Glossary

Plate:
-a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock.

Source: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/historical.html

Source Title: Historical Perspective

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-The Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large rigid blocks that are floating on semifluid rock and are
thus able to interact with each other at their boundaries.

Source: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Geographical+plate?
fbclid=IwAR3_Q5UTrwO5W3hSnURR0ggEqTHvZ8ZfVP57dTT2zRpP_mpQCym8ylZRbZg

Source Title: Plate Tectonics

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Tectonic Plate:
-A tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock,
generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.

Source: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/tectonic.html

Source Title: What is a Tectonic Plate?

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-Lithospheric Plate A segment of the lithosphere which has earthquake activity along its margins and
in certain situations, eg when associated with subduction zones

Source: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Glossary/D-L#plate
 Source Title: Plate Tectonics

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Hazard:
-is a source or a situation with the potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill-health, damage to
property, damage to the environment, or a combination of these.

Source: http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/Safety/What-is-a-hazard-and-what-is-4721.aspx

Source Title: What are hazards?

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-something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage

Source: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hazard

Source Title: Hazard

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Natural Hazards:
-Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset
events which can be geophysical, hydrological, , meteorological or biological.

Source: https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/definition-of-
hazard/#:~:text=Natural%20hazards%20are%20naturally%20occurring,wildfires)%2C%20meteorological
%20(cyclones%20and

Source Title: Types of Disaster: Definition of Hazard.

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-those elements of the physical environment, harmful to man and caused by forces extraneous to him.

Source: https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea54e/ch05.htm

Source Title: What are natural hazards?

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Disaster:
-a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, or destruction

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disaster
 Source Title: Disaster

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-A disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a level of
suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community

Source: https://apps.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf

Source Title: Disasters and Emergencies

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Natural Disaster:
-a sudden and terrible event in nature (such as a hurricane, tornado, or flood) that usually results in
serious damage and many deaths

Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/natural%20disaster

Source Title: Natural Disaster

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-Natural disasters are the result of a hazard overwhelming highly vulnerable community, often resulting
in mortality and morbidity.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/natural-disaster

Source Title: Natural Disasters

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Volcanic Eruption:
- A volcanic eruption occurs when magma is released from a volcano. Volcanic eruptions can be
quite calm and effusive, or they can be explosive. Effusive eruptions produce lava flows, while explosive
eruptions produce ash and pyroclastic density currents.

Source: http://www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk/bsl/geography/volcaniceruptiond.html

Source Title: BSL Geography Glossary - Volcanic Eruption – definition

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 -Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent.

Source: https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-disasters/definition-of-
hazard/volcanic-eruptions/#:~:text=Volcanic%20eruptions%20happen%20when%20lava,discharged
%20from%20a%20volcanic%20vent.&text=Volcanic%20eruptions%20often%20cause%20temporary,as
%20a%20'glowing%20avalanche'.

Source Title: Geophysical hazards: volcanic eruptions

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Earthquake:
-Earthquake is a term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking
and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden
stress changes in the earth.

Source: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=earthquake#:~:text=Earthquake%20is
%20a%20term%20used,stress%20changes%20in%20the%20earth.

Source Title: Earthquake Glossary

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-An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.

Source: https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/earthquake-hazards/science/science-earthquakes?qt-
science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

Source Title: The Science of Earthquake

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Seismic Activity:
-The phenomenon of Earth movements.

Source: https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/seismic-activity

Source Title: Seismic Activity

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-the types, frequency and size of earthquakes that happen over a period of time in a certain area.

Source: https://www.yourdictionary.com/seismic-activity

Source Title: Seismic-Activity meaning

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Lahar:
-Lahar is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that
flows down the slopes of a volcano and typically enters a river valley. 

Source: https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/lahars-move-rapidly-down-valleys-
rivers-concrete#:~:text=Lahar%20is%20an%20Indonesian%20term,%22%2C%20especially%20in%20the
%20Cascades.

Source Title: Volcano Hazard Program

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-as a debris flow composed of a significant component of volcanic materials

Source: http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/lahar.htm

Source Title: Lahars

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Pyroclastic Flow:
-A pyroclastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases.
It is extremely dangerous to any living thing in its path.

Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/pyroclastic-flow/

Source Title: Pyroclastic Flow

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-Pyroclastic flows contain a high-density mix of hot lava blocks, pumice, ash and volcanic gas. They

move at very high speed down volcanic slopes, typically following valleys.

Source: https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/pyroclastic-flows-move-fast-and-
destroy-everything-their-path

Source Title: Volcano Hazard Program

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Tephra:
-When a volcano erupts it will sometimes eject material such as rock fragments into the atmosphere.
This material is known as tephra.

Source: http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/hazards/primer/tephra.html
 Source Title: Tephra

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-Tephra is the general name given to anything thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption. It can
range from individual ash particles all the way to volcanic bombs.

Source: https://www.usgs.gov/news/earthword-tephra

Source Title: Earth word- Tephra

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Intraplate:
-Intraplate pertains to processes within the plates.

Source: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=intraplate

Source Title: Earthquake Glossary

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-A third tectonic setting where volcanism occurs is called intraplate- or hot-spot-volcanism, which

describes volcanic activity that occurs within tectonic plates and is generally NOT related to plate
boundaries and plate movements.

Source: https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/geology/plate-tectonics/hotspots.html

Source Title: Intraplate (hotspot) volcanism

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Hot spot:
-An area of abnormally intense active volcanism thought to be underlain by a mantle plume. Many hot
spots, for example Hawaii are located in the middle of a lithospheric plate whilst others such as Iceland
are located on divergent (constructive) plate margins.

Source: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Glossary/D-L

Source Title: Glossary

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 -A hot spot is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth,
called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The magma plume causes melting and
thinning of the rocky crust and widespread volcanic activity.

Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hot-spots/

Source Title: Hot Spots

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Plume:
-Hot buoyant rock rising through the mantle from the core-mantle boundary. Thought by some
geologists to rise beneath hot spots causing doming up of the crust. Cylindrical in shape, seem to be fixed
in position and have a radius of around 150 km.

Source: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Glossary/M-R#plume

Source Title: Glossary

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-A mantle plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle.

Source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/mantle_plume.htm

Source Title: Mantle Plume

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Epicenter:
-The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus or hypocenter of an earthquake

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/earthquake-
epicenter#:~:text=Glossary,Earth%20where%20the%20earthquake%20originated).

Source Title: Mountain and Hillslope Geomorphology

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-The epicenter is the point on the earth's surface vertically above the hypocenter (or focus), point in
the crust where a seismic rupture begins.

Souce: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=epicenter

Source Title: Epicenter

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Parasitic Cone:
-A conical mound of ejecta accumulated around an eruptive vent on the lower flanks of a large volcano.

Source: https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100305781

Source Title: Parasitic Cone

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-formations that occur on the slopes of a volcano when lava is extruded through lateral cracks. Often rese
mbling real volcanic cones, they are composed of loose volcanic products or lava, or a combination of the 
two. 

Source: https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Parasitic+Cones

Source: Parasitic Cones

(11/02/2021)

Submitted By: Marjorie Morelos Ramos

Class: 12A
No. 479