Assignment

In
AC/DC MACHINERIES
(EE 330)
Engr. Gil Tuban

John Lloyd A. Vincoy

BSME III

1. Differentiate between Electric Generator and Electric Motor.

 How are Electric Motor and Electric Generator Different from Each Other?
An electric motor and generator can be differentiated from each other on following factors:

Basis Electric Motor Electric Generator

Rule Followed An electric motor follows Fleming’s left-hand rule. An electric generator follows Fleming’s right hand rule.

Function It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Current The current is supplied to armature windings. The current is produced in armature windings.

The motor’s shaft is driven by magnetic force that is The motor’s shaft is attached to the rotor.
Driven Element
developed between the armature and magnetic field. It is driven by mechanical force.

Electricity Electric motor uses electricity Electric generator produces electricity

 
Advantages of Electric Motors:
Following are some of the advantages provided by electric motors:
Long Life: As electric motors contain a few moving parts, thus they have a good operational life span.
For example, a correctly selected electric motor, which is maintained properly can offer up to 30,000
hours of service.
Low Initial Cost: Electric motor has considerably lower initial cost than a fossil-fuel engine with the same
output horsepower rating.
High Efficiency: Electric motors are highly efficient with ratings, which depend on the size of motor size,
and its operating conditions.
Durable: Electric motors have extensive operating life, and are durable. They have minimal service
requirements.
Advantages of Electric Generators:
Here are some of the advantages of electric generators:
Minimal Loss: Power outages are the main cause of ruining chilled or frozen merchandize. This can result
in significant loss for businesses. Electric generators work as alternative power source, and they protect
the merchandise during the power outage.
Increased Safety: In several situations, electricity is important for convenience, as well as safety. Keeping
spaces well-lit during power outages will help prevent people from tripping and injuring themselves in the
dark.
Applications of Electric Motors
Following are the applications of electric motors:
Interior permanent magnet motors technology in automobiles
Propulsion and traction in boats and amphibious vehicles
Pump drives
Energy regeneration
Material handling
Applications of Electric Generators
Electric generators find their application in:
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) drive systems
Automotive starter generators
Wind generators
Aircraft auxiliary power generation
High speed gas turbine generators
As far as their functions are concerned, electric motors and electric generators are quite distinct from one
another, however they represent two sides of the same coin. Choice of the right equipment will depend on
your requirement.

2. What are the factors which determines Induced Electromotive Force (EMF) Strength.
Induced EMF for a coil of wire depends on:
A) Magnetic strength of the core in the coil of wire.
B) Number of turns of wire in the coil
C) The cross-sectional area of the coil.
D) Rate at which magnet is moved into/out of the coil.

3. How the direction of Relative Motion that determines Direction of Current Flow.
You also know that the direction of the generated current flow is determined by the direction off
the relative motion between the magnetic field and the cutting conductor. If the relative motion is
toward each other, the current flows in one direction; and, if the relative motion is away from
each other, the current flows in the opposite direction.

4. What is the Generator Hand Rule.

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule.

5. Name the main parts of a Direct Current (DC) Elementary Generator and give their functions.
Stator
The main function of the stator is to provide magnetic fields where the coil spins. A stator
includes two magnets with opposite polarity facing each other. These magnets are located to fit
in the region of the rotor.
Rotor
A rotor in a DC machine includes slotted iron laminations with slots that are stacked to shape a
cylindrical armature core. The function of the lamination is to decrease the loss caused due
to eddy current.
Armature Windings
Armature windings are in a closed circuit form and are connected in series to parallel for
enhancing the sum of produced current.
Yoke
The external structure of the DC generator is known as Yoke. It is made of either cast iron or
steel. It provides necessary mechanical power for carrying the magnetic-flux given through the
poles.
Poles
The function of a pole is to hold the field windings. These windings are wound on poles and are
either connected in series or parallel by the armature windings.
Pole Shoe
Pole shoe is mainly utilized for spreading the magnetic flux to avoid the field coil from falling.
Commutator
A commutator works like a rectifier that changes AC voltage to DC voltage within the armature
winding. It is designed with a copper segment, and each copper segment is protected from each
other with the help of mica sheets. It is located on the shaft of the machine.
Brushes
The electrical connections can be ensured between the commutator as well as the exterior load
circuit with the help of brushes.

