P L AT E I .

YO U N G K AYAN C HI E F WI T H M I DD L E C LA SS
-
C OM PA N ION .
 PI N I CI R H N T ”) NS ,

R L RS H O SE , U Sc . .

m m m u ? A m ou rn “ A CC O N
U T o r T H! M AM N A L S o r

L OW 0 g c o nws c m u sn co nn on
'

A N D a m o ng I N
‘
M E N T A L rm Lo so P nY m T HE m vn srry or o x
'

ND I X ON T HE P H YSI C A L C HA R A
T HE R AC E S OF B OR NE O

HA D D O N , B se
. .
, FR S
. . .

IN T WO V OLUM E S
VOL . I
T HE P AGA N T R I B E S
OF BOR N E O
A D E S C R I P TI O N O F T H EI R P HY S I C AL
MO R AL AN D I N T E LL E C T U AL C O N D I T I O N
W I T H S O ME D I S C U SS I O N O F T H E I R
ET H N I C R E LA T I O N S

C H ARLE S H O SE , D Sc . .

F O R M E R L Y D I VI SI O NA L R E S I DEN T A N D M E M B E R OF T HE S U P R E M E C O U N C IL OF S A R AW A
A U T H O R OF A DE SC R I P T I VE A CC O U N T OF T HE M AM M A L s OF B O R NE O
K

A ND

W I LLI A M M c D OU GALL M E , . .
,
F R S
. . .

F E LL O C O R P S C R I S I C O LL E E
W OF U H T G

R EAD E R I N EN A L P IL O S O P I N
AN D M T H N ERS
HY T HE U IV I TY OF O FOR D
X

W ITH A N APPE N D I X O N T H E P H YSI C A L C H A RA C T E RS

OF T HE R AC E S O F B O R N E O

A C HADD O N
. .
,
D Sc
. .
,
F R S
. . .

IN T WO VO LUM E S
V OL . I

M A C M I LLA N AN D c o .
,
L I MITE D
ST . MA R T I N S S T R EET ’
,
L O NDON
 P RI GHT
CO Y
 P R E F AC E

I N wri t i ng t h i s b o o k we h av e a i m e d at p re s e nt i n g
a cl ea r p i ct u re o f t h e p ag a n t ri b e s o f Bo rn eo as t h e y
e x i st e d at t h e clos e o f t h e n i n e t e e nt h c e n t u ry We .

h av e n ot att e m p t ed to e m body i n i t t h e obs e rva ~

t i on s reco rd ed by ot h er wri t ers alt h o u g h we h av e ,

p r ofit e d by t h e m and h av e b e e n g u i d e d and a i d e d

by t h em i n m a ki n g o u r o wn obs ervat i ons We .

h av e rat h e r b ee n cont e nt to p u t on re co rd as m u c h
i n fo rm at i on as we h av e b ee n abl e to obta i n at fi rst
h and , bot h by d i re ct obs e rvat i on o f t h e p e o p l e and
o f t h ei r oss ss i ons c u sto m s an d m an n e rs and by
p e , , ,

m e an s o f i nn u m e rabl e conv e rsat i ons wi t h m e n and

wo m e n o f m any t ri b e s .

T h e re ad er h a s a ri g h t to b e i n fo rm e d as to t h e
nat u re o f t h e o p p o rt u n i t i e s We h av e e nj oy e d fo r
coll ect i n g o u r m at eri al and we t h e re fo re m ak e t h e
,

follo wi n g p e rsonal stat e m e nt O ne o f u s ( C H )

. . .

h a s s p e n t t we nty - fo u r y ea rs as a C i v i l O ffi ce r i n t h e
s erv i c e o f th e Rajah o f S a rawak ; and o f t h i s t i m e
t wenty o ne y ea rs were s p en t act u ally i n S a ra wak
-
,

wh i l e p e ri ods o f so m e m ont h s we re s p e nt fro m t i m e

to t i m e i n v i s i t i ng n e i g h bo u ri ng lands C e l eb es —
,

S u l u I slands T e rnat e M alay P e n i n s u la B ri t i s h

, , ,

N o rt h B o rn e o and D u tc h B o rn e o O f t h e t we nty
, .

o ne y e a rs s e nt i n S a ra wak abo u t e i g h t e e n we re
p ,

p ass e d i n t h e B a ra m d i st ri ct and ,
t h e r e m a i nd e r
m ostly i n t h e R ej a ng d i st ri ct I n bot h t h e s e
.

d i st ri cts b u t e s p ec i ally i n t h e Ba ra m s ettl em e nts

, ,

and rep res e ntat i v e s o f n e a rly a l l t h e p ri n c i p al

3 8 136 3 9
1
LI B S ETS
v i P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O

p e o p l es a re to b e fo u nd ; and t h e nat u re o f h i s
d u t i es as R e s i d e nt M ag i st rat e n e c ess i tat ed a constant
and i nt i m at e i nt erco u rs e wi t h all t h e t ri b es o f t h e
d i st ri cts and m any long and l ei s u rely j o u rn eys i nto
,

t h e fa r i nt e ri o r o ft e n i nto re g i ons wh i c h h a d n ot
,

r v i o u sly b ee n e x p lo re d S u c h j o u rn e ys d u ri ng
p e .
,

wh i c h t h e t ri b e s m e n a re t h e m ag i st rat e 5 only co m
’

p an i ons fo r m any w e e ks o r m ont h s and d u ri ng ,

wh i c h h i s n i g h ts and m any o f h i s days a re s p ent i n

t h e h o u s e s o f t h e p e o p l e a ffo rd u n e q u all e d O p p o r
,

t u ni t i es fo r obta i n i ng i nt i m at e kno wl e dg e o f t h e m
and t h e i r ways T h e s e o pp o rt u n i t i es h av e not
.

b een n egl e ct e d ; not e s h av e b een wri tt e n s p ec i al ,

q u e st i ons fol l o we d u p p h otog rap h s tak e n and , ,

sk e tch e s m ad e t h ro u g h o u t all t h i s p eri od

,
.

I n t h e y e a rs 1 898 9 t h e s e cond collabo rato r

-

( W . M cD
) ps. e nt t h e g re at er p a rt o f a y e a r i n t h e

Ba ra m d i st ri ct as a m em b er o f t h e Ca m b ri dg e
Ant h ro p olog i cal E x p e d i t i on wh i c h u nd e r , th e ,

l ead ers h i p o f D r A C H addon went o u t to t h e

. . .
,

T o rre s S t ra i ts i n t h e y e a r 1 897 D u ri ng t h i s v i s i t .

we co o p e rat ed i n coll ect i ng m at eri al fo r a j o i nt

-

h i u lts o f S a ra wak ; and t h i s 1

p pa e r on t e an m al c
c o o erat i on h av i ng r ov d i ts l f rofitabl g
p , p e e
p e su ,

g e st e d to u s an e xt e ns i on o f o u r j o i nt p rog ra m to
t h e fo rm o f a book e m body i ng all t h e i n fo rm at i on
al re ady to h and and wh at ev er add i t i onal i n fo rm at i on
m i g h t b e obta i nabl e d u ri ng t h e y e a rs t h at o ne o f u s
wa s st i ll to s p end i n Bo rn e o T h e book t h e re fo re
.

m a y b e sa i d to h av e b ee n b eg u n i n t h e e a r 1 898
y
and to h av e b e e n i n p rog re ss s i nc e t h at t i m e ; b u t
i t h a s b e e n p u t i nto s h a p e only d u ri ng t h e last fe w
y e a rs wh en we h av e b e en abl e to co m e tog e t h er
,

fo r t h e act u al wri t i ng o f i t .

D u ri ng t h e y e a r 1 899 D r A C H a ddo n s p e nt . . .

so m e m ont h s i n t h e Ba ra m d i st ri ct tog e th e r wi t h ,

ot h e r m e m b e rs o f t h e Ca m b ri dg e E x p ed i t i on ( D rs .

1
Pu bl i h d i n th [ n l f t/ Ant/ p l g l I n ti t t l xxx i
s e e o zt r a o ze z ro o o z ca
‘
'

s u e, v o . .
 P RE FACE fli

C G S e l i g m an n C S M y e rs and Mr S R a y) ; and
. .
,
. .
, . .

we wi s h to e x p re ss o u r obl i gat i on to h i m fo r t h e
fri e ndly e nco u rag e m e nt i n and st i m u lat i ng e xa m p l e ,

o f an t h ro olog i cal fi e ld wo rk whi c h h e a ffo rd e d u s

, p
d u ri n g t h at t i m e as we ll as fo r lat er e nco u rag e m e nt
,

and h e lp whi c h h e h a s g i v e n u s es p ec i ally i n re ad i ng ,

t h e p roo fs o f t h e book and i n m ak i ng m any h e l p fu l

s u gg est i ons We a re i n d ebt e d to h i m also fo r t h e
.

App e nd i x to t h i s book i n wh i c h h e h a s stat e d and ,

d i sc u ss e d t h e re s u lts o f t h e e xt e ns i v e s e ri es o f p h y
s i ca l m e as u re m e nts o f t h e nat i v es t h at h e m ad e ,

wi t h o u r ass i stanc e d u ri ng h i s v i s i t to S a ra wak

, .

We h av e p l eas u re i n e xp re ss i ng h e re o u r t h anks
to s ev e ral ot h e r g entl em e n to wh o m we a re i nd e bt e d
fo r h e l p o f va ri o u s k i nds fo r p e rm i ss i on to rep ro
—

d u c e s ev eral p h otog rap h s to D r A W N i eu we n , . . .

h u i s t h e i nt re p i d e x p lo re r o f t h e i nt e ri o r o f D u tc h
,

B o rn e o wh o i n h i s t wo fi ne vol u m es ( Q u er a nren
’
,

B orneo) h a s e m bod i e d t h e obs ervat i ons reco rd e d

d u ri ng t wo long jo u rn eys i n t h e i nt eri o r ; to Mr .

H L i ng Rot h fo r t h e g i ft o f t h e blocks u s e d i n t h e
.

p pr e a rat i on o f h i s we ll kn o wn wo rk T n -
e N a ni /es o
f ,

S a ra n/me a nd B rz i z snN orm B orneo m any o f wh i c h

’ '

we h av e m ad e u s e o f to D r W H F u rn e ss . . .
,

au th o r o f T n e H om e L i e o
f f B o rneo H e a d E nn fers -

fo r s e v e ral p h otog ra p h i c p lat e s m ad e by h i m

d u ri ng h i s v i s i ts to t h e Ba ra m i n t h e y ea rs 1 897
and 1 898 to D rs C G S el i g m an n and C S M y e rs
. . . . .

fo r p e rm i ss i on to re p rod u c e s ev e ral p h otog rap h s ;

to Mr R S h e l fo rd fo rm erly C u rato r o f t h e S a ra wak
. .
,

M u s e u m fo r h i s p e rm i ss i on to i nco rp o rat e a la rg e
,

a rt o f a a r u bl i s h e d j o i n tly wi t h o ne o f u s
p p p e p
u i n Bo rn e o and fo r m e as u re m e nts o f
( C .H ) on . tat ,

La nd Dayaks m ad e by h i m ; to Mr R S D o u glas . . .
,

fo rm e rly Ass i stant O ffic e r i n t h e Ba ra m d i st ri ct and

no w R e s i d e nt o f t h e Fo u rt h D i v i s i on o f S a ra wak fo r ,

p r act i cal h e l p g e n i ally a ffo rd e d on m any occas i ons .

F i nally i t i s o u r ag re e abl e d u ty to ackno wl e dg e

,
viii P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
ou r obl i gat i on to H H t h e Rajah o f S a ra wak
. .
,

wh o we lco m e d to h i s co u nt ry t h e m e m b ers o f t h e
Ca m b ri dg e Ant h ro p olog i cal E x p e d i t i on and wi t h o u t
,

wh os e e nl i g h t en e d e nco u rag e m e nt o f sc i e nt i fic wo rk
on t h e p a rt o f h i s o ffic ers t h i s book wo u ld n ev e r
h av e b e e n wri tt e n .

jnb/ 1 91 2 .

S U P P L E M E N T A RY P R E F A C E BY O N E
O F T H E A U T H O RS
I F EE L t h at i t i s n e c essa ry to s u p p l em e n t o u r
j o i nt p re fac e wi t h so m e few wo rds o f a p ology fo r
-
,

and exp lanat i on o f t h e a p p e a ranc e o f m y na m e on

,

t h e t i tl e p ag e o f t h i s book
-
F o r t h e book i s
.

e ss e nt i ally an att e m p t to s et fo rt h i n cond e ns ed

fo rm t h e m ass o f kno wl edg e o f t h e t ri b e s o f Bo rn e o
acq u i re d by D r H o s e i n t h e co u rs e o f a q u a rt er o f
.

a c e nt u ry s i nt i m at e st u dy o f and sy m p at h e t i c co m
’

p a n i o nshi
p w i t h t h ,e p p
e o l e o f t h e i nt e ri o r M .y
o wn p a rt i n i t s p rod u ct i on h a s b e e n m e re ly t h at o f

a m i d wi fe t h o u g h I m a y p erh a p s cla i m to h av e
,

h el p ed i n t h e was h i ng and d re ss i ng o f t h e i n fant as

well as i n i t s d el i v e ry and e v e n to h av e o ffe red
,

so m e u s e fu l adv i c e d u ri ng t h e long y ea rs o f
p r egnancy A . n d s i nc e
, i t i s m o re d i ffi c u lt to p re s e nt

a b ri e f and p op u la r acco u n t o f any co m p l e x s u bj e ct

t h e m o re i nt i m at e i s on e s kno wl e dg e o f i t I m a y
’

fa i rly h o p e t h a t m y s u p erfic i al acq u a i ntanc e wi t h

t h e p agan t ri b e s o f B o rn eo h a s b e e n a u s e fu l ally
to D r H os e s p ro fo u nd and e xt e ns i v e kno wl edg e o f
.
’

t h e m I h av e t h erefo re gladly acc ep t ed m y fri e nd s ’

g e n e ro u s i nv i tat i on to p lac e m y na m e b e s i d e h i s as
j o i nt au t h o r o f t h i s wo rk
-
.

