1

Assignment-17
Ankur Aditya - EE20RESCH11010

Solving λI − A = 0
 
Abstract—This document contains the problem related
to Eigenvalue and Eigenvectors (UGC-June-2017 Maths
λ +
 
Q-78)  9 −4 −4 
λI − A =  8 λ − 3 −4 
  
(3.0.2)
Download the latex-file from 
16 −8 λ − 7

https://github.com/ankuraditya13/EE5609− λ +
 
C2 ←C2 −C3
 9 0 −4 
Assignment17 λ +

←−−−−−−→   8 1 −4  (3.0.3)
16 −λ − 1 λ − 7
 

λ + 9 0
 
1 Problem −4 
∴ λI − A = (λ + 1)  8
 
1 −4  (3.0.4)
Let T be the linear operator on R3 which is
16 −1 λ − 7
 
represented in the standard ordered basis by the
λ +
 
matrix R3 ←R3 +R2
 9 0 −4 
←−−−−−−→ (λ + 1)  8

1 −4  (3.0.5)
 −9 4 4
 
24 0 λ − 11
 
 −8 3 4 (1.0.1)
λ+9
 
  −4 
−16 8 7 =⇒ (λ + 1)   (3.0.6)
24 λ − 11

Prove that T is diagonalizable by exhibiting a basis
=⇒ λI − A = (λ + 1)2 (λ − 3) = 0
 
(3.0.7)
for R3 , each vector of which is a characteristic
vector of T. =⇒ λ1 = −1, λ2 = −1, λ3 = 3 (3.0.8)
Now at λ1 and λ3 ,
2 Theorem  −8

4 4

A + I =  −8

2.1 Theorem 1 4 4 (3.0.9)

−16 8 8
Let T be a linear operator on a finite-dimensional
−12
 
4 4
space V. Let c1 , · · · , ck be the distinct characteristic
A − 3I =  −8

0 4 (3.0.10)
values of T and let Wi be the null space of T − ci I. 
−16 8 4
The following are equivalent.
(i) T is diagonalizable. Now we know that A − 3I is singular and rank(A −
(ii) The characteristic polynomial for T is, 3I) ≥ 2. Therefore, rank(A−3I) = 2. Hence from the
theorem-1 (iii) it is evident that rank(A + I) = 1. Let
f = (x − c1 )d1 · · · (x − ck )dk (2.1.1) X1 and X3 be the spaces of characteristic vectors
and dim Wi = di , i = 1, · · · , k associated with the characteristic values 1 and 3
(iii) dim W1 + · · · + dim Wk = dim V respectively. We know from rank nullity theorem
that dim X1 = 2 and dim X3 = 1. Hence by Theorem-
2 (i) T is diagonalizable.
3 Solution The null-space of T + I is spanned by the vectors,
 
Now let, α1 = 1 0 2 (3.0.11)
 
 −9 4 4
 
α2 = 1 2 0 (3.0.12)
A =  −8 3 4 (3.0.1)
−16 8 7
 2

As both α1 and α2 are independent, hence they form

basis for X1 . The null-space of T − 3I is spanned by
the vector,
 
α3 = 1 1 2 (3.0.13)
Here α3 is a characteristic vector and a basis for
X3 . Also the matrix P which enables us to change
coordinates from the basis β to the standard basis
is the matrix which has transposes of α1 , α2 and α3
as it’s column vectors:
 
1 1 1
P = 0 2 1 (3.0.14)
2 0 2