6. State the Lenz's Law and the Fleming's Law.

Lenz's Law
in electromagnetism, statement that an induced electric current flows in a direction such that the
current opposes the change that induced it.
Fleming's Law.
When a current-carrying conductor is placed under a magnetic field, a force acts on the
conductor. The direction of this force can be identified using Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule.
Likewise, if a moving conductor is brought under a magnetic field, electric current will be
induced in that conductor. The direction of the induced current can be found using Fleming’s
Right Hand Rule. It is important to note that these rules do not determine the magnitude, instead
show only the direction of the three parameters (magnetic field, current, force) when the
direction of the other two parameters is known. Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule is mainly applicable
to electric motors and Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule is mainly applicable to electric generators.

7. What is Direct Current (DC) Electric Motor Principles.

Working Principle Of A DC Motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The basic working principle of a DC motor is: "whenever a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force". The direction of this
force is given by Fleming's left-hand rule and its magnitude is given by F = BIL. Where, B =
magnetic flux density, I = current and L = length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
Fleming's left hand rule: If we stretch the first finger, second finger and thumb of our left hand
to be perpendicular to each other, and the direction of magnetic field is represented by the first
finger, direction of the current is represented by the second finger, then the thumb represents
direction of the force experienced by the current carrying conductor.
 8. Name the main parts of a Direct Current (DC) Electric Motor and give their functions.

Stator

A stator is one of the DC motor parts that is, as the name suggests, a static unit containing the
field windings. The stator is the DC Motor part that receives the supply.

Rotor

The dynamic part of a DC motor is the rotor that creates the mechanical rotations of the unit.

Yoke

Another unit of the DC motor parts is the Yoke. A Yoke is a magnetic frame made of cast iron or
sometimes steel, which works as a protector. This protective cover keeps the inner parts of the
motor safe and sound and also supports the armature. Yoke also houses the magnetic poles and
field windings of a DC motor to help supporting the field system.

Poles

DC motor has magnetic poles that fit into the inner wall of the Yoke with the help of screws to
tighten them up. Poles have two parts: The Pole Core and the Pole Shoe. These two parts are
fixed together by hydraulic pressure and are attached to the Yoke. Each part of the Poles has a
specific task based on its design. The core holds the Pole Shoe over the Yoke while the Pole
Shoe is structured to both carry slots for the field winding and spread the produced flux by the
field windings into the air gap between the rotor and stator. It helps to reduce the loss caused by
reluctance.

Field Windings

Made with Copper wire (field coils), the Field Windings circle around the slots carried by the
Pole Shoes. The field windings form an electromagnet capable of producing field flux. The rotor
armature rotates inside the field flux, resulting in the effective flux cutting.

Armature Windings

Another DC motor parts is armature winding. The armature winding of the DC motor has two
constructions: Lap Winding and Wave Winding. Their difference is in the number of parallel
paths. Armature Winding is attached to the rotor and alters the magnetic field in the path that it
rotates. The result of this procedure is magnetic losses. Designers try to reduce the magnetic
losses by making the armature core with some low-hysteresis silicon steel lamination. Then, the
laminated steel sheets will be piled up together, creating the cylindrical structure of the armature
core. There are slots designed inside the armature core with the same material.

DC Motor Commutator

The commutator is a split ring made up of Copper segments, Commutator is another DC motor
part. The operating system of a DCs is based on the interaction of the two magnetic fields of
rotating armature and a fixed stator. As the north pole of the armature is attracted to the south
pole of the stator and south pole of armature is attracted to the north pole of the stator, a force is
produced on the armature which makes it to turn. the process in which the field in the armature
windings is switched to produce constant torque in one direction is called Commutation. the
commutator is a device connected to the armature enabling this switching of current. Different
segments of its cylindrical structure are insulated from each other by Mica. The commutator is
designed to commute the supply current to the armature winding from the mains. The
commutator passes through the brushes of the DC motor.