W Mc D . .
 C ONT E NT S OF VOL U ME I

C HA PTE R I
G E OG RA P H Y OF B OR N EO

C H APTER II
H I S TOR Y OF B OR N EO

C H A PT E R III
G E N E R AL SK ETC H OF T HE P E OP L E S OF B OR N EO

CHAPTER IV

MAT E R I AL C O N D I T I ON S OF T H E P A GA N TR I BE S OF B OR N EO 43

C HAPTER V

T H E S OC I AL SY ST E M

C HAPTE R VI

AG R I C U LTU R E

CHAPTER VI I

T HE D A I LY L I F E OF A K AYA N L O N G H OU S E
x P AGA N T R I B E S OF BORN EO

C HAPTE R V III
PA E
G

L I FE ON T H E R I VE R S

C HAPTER IX

L I FE IN T HE J U N G L E

CHAPTER X

WAR

C HAPTER XI

H A N D I C R A FTS

C HAPTER XI I

D E C ORATI VE AR T
 LI ST OF P LAT E S
FAC E PA E G

1 . Yo nu g K y n C h i f wi th m i ddl l
a a C m p ni n (i n
e e - c a ss o a o

C l ur) o o . Fr n o
‘
z zsp z eee

B ru ni th pi l bui l t C pi t l f th S u lt n f B ru ni
,
e e a a o e a s o

A J u ng l P th n r M ru di B r m D i t ri t
e a ea a a a s c

A L i m t n H i ll t P ng i n U p p r S r w k
.
,

es o e a a a e a a a

M u nt D u l i t fr m th T i nj r R i v r
o o e a e

( )
a K lt i F ll
e M u n
et D u l i t S raw k ( )
o
s, K n y h o ,
a a a . e a s

t ppi ng t m p f r th N i ght n th B r m R i v r
s o o ca o e o e a a e

Th R j ng R i v r m r g i ng fr m t h
e e a nt r l m u nt i n
e e e o e ce a o a

R gi n e o

G rg o n th e I R j ng Ri v r b v th nt r n f B a l
e e a e a o e e e a ce o oi

P eh
T he R ja ng R i v e
e r wi ndi ng th r gh th H i ll C u nt ry ou e o

T h R jng R i v er b u t 3
e e a Mi l b v i t M u th
a o 00 es a o e s o

J u ngl e nv el p ed i n th i k M
e o n S u mm i t f M u nt
c oss o o o

D ulit
He a d f th R jang Riv r
o e e e

I n t h H e dw t r
e a f t h B r m Ri v r
a e s o e a a e

Li h M t u ( th e P l a e f H n d re d I l an d s ) t th e He ad
o a c o a u s ,
a

f th B a r m R i v er
o e a 24

F a nny R p i d i n t h P t a R i v r B r m D i t ri t
a e a e ,
a a s c 26

A S D y k r I b an
ea a a o 28

P r fi l of S D y k f Pl t e 6
o e ea a a o a 1

A S ea D y k W m n a a o a 3 0

K a y a n F m i ly f th U pp r R jng
a o e e e a 3 2

An U m P l i a
( K y a n ) G
au ir l f t h B
a r m D i t ri t o e a a s c 32
B u l i ng th e S n f a K ny h C h i f f th B r m D i t ri ct
,
o o e a e o e a a s 34
( )
a A r l
cuy h ir e d K -y n af t h B r m ( )
o aA b an a T i n
og a n e a a .
,

f m u K eny h W rri r yd ng er B r th r o f T a m a
a a o s a a o ,
u o e

B ul n
ld K y n
a

Kl m a nt n
e f th T i nj
a s o rD i t ri t a nd n
e a Ch i f s c ,
o e o a a e

f B l i L aki B
o a o ,
w ri ng b l k He a d dr e ( b k
o, ea ac ss ac

r w o nd fi g ur
s ec o l ft ) e, e

L n g P k n ( Kl m a nt n ) f T i nj r R i v r
, .

K l b i t ( Muru t ) C h i f ( i n nt r ) wi th F ll w r fr m
o o u s e a s o a e

a a e ce e o o e s, o

t h e S ur o f th B r m R i v r
ce o e a a e

P u na n f T i nj r R i v r
s o a e
 P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
FAC E PA E
G

Tam a B u l n W ng th K ny h P ngh u l u f th B r m
a a ,
e e a e o e a a

D i t ri ts c

K y n G ir l fr m th U pp r K t i D i t ri t
a a o e e o e s c

Y u th fu l S
o D y k in g l D r ea a a s a a es s

S ea D y k W m n w ri ng C t nd P tt i t rn
a a o a ea oa a e co a o a

m nt d wi th S h e ll s
e e

3 1 . S u l u th W i f
a ,
f e K y n Ch i f di p l y i ng h r C ll t i n
e o a a a e ,
s a e o ec o

f v l u bl
o a ld B d a e o ea s

32 . A B r w n W m n ( Kl m nt n) f th T i nj r
a a a o a e a a o e a

33 M l na I nf nt w ri ng App r t u f r m u l di ng f th
a a u a ea a a s o o o e

He a d
A L ng H u o n th B r m D i t ri t
o se I e a a s c

M uri k V i ll g f L ng T m l a B r m D i t ri t
e o o a a a, a a s c

G ll r y
a e f a K y n H u e
o t L ng L m B ram
a a o s a o a a, a

D i t ri ts c

I nt ri r f
e o K y n D w ll i ng r m
o a a a e -
oo

He ad h ng i ng i n th G ll r y f a K y n H u
s a e a e o a a o se

B n th K y n H u
e ea a T th
a l ft th Al t r p t f r
a o se . o e e e a -
os s o

O ff ri ng e nb n s ca e s ee

L rg e B r n i n w h i h P
a a i t r d c a oz
’
'

s s o e

I b n H us
a o e

G ll r y f I b n H u
a e o a o se

I b n S e t m t I b n S ee d b k t
a a -
a s . a as e s

( )
e T b o b xa cco
( ) W d n Pl o t f res r ll i ng
, c oo e a e o o

C i g r tt ; ( g ) G ur d f r P i th h d f D r t ; ( fi )
a e es o o ea s o a s

T b o pip ; (f p ) F ir pi t n ; ( j) N fl u t
a c co - es e- s o ose e

K ny h W m n H t K y n Taw k an d G ng
e a o a
’
s a . a a a o s

N i ng k a v l u bl l d S D y k J r
a, a a e o ea a a a

Ol d r th nw r V l m u h pri d b y l l th
ea e a e es s e s c ze a e

T ri b es

I b ans b r g i ni ng v r l d J r
a a o e o a s

T a m a U ng l di ng K y n Ch i f so ,
f thea B r m a a e o e a a

D i t ri ts c

Ab an D ng th Ch i f f t h eL n gW t ( K l m nt n) f
e ,
e e o o a s e a a o

th B r m D i t ri t
e a a s c

S b p ( K l m nt n) Ch i f h r ng ui ng h i F ll w r
e o e a a e a a s o o e s

K ny h
e af th P t R i v r
s o T h M nw
e ri ng C p nd
a a e . e e ea a s a

th n e o q u tt i ng
e sn t h l ft r fa t h upp r Cla o e e a e o e e ss

th th r r f th m i ddl C l
e o e s a e o e e a ss

A K y n m k i ng F ir b y F ri t i n wi th a P m
a a a e c o a

A C rp o n a B r w n ( K l m nt n) H u
se I a aP r t y n th
a e a a o se . a I e

u nfi ni h d H u f J ng n C h i f f th S eb p n
s e o se o a a , e o e o s, o

th c e o i n f th na m i ng f h i Ch i l d
ca s o o e o s

55 I b ans f ll i ng T r e a ee

56 . A L ir ng F r m n t h T i nj r R i v r
o a I e a e

57 K y n f B l i i n th P d fi l d T h Ta t u n th
a a s o a o e a z e . e o e

T h i gh i p r p t i b l s s e ce e
 L I S T O F P LA T E S xiii
F AC E PA E
G

58 . K ny h W m en r t i ng fr m W di ng i n th P di
e a o es o ee e a

fi ld e

59 . K ny h W m en t th ir F rm
e a o a e a

60 . K eny h m ea uri ng th L ngth f th

a s S h a d w f th
s e e o e o o e

A D t N
50 n t d t r m i n t h T i me f r
o a wi ngoo o e e e e o so

Kl em a nta nW o m en d r d M n t th h r v t F t i v l ess e as e a e a es es a

T h G rd n f a K y n H u th A re a b t w n th ’

e a e o a a o s e, z . e. e e ee e

H u an d th R i v r wi th F rui t t r an d P d ’

o se e e -
ees o z
,

B rn a s

E l d r ly K y n W m n
e a a ndi ng th o H u l dd r wi th
a a s ce e o se a e

B k t fu l f W t r v l
as e o a e -
es se s

Th eG ll ry a f a K l m nt n ( S b p ) H u
e o e T i nj r
a a e o o se, a

D i t ri t s c 1 20

J u ng l F rui t e s

A K l m nt n V i ll g
e a a h w ng t h B l a a wi ng P l
e, s o x e a o e .

K y n p l i tt i ng R tt n f r M t m k i ng
a a s s a a s o a a

A K y n P r t y i tt i ng i n t h G ll r y f a L ng H O
a a a s e a e o o u se

E nt r t i ni ng G u t
e a i n th G ll ry
es s f a K l m nt n e a e o e a a

( B r w n
a a ) H u a o se

Lep P h n ( Kl m nt n ) f th T nj r R i v r
u o u s e a a s o e i a e

.
( )
a I b ans p r p ri n g a B
e t f ar a l ng J r n y ( )
o Koa y n o o ou e . a a

W r b t n th L w r B r m
a -
oa o e o e a a

A H lt t B t P it
a a n th B r m
a u a o e a a

C k i ng th m i d d y M l n g r v l B d B r m
oo e a ea o a a e e ,
a a

Riv r e

B t pr
oa di ng p t h R j ng R i v r b l w t h P l g
o cee u e e a e e o e a a u s

F ll a s

P l i ng p t h P l g F ll R jng R iv r
o u e a a u s a s, e a e

( )
a K n y he h l
a i n g sa B t au v r R p i d ( )
e H t b i
oal t o e a s. u u

n R i v r b nk f r a ni ght
o e -
a S h lt r o
’
s e e

A B t oa b t t d nd th F l l t L ng B u k u
a ou o es ce e a s a o a ,

R j ng R i v r
e a e

B t r f d wi th L f m t n th D p i R i v r B r m
oa oo e ea -
a s o e a o e , a a

D i t ri t s c

K y n fi h i ng wi th C t n t i n th U pp r B r m R i v r
a a s s as e e e a a e

F i h i ng wi th R d an d L i n
s t th T ip ng F l l
o f th e a e a a s o e

B r m a a

T y pi l S e n e n th
ca c pp r m t R e a h e s f a R i v r
I e u e os c o e

K ny h H u nt r t W r k wi t h th Bl w p ip e
e a e s a o e o -

K ny h H u nt r r t urni ng H me wi th y u ng P i g
e a e e o o

K y n H u nt i ng p r t y m p i ng f r th N i ght
a a - a ca o e

I b ans tt i ng T r p f r P h nt an d m ll M mm l
se a s o ea sa s s a a a s.

P un n t H m a s a o e

K y n w r k i ng G u tt p r h
a a s o a— e c a

( )
a G th ri
a n g t h e [fi / D r t p i n
e ( )
o U o z ng K y a n -
o so . so , a a a

Y u th f pp r C l S T S M f T m a U ng ( Pl t 4 9)
o o u e a S o a so a e
x iv P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
F A C E PA E
G

88 . K ny h
e a ll t i ng [p nP i n
co ec o o so

89 . K l m nt n m k i ng F ir i n t h
e a a s J u ng l b y wi ng n
a e e e sa o e

Pi f B mb
ec e o r an th r oo a c o ss a o e

90 . I n t ru t i ng K y n Y u th i n th J u ng l
s c a a o s e e

91 . K ny h nd K y n S w r d nd S h th
e a a a a o s a ea s

92 . Sp r ea s a nd P ddl ( K y n nd K l m nt n)
a es a a a e a a

93 . K y n nd K ny h W r p
a a a e a a -
ca s

94 . C t nd C p S w r d K ni f nd Sh i l d f K ny h
oa a a ,
o , e, a e o e a

W rri r ( i n C l ur )
A M uri k ( Kl m nt n) Y u th n Wr d
a o o o

95 . e ar a o I a -
ess

96 . K l m nt n W r b
e a a t ndi ng a R e a h
a -
f th B r m
oa a s ce c o e a a

n r M ru di
ea a

97 . P l t p i n R i v r b y K y n t m rk th S p t w h r
o e se u e a a s o a e o e e

f r bl
a v ou O me n w b rv d
u t w t h i ng a B t n T r u b l t th Mu th f th
a a e as o se e

98 . Sco s a c oa I o e a e o o e

Ak ar R i v r B r m D i t ri te ,
a a s c

99 . I ban W r p r t y i n th J u ng l
a -
a e e

1 00 . K y n H u f n d i n f r P r t t i n g in t E n mi
a a o se e ce o o ec o a a s e es

1 0 1 K ny h M d e f Att k
e a o o ac

K y n W m n d n i ng nd rr y i ng i n ri ght H an d a
.

1 02 . a a o a a c a ca

He a d dr d n Le a e s
,

es s e I v .

10 3 . I b an W r b t n th R j ng Ri v r
a oa s o e e a e .

1 04 I b n S u t n th l r t
a co s o e a e

P u n n He d s t k n b y I b n
.

1 0 5 a a a e a s

I b a n W m n d n i ng wi th h u m n He ad
.

1 06 o e a c a s

K l b i t S m i th u i ng t n H mme r T h B ll w
.

1 0 7 . a a s s s o e a s. e e o s

r
a e s i m p l r th n th d ri b d i n t x t
e a o se es c e e

10 8 . I b an m k i ng F ir pi t n
a e s o s

1 09 . I b n H u i n ur f C n t ru t i n
a o se co se o o s c o

1 10 . K n wi t ( Kl m nt n) B k t nd B dw rk
a o e a a as e s a ea o

I 1 1 . K y n K ni f nd A e s
a a e a x 20 2

1 1 2 . K ny h h wi ng t S h ft f B l w pip b f r b r ng i t
e a e ou a o o -
e e o e o i

1 1 3 . K ny h dri ll i ng
e a s B l w pip a o -
e

1 1 4 . K ny h l h i ng S p r b l d t B l w p p
e a as ea -
a e o o -
i e

1 1 5 . K ny h m k i ng D r t f r B l w pip
e a a a o o -
e

1 1 6 . K ny h m k i ng D r t p i n
e a a a -
o so

1 1 7 . K ny h m k i ng B r k l th
e a s a a -
c o

1 1 8 . I b an W m n x t r t i ng C tt n d
o a e ac o o -
s ee s

1 1 9 . I b an W m n wi th S pi nni ng w h l
o a -
ee

1 20 . I b an W m n pr p ri ng th W b f r dy i ng
o a e a e e o e

1 21 . I ban W m n w v i ng o a ea

1 2 2. C r v d D r t th R m f A b n J
a e oo o Ch i f f t h
e oo o a au ,
a e o e

S b p ( K l m nt n ) T i nj r R i v r
e O s e a a s ,
a e

1 23 . D r f R m i n S b p (Kl m nt n) H u
oo o oo T h tw
e o e a a o se . e o

F i g ur n r th T p pr b b ly r pr nt G i bb n
es ea e o o a e es e o s

1 24 . C r v i ng n th W ll f th G ll r y i n L ng U l i
a s o e a O e a e a o a

( K l m
e n t n) H
a u Bar m D i t ri t o s e, a a s c
 C HA PTE R I

G E O G R AP H Y OF B ORNEO
B O R N E O i s o ne o f t h e la rg e st i slands o f t h e wo rld .

I ts a re a i s ro u g h ly sq u a re m i l es o r abo u t ,

fi v e t i m es t h at o f E ngland and Wal e s I ts g reat est

.

l e ngt h fro m no rt h e ast to so u t h we st i s 83 0 m i l es

- -
,

and i t s g re at e st b readt h i s abo u t 60 0 m i l es I t is .

c ross e d by t h e e q u ato r a l i ttl e b elo w i t s c e nt re so ,

t h at abo u t t wo t h i rds o f i t s a rea l i e i n t h e no rt h ern

-

and o ne t h i rd l i es i n t h e so u t h ern h em i s p h ere .

A lt h o u g h s u rro u nd e d on all s i d e s by i slands o f

volcan i c o ri g i n Bo rn e o d i ffers fro m t h em i n p re
,

s ent ing b u t s m all t rac es o f volcan i c act i v i ty and i n ,

cons i st i ng o f anc i e nt m ass e s o f i gn eo u s rock and

o f s e d i m e nta ry st rata .

