Q1

Please click on the image where the ILIUM is located. [4]

Correct!

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Explanation
The ilium is the superior blade-like half of the os coxa.
Answered - Correct!

Q2
Please click on the image where the PUBIS is located. [4]
Correct!

The pubis is the anterior portion of the os coxa.

Answered - Correct!

Q3
Please click on the image where the ISCHIUM is located. [4]
Correct!

Explanation
The ischium is the posterior portion of the os coxa.

 Three views of the same pubic bone, superior is toward the top; A is ventral, C is dorsal. [13

Q4
Consider the image above. Based on the traits we just discussed (check again if unsure) which picture shows the ventral surface
of the pubic bone?
A
A
B
B
Explanation
The answer is A. The ventral surface is easily identified because it is rougher than the dorsal surface.
Answered - Correct!

Q5
Is there a ventral arc present? Be sure to compare Image A to Figure 10.
A
Yes
B
No

Q6
Considering now image B, is there an ischio-pubic ramus ridge? Remember the ridge is an elevated ridge of bone. Compare
Image B to Figure 11.
A
Yes
B
No
Explanation
The answer is B. There is no ridge here.

Q7
Considering the dorsal surface, is there any evidence of dorsal pitting? Compare Image C to Figure 12.
A
Yes
B
No
Explanation
The answer is B. There are no dorsal pits evident.

Q8
Based on your responses to the above, is this a male or female?
A
Male
B
Female
Explanation
The answer is A. All signs point toward a male sex assessment.

Q9
Which of these two bones exhibit a male form of the sciatic notch? Note the sciatic notch is located on the right side of each bone
as depicted in this image. [14]

]​

 Compare the sciatic notch to Figure 8.

A
A
B
B
Explanation
The answer is B. Males have a narrower sciatic notch than females.

Q10
Considering the sciatic notch alone, does this appear to be a male or female individual? [15]

Compare the sciatic notch to Figure 8.

A
Female
B
Male
Hint
The wide sciatic notch suggests this is a female.

Q6
Based on the information provided above and what is visible in this image, what sex was this individual? [18]




 A
Male
B
Female
Explanation
The answer is B. The mastoid is very small, glabella moderate to small, forehead is vertical and overall cranial vault profile is
rounded and smooth.

Q7
Based on the information provided above and what is visible in this image, what sex was this individual? [19]

A
Male
B
Female
Explanation
The answer is A. This is a massively built skull with thick nuchal crest and glabella.

Q8
Based on the information provided above and what is visible in this image, what sex was this individual? [20]

A
Male
B
Female
Explanation
The answer is B. The mastoid is small, glabella unprojecting and the overall cranial vault is smooth. Note the lack of muscle
markings on the cranium

Q9
Consider the following scores for the five key features discussed in this lab (outlined in red).

Considering the trait-specific accuracy data presented in Table 2 by Williams and Rogers (2006), what sex would you assign to
this individual? [21]




 A
Probable Male
B
Probable Female
Explanation
Given the data in Williams and Rogers (2006), the score for the mastoid process should be given more weight than the score for
the nuchal crest. Therefore, this is a probable male.

Q10

A
Probable Male
B
Probable Female

 Hint
Despite the mix of features, the data provided by Williams and Rogers suggest the scores for the mastoid process and glabella
should be given greater weight than the scores for the nuchal crest and mental eminence. Therefore, this is a probable female.

Q1
You measure the width of the pelvic inlet and determine its width is 45 cm. Given the distribution of pelvic inlet widths depicted
below, does this pelvis likely belong to a male or female?

A
Male
B
Female
C
Cannot determine from the information provided
Explanation
The answer is B. 45 cm falls well within the female range and outside the male range.

Q2
You measure the height of a canine crown and determine that its height is 18mm. Given the distribution of crown height depicted
below, does the canine belong to a male or female individual?

A
Male
B
Female
C
Cannot determine from the information provided
Explanation
The answer is A. Although there is some overlap between the male and female range, 18 mm falls well within the male range and
outside the female range.

Q3
You measure the height of another canine crown and determine that its height is 15mm. Given the distribution of canine crown
height depicted below, does the canine belong to a male or female?

 A
Male
B
Female
C
Cannot determine from the information provided
Explanation
The answer is C. A 15 mm measurement falls equally within the female and male range. Biological sex can therefore not be
determined using this measurement.

Q4
You measure the length of a femur and determine that its length is 40cm. Given the distribution of femoral lengths depicted
below, does the femur belong to a male or female?

A
Male
B
Female

Q5
You measure the length of a femur and determine that its length is 35cm. Given the distribution of femoral length depicted below,
does the femur belong to a male or female?

A
Male
B
Female
C
Cannot determine from the information provided

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Explanation
The crown is covered by the enamel toward the top of the image.
Answered - Correct!

Q2
What types of teeth are these? [11]

A
Incisors
B
Canines
C
Premolars
D
Molars
Explanation
The answer is D. The square shape and presence of 4 cusps indicates this is a molar.

