whish emits large
amount of carbon dioxide
Cement
 In manufacturing 1.56 billion
tons of Portland cement each
year worldwide, an equivalent
amount of CO2 is released
into the air.
Cement
Key Environmental Aspects of Cement Production

Air emissions Nox, Sox, Dust/Particles

Use of Waste as fuel Stakeholder concerns of release of dioxins, other

chlorinated hydrocarbons, and heavy metals
Local Nuisance Noise, vibration, duct, visual impact

Greenhouse gases CO2

Land use and Primarily associated with quarrying activities

biodiversity

Source : Marlowe and Mansfield, 2002

 Steps taken to resolve some of the problems in cement
productions
Greening the Cement Industry Worldwide

The Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) is a serious

international effort by leading cement companies to reduce
environmental and human health impacts of cement production while
“increasing the business case for the pursuit of sustainable
development”.
Concrete Color, Reflectance Value and Urban Heat Island
Effect
Use of white Portland cement in
paving application produces a
highly reflective surface that
can help reduce heat island
effect by reflecting the heat of
the sun
Use Concrete Efficiently

Build Durable Structures

• Premature failure of concrete can result in a great deal of resource
use for structures that must be replaced before the end of their design
life.

• The use of High Performance Concrete (HPC) reduce the amount of

energy-intensive cement, water, and/or aggregate used in concrete
and result in a stronger, more durable structure. 6,000 to 7,200 psi as
opposed to the typical concrete mix’s 2,200 to 3,600 psi.

Don’t Oversize Structures (Build Small)

• Designing small structures and thinner concrete section can reduce
the total amount of materials and resources used to make concrete.
• Pier foundation system may use less concrete than spread footing
• Recycled cardboard sonotubes rather than the typical plywood
formwork.
Minimize Environmental Impacts of Portland Cement

Use less cement in a concrete mix

•Less cement can be used by specifying a 56-day full-strength
requirement instead of the traditional 28-day full-strength requirement
•Use cement substitute
fly ash
Silica Fume
Rice Hull Ash
Metakaolin
Ground Limestone
Metal
Description:
A metal is a chemical element that
is a good conductor of both
electricity and heat and forms
captions and ionic bonds with non-
metals.

Advantage:
Metal can be an enduring material
with a longer life span than wood,
concrete, or plastic
Vast array of metal shapes, sheets
and prefabricated products are
available.
Use of Metals
Steel and iron. Carbon steel, iron containing up to 1.7% carbon, is the
most common metal used in the construction industry, used primarily
in structural applications. Exposure to exterior conditions or moisture,
carbon steel is extremely vulnerable to corrosion.

Stainless steel most commonly used material in site specialty

application due to its good corrosion resistance without finishes
Use of Metals

Aluminium use in construction has rapidly

increased since the 1950’s . It is corrosion-
resistant, lightweight relatively structurally
strong material that can be used from site
furnishings to guardrail to structure.

Copper is used in landscape applications,

primarily in sheet form, for flashing, caps, and
panels, and in particulate form for lumber
preservation treatments. Brass and bronze-
copper alloys with zinc, tin aluminium, or
nickel-are used in both cast and sheet forms

Titanium very high strength, light weight, and

good corrosion resistance.
Environmental Impacts of Metal Production
Impacts can vary widely between two different products made from the
same metal and between metal alloys and finishes. It can also vary with
“differences in environmental conditions, service life and other project-
specific variables” (Houska and Young 2006)

Materials Acquisition and Resource

Consumption
Extraction . Most metal ore is surface
mined through strip mining , open-pit
mining, mountaintop removal, or
dredging.

Beneficiation. The extraction and

processing of beneficial materials
from the mined materials includes
milling, crushing, consolidation,
washing, leaching, flotation,
separation, thermal processes.
Elevated levels of heavy metals in soil
solution can be toxic to plant roots and
microbes and may pose a water
quality hazard.
Embodied Energy of Metals

Energy consumption for the production of metals varies by metal

type, product, and manufacturing facility, but it is generally high
compared with alternative building materials such as lumber or
engineered wood.
Steel - Electric arch furnace (EAF) steelmaking is less than
half as energy intensive as the basic oxygen furnace (BOF)

Aluminium. One of the most severe environmental impact

resulting to it production. Twenty thousand kilowatt hours are
required for primary aluminium production.