T h e h i g h est m o u n ta i n i s K i nabal u an i solat ed ,

m ass o f g ran i t e i n t h e ext re m e no rt h n ea rly ,

feet i n h e i g h t W i t h t h i s exc ep t i on t h e p ri nc i p al
.

m o u nta i ns a re g ro u p e d i n s e v e ral m ass i v e c h a i ns ,

wh i c h ri s e h e re and t h ere to p e aks abo u t fee t

abov e t h e s ea T h e p ri nc i p al o f t h es e c h a i ns t h e
.
,

T i bang I ran rang e ru ns so u t h we st wa rd t h ro u g h t h e

-
,
-

m i dst o f t h e no rt h e rn h al f o f t h e i sland and i s

r olong d so u t h o f t h e e q u ato r by t h e S c h wan e r
p e

c h a i n T h i s m e d i an so u t h we st erly t re nd i ng rang e
.
-

fo rm s t h e backbon e o f t h e i sland A s econd m u c h

.

b rok e n c h a i n ru ns ac ross t h e i sland fro m east to

we st abo u t 1 no rt h o f t h e eq u ato r B e s i d e s t h es e
°
.

VOL I. B
2 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O RN E O ca n .

t wo p ri nc i p al m o u nta i n c h a i ns wh i ch d e t e rm i n e t h e
m a i n fe at u re s o f t h e ri v e r syst e m t h e re a re s ev e ral
-
,

i solat e d p eaks o f cons i d e rabl e h e i g h t and a m i no r ,

ri dg e o f h i lls ru n s fro m t h e c e nt re to wa rds t h e

so u t h e ast co rn er
-
. W i t h t h e e xc ep t i on o f t h e
no rt h ern ext rem i ty wh i c h g e og rap h i cally as we ll as
,

p ol i t i cally stands a p a rt fro m t h e r e st o f t h e i sland ,

t h e wh ol e o f Bo rn e o m a y b e d e sc ri b e d as d i v i d e d
by t h e t wo p ri nc i p al m o u nta i n c h a i ns i nto fo u r la rg e
wat e rs h e ds . O f t h e s e t h e no rt h we st e rn bas i n
, ,

t h e t e rri to ry o f S a ra wak i s d ra i n e d by t h e R ej ang

,

and Ba ra m as we ll as by n u m e ro u s s m all e r ri v e rs
, .

O f t h e ot h e r t h re e wh i c h const i t u t e D u tc h Bo rn e o
, ,

t h e n o rt h e ast e rn i s d ra i n e d by t h e Batang Kayan

-

o r B a l u n a n ri v e r ; t h e so u t h e ast e rn by t h e K ot e i
g
and B anj e rm as i n ri v e rs ; and th e so u t h we st e rn by
t h e K a p u as ,
t h e la rg e st o f all t h e ri v e rs wh os e ,

co u rs e fro m t h e c e nt re o f t h e i sland to i t s so u t h
we st co rn e r i s e st i m at e d at 7 0 0 m i l e s A lt h o u g h .

t h e p o i nt o f i n t e rs e ct i on o f t h e t wo p ri nc i p al m o u n
ta i n c h a i n s l i e s al m ost e x actly m i d way b e t we e n t h e
no rt h ern and so u t h ern and t h e e ast e rn and we st e rn
e xt re m i t i e s o f t h e i sland t h e g re at e r wi dt h o f t h e
,

so u t h e rn h al f o f t h e i sland g i v es a long e r co u rs e to
t h e ri v e rs o f t h at p a rt i n s p i t e o f t h e fact t h at all
,

t h e s i x p ri nc i p al ri v e rs m e nt i on ed abov e h av e t h e i r
so u rc e s not fa r fro m t h i s c e nt ral p o i n t T h e p ri n .

c i a l ri v e rs t h u s rad i at e fro m a co m m on c e nt re t h e
p ,

Batang Kayan flo wi ng e ast no rt h e ast t h e K ot e i - -

,

so u t h e ast by e ast t h e Banj e rm as i n so u t h t h e

-
, ,

Ka p u as a l i ttl e so u t h o f we st t h e R ej ang west and

, ,

t h e Ba ra m no rt h we st -
.T h i s rad i at i on o f t h e ri v e rs
fro m a co m m on c e nt re i s a fact o f g re at i m p o rtanc e
fo r t h e u nd e rstand i ng o f t h e e t h nog ra p h y o f t h e
i sland s i nc e t h e ri v e rs a re t h e g re at h i g h ways wh i c h
,

m ov e m e nts o f t h e p o p u lat i on c h i e fly follo w .

I n al m ost all p a rts o f t h e i sland t h e land adj o i n

,

i ng t h e coast i s a l o w ly i ng s wa m p y b e lt cons i st i ng
-
 G E O G RA P H Y OF BORN EO 3

o f th e all u v i u m b ro u g h t do wn by t h e m any ri v e rs
fro m t h e c e nt ral h i g h lands . T hi s b elt o f all u v i u m
e xt e n ds i nland i n m any p a rts fo r fi fty m i l e s o r m o re ,

and i s e s p e c i ally e xt e n s i v e i n t h e so u t h and so u t h

e ast o f t h e i sland .

B e t wee n t h e s wa m p y coast b e lt and t h e m o u nta i n s

i n t e rv e n e s a zon e o f v e ry i rreg u la r h i ll co u n t ry o f ,

wh i c h t h e av e rag e h e i g h t abov e t h e s e a l e v e l i s -

abo u t o ne t h o u sand feet wi t h occas i onal p eaks ri s i ng

,

to fi v e o r s i x t h o u sand fee t o r m o re .

T h e re s ee m s good reason to b e l i ev e t h at at a
co m p a rat i v e ly re c e nt dat e B o rn e o wa s cont i n u o u s
wi t h t h e m a i nland o f As i a fo rm i ng i t s so u t h e ast e rn
,
-

e xt re m i ty . Tog e t h e r wi t h S u m a t ra and J ava i t

stands u p on a s u b m a ri n e bank wh i c h i s no wh e re,

m o re t h an o ne h u nd re d fat h o m s b e lo w t h e s u rfac e ,

b u t wh i c h p l u ng e s do wn to a m u c h g re at e r d ep t h
along a l i n e a l i ttl e e ast o f Bo rn e o ( Wallac e s l i n e ) ’
.

T h e ab u n dan c e o f volcan i c act i v i ty i n t h e a rc h i

lago m a ks i as a a t f h e e a rt h s c ru st l i abl e to
’

p e r t p r o t
c h ang e s o f e l evat i on and t h e acc u m u lat i on o f volcan i c
,

m att e r wo u ld t e nd to m ak e i t an a re a o f s u bs i d e nc e
wh i l e t h e n o rt h e ast m onsoon wh i c h blo ws wi t h
-
,

cons i d e rabl e v i ol e nc e do wn t h e C h i na S e a fo r abo u t

fo u r m ont h s o f e ac h y e a r m a y h av e h ast e n e d t h e
,

s ep a rat i on o f B o rn e o fro m t h e m a i nland T h at t h i s .

s ep a rat i on wa s e ffe ct e d i n a v e ry re c e nt g e olog i cal

p e r i od i s s h o w n by t h e p r e s e nc e i n Bo rn e o o f m any
s p e c i e s o f As i at i c m a m m als bot h la rg e an d s m all ,

n otably t h e rhi noc eros (R bornz ens i s clos e ly all i e d

'

.
,

to R s nm a tra nns ) ; t h e e l e p h ant (B

. . wh i c h ,

h o we v e r m a y h av e b ee n i m p o rt e d by m a n) ; t h e wi ld
,

cattl e (B os s ondz a ens wh i c h occ u rs also i n S u m at ra )

’

s e v eral s p e c i e s o f d e er and p i g ( so m e o f whi c h a re

fo u nd i n S u m at ra and t h e m a i n land ) ; s e v e ral s p e c i e s
o f t h e cat t ri b e o f wh i c h t h e t i g e r cat F e/2s neon/om
( )
'

-
,

i s t h e la rg e st ; t h e c i v e t cat Vz oerra ) and i t s con

’

g e n e rs H em z
jg a l,
e P a ra d ox n r n s
,
an d A r et o
g a /e ; t h e
 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O emu »
.

s m all black b e a r ( Urs u s m a l aya nns ) ; t h e cla wl ess

ott e r (L u tra ez nerecz ) ; t h e b e a r cat (A rel zetzs
'

bi nt u rong ) ; t h e scaly ant e at e r (M a nz s ja o a nz ens ) ;

’

t h e l e m u rs ( T a rsz ns sp ect ru m and N yet z eeons Za ra z

’

h e fl y i ng l em u r
( G n )
'

g ra d )
u s ; t a /eo jfi z t eens o o/a ns ;

t h e p o rc u p i n e (Hys trzx era s s zsp z nzs ) n u m e ro u s bats ,

sq u i rre ls rats and m i c e ; t h e b i g s h re w ( Gym nnrcz ) ;

,

s ev e ral s p ec i es o f m onk eys and t wo o f t h e ant h ro ,

p o i d a p e s T. h e last a re o f
p e c u l i a r s i gn i ficanc e ,

s i nc e t h e y a re i ncap abl e o f c ross i ng e v e n na rro w

c h ann els o f wat e r and m u st b e re ga rd e d as p rod u cts
,

o f a v e ry lat e stag e o f b i olog i cal evol u t i on Of .

t h e s e t wo ant h ro p o i d s p e c i e s t h e g i bbon (Hyl ooa tes ,

M i d/ere) i s clos e ly all i e d to s p ec i e s fo u nd i n t h e

m a i nland and i n S u m at ra wh i l e t h e m a i ns o r o rang ,

u tan
( S i m i a sa tyrns
) i s fo u nd also i n S u m at ra and ,

t h o u g h not no w s u rv i v i ng on t h e cont i n e nt m u st b e ,

rega rd e d as re lat e d to ant h ro p o i ds wh os e foss i l

re m a i ns h av e b ee n d i scov e re d t h e re
1
.

T h e zoolog i cal e v i d e nc e t h u s i nd i cat e s a re c e nt

s ep a rat i on o f Bo rn e o and S u m at ra fro m t h e cont i n ent ,

and a st i ll m o re re c e nt s e p a rat i on b e t wee n t h e t wo

i slands .

T h e cl i m at e o f t h e wh ol e i sland i s wa rm and
m o i st and v e ry e q u abl e T h e ra i n fall i s co p i o u s at
.

all t i m e s o f t h e y e a r b u t i s rat h e r h e av i er d u ri ng t h e
,

p re val e nc e o f t h e no r t h e ast m onsoon -

i n t h e m ont h s
fro m Octob er to F e b ru a ry and l e ast d u ri ng t h e ,

m ont h s o f Ap ri l and Ma y At K u c h i ng d u ri ng t h e
.
,

last t h i rty y ea rs t h e av erag e y e a rly ra i n fall h a s b e e n

,

1 60 i nc h e s t h e m ax i m u m 2 2 5 and t h e m i n i m u m
, ,

1 0 2 i nc h e s ; t h e m ax i m u m m ont h ly fall re co rd e d
wa s 69 i nc h es and t h e m i n i m u m 66 and t h e
,
‘

g re at e st ra i n fall reco rd e d i n o ne day wa s 1 5 i nc h e s .

T h e t e m p e rat u re h a rdly i f ev er re ac h e s 1 0 0 F
°

, .

i t rang e s no rm ally b e t we e n 7 0 and 90 F ; t h e

°

1
Wi th i n B r n th d i t ri b u t i n f th m m t b l r g ly d t r m i n d
’

o eo e s o o e a z a s s ee s o e a e e e e

by h i in p i t y t r
s ca ac ri v r th r b i ng v r l i n t n i n w h i h h
o c o ss a e , e e e se e a s a ces c e

o ccur n th n b u t n t n th th r b nk f ri v r
s o e o e o o e o e a o a e .
 G E O G RA P H Y OF BORN E 0 5

h i g h e st re ad i ng o f o ne y e a r ( 1 90 6) at K u c h i ng wa s
t h e lo we st S no w and frost a re u nkno wn ,

e xc ep t occas i onally on t h e s u m m i ts o f t h e h i g h e st

m o u nta n si T nd e sto rm s a re fre q u e nt and

. h u r -

s ev re e ,
b u t w i nd sto rm s a re not co m m only o f any
-

g reat v i ol en c e .

T h e ab u ndant ra i n fall m a i nta i ns a co p i o u s flo w

o f wat e r do wn t h e m any ri v e rs at all t i m e s o f t h e

y e a r ; b u t t h e ri v e rs a re l i abl e to ri s e ra p i dly m any

fe e t abov e t h e i r no rm al l e v e l d u ri ng days o f e x
c e t i o na l l h e avy ra i n I n t h e i r lo we r re ac h e s
p y .
,

wh ere t h e y t rav ers e t h e all u v i al p la i ns and s wa m p s ,

t h e ri v e rs wi nd slo wly to t h e s ea wi t h m any g re at

b ends and all t h e la rg e r on e s a re nav i gabl e by
,

s m all st e a m ers fo r m an y m i l e s abov e t h e i r m o u t h s

t h u s a la rg e st ea m la u n c h can asc e nd t h e R ej ang
fo r 1 60 m i l e s t h e Ba ra m fo r 1 2 0 and so m e o f
, ,

t h e ri v e rs on t h e D u tc h s i d e fo r st i ll g re at er
d i stanc e s .T h e l i m i t o f s u c h n av i gat i on i s s e t
by b eds o f rock ov e r wh i c h t h e ri v ers ru n s h allo w ,

and wh i ch m a rk t h e b eg i nn i ngs o f t h e m i ddl e

re ac h e s . I n t h es e m i ddl e re ac h e s wh ere t h e ri v ers
,

wi nd b e t we e n t h e fe e t o f t h e h i lls long st retc h e s

,

of d eep s m oot h wat e r alt e rnat e wi t h ot h e rs i n

wh i c h t h e wat e r ru n s wi t h g re at e r v i ol e nc e b e t we e n
confin i ng walls o f rock o r s p re ads o u t i n wi d e
,

ra p i ds ov e r stony botto m s T h e u p p e r re ac h e s o f
.

t h e ri v e rs wh e re t h e y d e sc e nd rap i dly fro m t h e

,

slo p e s o f t h e m o u nta i ns a re co m p os e d o f long s eri e s

,

o f s h allo w ra i ds and l o w wat e rfalls alt ernat i ng

p ,

at s h o rt i nt e rvals wi t h st i ll p ools and cal m s h allo ws ,

bo u nd e d by rock walls and g re at b e ds o f wat er

wo rn ston es wh i c h d u ri ng t h e fre q u e nt fre s h e ts
,

a re s u b m erg e d by a bo i l i ng flood T h e wh ol e
.

ri v e r i n t h e s e u pp e r re ac h e s i s fo r t h e m ost p a rt
roo fe d i n by t h e ov e ra rc h i ng fo re st .