Q3
What tooth type is shown here? [12]

 A
Incisors
B
Canines
C
Premolars
D
Molars
Explanation
The answer is A. These teeth are spatula-shaped and have a linear biting edge.

Q4
Select the area of the tooth associated with the crown. Note this tooth is broken in half showing the enamel, dentin, and pulp
chamber. [13]
Correct!

Assigned as
Homework

Q9
Which teeth are the first to begin forming (but just by a hair)? Look closely at the bottom line associated with the 17th embryonic
week. [18]

A
Incisors
B
Canines
C
Molars
Explanation
The answer is A. Only the incisors are forming at 17 weeks in utero.

Q10
When the 2nd incisor has a NEARLY complete crown, the first molar is at what stage of dental formation? Make sure to follow
the correct line from left to right, beginning with the second incisor. [18]

 A
The crown has not started to develop yet
B
The crown is about half complete
C
The crown is complete
D
The root is complete

Q11
Which tooth takes the longest to completely form? [18]

A
Incisors
B
Canine
C
Molars
Explanation
The answer is B. The canine takes the longest to completely form.

Q12
What is the only adult tooth that has begun to form in utero? [20]

A
First incisor
B
Canine
C
First Premolar

 D
First Molar

Q13
The first incisor will have a complete crown at about which age? [20]

A
5-6 years
B
3-4 years
C
2-3 months
D
9-10 years

Q14
The third molar CROWN will be completely formed at about which age? Consider the answer options carefully with respect to
the chart axes and keep in mind the correct answer may not be labeled and may need to be inferred between two lines. [20]

A
9
B
10
C
11
D
13

 Explanation
The crown is the top portion of the tooth covered by white enamel.

Q5
What tooth type is shown here? [14]

A
Incisors
B
Canines

 C
Premolars
D
Molars

Q6
Select the area of this image associated with the LEFT canine, note this is the maxilla so the sides are reversed. The right side of
the image is the individual's left side. [15]
Correct!

]
From the midline there are two incisors, then the canine, which is pointed.

Q7
Select the area of this image associated with the LEFT premolars, note this is the maxilla so the sides are reversed. The right side
of the image is the individual's left side. [15]
Correct!

Explanation
The premolars are oval in outline and have two primary cusps. They are located between the single pointed canine and
the multi-cusped molars toward the back of the mouth.
Answered - Correct!

Q8
Select the area of this image associated with the LEFT molars, note this is the maxilla so the sides are reversed. The right side of
the image is the individual's left side. [15]
Correct!

 T
The molars square, multi-cusped and toward the back of the mouth (distal).

Q15
Consider the image in Figure 24 (just above this question). Using the information provided in this chapter, what age was this
individual when he or she died? Consider that the baby teeth are erupted and do have wear, indicating they were in occlusion at
the time of death. Note the molar in the crypt has a fully formed crown and it is an adult/permanent molar. At what stage has the
first adult molar reached the stage of crown complete but has not yet begun to erupt into occlusion? [23]

A
About 1 year
B
About 4 years
C
About 7 years
D
About 9 years

Q16
Now consider these two models. All else being equal which of these children is OLDER? Pay careful attention to what teeth are
present in both models. I think it is easier to start at the back of the mouth and match tooth for tooth. [25]

 A
Top
B
Bottom
Explanation
The answer is B. The bottom model shows the initial emergence of the second permanent incisors through the gum line. The top
model does not show this, instead there are spaces in the tooth row for these teeth to emerge.

Q17
Using the Atlas for Tooth Development (link above) estimate the age of the individual in the image immediately above this
question. Pay attention to the teeth that have erupted as well as the degree of tooth formation for those teeth still in the crypt.
Hover over the circles to see what teeth these are. This is a mixed dentition that includes both deciduous and permanent teeth.
Write down your assessment of key teeth and compare this to the Atlas for Tooth Development.
A
2-4 years
B
4-6 years
C
6-8 years
D
8-10 years
Explanation
The answer is D. The permanent first molar is in occlusion and the permanent second molar is unerupted at a stage of full crown
development with some root development. This matches the Atlas for Tooth Development stage labeled 9.5 year best.
Answered - Correct!

Q18
Compare these two lateral radiographs showing a mixed dentition. Which of these individuals is more advanced developmentally
(and presumably OLDER)? Hint, the tooth in the back of the mouth (far left) is the permanent second molar. Pay attention to the
premolars! [27]

 A
Top
B
Bottom
Explanation
The answer is B. In the bottom image the first deciduous premolar has been lost. Also, note how the permanent premolars still in
the crypt differ in the degree of root development. In the bottom image the roots are half developed, whereas in the top image the
roots are just beginning to develop.

Q19
Using the chart above, how old would you estimate a decedent to be if they had no fusing epiphyses among those listed on this
chart? Read the image caption carefully to understand what this chart is showing you before answering. [32]

B
9-12 years old
C
less than 9 years old
D
18-22

Q20
If the proximal radius was unfused but the medial humerus was fused how old would the person likely be (assuming a male sex)?
[32]

 A
Around 11-15
B
Older than 16
C
Less than 9
Explanation
The answer is A. The pattern of fusion and non-fusion suggests an age bracketed between 11 and 15 years.