Stainless Steel. Production of stainless steel uses approximately

60% more energy that that used to produce carbon steel. This is
because of additional processing and higher temperature required
to melt and form the metal product
Titanium has a very high melting point; therefore it
requires substantial energy to produce. The high
melting point can be an advantage in applications that
must resist fire.
Energy use in secondary processes. Metal alloying an
finishing can vary the energy use, emission, and solid
waste impacts of metals widely.
Emissions , Waste and toxic impacts of
Metal Processing and Manufacture

Environmental impact
evaluation of metals
tends to focus on
embodied energy;
however, toxic waste
and emission releases
to air, and to a lesser
degree to water and soil
can be greater concern
based on the sheer
volume of waste
material created during
the metal production
process.
Primary Iron and Steel Processing
Solid waste. Waste generation from iron and steel
production is a significant impact of the of the iron- and
steelmaking processes. The steel industry generated
around 39 million tons of solid wastes in the form of
slags, sludge and dust. 42.5% of this total waste was
recycled on-site, 47.5 was recycled off-site or treated,
discharge or disposed.
Primary Iron and Steel Processing

Toxic Releases. The National Biennial RCRA Hazardous Waste

Report indicates that the iron and steel sector accounted for 1.3
millions tons, or 4%, of all hazardous waste generated in 2003. The
magnitude and type releases pose human and environmental health
risks, as some of these releases are carcinogens, toxins, mutagen
and persistent bio accumulative toxin,
Primary Iron and Steel Processing

Air pollution. The iron and steel industry is a significant

source of emissions from combustion-related and
manufacturing processes, such as volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), particulates, sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (Nox) , carbon monoxide, and ammonia.
Emission of fine particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter
are one of the greatest concerns because that are small
enough to get trapped in the lungs and are not easily
cleared.
Primary Iron and Steel Processing

Co2 release. Carbon intensities of iron- and

steel making operations place the steel sector
second to the petroleum refining sectors in
industry contributions to greenhouse gas
emissions (U.S. EPA 2007)
Primary Iron and Steel Processing

Water. Seventy five thousand gallons of water are

required to produce one ton of steel. Waters is used to
cool equipment, furnace, and steel’ to produce steam ; to
remove scale from steel products; as a medium for
lubricating oils and cleaning solutions; and in wet
scrubbers for the pollution control.
Stainless Steel Production
Air water and waste impacts from production of stainless
steel are greater that those of carbon steel. Additional
energy use and pollution impacts result from alloying the
iron ore with metals such as chromium, nickel,
manganese and/or molybdenum
Primary Aluminium Processing

Significant source of industrial pollutions. High energy use,

the major environmental and human health impacts from
the primary smelting and manufacture of aluminium are
greenhouse gas emissions from carbon dioxide and per
fluorocarbons form aluminium smelting process, and air
emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, inorganic
fluorides, sulphur dioxide, and carbon dioxide
Primary Aluminium Processing
Air emission. The average smelting process for one ton of aluminium is
responsible for the production of 1.7 metric tons of CO2 from t he
consumption of carbon anodes and the equivalent of two tons of CO2
from PFC emissions
However, improved production techniques and pollution control
equipment have reduces these emissions

Waste. Considerable solid waste is generated during the production of

aluminium. Two tons of alumina are required to produce one tone of
aluminium , and the production of one ton of alumina generates
between 0.3 and 2.5 tons of bauxite residue.

Water consumption and wastewater release. Manufacture of aluminium

is water intensive but less so than steel. Wastewater and sludge,
contamination include aluminium, fluoride, nickel, cyanide and antimony
Transportation of Metals
Metal production is a global market, as metals
are mined, produced, and distributed around
the world.
Weathering and Durability of Metals

The longevity of metal structures may be their greatest advantage

with respect to a site’s sustainability.

The International Molybdenum Association has developed an evaluation

system to determine a project location’s corrosive environment,
susceptible of metals to corrosion and aspects of metal structure design
that may encourage corrosion.
Wood and Wood
Products
Wood has been used for
centuries as building
material in forested regions.
A renewable resource,
grown primarily with solar
energy inputs, wood
sequesters carbon, and even
after harvest and processing
into lumber products.
Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Wood
Use
Global and Local impacts of wood harvesting can be
substantial, especially with some current unsustainable
forest management practices, there are potential benefits of
wood use in construction as compared with fossil fuel-
intensive alternatives such as steel and concrete, particularly
as they relate to issues of global warning.