P ract i cally t h e wh ol e o f Bo rn eo fro m t h e s e a

,

coast to t h e s u m m i ts o f t h e h i g h est m o u nta i ns i s ,

6 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O em p .

cov e re d wi t h a d e ns e fo re st On t h e s u m m i ts t h i s .

con s i sts o f co m p a rat i v e ly st u nt e d t ree s o f wh i ch ,

e v e ry p a rt i s t h i ckly coat e d wi t h m oss I n all .

ot h er p a rts t h e fo re st cons i sts o f g re at t re e s ri s i ng

to a h e i g h t o f 1 50 fee t and e v e n 2 0 0 fe e t and o f , ,

a d e n s e u nd e rg ro wt h o f yo u ng e r and s m all e r t re e s ,

and o f a g re at va ri e ty o f c re ep ers p al m s and , ,

fe rn s. T re e s o f m any s p e c i e s ( n e a rly 50 0 ) y i e ld
e xc e ll e nt t i m b e r rang i ng fro m t h e h a rd e st i ron
,

wood o r oz l z a n and ot h e r h a rd woods ( m any o f

' '

t h e m so clos e g ra i n e d t h at t h ey wi ll n ot float i n
-

wat e r) to so ft e as i ly wo rk e d k i nds
, , A cons i d e rabl e .

n u m b e r b e a r e d i bl e fru i ts notably t h e m ango ( fro m ,

wh i c h t h e i sland d e ri v e s i t s M alay na m e P n/n ,

K l em a nta n) t h e d u ri an ,
m angost ee n ra m b u tan , , ,

j ack fru i t t ra p lan sat banana o f m any va ri e t i e s

, , , ,

bot h wi ld and c u lt i vat e d an d n u m ero u s so u r l e ss ,

n u t ri t i o u s k i nds W i ld sago i s ab u ndant i n so m e

.

local i t i e s Va ri o u s p al m s s u pp ly i n t h e i r u n fold i ng
.

l e av e s a cabbag e l i k e e d i bl e A m ong e d i bl e roots

-
.

t h e calad i u m i s t h e c h i e f R u bb e r i s obta i n e d as .

t h e s a p o f a wi ld c re e p e r ; g u tta p e rc h a fro m t re e s -

o f s e v e ral va ri e t i e s ; ca m p h o r fro m p ock ets i n t h e

st e rn o f t h e ca m p h o r t re e (D ryooa /a nop s
B u t o f all t h e j u ngl e p lants t h os e wh i c h p lay t h e
m ost i m p o rtan t p a rts i n t h e l i fe o f t h e p e o p l e a re
t h e m any s p e c i e s o f t h e rattan and t h e ba m boo ;
wi t h o u t t h e m m o re t h an h al f t h e c ra fts and m ost
o f t h e m o re i m p o rtant m at e ri al p oss e ss i on s o f t h e

n at i v e s wo u ld b e i m p oss i bl e and t h e i r l i v e s wo u ld ,

rh a s n e a r ly con fo rm to t h e conv e nt i onal n ot i on

p e p
o f savag e e x i st e nc e as so m e t h i ng nasty d u ll and ‘
, ,

b ru t i s h T h e j u ngl e o f Bo rn e o i s o f co u rs e
’
. , ,

fa m o u s fo r i t s we alt h o f o rc h i ds and can cla i m ,

t h e d i st i nct i on o f p rod u c i ng t h e la rg e st flo we r o f
t h e wo rld ( R afles i a ) and m any b e a u t i fu l va ri e t i e s
,

o f t h e p i tc h e r p lant .

T h e fo re sts o f B o rn e o h a rbo u r m o re t h an 4 50
P L AT E 4 . A L I M E ST O N E H I LL A T P A N G A I N U PP E R S A R AV A K
V
.
 G E O G RA P H Y O F B O R N E O 7

s p ec i e s o f b i rds m any o f t h e m b e i ng o f go rg e o u s
,

colo u ri ng o r st rang e and b ea u t i fu l fo rm s ; e s p e c i ally

not e wo rt h y a re m any h a wks o wls and e agl e s fly , , ,

catc h e rs s p i d er h u nt e rs s u n b i rds b road b i lls n i g h t

,
-
,
-
,
-
,

j a rs o ri ol e s m i n e rs p i g e ons ki ng fi s h ers h o rn b i lls

, , , , , ,

t roj ans m ag p i e s j ays c ro ws p a rt ri dg e s p h e asants

, , , , , ,

h e rons b i tt e rns sn i p e s p lov ers c u rl e ws and sand

, , , , ,

p pi e rs A .m ongst t h e s e a re m any s p e c i e s p e c u l i a r
to Bo rn e o ; wh i l e on t h e m o u nta i ns abov e t h e
4 0 0 0 fe e t l e v e l a re fo u nd s ev e ral s p e c i e s wh i c h
-

o u ts i d e Bo rn e o a re kno wn only i n t h e H i m alayas .

B e s i d e s t h e m a m m als m e nt i on e d abov e Bo rn e o ,

cla i m s s ev eral s p ec i e s o f m a m m al p e c u l i a r to i ts e l f ,

n otably t h e long nos e d m onk e y (N a m /2s [a rr/a i m )

'

t wo s p e c i e s o f a p e em nofi z z neens H os ez and S

(
'

S
’

‘
.

g ) w
’

ernez er ; m any s h re s and sq u i rre ls i ncl u d i ng ,

s e v e ral fly i ng s p e c i e s ; a c i v e t cat (H ernzj a l e H as ei

g
-
);
a d eer ( C ero ns t h e b e a rd e d p i g ( S n s

oa rocu ns ) t h e c u ri o u s fe at h e r ta i l e d s h re w (P ty/o
‘
-

eerens L ore/i i ) .

R ep t i l e s a re we ll rep re s e nt e d by t h e c rocod i l e ,

wh i c h abo u nds i n all t h e ri v e rs a long sn o u t e d ,

-

gav i al , n u m ero u s to rto i s es and l i za rds wi t h s e v e ral

fly i ng s p e c i e s and m o re t h an s e v enty s p e c i e s o f
,

snak e s , o f wh i c h so m e a re p o i son o u s wh i l e t h e ,

b i gg e st t h e p yt h on atta i ns a l e ngt h o f t h i rty feet

, ,
.

T h e ri v e rs abo u nd i n ed i bl e fi s h o f m any s p e c i e s ;
i ns ects a re o f co u rs e n u m e ro u s and va ri ed and a i d e d , ,

by t h e m u lt i t u d e o f frogs t h e y fill t h e i sland e ac h ,

e v e n i ng at s u ns e t wi t h o ne vast c h o ru s o f so u nd .
 CHA PTE R II

H ST I O RY OF B O RN EO
T I I E P agan t ri b e s o f B o rn e o h av e no wri tt e n re co rds
o f t h e i r h i sto ry and only v e ry v a g u e t rad i t i on s con

c ern i ng e v e nts i n t h e l i v e s o f t h e i r anc e sto rs o f

m o re t h an fi v e o r s i x g e n e rat i ons ago B u t th e .

wri tt e n reco rds o f m o re c u lt u re d p e o p l e s o f t h e F a r

E ast conta i n re fe re nc e s to B o rn e o wh i c h t h ro w
so m e s m all rays o f l i g h t u p on t h e p ast h i sto ry and
r e s e nt cond i t i on o f i t s p o p u lat i on I t h a s s e em e d
p .

to u s wo rt h wh i l e to b ri ng tog e t h e r i n t h e s e p ag e s
t h es e few h i sto ri cal not e s T h e lat er h i sto ry o f .

Bo rn e o wh i ch i s i n t h e m a i n t h e sto ry o f i t s occ u p a
,

t i on by and d i v i s i on b e t we e n t h e D u tc h and E ngl i s h ,

an d e s p ec i ally t h e ro m ant i c h i sto ry o f t h e acq u i s i t i on

o f t h e raj o f S a ra wa k by i t s fi rst E ngl i s h raj a h ,

S i r J a m e s B rook e h a s o ft e n b e e n told and fo r t h i s

1
, ,

re ason m a y b e d i s m i ss e d by u s i n a v e ry fe w wo rds .

T h e coasts o f Bo rn e o h av e long b e e n occ u p i e d

by a Moh a mme da n p o p u
t h i s p o p I I l a t I o n I s paFtl y
'
'
‘

and Arab i m m i g rants and partly fro m i nd i g e no u s

.

i nd i v i d u als and co m m u n i t i e s t h at h av e ado p t e d t h e

M alay fa i t h and c u lt u re I n re c e nt c e nt u ri e s Wh e n .

E u ro p e an s fi rst v i s i t e d t h e i sland t h i s p o p u lat i on , ,

d we ll i ng fo r t h e m ost p a rt as i t st i ll do e s i n v i llag e s
, ,

and s m all to wns u p on t h e coast and i n o r n e a r t h e

1
S p i lly th r nt ly pu bl i h d [J i t y f S w k nd i t T w
ee es ec a e ece s e t er o a ra a u er s e

W/ t R f / by S B ri ng G u ld nd C A B m p fyld L nd n 9
'

zz e a a 21 ,
. . a -
o a . . a e, o o , 1 10 .

8
 C H AP . 11 H I S T O RY O F BO RN EO 9

m ou t hs v e rs o we d all eg i anc e to s e v eral

o f the ri ,

M alay s u l tans and a n u m b e r o f s u bo rd i nat e ru l e rs ,

t h e local raj a h s and a n i ra ns

p g T h e p ri nc i p al .

s u ltans h a d as t h e i r cap i tals fro m wh i c h t h e y took ,

h e i r t i tl e s B ru n i on t h e n o rt h we st S a m bas i n t h e
t
r
,
-
,

we st P ont i anak at t h e m o u t h o f t h e K a p u as ri v e r
, ,

Banj e rm as i n i n t h e so u t h at t h e m o u t h o f t h e ri v er
o f t h e sa m e na m e P as i r at t h e so u t h e ast co rn er ,
-
,

K ot e i and B a l u ng a n on t h e e ast at t h e m o u t h s o f
t h e ri v e rs o f t h os e na m e s ; wh i l e t h e S u ltan o f J olo ,

t h e ca p i tal o f t h e S u l u i slands wh i c h l i e o ff t h e n o rt h ,

coast cla i m e d sov e re i gnty ov e r t h e no rt h e rn e nd o f

,

Bo rn e o B u t t h e s e M alay s u ltan s were not t h e

.

fi rst re p re s e n tat i v e s i n t h e i sland o f c u lt u re and o f

c i v i l i s e d o r s e m i c i v i l i s ed ru l e fo r h i sto ry p re s e rv e s
-

so m e fa i nt re co rds o f st i ll e a rl i e r t i m e s o f wh i c h ,

so m e sl i g h t confi rm at i on i s a ffo rd e d by s u rv i v i ng
t rac e s o f t h e c u lt u re t h e n i nt rod u c e d .

I n s p i t e o f all t h e wo rk don e on t h e h i sto ry o f t h e

E ast I nd i e s m ost o f wh at occ u rred b e fo re and m u c h
,

t h at follo we d t h e a rri val o f E u ro p e ans re m a i n s

obsc u re T h ere a re s e v e ral As i at i c nat i ons wh os e
.

re co rds m i g h t b e e x p e ct ed to conta i n val u abl e

i n fo rm at i on b u t all a re d i sa p p o i nt i ng , T h e K l i ngs .
,

st i ll t h e p ri nc ip al H i nd u t rad e rs i n t h e F a r E ast ,

v i s i t e d t h e M alay A rc h i p e lago i n t h e fi rst o r at any

rat e t h e s e cond c e nt u ry a ft e r C h ri st an d i nt ro ll
,

du ce d t h e i r wri t i ng and c h ronology B u t t h e i r 2

.

e a rly h i sto ri e s a re m e ag re and u nsat i s facto ry i n t h e

e xt re m e T h e A rab c u lt u re o f t h e M alays wh i c h
.
,

took root i n S u m at ra i n t h e t we l ft h c e nt u ry i s o f ,

co u rs e o f no ass i stanc e i n rega rd to ev e n ts o f e a rl i e r

dat e and do e s n ot g i v e t ru st wo rt h y and d e ta i l ed
,

C wf d D
1
lot D i ti n y p
'

ra u r , 4 escrz zo e c o ar , . 1 0 .

D pi t C wf d pi ni n th i i n w n pt d f t R ffl H i t y
2
es e ra u r
’
s o o s s o a a cc e e ac . a es s
’
s or
ofj avant i n m u h i nt r t i ng i nf r m t i n n th p i nt
co a s c nd th r i e es o a o o e o , a e e s a

r m r k bl t t m nt w h i h h n t bt i n d th tt nt i n th t i t d rv
e a a e s a e e c as o o a e e a e o a es e es ,
s h wi ng th t th Chi n r gni d th i m i l ri t y b t w n th J v nd S l i
o a e es e eco se e S a e ee e a a a o

( N g pur ) l ph b t G n l dt N t n M l y A /I p l g n M l
’
’
a a a e s. — ro e ev e , o es o a a rc z e a o a a a a cca

l i p
’
T bn ru E R
er s
y l t i ng t [n ssa s 66 e a o
’
ao vo . . . 1 .
I O P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

acco u nts u nt i l t h e fi ft e e nt h c e nt u ry T h e C h i n e s e .
,

on t h e ot h e r h and al ways a l i t era ry p e op l e ca re fu lly

, ,

r e s e rv e d i n t h e i r a rc h i v e s all t h at co u ld b e gat h e re d
p
“
wi t h re ga rd to t h e so u t h e rn s e as B u t C h i na .

wa s fa r a way and m any local e v e nts wo u ld p oss e ss

,

n o i nt ere st fo r h e r s u bj ects U nd e r t h e c i rc u m .

stanc es t h e o ffic i al h i sto ri ans d e s erv e o u r g rat i t u d e

,

fo r t h e i r g e og ra p h i cal d e sc ri p t i ons and fo r t h e

p a r t i c u l ars o f t ri b u t e b e a ri ng m i ss i ons to t h e S on o f
-

H e av e n t h o u g h t h e y h av e l i ttl e e ls e to t e ll
, .

T h e fi rst acco u nt we h av e b ee n abl e to find

re fe rri ng to Bo rn e o i s a d e sc ri p t i on o f t h e k i ngdo m
o f P ol i fro m t h e C h i n e s e an nals o f t h e s i xt h c e nt u ry .

P ol i wa s sa i d to b e on an i sland i n t h e s ea so u t h
e ast o f Ca m boj a and t wo m ont h s so u t h east o f
,
-

Canton T h e j o u rn e y t h i t h e r wa s m ad e by wa y
.

of th e M alay P e n i ns u la a d ev i o u s ro u t e st i ll
,

follo we d by C h i n e s e j u nks E nvoys we re s ent.

to t h e I m p eri al co u rt i n A D 51 8 52 3 and 61 6 . .
, , .

“
T h e p eo p l e o f t h i s co u nt ry o u r a u t h o ri ty says , ,

a re sk i ll e d i n t h ro wi ng a d i sc u s kn i fe and t h e -
,

e dg e i s l i k e a s a w ; wh e n t h e y t h ro w i t at a m a n ,

t h e y n ev e r fa i l to h i t h i m T h ei r ot h er a rm s
.

a re abo u t t h e sa m e as i n C h i na T h e i r c u sto m s .

re s e m bl e t h os e o f Ca m boj a and t h e p rod u ct i ons

,

o f t h e co u nt ry a re t h e sa m e as o f S i a m W h en .

o ne co m m i ts a m u rd e r o r t h e ft t h e y c u t o ff h i s

h ands ,
1
and wh e n ad u lt e ry h a s b e e n co m m i tt ed ,

t h e c u l p ri t h a s h i s l egs c h a i n e d fo r t h e p e ri od o f
a y e a r F o r t h e i r sac ri fic e t h e y c h oos e t h e t i m e
.

wh e n t h ere i s no m oon ; t h e y fill a bo wl wi t h wi n e

”

and e atabl es and l et i t float a way on t h e s u rfac e

o f t h e wat e r ; i n t h e e l e v e n t h m ont h t h e y h av e
a g re at sac ri fic e T h e y g et co rals fro m t h e s ea
.

and t h e y h av e a b i rd call e d s a ri wh i c h can talk ’

A lat e r re fe re nc e to t h e sa m e p lac e says : T h e y

, .

ca rry t h e t ee t h o f wi ld b easts i n t h e i r e a rs and ,

1
Th r i
e e Bru ni t i ll l i v wh h nd h v b n t ff f th ft
s a s a e o se a s a e ee cu o or e .
 K E L T I E F ALLS M O U N T D U L I T S A R AW A K
, , .

P L AT E 6
. K E N YA H SST O PP I N G To C A M P F OR T HE N IGH T
O N T H E B A R AM R I V E R .
11 H I S T O RY OF BORN EO 1 1

wra p a p i e c e o f cotton ro u nd t h e i r lo i ns ; cotton

i s a p lant o f wh i c h t h e y coll e ct t h e flo we rs to m ak e
clot h o f t h e m ; t h e coa rs er k i nd i s call e d é np a ,

and t h e fin e r clot h ca n T h e y h old t h e i r m a rk e ts .

at n i g h t and cov e r t h e i r fac e s

,
A t t h e e ast .

o f t h i s co u nt ry i s s i t u at e d t h e land o f t h e Raks h as ,

wh i c h h a s t h e sa m e c u sto m s as P ol i .