Q1
Based on your understanding of age-related changes in the pubic symphysis, which of these individuals was OLDER? Dorsal is
to the left, ventral is to the right. [14]

A
A
B
B
Explanation
The answer is B. The lack of billowing on the B model indicates its greater age.

Q2
Based on your understanding of age-related changes in the pubic symphysis, which of these individuals was OLDER? Dorsal is
to the left, ventral is to the right. [15]

 A
A
B

Q4
Evaluate the degree of cranial suture closure, paying attention to how open the suture is and any evidence for bone bridges
forming. Are there gaps in the suture that you can see in this image? Please use the four stages of suture closure above to score.
[18]

A
0 - open
B
1 - minimal closure
C
2 - significant closure
D
3 - obliterated
Explanation
The answer is A. These sutures are completely open with no bridging.

Q5
Evaluate the degree of cranial suture closure, paying attention to how open the suture is and any evidence for bone bridges
forming. Are there bridges across the suture that you can see in this image? Please use the four stages of suture closure above to
score. [19]

 A
0 - open
B
1 - minimal closure
C
2 - significant closure
D
3 - obliterated
Explanation
The answer is B. The suture is mostly open with a few areas of bone growth, particularly near the bottom part of the image. Note
the suture line is not as sharp in comparison to the previous question and some areas are obscured by bone.

A
A
Q6
After scoring each of your five sutures sites above, please enter the composite score here based on the sum. Note, there is a 1
point tolerance so please double check your answer before responding.
Numeric Answer:
You are correct
10
An individual with a composite score of 1-2 would, on average, be expected to be how old?
Numeric Answer:
You are correct
31

Q8
The oldest individual with a composite score of 1-2 is about how old?
Numeric Answer:
You are correct
43

Q9
And the youngest individual?
Numeric Answer:
You are correct 19

Q10

 Please go back to Question 6. In that question, you determined a Composite Score based on your own observations of cranial
suture closure. Based on this composite score use the chart above (Figure 22) to determine how old this person was when he or
she died. Your answer should be the average age as depicted (the blue oval for that composite score).
Numeric Answer:
You are correct
39
Explanation
The Composite score is 9-11 which puts this individual into the range of someone expected to be 38, on average.

Q1
Based on the plot above, African American and Native Americans populations exhibit:
A
Absent spines
B
Small spines
C
Medium to large spines

Q2
Based on the plot above, Asian populations exhibit:
A
Absent spines
B
Small spines
C
Medium spines

Q3
Based on the plot above, European populations exhibit:
A
Absent spines
B
Small spines
C
Medium to large spines
Inter-orbital Breadth
Another trait used for ancestry assessment is inter-orbital breadth, or the distance between the inner most point of the orbits.
There are three grades of expression: narrow, intermediate, wide. Note that in this drawing the nasal bones are the same. It is the
distance between the nasal bone and the inner orbital margin that differs among human populations. Note the nasal bones
themselves are the same width in the image below.

Variation in inter-orbital breadth (Hefner, 2007: Figure A-3). [3

Q4
Based on this plot, which group has the widest inter-orbital breadth? [5]

]​

 A
African
B
Asian
C
White/European

Q5
Click on the area of this skull where the inter-orbital breadth is located, be accurate and consider what is written above about this
trait!

To the right of the nose

Moderate expression of the malar tubercle. [7]

A
None
B
African
C
Amerind/Native American
D
White/European

Q7

 Based on the plot which group shows no expression of the malar tubercle? [5]

A
White/European
B
Asian
C
Amerind/Native American
D
None

Q8
Observe these three images and rank these individuals in terms of the degree of expression of the malar tubercle. Consider the
diagram above in making your decisions. [8]

Premise
Response
1
Intermediate development
2
Most development
3
Least development

Q9

 Below is a table of the frequency of the malar tubercle by grade of expression (0-3) for four different populations found in the
U.S. In looking at how the frequencies differ across groups, how useful is this feature for ancestry assessment? (Hint: Compare
the frequencies across the columns for each row, how different are the percentages?) This table is read as follows. There was a
total of 218 African American individuals in this study. Of those, 110 (or 50.5%) exhibited no malar tubercle.
A
The trait is useful for identifying Europeans only
B
The trait is useful for differentiating African from European Americans
C
The trait is not very useful for ancestry assessment
D
The trait is useful for distinguishing all four populations.

Frequency of Malar Tubercle expression by population. [9

Assigned as
Homework

Q10
How are the variables discussed in this lab scored in terms of the data type used? For review see the lab on data types you
previously completed.
A
Nominal
B
Ordinal
C

]​​

 Interval
Explanation
Organizing variation into small, medium, and large produced an ordered variable. The answer is B.
Answered - Correct!