Worldwide, loss of old-growth

forest, rain forests and other
forestland is a larger concern. The
World Resources Institute
estimates that we have lost 80% of
the world’s ancient forest, and only
36% are primary forest
Harvesting Impacts
Logging operations can cause loss of habitats, soil erosion and
compaction, pollution runoff, and loss of species diversity. Increased runoff
volume from deforested land can carry topsoil and pollutants into surface
waters, causing reduced light penetration, increased turbidity, increased
biochemical oxygen demand, and deoxgenation
Transportation Impacts

Lumber trade is global market. The global lumber trade often results
in transportation of lumber over thousands of mile from logging sites
to mills and then to distribution centers
Manufacturing Impacts: Lumber

The environmental and human health impacts stemming

from lumber production are fewer than those posed by
production of the other structural materials, concrete and
steel.

Energy use. Relatively minimally processed has lower

embodied energy as compared to other structural materials
such as concrete and steel.
Engineered wood products required more energy to produce
than standard lumber, yet still less than other materials.

Air emission from lumber production occur primarily (79%)

from the combustion of fossil fuel. CO2 generally from
biofuel is considered environmentally impact- neutral by EPA
.
Manufacturing Impacts: Lumber

Water Use and Emissions. The primary use of water in

lumber processing is to cool saw blades.
Solid Waste Generation. Methods of milling offer varying
efficiencies for lumber yield and generation of sawmills
waste.

Waste generated at sawmills is often burned fro fuel to

power lumber-drying kiln, Final waste of wood which is
either disposed of in landfills or used in other products
such as adhesive.
Manufacturing Impacts: Engineered Wood Products
Engineered wood can offer many environmental advantages, primarily
through the incorporation of small wood members and/or wood waste.

Human and environmental health impacts of engineered wood products

stem primarily from the binders.
The most common binders contain formaldehyde, know carcinogen
(International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and an irritant to
the eyes and mucous membrane (Agency for Toxic Substance and
Disease Registry (ATRSDR)
Forest Stewardship Council

A group of timber users, traders and representatives of environmental

and human rights organizations met in California in 1990.

This diverse group highlighted the need for a system that could
credibly identify well-managed forests as the sources of responsibly
produced wood products.

FSC works to improve forest management worldwide, and through

certification creates an incentive for forest owners and managers to
follow best social and environmental practices.
 Plastic
One of the most common
materials in site
construction. It offers
several benefits for site
construction. Some can be
durable, waterproof, decay
resistance, flexible,
integrally colored,
inexpensive and low
maintenance.
Plastic can incorporate substantial
recycled content, can be recycled
themselves, and are relatively
lightweight, conserving transportation
energy use.

Plastic lumber can reduce pressure

on forest by replacing use of old-
growth and pressure-treated lumber.

Plastic pipes can replace energy- and

pollution-intensive metal pipe
Major drawback of plastic. Made from non-renewable
fossil fuel feedstock and additional fuels are consumed in
their production. Waste and emissions from some
plastics, by-products, and chemical additives can release
toxins, such as dioxins, furans and heavy metals, during
both production and disposal
 Life-cycle impacts of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plastics

Feedstock Major raw materials are ethylene and elemental chlorine.

Chorine gas, acutely hazardous if inhaled
Embodied Energy PVC uses the least amount of fossil fuels of the plastic because its
composition is at least 50% chlorine by weight.
By-products Most harmful by-products of PVC production and disposal are
dioxins, a family of persistent bio accumulative toxins (PBTs) that
do not easily breakdown. Dioxins can alter fundamental growth and
development of cells.
Additives Required additive to impart special properties that pose health and
environmental risk. Diethylhexy phyhalate (DEPH), most common
plasticizer, which affects reproduction, liver and kidney function of
some organisms.
Disposal- 1.6 million tons are discarded each year with only a negligible
incineration amount recycled. Ash containing these chemicals is disposed of in
Unregulated and landfills and can seep into groundwater
accidental burning -burning release large amount of dioxin
landfills -dioxins into soil and groundwater can pose a hazard, especially in
landfills without protection
Recycling PVC is technically recyclable , equipment use contain many
harmful emission during the process
• Only specify plastic products that number each component
of the product. Avoid use of number 3, PVC. HDPE is
number 2, LDPE is number 4, and ABS.

• Specify products with recycled-content minimums of 25%

post-consumer or 40% total recycled content. EPA has a
Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines for percentage
product.