T h i s i s an i nt e re st i ng acco u nt i n m any ways ,

and tall i e s v e ry C los e ly wi t h wh at ot h e r e v i d e nc e

wo u ld l e ad o ne to s u s p e ct F o r t h e re i s re ason .

to t h i nk t h at B ru n i b efo re i t b e ca m e M o h a m m e dan , ,

wa s a B i saya k i ngdo m u nd e r B u dd h i st sov e re i gn s

an d H i nd u i n fl u e nc e ; and n ea rly all t h e p a rt i c u la rs
g i v e n wi t h rega rd to t h e p e o p l e o f B o rn e o a re
t ru e o f o ne o r ot h e r o f t h e rac e s all i ed to B i sayas
and l i v i ng n ea r B ru n i to day T h e d i sc u s kn i fe -
.
-
,

a wood e n weap on i s n ot no w i n u s e b u t i s kno wn , ,

to h av e b ee n u s e d fo rm e rly T h e wi ld K adayan s .

sac ri fic e a ft e r e v ery ne w m oon and a re fo rb i dd e n to ,

e a t a n u m b e r o f t h i ngs u n t i l t h e y h av e don e so T he .

Ma l a na u s s e t lad e n ra fts afloat on t h e ri v e rs to

p pr o i t i at e t h e s p i ri ts o f t h e s ea T h e v e ry n a m e s .

o f t h e t wo k i nds o f cotton t h e n e v i d e n tly a nov e lty

to t h e C h i n e s e a re fo u nd i n Bo rn e o :éafi oé i s
,

a we ll kno wn M alay wo rd ; b u t taya i s t h e co m m on

-

T hi
1
unt i t k n fr m G n l dt (l t ) wh h w v“ r upp
s a cco s a e o ro e ev e oc. a . o, o e e , s o s es

P l i t b n th n r th“
o o e o t f S u m t r I n thi h f ll w
e o l l Ch i n
co a s o a a. s e o o s a es e

g gr p h r
eo a dd i ng th t i t n ighb urh d t th N i b r I l nd i
e s,
”
a a s e o oo o e co a s a s s a

s u ffi i nt pr f th t th y right B t R k h wh i h m y h v b n f
c e oo a e a re .
”
u a s a s, c a a e ee or

a l ng t i m th n m f th N i b r I l nd pr b bly n
o e e a e o u nt f th e co a s a s, o a o a cc o o e

wi ld n nd b d r pu t t i n f th ir i nh b i t nt i m r ly R k h
ess a a e a o t rm
o e a a s, s e e a s a sa , a e
a ppl i d by th H ind u l ni t i n J v nd th M l y P ni n u l t ny wi ld
e e co o s s a a a e a a e s a o a

p pleo th t th t t m nt th t t th
e, so a t f P “l i i i t u t d th l nd f th
e s a e e a o e ea s o o s s a e e a o e

R k h i h“r dly u ffi i nt upp r t f v n l l Ch in g gr ph r

a s as s a s c e s o or e e a ese eo a e s .
”

T ru t i ng t m d r n Ch i n g gr ph r G n l dt m k K l i ng ”
s o o e es e eo a e s, ro e ev e a es a ,

wh r n i ght f t gn m n t h d w f f t t n n n th um m r
e e a e -
oo o o ca s s a s a o o ee a oo o e s e

so sl t i t b J v th t i t y t b n r ly 5 u th f th q u t r H ving
ce , o e a a, a s o sa , o e ea
°
so o e e a o . a

u nwi tt i ngly d m n t r t d h w u nt ru t w r thy

e o s tha em d r n g g r ph r o s o a re e o e eo a e s,

h mu t x u
e s th r i f th y pr f r th rigi n l u th ri ty wh t t th “t P l i
e c se o e s e e e e o a a o , o s a es a o

i
s u th t f C m b j th l nd f th R k h
so -
ea s o a t
o a,f P li t ll e a o e a s as ea s o o , o a
”

g gr ph r wh t t n th nt r ry th t P l i i u th w t f C m b j
eo a e s o s a e o e co a a o s so -
es o a o a,

h
t e Rkh a unt ry w t f P li T h n m P l i pp r t b m r
s as
’
co es o o . e a e o a ea s o e a o e

a cc ur t f rm f P 1 th n m by w h i h Bru ni i i d t h v b n kn wn
a e o o 0 0, e a e c s sa o a e ee o

t t h Ch i n
o e in r ly t im
es e ea es .
1 2 P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

na m e fo r cotton a m ong t h e S ea D ayaks t h o u g h i t ,

i s do u bt fu l wh e t h e r i t i s fo u nd i n S u m at ra at all and ,

T he
’
i s not g i v e n i n M a rsd e n s g re at D i ct i ona ry .

u s e o f t e e t h as e a r o rna m e nts m a r f r to K n h
y e e e y a s
-
.

I f t h e s e i d e nt i t i es a re s u ffic i e n t to s h o w t h at P ol i
wa s old B ru n i we h av e an al m ost u n i q u e i ll u st rat i on
,

h ere o f t h e ant i q u i ty o f savag e c u sto m s T h at an .

e x p e ri e nc e o f fo u rt e e n h u nd re d y e a rs s h o u ld h av e

fa i l e d to conv i nc e p e o p l e o f t h e fu t i l i ty o f fe e d i ng sal t
wav e s i s a st ri k i ng d e m onst rat i on o f t h e wi d es p re ad
fallacy t h at wh at i s old m u st n e e ds b e good
, .

P ol i h a d al re ady atta i n ed a c e rta i n m e as u re o f

c i v i l i sat i on and e v e n o f l u x u ry
, T h e k i ngly .

d i gn i ty wa s h e re d i ta ry and t h e B u dd h i st m ona rc h ,

wa s s e rv e d wi t h m u c h c e re m ony H e wa s clad .

i n flo we red s i lk o r cotton ado rn e d wi t h p e a rls , ,

and sat on a gold e n t h ron e att end ed by s e rvants

wi t h wh i t e d u st e rs and fans o f p e acock fe at h e rs .

W h e n h e we nt o u t o f h i s p alac e h i s c h a ri ot cano p i e d , ,

wi t h fe at h e rs and e m b ro i d e re d c u rta i n s wa s d ra wn ,

by e l ep h ants wh i lst gongs d ru m s and conc h es

, , ,

m ad e i ns p i ri t i ng m u s i c As H i nd u o rna m e nts h av e .

b ee n fo u nd at S ant u bong tog e t h e r wi t h C h i n e s e

co i ns o f g reat ant i q u i ty as t h e na m e s o f m any ,

o ffic e s o f stat e i n B ru n i a re d e ri v ed fro m S ansk ri t ,

and t h e p eo p l e o f S a ra wak h av e only lat e ly c e as e d

“ ” 1
to s p e ak o f t h e days o f t h e H i nd u s t h e re i s ,

n ot h i ng sta rtl i ng i n t h e stat e m ent t h at t h e k i ngs

o f P ol i we re B u dd h i st .

W h at e v er P ol i m a y o r m a y not h av e b ee n t h ere ,

i s l i ttl e q u e st i on t h at P u n i 4 5 days fro m J ava , ,

4 0 f ro m P al e m bang 3 0 fr o m C h a m p
,
a i n e ac h ,

cas e tak i ng t h e wi nd to b e fa i r wa s B ru n i T h e , .

C h i n es e wh o h av e n e i t h e r o no r do u bl e con sonants
,

i n t h e i r i m p ov eri s h e d lang u ag e st i ll call t h e Bo rn e an ,

cap i tal P u n i G ro enev el dt says t h at t h e C h i n e s e

.

R j h Ch r l Br k T n Y
1
a a a es n Soo w k q u t d i n L i ng R th
e, e ea rs z a ra a , o e o
’
s

v l u bl w r k T i N tw f S w k n B t / N t fi B n
a a e o , ce a es o l ii
a ra a a
’
a rz zs c or or eo, v o . .

P 2 79
u H I S T O RY OF BORN EO 1 3

cons i d e r P u n i to h av e b e e n on t h e we st coast o f
Bo rn eo T h i s stat e i s m e n t i on e d s ev e ral t i m e s
i n t h e an nals o f t h e S u ng dynasty wh i c h t h o u g h , ,

only ru l i ng ov er S o u t h e rn C h i na h a d a co m p l e t e ,

m ono p oly o f t h e oc e an t rad e fo r t h ree c e n t u ri e s

1

(9 60 to 1 2 79 P u n i wa s at t h at t i m e a
to wn o f so m e i n h ab i tants p rot e ct ed by a ,

stockad e o f t i m b e r T h e k i ng s p alac e l i k e t h e
.
’

h o u s e s o f m od e rn B ru n i wa s t h atc h e d wi t h p al m ,

l eav e s t h e cottag e s o f t h e p e o p l e wi t h g rass

, .

Wa rri o rs ca rri e d s p ea rs and p rot e ct e d t h e m s e lv e s

wi t h co pp e r a rm o u r W h e n any nat i v e d i ed h i s
.
,

co rp s e wa s e x p os e d i n t h e j u ngl e and onc e a y e a r ,

fo r s e v e n y e a rs sac ri fic e s we re m ad e to t h e d ep a rt e d
s p i ri t Ba m boos and p al m l e av e s t h ro wn a way a ft e r
. ,

e v e ry m e al s u ffic e d fo r c rock e ry
,
T h e p rod u cts o f .

t h e co u nt ry o r at l e ast s u c h as were s e nt as t ri b u t e
, ,

we re ca m p h o r to rto i s e s h ell and i vo ry

, , .
2

I n t h e y ea r 97 7 we a re told H i a nz t a k i ng o f, , ,

P u n i s ent e nvoys to C h i na wh o p res e nt e d t ri b u t e

wi t h t h e follo wi ng wo rds : M ay t h e e m p e ro r l i v e
, ,
“

t h o u sands and t e n s o f t h o u sands o f y e a rs and m a y ,

h e not d i sap p rov e o f t h e p oo r c i v i l i t i e s o f m y l i ttl e

co u nt ry . T h e e nvoys p re s e nt e d a l e tt er fro m t h e
k i ng T h i s wa s wri tt e n on wh at look e d l i k e t h e
v ery t h i n ba rk o f a t re e ; i t wa s glossy sl i g h tly ,

g ree n s ev eral feet long and so m ewh at b road e r

, ,

t h an o ne i nc h ; t h e c h a ract ers i n wh i ch i t wa s
wri tt e n we re s m all and h a d to b e re ad h o ri zontally
, .

I n all t h e s e p a rt i c u la rs t h e l e tt er re s e m bl e d t h e
books o f m ag i c wh i c h a re st i ll wri tt e n by t h e Battas
o f i nland S u m at ra T h e m e ssag e ra n : T h e k i ng
.
3

o f P u n i call e d H i a nz t a p rost rat e s hi m s e l f b e fo re t h e

, ,

m ost a u g u st e m p ero r and h o p e s t h at t h e e m p e ro r ,

m a y l i v e t e n t h o u sands o f y e a rs I h av e no w s e n t .

e nvoys to ca rry t ri b u t e ; I kn ew b e fo re t h at t h ere

1
E . H P rk r
. a e , C fi z na ,
'

p .
33 .
2
G roenev el dt, l oc . a t .

3
Ma r sd en H i story of , S u m a t ra , 8
3 3 p . .
1 4 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

wa s an e m p ero r b u t I h a d no m e ans o f co m m u ni ca
,

t i on R e c e ntly t h ere wa s a m e rc h ant call ed P u L u

.
,

wh os e s h i p a rri v e d at t h e m o u t h o f m y ri v e r ; I
s e n t a m a n to i nv i t e h i m to m y p lac e and h e told ,

m e t h at h e ca m e fro m C h i na T h e p eo p l e o f m y .

co u nt ry we re m u c h d e l i g h t e d at t h i s and p rep a ri ng ,

a s h i p ask e d t h i s st rang e r to g u i d e t h e m to t h e
,

co u rt T h e e nvoys I h av e s e n t only wi s h to s ee
.

Yo u r M aj e sty i n p e ac e and I i nt e nd to s e nd p eo p l e ,

wi t h t ri b u t e e v e ry y ea r B u t wh e n I do so I fe a r .

t h at m y s h i p s m a y occas i onally b e blo wn to C h a m p a ,

and I t h ere fo re h Op e Yo u r M aj e sty wi ll s e nd an

e d i ct to t h at co u nt ry wi t h o rd e rs t h at i f a s h i p o f ,

H i a nz t a a rri v e s t h e re i t m u st not b e d eta i n e d , .

M y co u nt ry h a s no ot h e r a rt i cl e s and I p ray Yo u r ,
1

M aj e sty n ot to b e ang ry wi t h m e T h e e nvoys .

”

were e nt erta i n e d and s e nt h o m e wi t h p re s e nts In .

1 0 82 A D a h u nd re d y e a rs lat e r S ri M aj a k i ng o f
. .
, , ,

P u n i s e nt t ri b u t e aga i n b u t t h e p ro m i s e o f y e a rly
, ,

h o m ag e wa s not k e p t G rad u ally t h e S u ng dynasty

.

d e cl i n e d i n p o we r and E ast I nd i an p ot e ntat e s

,

b e ca m e l e ss h u m b l e .

I n t h e t h i rt e e nt h and t h e e a rly p a rt o f t h e fo u r
t ee nt h c e nt u ri e s B ru n i o we d all e g i anc e alt e rnat ely to
t wo p o we rs m u c h yo u ng e r t h an h e rs e l f M aj a p a h i t ,

i n J ava and M alacca on t h e we st coast o f t h e M alay

,

P e n i ns u la Bot h t h es e stat e s we re fo u n d ed i n t h e
.

t h i rt e e nt h c e n t u ry M aj ap a h i t o ri g i nally only o ne
.
2
,

o f s e v e ral J avan k i ngdo m s ra p i dly acq u i re d st re ngt h ,

and s u bj u gat e d h e r n e i g h bo u rs and t h e n e a re st

o r t i ons o f t h e i slan ds a ro u nd M alacca fo rm ed
p .
,

wh e n t h e M alay colony o f S i nga p o re wa s ov e r

wh e l m e d by J avan e s e b e ca m e t h e g re at co m m e rc i al ,

d e p ot o f t h e S t ra i ts and t h e c h i e f c e nt re o f
M o h a m m e dan i s m i n t h e A rc h i p elago T h e t wo .

o w e rs t h e re fo re stood fo r t wo fa i t h s and t wo
p
Th n 1
m ph r t r t ia h ll i v ry nd nd l w d
ca o ,
o o ses e ,
o , a sa a oo s.
2
Th r i e em d ubt s so th d te f th f u nd t i n f M j p h i t
o a s to e a e o e o a o o a a a .
II H I S T O RY O F B O RN E O 1 5

c u lt u res :M aj ap a h i t fo r B ra h m i n i s m and H i nd u
i n fl u e n c e M alacca fo r I sla m and t h e m o re p ract i cal
,

c i v i l i sat i on o f Arab i a .

I n t h e e a rl i e st y e a rs o f t h e fo u rt ee n t h c e nt u ry
B ru n i wa s a d ep e nd e ncy o f M aj a p a h i t b u t s ee m s ,

to h av e re cov e red i t s i nd ep e nd e nc e d u ri ng t h e
m i no ri ty o f t h e J avan k i ng I t i s to t h i s t i m e t h at .

t h e t rad i t i on o f t h e Ka p u as M alays asc ri b e s t h e

a rri val o f t h e K ayans i n Bo rn e o T h e n Angka .
1

W ij aya e xt e nd e d t h e p o we r o f M aj a p a h i t ov e r
P al e m bang i n S u m at ra T i m o r T e rnat e L u zon a nd , , , ,

t h e coasts o f B o rn e o Ov er B anj e rm as i n h e s e t h i s .

nat u ral son I n 1 3 68 J avan e s e sold i ers d rov e fro m .