Brushes

The last item on the DC motor parts list is Brushes that are made of Carbon or Graphite
structures. Brushes with the commutator, are working as a bridge to connect the static electrical
circuit to the rotor. Brushes are in contact with the commutator and relay the produced current to
the commutator from an external circuit. The current then moves into the armature winding.
9. Methods in Reversing the Direction of Electric Motor Rotation.
 For a permanent magnet DC motor - just reverse the polarity of the supply
voltage.
 For a “standard” brushed DC motor, it is easiest to do on a separately excited
motor, where the field winding has separate terminals to the (main) armature
winding. This is typically done on a motor designed for speed control. To
reverse the motor, you need to change the polarity of the supply voltage
to either the field winding or the armature winding, but not both. Generally, it
is better to reverse the field voltage because the field current is less than the
armature current, so your reversing switchgear is more lightweight. If you
cannot separate the field terminals and armature terminals, then reversing
cannot be done.
 For a brushless DC motor, reversing the supply polarity won’t work and will
possibly damage the motor. The electronic commutation needs to be reversible,
which has to be part of the motor design.

10. How to control the Speed of the Direct Current (DC) Electric Motor.
The Principle of Speed Control
From the above figure, the voltage equation of a simple DC motor is
V = Eb + IaRa
V is the supplied voltage, Eb is the back EMF, Ia is the armature current, and Ra is the armature
resistance.
We already know that
Eb = (PøNZ)/60A.
P – number of poles,
A – constant
Z – number of conductors
N- speed of the motor
Substituting the value of Eb in the voltage equation, we get
V = ((PøNZ)/60A) + IaRa
Or, V – IaRa = (PøNZ)/60A
i.e., N = (PZ/60A) (V – IaRa)/ ø
The above equation can also be written as:
N = K (V – IaRa)/ ø, K is a constant
This implies three things:
Speed of the motor is directly proportional to supply voltage.
Speed of the motor is inversely proportional to armature voltage drop.
Speed of the motor is inversely proportional to the flux due to the field findings
Thus, the speed of a DC motor can be controlled in three ways:
By varying the supply voltage
By varying the flux, and by varying the current through field winding
By varying the armature voltage, and by varying the armature resistance
3 Ways of DC Motor Speed Control

1. Flux Control Method

In this method, the magnetic flux due to the field windings is varied in order to vary the speed of
the motor.

Flux Control method

As the magnetic flux depends on the current flowing through the field winding, it can be varied
by varying the current through the field winding. This can be achieved by using a variable
resistor in a series with the field winding resistor.

Initially, when the variable resistor is kept at its minimum position, the rated current flows
through the field winding due to a rated supply voltage, and as a result, the speed is kept normal.
When the resistance is increased gradually, the current through the field winding decreases. This
in turn decreases the flux produced. Thus, the speed of the motor increases beyond its normal
value.
2. Armature Control Method

With this method, the speed of the DC motor can be controlled by controlling the armature
resistance to control the voltage drop across the armature. This method also uses a variable
resistor in series with the armature.

Armature Control method

When the variable resistor reaches its minimum value,
the armature resistance is at normal one, and therefore,
the armature voltage drops. When the resistance value is
gradually increased, the voltage across the armature
decreases. This in turn leads to decrease in the speed of
the motor.

This method achieves the speed of the motor below its

normal range.

3. Voltage Control Method

Both the above-mentioned methods cannot provide speed control in the desirable range.
Moreover, the flux control method can affect commutation, whereas the armature control method
involves huge power loss due to its usage of resistor in series with the armature. Therefore, a
different method is often desirable – the one that controls the supply voltage to control the motor
speed.

In such a method, the field winding receives a fixed voltage, and the armature gets a variable
voltage.
One such technique of voltage control method involves the use of a switch gear mechanism to
provide a variable voltage to the armature, and the other one uses an AC motor driven Generator
to provide variable voltage to the armature (the Ward-Leonard System).
Apart from these two techniques, the most widely used technique is the use of pulse width
modulation to achieve speed control of a DC motor. PWM involves application of varying width
pulses to the motor driver to control the voltage applied to the motor. This method proves to be
very efficient as the power loss is kept at minimum, and it doesn’t involve the use of any
complex equipment.
Voltage Control Method
The above block diagram represents a simple electric motor speed controller. As depicted in the
above block diagram, a microcontroller is used to feed PWM signals to the motor driver. The
motor driver is L293D IC which consists of H-bridge circuits to drive the motor.
PWM is achieved by varying the pulses applied to the enable pin of the motor driver IC to
control the applied voltage of the motor. The variation of pulses is done by the microcontroller,
with the input signal from the push buttons. Here, two push buttons are provided, each for
decreasing and increasing the duty cycle of pulses.