• Examine product literature for composite materials,

especially in fencing, decking, and artificial turf, as many
product contain some PVC or vinyl.

• Tell suppliers and manufactures of products containing PVC

why you are not specifying their product. Manufactures like
to be aware of Designers needs and values.
EARTHEN MATERIALS
Earth construction building
methods have been in use
worldwide, both in buildings and
site structure, for thousands of
year
Materials for Earth
Construction

Materials for earth construction vary

slightly by construction type, but all
incorporate soil with some
percentage of clay and water.
 Earth Construction Methods

Adobe Bricks – most common

methods of earth construction
worldwide, are formed and air-
dried bricks made from clay and
sand, and sometimes straw or
stabilizing additives.
Compressed Earth Blocks are
soil, water, and sometimes
cement, pressed into blocks
moulds with a high-pressure or
hydraulic press.
 Earth Construction Methods

Rammed Earth construction, also called

pisé de terre, consists of moist, sandy
soil lifts in formwork tamped solid to form
walls. With IT shares the benefits of low
embodied energy, local materials, high
thermal mass, low resource use,
recyclability, and longevity with other
earth construction system

Cob, a mix of clay, sand and straw,

is one of the simplest forms of earth
construction as it is hand-formed
into monolithic walls, requiring no
formworks, ramming or machinery.
 Earth Construction Methods- Modular Contained Earth

Rammed Earth Tire construction,

ideal for retaining walls, is a system of
permanent formwork (tires) for
rammed earth. Reclaimed tiles are
filled with a damp soil mix, like
rammed earth, and tightly packed
using sledgehammer or a pneumatic
tamper. Filled tires are stacked in a
running bond pattern.

Earthbags, also called superabode, are

plastic or textile bags filled with soil and
sometimes sand or gravel laid in courses,
and tamped solid.
BRICK MASONRY
 Clay bricks are known for their durability, and when used in a well-
built structure, they can last for hundred of years with little
maintenance
3 main types of clay bricks produced:

Extruded bricks, also called stiff mud

bricks, are the most common type of
brick produced today, with about 90% of
brick produced by this method.

Molded bricks, or soft mud bricks, mix of

raw wet clay and 25%-30% sand to
reduce shrinkage. It is pressed into steel
molds with a hydraulic press and then
fires at 900-1,000̊C

Dry press brick production method are

similar to daft mud bricks, yet a much
thicker and dryer clay mix is used
Environmental and Human Health Impacts of
Clay Bricks

• Moist clay and shale quarries are

located adjacent to or within a few miles
of the brick manufacturing facility to
minimize transport cost

• Waste is minimal and is often reused

within the brick manufacturing process

• The primary environmental impact of

brick manufacture is the amount of fuel
and energy used for firing and drying
brick.
Emission and Pollution
Particulate matter. PM 10 and PM2.5 is the primary type
of emission resulting from raw material grinding, drying
and screening operations.

Combustion product emitted from fuel combustion,

primarily natural gas, in kilns and dryers.

Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and other fluoride compounds.

Acid precipitation is the primary environmental effect of
fluorine and chlorine. This can result in tree and crop
damage, metal corrosion, and surface water
acidification.

Water. Little waste water is released as much as of the

water evaporates from heat or is reused. Water is
stored for recirculation or reuse.

Transportation. Bricks like concrete and stone, are

heavy materials requiring substantial energy and cost to
transport
AGGREGATES AND STONES
Stone and aggregates can be low-
impact building materials when quarried
locally, selected carefully , minimally
processed, and used appropriately to
form durable structure

Aggregates is the generic term used

to refer to hard granular materials in
the size range of 0.2mm to 20mm,
such as gravel , sand, and crushed
stone as well as recycled materials,
Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Natural
Stone and Aggregates

Materials Acquisition: Mining and

Extraction is the greatest
environmental impacts from stone and
aggregate materials.

Vegetation and soil and rock

overburden are removed to expose
the stone deposits underneath,
resulting in a loss of habitat in the
mine area. Habitat around the mine
are affected by soil erosion, increased
turbidity and in the impacts in
surrounding waterways
Environmental and Human Health Impacts of
Natural Stone and Aggregates

Waste from mining and processing includes

dust from extraction, cleaning, screening,
cutting and crushing materials into appropriate
sizes.

Estimate 0.1 lb of dust emission is release for

every ton of stone processed

Air emission result from fuel use for drilling,

blasting, sawing and cutting; however, these
are substantially less than materials such as
cement and metal.