A1 r d ing t M l y m nu rip t f m nt iq ui t y l nt t
cco o a by th l t
a a a sc o so e a e o u s e a e

T nk Mu d h
u a un f th k i ng ( b t ) f M j p h i t h d b u t i fu l d u ght r
a , o e o e s a a ra o a a a a a ea a e ,

R d i n G l Ch i nd r K ir n T h i l dy w m u h d m ir d by L i ng S i t ir
a a o a a a. s a as c a e a a

a nd L i ng K m i t ir t h t w
a a n f n P t i L g i ndi
e O n th d th f th
, e o so s o o e a e r . e ea o e

k i ng P t i L g i ndi ru l d th l nd nd th b u t i fu l pri n b m h i w r d
,
a e r e e a a e ea cess eca e s a .

H e, t t i fy h ri v l l im f hi t w n pr m i d th t w h v r h u ld
o sa s t e a c a s o s o so s, o se a oe e s o
k i ll th r j f B l m b ng n ( n i l nd ff th n r th
e a a o t f B rn ) k n w n
a a a a a s a o e o co a s o o eo , o
by th ni k n m f M n k J i ngg h u ld m rry th pri n
e c a e o N w t tha o a, s o a e cess . o a e

co ur t th r h pp n d t b D m r Ol n n f th n f R j M t r m
e e a e e o e a a a , o e o e so s o a a a a e ,

wh h d d i gui d h i h i gh d
o a nt nd i nd u d P t i L g i ndi t
s se d pt h i m
s es c e a ce a e r o a o as

T h i y u ng m n f u nd f v ur i n th pri n y nd h t ri d t ’
hi s so n . s o a o a o e ces s s e es , a s e e o

p r u d h gu r d i n t l t h m rr y h i m P t i L g i ndi h w v r d l r d
e s a e er a a o e er a . a e r, o e e , ec a e
th t h w u ld k p t hi rr ng m nt nd r u gh ly t ld th l v r t b ri ng
a e o ee o s a a e e ,
a o o e o e o

M n k J i ng g
a o h d b f r thi nk i ng f m rryi ng th pri n
a s
’
ea S D m r e o e o a e c ess . o a a

Ol n t
a t wi th t w f ll w r
se ou n t h d ng r u m i i n w h i h h o rri d o o e s o e a e o s ss o , c e ca e
ou t wi th m pl t u co On h i r t ur n h m t h i tw ri v l wh i nd u d
e e s ccess . s e e e s o a s, o ce

hi m t p r t wi th th h d f th r y l v i t i m
o a nd t h n b uri d hi m l i v i n
e ea o e o a c , a e e a e a

d p t r p pr v i u ly pr p r d P t i L g i ndi u p t ing n th i ng r d r d h i
ee a e o s e a e . a e r, s s ec o , o e e s
w r d t m rry L i ng S i t ir wh b r u ght th t r phy t th p l ; bu t th
a o a a a , o o e o o e a a ce e

pri n h d l rn d f th t r h ry fr m n f th p t t r nd k d f
cess a ea e o e ea c e o o e o e s ec a o s , a as e or

a w k d l y B f r i t w t l t D m r Ol n wh h d m n g d t
ee
’
s e a . e o e as oo a e, a a a , o a a a e o
fi nd w y a t f w h t n r ly pr v d
a ou g r v r h d th ur t nd t ld h i
o a ea o e a a e, ea c e e co a o s
t l n w n l ng r n l i ng h i r nk H m rri d th pri n
a e, o o o e co nd ft r
cea s a . e a e e c es s a a e
w rd w nt ru t d by P t i L g i ndi wi th l l th ff ir f t t H v i ng
a s as e s e a e r a e a a s o s a e. a

o bt i n d upr m p w r D m r Ol n nt h i t r h r u ri v l t u th rn
a e s e e o e , a a a se s ea c e o s a s o so e

B rn wi th r t i nu f ri m i n l m u ti l t d i n th ir l b nd l w h r
o eo , a e e o c a s a e e ea r- o es a e se e e
as ap n l ty f i n t T h t r n p r t d nv i t th n t r f th
e a or ces . es e a s o e co c s, e a ces o s o e

K y n l nd d n r Si k d n nd pr d i nt h u nt ry b t w n th
a a s, a e ea u a a a s ea o t e co e ee e

K pu nd B nj r m i n I t i i nt r t ing t
a as a a h w th i t l
e g r wi th
as . s e es o s ee o s a e a ees

o th r tr d i t i n T h K y n t t th t th y m r th
e a o s . t n di t nt
e a a s s a e a e ca e a c o ss e s ea a o s a

d t J v n h i t ry r l t th t M j p h i t w ru l d d uri ng th m i n ri ty f
a e . a a s o e a es a a a a as e e o o

Angk Wij y by h i a ld r i t r th pri n B b u K ny K n h n Wu ngu

a a s e e s s e , e ces s a a a a c a a .

A n i gh b uri ng pri n
e k n w n M n k J ng g t k d v nt g f th i
o ce, o as a o e a, oo a a a e o s
a rr ng m nt by i ing l g p r t i n f th y u ng k i ng d m i n On
a e e se z aI e o o s o e o
’
s o a s . e,
D r m Wu l n h w v r n f Bu dd h i t d v t
a a a , v r th r w h i m nd w
o e e , so o a s e o ee, o e e a as

r w r d d by th h nd f th prin r g nt Wh n Angk Wij y m f

e a e e a o e c es s e e . e a a a ca e o
a
g he nt ru t d th
e e r f l r g p r t f h i k ing d m t h i i t r nd
s e e ca e o a a e a o s o o s s s e a

br th r i n l w
o e - a .
1 6 P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

B ru n i S u l u m a ra u d ers wh o h a d sack ed t h e to wn
th e .

A few y e a rs lat e r t h e u ng rat e fu l k i ng t rans fe rre d h i s

all eg i anc e to C h i na and not long a ft e rwa rds wi t h , ,

calc u lat i ng h u m i l i ty p a i d t ri b u t e to M an s u r S h a h
,
1
,

wh o h a d s u cc e e d e d to t h e t h ron e o f M alacca i n
1 3 74 A D . .

An xt rao rd i na ry i nc i d e nt occ u rre d at t h e b e

e

g i nn i ng o f t h e fi ft e e nt h c e nt u ry wh i ch aga i n and ,
—

fo r t h e last t i m e d ra ws o u r att e nt i on to t h e C h i n e s e
—

co u rt T h e g reat M ongol conq u e ro rs G e ng h i s and

.
,

K u bla i K h an h a d l i ttl e to do wi t h t h e M alay

,

A rc h i p e lago t h o u g h t h e latt e r s e nt an u n s u cc e ss fu l
,

e x p e d i t i on aga i nst J ava i n 1 2 92 B u t t h e M i ng .

e m e ro rs
p w h o w e re o f C h i n e s e
,
blood ca m e to ,

p o w e r i n 1 3 68 and soon d e v e lo e d t h e m a ri t i m e
p
i n fl u e nc e o f t h e e m p i re F o r a fe w y e a rs t h e re
.

wa s a cont i n u al st rea m o f E ast I nd i an e m bass i e s .

D u ri ng t h e last t we nty y e a rs o f t h e c en t u ry ,

h o we v e r t h es e b e ca m e m o re ra re and i n 1 4 0 5 t h e
, ,

C h i n e s e em p e ro r fo u nd i t n ec e ssa ry to s e nd a
t ru st e d eu n u c h by n a m e C h e ng H o to V i s i t t h e
, ,

vassal stat e s i n t h e so u t h T h i s m a n m ad e s ev eral .

j o u rn eys t rav e ll i ng as fa r as t h e s h o re s o f Afri ca

, ,

and h i s m i ss i on bo re i m m ed i at e fru i t A m ong .

ot h e rs M a raj a K al i k i ng o f P u n i alt h o u g h C h eng

, , ,

H o do e s not a p p e a r to h av e call ed on h i m i n p e rson ,

s e nt t ri b u t e i n 1 4 0 5 and so p l e as e d wa s h e wi t h th e
e m b ro i d e re d s i lk p re s e nt e d to h i m and h i s wi fe i n

re t u rn t h at h e v i s i t e d t h e S on o f H eav e n t h ree
,

y e a rs lat e r Land i ng i n F u k i e n h e wa s e sco rt e d

.
,

by a e u n u c h to t h e C hi n es e cap i tal a m i d sc e n e s o f
g re at rej o i c i ng T h e e m p e ro r re c e i v e d h i m i n
.

a u d i e nc e allo wi ng h i m t h e h ono u rs o f a n obl e o f

,

t h e fi rst rank and load e d h i m wi t h g i fts

,
T h e sa m e .

e a r h av i ng acco m p l i s h e d h i s o ne g re at a m b i t i on o f
y ,

s ee i ng t h e fac e o f t h e S on o f H e av e n this ,

h u m bl e d m ona rc h d i e d i n t h e i m p e ri al c i ty l e av i ng ,

1
Sf l M l y
a a ra z d i t d by Sh l l b S i ng p r 896 p 6
a a a , e e e a ea r, a o e, 1 , . 10 .
n H I S T O RY O F BORN EO 1 7

his son H i a wa ng to s u cc e e d to t h e t h ron e o f P u n i .

H av i ng i nd u c e d t h e e m p ero r to sto p t h e y ea rly

t ri b u t e o f fo rty katt i e s o f ca m p h o r p a i d by P u n i to
J ava and h av i ng ag re e d to s e nd t ri b u t e to C h i n a
,

e v e ry t h re e y e a rs H i a wa ng re t u rn ed h o m e to tak e
,

t h e re i ns o f gov e rn m e nt B e t we e n 1 4 1 0 and
u
p .

1 4 2 5 h e p a i d t ri b u t e s i x t i m e s b e s i d e s re v i s i t i ng t h e
,

C h i n e s e Co u rt ; b u t a ft e rwa rds l i ttl e P u n i s ee m s to

h av e aga i n i gn o re d h e r p o we rfu l s u z e ra i n .

I t i s p robabl e t h at t h e C h i n e s e colony i n N o rt h
Bo rn e o wh i c h gav e i t s n a m e to t h e lo fty m o u n ta i n
K i na B a l u ( C h i nes e wi do w) and to t h e K i n a Batangan ,

t h e c h i e f ri v e r wh i c h flo ws fro m i t ,
wa s fo u nd e d
abo u t t h i s t i m e S e v e ral old wri t e rs s ee m to re fe r
.

to t h i s e v e nt and local t rad i t i ons o f t h e s e ttl em e nt

,

st i ll s u rv i v e T h e B ru n i s and I da a ns (a p e o p l e i n
.

t h e no rt h n ot u nl i k e t h e B i sayas ) h av e l e g e nds
d i fferi ng i n d e ta i l to t h e e ffe ct t h at t h e C h i n es e
ca m e to s e i z e t h e g reat j ewe l o f t h e K i na Bal u
d ragon b u t a ft e rwa rds q u a rre ll e d abo u t t h e booty
,

and s ep a rat e d so m e rem a i n i ng b e h i nd T h e I da a ns

, .

cons i d e rt h e m s e lv e s t h e d e sc e ndan ts o f t h e s e s ettl ers ,

b u t t h at can only b e t ru e i n a v e ry l i m i t e d s e ns e .

Bot h co u nt ry and p e o p l e h o wev e r s h o w t rac e s o f

, ,

C h i n e s e i n fl u e nc e .

T h ere i s good ev i d e nc e t h at t h e C h i n e s e i nfl u e nc e
and i m m i g rat i on were not confin e d to B ru n i and t h e
no rt h e rn e nd o f t h e i sland I n so u t h we st Bo rn e o
.
-

t h e re a re t rac e s o f v ery e xt e n s i v e was h i ngs o f

all u v i al g rav e ls fo r gold and d i a m onds . T h es e
o p erat i on s we re b e i ng cond u ct ed by C h i n e s e wh e n
E u rop e an s fi rst ca m e to t h e co u nt ry ; and t h e
e xt e nt o f t h e old wo rk i ngs i m l i e s t h at t h e y h a d
p
b een cont i n u e d t h ro u g h m any c e nt u ri e s H i nd u .

J avan i n fl u e nc e also wa s not confin e d to t h e co u rt

o f B ru n i ,fo r i n m any p a rts o f t h e so u t h e rn h al f
o f Bo rn e o t rac e s o f i t s u rv i v e i n t h e c u sto m o f

b u rn i ng t h e d e ad i n l o w rel i e f ca rv i ngs o f b u lls

,

V OL . 1 C
1 8 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

on ston e and i n va ri o u s gold o rna m ents o f H i nd u

,

c h a ract er .

T h e fa i t h o f I sla m and t h e a rri val o f E u ro p e ans

h av e p rofo u ndly a ffe ct e d t h e m ann e rs and p ol i t i cs
o f t h e E ast I nd i e s and no w i t i s d i ffic u lt to i ct u re
, p
t h e stat e o f a ffa i rs wh e n K i ng H i a wa ng re v i s i t e d
C h i na to p a y h o m ag e to t h e E m p e ro r I n 1 52 1 .
,

wi t h i n a h u nd re d y ea rs o f t h at e v e nt P i g a fe tt a , ,

t h e c h ron i cl e r o f M ag e llan s g re at e x p lo i t wa s
’

,
“
call i ng on t h e M oo ri s h k i ng o f B ru n i i n t h e ,

co u rs e o f t h e fi rst voyag e ro u nd t h e wo rld T h e .

c h ang e h a d co m e O f t h e t wo new i nfl u e nc es so .
,

p ot e n t fo r good and e v i l M o h a m m e dan i s m m ad e ,

i t s a p p e a ranc e fi rst T h e st ru ggl e fo r rel i g i o u s

.

s u p re m acy e nd ed i n t h e co m p l e t e v i cto ry o f t h e
P ro p h e t s follo we rs i n 1 4 7 8 wh e n M aj ap ah i t wa s
’

u tt e rly d e st roy e d t h i rty y e a rs b e fo re t h e cap t u re

,

o f M alacca by t h e P o rt u g u e s e .

H o w e a rly t h e A rab doct ri n e s we re tau g h t i n

B ru n i i t i s i m p oss i bl e to stat e wi t h any p re c i s i on .

Local t rad i t i on asc ri b e s t h e i r i nt rod u ct i on to t h e

re n o wn e d Alak b er Tata a ft e rwa rds kno wn as ,

S u ltan M o h a mm ed L i k e m ost o f h i s s u bj e cts

.

t h i s wa rri o r wa s a B i saya and i n e arly l i fe h e wa s ,

n ot a M o h a m m e dan not i nd eed a c i v i l i s e d p ot e ntat e

,

at all to j u dg e by conv e nt i onal standa rds ; fo r t h e

,

c h i e f m a rk o f h i s royal d i gn i ty wa s an I mm e ns e
c h a wat o r lo i n clot h ca rri e d as h e walk ed by e i g h ty
,
-
,

m e n fo rty i n front and fo rty b e h i nd

,
H e i s the .

e a rl i e st m ona rc h o f wh o m t h e p re s e nt B ru n i s h av e

any kno wl edg e a fact to b e acco u nt e d fo r p a rtly

,

by t h e b ri ll i anc e o f h i s e x p lo i ts p a rtly by t h e ,

i nt rod u ct i on abo u t t h at t i m e o f Arab i c wri t i n g .

A ft e r m u c h fig h t i ng h e s u bd u e d t h e p eo p l e o f
I gan Kalaka S e ri b a s Sadong S em a ra h a n and
,
1
, , , ,

S a ra wak and co m p ell e d t h e m to p a y t ri b u t e H e

,
2
.

Wh
1
d nd nt
os e th M l n
es ce a s a re e a a au s.

Cf L w j
2
. on l St i t B
,
n / R y l A i ti
ou r a S i ty
ra s l v p
ra c z o a s a c oc e ,
vo . . . I ,

fr m w h
o r t i l w h v b t i n d m u h i nt r t i ng m t ri l
o se a c e e a e o a e c e es a e a .
20 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

m a rri e d h i s da u g h t e r T h u s t h e p re s e nt royal
.

h o u s e o f B ru n i i s d e ri v e d fro m t h re e so u rc e s A rab —
,

B i saya , and C hi n e s e T h e co ronat i on c e re m ony as

.

st i ll m a i nta i n e d a ffo rds an i nt e re st i ng confi rm at i on

o f t h i s acco u nt O n t h at occas i on t h e p ri nc i p al
.

m i n i st e r we a rs a t u rban and H aj i o u tfit t h e t wo n e xt ,

i n rank a re d re ss e d i n C h i n e s e and H i nd u fas h i on ,

wh i l e t h e fo u rt h we a rs a c h a wat ov e r h i s t ro u s e rs
to rep re s e nt t h e B i sayas ; and e ac h o f t h e s e m i n i st e rs
d ecla re s t h e S u ltan to b e d i v i n ely ap p o i nt e d T h e n .

a ft e r t h e d e m onst rat i on o f loyalty t h e t wo gongs

o ne fro m M e nangkaba u , t h e ot h e r fro m J o h o re

a re b e at e n , and t h e Mosl e m h i g h ri e st rocla i m s

p p
t h e S u l tan an d p re ac h e s a s e rm on d e cla ri ng h i m to
,

b e a d e sc e ndant o f S ri T u ri B u ana t h e P al e m bang ,

c h i e f wh o fo u nd e d t h e e a rly k i ngdo m o f S i nga p o re

i n 1 1 60 A D wh o re i gn e d i n t h at i slan d fo r fo rty
. .
,

e i g h t y e a rs and wh os e d e sc e ndants b e ca m e t h e royal

,

fa m i ly o f M alacca .

T h e A rab S u ltan wh o s u cc ee d e d A k h m e d as
s u m e d t h e na m e B e rkat an d ru l e d t h e co u nt ry wi t h
v i go u r H e b u i lt a m osq u e and conv e rt e d m any
.

o f h i s s u bj e cts so t h at fro m h i s re i gn B ru n i m a
,
y
b e cons i d e re d a M o h a m m e dan to wn To d efe nd .

t h e ca p i tal h e sank fo rty j u nks fill e d wi t h ston e i n

t h e ri v e r and t h u s fo rm e d t h e b re ak wat e r wh i c h
,

st i ll ba rs t h e e nt ranc e to la rg e s h i p s T h i s wo rk .

ros e abov e t h e wat e r l e v e l , and i n fo rm e r t i m e s

b ri stl e d wi t h cannon S u ltan B e rkat wa s s u cc e e d e d
.

by h i s son S u l e i m an wh os e re i gn wa s o f l i ttl e
,

cons e q u e nc e .

N egl e ct i ng S u l e i m an we co m e no w to t h e m ost
,

h e ro i c fig u re i n B ru n i h i sto ry S u ltan B u l ki a h b e tt e r
, ,

kno wn by h i s e a rl i e r na m e N akoda Raga m T h e , .

p ro w e ss o f t h i s p ri nc e h a s b e e n c e l e b rat e d i n
p ros e

and v e rs e H e j o u rn e y e d to d i stant lands and

.
,

conq u e re d t h e S u l u i slan ds and e ast e rn Bo rn e o .

Ov er t h e t h ron e o f S a m bas h e s e t a we ak m i nd e d -
11 H I S T O RY OF BORN EO 2 1

b rot h e r o f h i s o wn H e e v e n s e nt an e x p e d i t i on .

to M an i la an d on t h e s e cond att e m p t s e i z e d t h at
,

p lac e . T r i b u te
p o u re d i nto h i s co ff e rs fro m all
si des . H i s wi fe wa s a J avan e s e p ri nc e ss wh o ,

b ro u g h t m any p e o p l e to B ru n i T h e s e i n t e rm a rri e d .

wi t h t h e B i sayas and fro m t h e m i t i s sa i d a re ,

s p ru ng t h e K adayan s a q u i e t ag ri c u lt u ral folk , ,

sk i ll e d i n va ri o u s a rts b u t re n d e red t i m i d by con ,

t i nu a l o p p re ss i on S o m e h av e s e ttl e d re c e n tly i n
.

t h e B ri t i s h colony o f Lab u an and ot h e rs i n S a ra wak ,

ro u nd t h e ri v e r S i b u t i wh e re t h e y h av e b e co m e ,

loyal s u bj e cts o f t h e Raj ah o f S a ra wak .

N akoda R a g a m s ca p i tal at B u ang Ta wa wa s on ’

dry land b u t wh e n h e d i ed k i ll e d acc i d e ntally by

, ,

h i s wi fe s bodk i n t h e n obl e s q u a rre ll e d a m ong

’

t h em s e lv e s an d so m e o f t h em fo u nd e d t h e p re s e nt
,

i l b u i lt to wn o f B ru n i I t w to t h i s M alay
p e a s .

cap i tal and co u rt t h at P i g a fe t t a p a i d h i s v i s i t i n

1 52 1 wi t h t h e s u rv i v i ng co m an i on s o f M ag e llan
p .

H i s i s t h e fi rst good acco u nt fro m E u ro p e an so u rc e s

o f th e
p lac e w h i c h h e call e d B o rn e i and w h os e ,

l at i t u d e h e e st i m at e d wi t h an e rro r o f l e ss t h an t e n
1
m i l es .

I t i s e asy to s ee fro m P i g a fe t t a s n a rrat i v e t h at at ’ 2

t h e dat e o f h i s v i s i t t h e e ffe cts o f N akoda R a g a m s

’

e x lo i ts h a d not e va o rat e d T h s l ndo u r o f the

p p e
p e .

Co u rt and t h e la rg e p op u lat i on t h e c i ty i s sa i d to
h av e conta i n e d we re p re s u m ably t h e re s u lt o f t h e
conq u e sts h e h a d m ad e i n n e i g h bo u ri ng i slands .

T h e k i ng l i k e t h e p ri nc e s o f M alacca b e fo re
,

t h e conq u e st h a d h i s e l e p h ants ,
and h e and h i s ,

co u rt i ers we re clot h ed i n C h i n e s e sat i ns and I nd i an

b rocad e s H e wa s i n p oss ess i on o f a rt i ll ery and
.
,

t h e a p p e a ranc e and c e re m on i al o f h i s co u rt wa s
I m os i ng
p .

1
H pu t th l ngi t u d 3
e s e t f o t ; b u t i n h i d y f ur th r w r
e 0
°
oo a r ea s s a ,
o co se, e e e e
no c hr n m t r
o o e e s .

2
C i t d i n fu ll by C wf d D ipt i D i ti n y f tb I ndi n I l nd
e ra u r , escr ve c o af o e a s a s.
Ar t i l c e, Bru n i a .
22 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

F ro m t h i s t i m e on wa rds t h e p ower o f B ru n i h a s
cont i n u o u sly d e cl i n e d R e c u rre n t C i v i l wa rs i nv i t e d
.

t h e occas i onal i nt e rv e nt i on s o f t h e P o rt u g u e s e and

o f t h e S p an i s h gov e rno rs o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s wh i c h , ,

alt h o u g h t h e y di d not re s u lt i n t h e s u bj u gat i on o f

t h e M alay p o we r n e v e rt h e l e ss sa pp e d i t s st re ngt h
, .

T h e i nt e re st o f t h e lat e r h i sto ry o f Bo rn e o l i e s
i n t h e s u cc e ss i v e att e m p ts m any o f t h e m fru i tl e ss
1
, ,

m ad e by D u tc h and E ngl i s h to ga i n a foot i ng on

t h e i sland T h e D u tc h a rri v e d o ff B ru n i i n t h e
.

y e a r 1 60 0 and t e n days a ft e rwa rds we re glad to

,

l eav e wi t h wh at p e p p e r t h e y h a d obta i n e d i n t h e
i nt e rval t h e co m m and e r j u dg i ng t h e p lac e not h i ng
,

b e tt er t h an a n est o f rog u e s T h e D u tc h di d not .

p r e ss t h e acq u a i ntanc e b u t sta rt ed facto ,

ri e s at
S a m bas wh e re t h e y m onop ol i s e d t h e t rad e
,
In .

1 685 an E ngl i s h cap ta i n na m e d Co wl ey a rri v e d

i n B ru n i ; b u t t h e E ngl i s h s h o we d as l i ttl e i ncl i na
t i on as t h e D u tc h to tak e u p t h e co m m erc e wh i c h
t h e P o rt u g u e s e h a d abandon e d .

At Banj e rm as i n on t h e so u t h e rn coast m o re , ,

p r og r e ss w as m ad e T h e D u tc h. a rr i v e d t h e r e

b efo re t h e i r E ngl i s h ri vals b u t we re soon co m p e ll e d ,

by i n t ri g u e s to wi t h d ra w I n 1 70 4 t h e E ngl i s h .
2

facto rs on t h e C hi n e s e i sland o f C h u san e x p e ll e d ,

by t h e i m p e ri al a u t h o ri t i e s and s u bs e q u e n tly d ri v e n
fro m P u lo Conda r o ff t h e Coc h i n C h i na coast by
a m u t i ny a rri v ed at Banj erm as i n T h e y h a d e v e ry
, .

re ason to b e g rat i fi e d wi t h t h e p ros p e cts at t h at

o r t f r t h y co ld s e ll t h e n at i v e r to t h
p ; o e u p pp
e e e

C h i n e s e at t h re e t i m e s t h e cost p ri c e B u t t h e i r .

b i tt e r e x p eri e nc e s i n t h e C h i na s e as h a d not ta u g h t
t h e m wi sdo m t h e y soon fe ll o u t wi t h t h e J avan es e
S u ltan wh os e h os p i tal i ty t h ey we re e nj oy i ng and
, ,

a ft e r so m e bloody st ru ggl es we re obl i g e d to wi t h

d ra w fro m t h i s p a rt o f t h e i sland .

1
Mu h f th f ll wi ng i nf r m t i n i
c o e o o xt r t d fr m n r t i l by ] R
o a o s e ac e o a a c e . .

L g n n E ur p n i nt r ur
o a o o wi th B r n j n l [nd n A / p l g l
ea e co se o eo , ou r a za rc z z e a o, v o .

ii p 5 5
. . 0 . Th r t i l n th j n l I ndi n A / ip l g y 7
2
e a c e I e ou r a a rc z e a o sa s 1 02 .
P L AT E 1 3 . IN T HE H E A D W AT E R S OF T H E B A R AM R I V E R .
24 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HAP .

y e a r h o we v e r B a l a m b a ng a n wa s s u rp ri s e d and
, ,

cap t u re d by t h e S u l u s I t wa s reocc u p i ed fo r a .

fe w m ont h s i n 1 80 3 and t h e n finally fo rsak e n

, .

To wa rds t h e e nd o f t h e e i g h t e e nt h c e nt u ry t h e
M alays o f B ru n i S u l u and M i ndanao wi t h n at i v e
, , ,

follo we rs and all i e s i ns p i re d we m a y s u p p os e by

,

t h e e xa m p l e o f t h e i r E u ro p e an v i s i to rs took to ,

p i racy —
not t h at t h e y h a d not e ngag e d i n s u c h
b u s i n e ss b e fo re b u t t h at t h ey no w p ros ec u t e d an
,

old t rad e wi t h re n e we d v i go u r E ngl i s h t rad e rs .

st i ll t ri e d to p a y occas i onal v i s i ts b u t a ft e r t h e loss ,

o f t h e M ay I n 1 7 88 t h e S u s a nna I n 1 8 , 0 3 and t h e ,

C om m erce i n 1 80 6 wi t h t h e m u rd e r o f t h e c re ws
, ,

t h e A d m i ralty wa rn e d m e rc h ants t h at i t wa s certa i n

des tru ct i on to go u p ri v er to B ru n i F o r fo rty .

y e a rs t h i s i nt i m at i on wa s l e ft on B ri t i s h c h a rts and ,

B ri t i s h s ea m e n follo wed t h e h u m i l i at i ng co u ns e l .

N ot u nt i l t h e ea rly fo rt i e s wa s p e ac e re sto re d a ft er ,

an e v e n t o f t h e m ost ro m ant i c an d i m p robabl e k i nd ,

t h e acc e ss i on o f an E ngl i s h g e ntl e m an to t h e t h ron e

o f S a ra wak .

O f t h i s i nc i d e nt so fat e fu l fo r t h e fu t u re o f t h e
,

we st e rn s i d e o f Bo rn eo i t m u st s u ffic e to say h ere

,

t h at J a m e s B rook e a yo u ng E ngl i s h m an h av i ng
, ,

re s i gn e d h i s co m m i ss i on i n t h e a rm y o f t h e B ri t i s h
E ast I nd i a Co m p any i nv e st e d h i s fo rt u n e i n a
,

yac h t o f 1 4 0 tons wi t h wh i ch h e s e t sa i l i n 1 83 8
,

fo r t h e e ast e rn Arc h i p e lago H i s bold b u t vag u e

.

d e s i gn wa s to e stabl i s h p eac e p ros p eri ty and j u st , ,

gov e rn m e n t i n so m e p a rt o f t h at t ro u bl e d a re a ,

wh os e b ea u t i e s h e h a d ad m i re d and wh os e m i s
fo rt u n e s h e h a d d ep lo re d o n t h e occas i on o f an
e a rl i e r voyag e to t h e C h i na s eas W h e n at .

S i ngap o re h e h e a rd t h at t h e M alays o f S a ra wak

, ,

a d i st ri ct fo rm i ng t h e so u t h ern e xt rem i ty o f t h e
S u ltanat e o f B ru n i h a d re b e ll e d aga i nst t h e B ru n i
,

nobl e s and h a d i n va i n ap p e al e d to t h e D u tc h
,

Gov e rno r g e n e ral at Batav i a fo r d el i v eran c e fro m

-
P L AT E 1 4 L I O H MA T U (T H E P LA C E OF A H U N D R ED I S LA N D S )
AT T H E H EAD OF T H E
,

B A R AM R I V E R.
11 H I S T O RY O F BO RN EO 25

t h ei r Op p re sso rs U nd er t h e no m i n al a u t h o ri ty o f
.

t h e S u ltan t h e s e B ru n i nobl e s m any o f wh o m we re

, ,

o f A rab d e sc e nt h a d b ro u g h t all t h e no rt h we st e rn
,
-

p a r t o f Bo rn e o to a stat e o f C h ron i c re b e ll i on T h e y .

h a d ta u g h t t h e S e a D ayaks o f t h e B atang L u p a r and

n e i g h bo u ri ng ri v e rs to j o i n t h e m i n t h e i r p i rat i cal
e xc u rs i ons ,
and b ei ng to so m e e xt e nt d ep e nd e n t
,

on t h e i r a id we re co m p e ll e d to t re at t h e m wi t h
u
p ,

so m e cons i d e rat i on b u t al l ot h e r co m m u n i t i e s we re
,

t re at e d by t h e m wi t h a ra p ac i ty and c ru e lty whi c h

wa s ca u s i ng a ra p i d d ep o p u lat i on and t h e re t u rn to
j u ngl e o f m u c h c u lt i vat e d land .