Airborne dust particulates can also enter

surface waters degrading water quality.
Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Natural
Stone and Aggregates

Processing also called benefication of stone

products can incur environmental and human
health impacts, the greatest of which are the
production of large amounts of waste and the
potential for these wastes to contaminate
surroundings environments and water
resources.
In mining, beneficiation (occasionally spelled 'benefication') is a variety
of processes whereby extracted ore from mining is separated into
mineral and gangue,

In mining, gangue is the commercially worthless material that

surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit.
Definitions

“A procedure that ensures that the environmental

implications of decisions are taken into account
before the decisions are made”.
- European Commission
Definitions
“An assessment of the possible positive or
negative impact that a proposed project may
have on the environment, together consisting
of the natural, social and economic aspects”.
- Wikipedia
Definitions

“Describes a procedure that must be followed for

certain types of project before they can be given
'development consent'.

The procedure is a means of drawing together, in

a systematic way, an assessment of a project's
likely significant environmental effects”.

- Department for Communities and Local Government, UK

 Definitions

“Refers to both a decision-making process

and a document that provides a systematic,
reproducible, and interdisciplinary evaluation of
the potential physical, biological, cultural, and
socioeconomic effects of a proposed action and
its practical alternatives”.
- US Environmental Protection Agency
Definitions
“Process that involves predicting and evaluating
the likely impacts of a project (including
cumulative impacts) on the environment during
construction, commissioning, operation and
abandonment.

It also includes designing appropriate

preventive, mitigating and enhancement
measures addressing these consequences to
protect the environment and the community’s
welfare”.
- RP’s DENR EMB
“EIA is thus an anticipatory,
participatory design, planning and
environmental management tool.”
- The Royal Town Planning Institute, UK
EIA around the World

 Australia
One of the pioneering states was New South Wales, whose
State Pollution Control Commission issued EIA guidelines in
1974.
This was followed by passing of the Environment Protection
(Impact of Proposals) Act in 1974.

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act

1999 (EPBC) superseded the Environment Protection (Impact
of Proposals) Act 1974 and is the current central piece for EIA
in Australia on a Commonwealth (Federal) level.
 EIA around the World

• Canada
The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act
(CEAA) is the legal basis for the federal
environmental assessment (EA) process. CEAA
came into force in 1995.

Legislative amendments were introduced in 2001

and came into force on October 30, 2003.
EIA around the World

 China

EIAs are governed in China by the Environmental

Impact Assessment Law (effective September 1,
2003)
China's State Environmental Protection
Administration (SEPA) used the legislation to halt 30
projects in 2004, including three hydro-power plants
under the Three Gorges Project Company.
EIA around the World

 European Union

European Union Directive (85/337/EEC) on Environmental

Impact Assessments (known as the EIA Directive) was first
introduced in 1985 and was amended in 1997.

The directive was amended again in 2003, following EU

signature of the 1998 Aarhus Convention.
In 2001, the issue was enlarged to the assessment of plans and
programmes by the so called Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA) Directive (2001/42/EC), which is now in force.
EIA around the World

 United States
Under United States
environmental law an
Environmental Assessment (EA)
is compiled to determine the
need for an Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS), and
originated in the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA),
enacted in 1969.
Thank You!
 References:
 www.emb.gov.ph
• Russ, Thomas. Site Planning and Design Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
• Go, Mervin D. (2008). Environmental Impact Assessment: A System Comparison between the Philippines, India and South
Africa.
• Malayang III, Ben S. (2005). The Philippines Environmental Impact Assessment System: Notes on its History, Current Issues
and Prospects.
• Tio, Jacob S. (2008). The Philippine EIS System.
• DENR-EMB MC 2007-002. Revised Procedural Manual for DENR Administrative Order No. 30, Series of 2003 (DA0 03-30).
 http://www.aboutremediation.com/toolbox
 http://www.solutions.ca/brownfields/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield_land
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_I_Environmental_Site_Assessment
 http://globalnation.inquirer.net/propertyfocus/Whats-a-brownfield
 American Society for Testing Materials. Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site
assessment Process.
 American Society for Testing Materials. Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II Environmental Site
assessment Process.
 Goudie, Andrew (2002) The Human Impact on the Natural Environment, Blackwell Publishing
 Calkins, Meg (2009) Materials for Sustainable Sites, John Wiley and Sons Publishing
 http://www.steppingforward.org.uk/calc/