B rook e sa i l e d fo r S a ra wak i n A u g u st 1 83 9 an d ,

fo u nd t h e co u nt ry to rn by i n t e rnal con fl i cts T he .

S u ltan h a d re c e ntly s e nt M u da H as i m h i s u ncl e ,

and h e i r p res u m p t i v e to t h e t h ron e o f B ru n i to

-
,

re sto re o rd e r ; b u t t h i s we ak t h o u g h a m i abl e nobl e

h a d fo u nd h i m s e l f q u i t e i ncap abl e o f co p i ng wi t h
t h e s i t u at i on . B rook e s p e nt so m e t i m e s u rv e y i ng
t h e coast and st u dy i ng t h e p e o p l e and co u nt ry and ,

ga i n e d t h e confid e nc e o f M u da H as i m Aft er an .

e xc u rs i on to C e l e b e s B rook e sa i l e d fo r a s e cond
,

v i s i t to S a rawak j u st a y e a r a ft er t h e fi rst and ,

fo u nd t h e stat e o f t h e co u nt ry go i ng fro m bad to

wo rs e . M u da H as i m b eso u g h t h i m to tak e co m
m an d o f h i s fo rc e s and to s u pp re ss t h e re b e ll i on .

B rook e cons e nt e d and soon s e c u re d t h e s u b m i ss i on

,

o f the re b e l l e ad e rs on t h e cond i t i on t h at h e
( B rook e
) ,
and n ot any B ru n i n obl e s h o u ld b e t h e
,

gov e rno r and Raj a h o f S a ra wak M u da H as i m h a d .

o ffe re d to s ec u re h i s a pp o i nt m e nt to t h i s o ffic e as
an i nd u c em e nt to h i m to u nd ertak e t h e o p e rat i ons
ag a i nst t h e re b e ls ; B rook e t h erefo re fe lt h i m s e l f ju st i
fi e d I n g rant i ng t h e s e t erm s And wh e n lat e r M u da
.

H as i m no long e r t h re at e n e d wi t h d i sg rac e and

,

fa i l u re s h o we d h i m s e l f d i s i ncl i n e d to ca rry o u t t h i s
,

a rrang e m e nt B rook e fe e l i ng h i m s e l f bo u nd by h i s
, ,

ag re em e nt wi t h t h e re b e l l e ad e rs wh os e l i v e s h e ,
26 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

h a d wi t h d i ffic u lty p re s erv e d fro m t h e v e ng eanc e

o f t h e B ru n i nobl e s , i ns i st e d u p on i t wi t h so m e
s h o w o f fo rc e ; and on S e p t e m b e r 2 4 1 84 1 h e wa s
, ,

r ocla i m ed Raj a h and gov e rno r o f S a ra wak a m i d

p
t h e rejo i c i ngs o f t h e p o p u lac e . M u da H as i m as ,

rep re s e ntat i v e o f t h e S u ltan s i gn e d t h e doc u m e nt

,

wh i c h con fe rre d t h i s t i tl e and a u t h o ri ty ; b u t s i nc e

h e wa s n ot i n any p ro p e r s e ns e Raj ah o f S a ra wak ,

whi c h i n fact wa s not a raj b u t a d i st ri ct h i t h erto

,

ru l e d o r m i s ru l e d by B ru n i gov e rno rs not b e a ri ng

th e t i tl e o f Raj a h t h i s t ransact i on can not p ro p e rly
,

b e d e sc ri b e d as an abd i cat i on by M u da H as i m i n
favo u r o f B rook e . B rook e acco rd i ngly fe lt t h at i t
wa s d e s i rabl e to s e c u re fro m t h e S u ltan h i m s e l f a
fo rm al re cogn i t i on o f h i s a u t h o ri ty and t i tl e . To
t h i s e nd h e v i s i t e d t h e S u ltan i n t h e y e a r 1 84 2 and ,

obta i n e d fro m h i m t h e d e s i re d confi rm at i on o f t h e

act i on o f h i s ag e nt M u da H as i m . T h e wa y i n
wh i c h t h e ra jo f S a ra wak h a s s i nc e b e e n e xt e nd e d ,

u nt i l i t no w co m ri s e s a t e rri to ry o f n e a rly
p
sq u are m i l es (a pp rox i m at e ly e q u al to t h e a re a o f
E ngland and Wal e s ) , wi ll b e b ri e fly d esc ri b ed i n a
er c h a t er X X I I
p ( )
T h e n o rt h e rn e nd o f Bo rn e o h a d long b e e n a
h u n t i ng g ro u nd fo r slav e s fo r t h e nobl e s o f B ru n i
-

and S u l u wh os e S u ltans cla i m e d b u t di d n ot

,

e x e rc i s e t h e ri g h t to ru l e ov e r i t . I n 1 87 7 Mr .

A l fre d D e nt a S h ang h a i m e rc h ant i nd u c e d t h e

, ,

t wo S u ltans to re s i gn to h i m t h e i r sov e re i gn
ri g h ts ov e r t h i s t e rri to ry i n re t u rn fo r a m on e y

p ay m e nt . T h e B ri t i s h N o r t h Bo rn e o Co m p any ,

wh i c h wa s fo rm e d fo r t h e co m m e rc i al d e v e lo p m e nt
of it , n e c e ssa ri ly u nd e rtook t h e task o f p a c i fi ca
t i on and ad m i n i st rat i on . I n 1 881 t h e co m p any
wa s g rant e d a royal c h a rt er by t h e B ri t i s h Gov ern
m e nt ; and i t no w ad m i n i st e rs wi t h s u cc e ss and
a fa i r p ros p e ct o f cont i n u e d co m m e rc i al p rofit a
t e rri to ry whi ch wi t h t h e e xc e p t i on o f a s m all
,
 RAPI D I N PA T A R I VE R A R AM D I ST R I C T
’

Y T HE , B .
 CHAPTE R III

G E N E R AL SK ETC H OF T HE P EOP LES OF B O RN EO

I T i s not i m p robabl e t h at at o ne t i m e Bo rn e o wa s
i n h ab i t e d by p e o p l e o f t h e n eg ri to rac e s m all ,

re m nants o f wh i c h rac e a re st i ll to b e fo u nd i n
i slands adj ac e n t to al l t h e coasts o f Bo rn e o as
we ll as i n t h e M alay P e n i ns u la N o co m m u n i t i e s
.

o f t h i s rac e e x i st i n t h e i sland at t h e r s e nt t i m e ;
p e

b u t a m ong t h e p eo p l e o f t h e no rt h e rn d i st ri cts
i nd i v i d u als m a y b e occas i onally m e t wi t h wh os e
h a i r and fac i al c h a ract e rs st rongly s u gg e st an i n
fu s i on o f n e g ri to o r n eg ro i d blood .

I t i s p robabl e t h at t h e m i x ed rac e o f H i nd u
J avan es e i nvad ers wh o occ u p i e d t h e so u t h e rn coasts
,

o f Bo rn e o so m e c e nt u ri e s ago b e ca m e bl e nd e d wi t h
,

t h e i nd i g e no u s p o p u lat i on and t h at a cons i d e rabl e

,

r o o rt i on f t h i r blood st i ll r ns i n t h e v e i ns o f
p p o e u

so m e o f t h e t ri b e s o f t h e so u t h e rn d i st ri cts (eg .

t h e L and D ayaks and Ma l o h s

) .

T h e re can b e no do u bt t h at o f t h e C h i n es e
t rad e rs wh o h av e b ee n att ract e d to Bo rn e o by i t s
ca m p h o r e d i bl e b i rds n e sts and s p i c e s so m e h av e
,
’

, ,

s e ttl e d i n t h e i sland and h av e b e co m e bl e nd e d wi t h

and abso rb ed by t h e t ri b e s o f t h e no rt h we st (eg -
.

t h e D u s u ns ; and i t s ee m s p robabl e t h at so m e o f
)
t h e e l e m e nts o f t h e i r c u lt u re h av e s p re ad wi d e ly
and b ee n ado p t e d t h ro u g h o u t a la rg e p a rt o f Bo rn eo .

F o r s ev e ral c e n t u ri e s also C h i n e s e s e ttl e rs h av e

b e e n att ract e d to t h e so u t h west ern d i st ri ct by t h e
-

28
P L AT E 1 6
. A SE A D AYA K OR I BA N .
P L AT E 1 7 . P ROF I L E OF SE A D AYA K OF P LAT E 1 6
.
C H AP . !II T H E PEO PLES OF BORN EO 29

gold wh i c h t h e y fo u nd i n t h e ri v e r g rav e l and

all u v i u m T h es e also h av e i nt erm a rri e d wi t h t h e
.

e o p l e o f t h e co u nt ry b u t t h e y h av e re ta i n e d t h e i r
p
nat i onal c h a ract e ri st i cs and h av e b e e n cont i n u ally
,

re c ru i t e d by cons i d e rabl e n u m b ers o f t h e i r fe llo w

co u nt ry m e n S i nc e t h e establ i s h m e nt o f p e ac e and
.

o rd e r and s e c u ri ty fo r l i fe and p ro p e rty by t h e

E u ro p ean ad m i n i st rat i ons and wi t h t h e cons e q u e n t
,

d e v e lo p m e nt o f t rad e d u ri ng t h e last h al f c e nt u ry -
,

t h e i nfl u x o f C h i n e s e h a s b e e n v e ry ra p i d ; u nt i l
at t h e p re s e nt t i m e t h e y fo rm la rg e co m m u n i t i e s
i n and abo u t all t h e c h i e f c e nt re s o f t rad e A .

c e rta i n n u m b e r o f C h i n e s e t rad ers cont i n u e to

n t rat fa r i nto t h e i nt e ri o r and so m e o f t h e s e
p e e e ,

tak e wi v e s o f t h e p e op l e o f t h e co u nt ry ; i n m any
cas e s t h e i r c h i ld re n b e co m e m e m b e rs o f t h ei r
m ot h e rs t ri b e s an d so a re bl e nd e d wi t h t h e n at i v e
’

stocks .

A m ong t h e M o h a m m e dans wh o a re fo u n d i n al l
,

t h e coast re g i ons o f Bo rn e o t h e re i s a cons i d e rabl e

,

n u m b er o f p e rson s wh o cla i m Arab fo re fat h e rs and

t h e re can b e no do u bt t h at t h e i nt rod u ct i on o f t h e
M o h a mm edan re l i g i on wa s larg e ly du e to Arab
t rad ers and t h at m any Arabs an d t h e i r h al f b red
,
-

d e sc e ndants h av e h e ld o ffic i al p os i t i ons u nd e r t h e

S u ltan s o f B ru n i .

D u ri ng t h e last h al f c e nt u ry nat i v e s o f I nd i a m ost

-
, ,

o f wh o m a re K l i ngs fro m M ad ras h av e e stabl i s h e d ,

t h e m s e lv e s i n t h e s m all t rad e s o f t h e to wn s ; and

o f ot h ers wh o ca m e as cool i e s so m e h av e s e ttl ed
,

i n t h e to wn s wi t h t h e i r wi v e s and fa m i l i es T h es e .

p pe o l e do not p e n e t rat e i nto t h e i n t e ri o r o r i nt e r

m a rry wi t h t h e nat i v e s .

W i t h t h e e xc ep t i on o f t h e abov e m e nt i on ed -

i m m i g rants and t h e i r d e sc e ndan ts t h e p o p u lat i on ,

o f B o rn e o m a
y b e d e sc ri b e d as fall i ng nat u rally

i nto t wo g reat class e s ; na m e ly on t h e o ne h and ,

t h os e wh o h av e acc ep t ed n o m i nally at l east t h e

, ,
3 0 P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O RN E O CH

M o h a mm edan re l i g i on and c i v i l i sat i on and on t h e ,

ot h e r h and t h e p agan p eo p l e s I n B ru n i and i n

.

all t h e coast reg i on s t h e m aj o ri ty o f t h e p eo p l e a re

M o h a m m edan h av e no t ri bal o rgan i sat i on and call
, ,

t h e m s elv e s M alays ( O rang M alay u ) T h i s na m e h a s

.

u s u ally b e e n acco rd e d t h e m by E u ro p e an a u t h o rs ;

b u t wh e n so u s e d t h e na m e d e n ot e s a soc i al p ol i t i ,

cal and rel i g i o u s stat u s rat h er t h an m em b e rs h i p

,

i n an e t h n i c g ro u p . W i t h t h e e xc e p t i on o f t h es e
“
a rt i ally c i v i l i s ed M alays o f t h e coast reg i ons
p
and t h e i m p o rt e d e l e m ents m e nt i on e d abov e al l ,

t h e n at i v e s o f Bo rn e o l i v e u nd e r t ri bal o rgan i sat i on ,

t h e i r c u lt u res rang i ng fro m t h e e xt re m e s i m p l i c i ty

o f t h e no m ad i c P u nans to a m od e rat e ly d ev e lo p e d

ba rba ri s m Al l t h e s e p agan t ri b e s h av e o ft e n b e e n
.

class ed tog e t h er i nd i sc ri m i nat ely u nd e r t h e na m e

Dyaks o r D ayaks t h o u g h m any g ro u p s m a y b e
,

cl e a rly d i st i ng u i s h e d fro m o ne anot h e r by d i ffe re nc e s

o f c u lt u re , b el i e f and c u sto m and p e c u l i a ri t i e s o f
, ,

t h ei r p h ys i cal and m e ntal const i t u t i on s .

T h e M o h a m m e dan p o p u lat i on b e i ng o f v e ry
,

h e t e rog e n e o u s e t h n i c co m p os i t i on ,
and h av i ng
ado p t e d a c u lt u re o f fo re i gn o ri g i n wh i c h m a y b e
,

b ett e r st u d i e d i n ot h e r reg i on s o f t h e e a rt h wh ere

t h e M alay ty p e and c u lt u re i s m o re t ru ly i nd i g e no u s ,

s ee m s to u s to b e o f s econda ry i nt e re st to t h e
ant h ro p olog i st as co m p a red wi t h t h e l ess c u lt u re d
p agan t ri b es
. W e s h all t h e re fo re confin e o u r att e n

t i on to t h e l e ss kno wn p a gan t ri b e s o f t h e i n t e ri o r ;
an d wh e n we s p e ak o f t h e p e o p l e o f B o rn e o i n
g e n e ral t e rm s i t i s o t h e latt er only t h at we re fe r
t

e xc ep t wh e re t h e M alays a re s p e c i fically m e n
(
t i o ne d) O f t h e s e we d i st i ng u i s h s i x p ri nc i p al
g ro u p s :( 1 ) S ea Dayaks o r I bans ( 2 ) t h e K ayans
.

, ,

(3 ) K e n y a h
,
s
(4 ) K l e m a nt,a ns
( 5) M u ru ts ( )
6, P u nans .

A c e ns u s o f t h e p o p u lat i on h a s b e e n m ad e i n
m ost o f t h e p ri nc i p al d i st ri cts o f S a ra wak and o f
D u tc h Bo rn e o ; b u t as no c e ns u s o f t h e wh ol e
3 2 P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HAP .

occ u p i e d by t h em ; b u t t h ey a re fo u nd also i n
scatt ere d co m m u n i t i es t h ro u g h o u t al m ost all p a rts
o f S a ra wak and e v e n i n B ri t i s h N o rt h Bo rn e o and
, ,

t h e y e xt e nd fro m t h e i r c e nt re i n S arawak i nto t h e

adj ac e nt reg i on s o f D u tc h Bo rn e o wh i c h a re d ra i n ed
,

by t h e no rt h e rn t ri b u ta ri e s o f t h e G re at Kap u as
R i v er .

T h e S e a D ayak i s o f a we ll m a rk e d and fa i rly

u n i fo rm
p h ys i cal ty p e H
. i s sk i n I S d i st i n ctly da rk e r
'

t h an t h at o f t h e ot h e r p e o p l es o f t h e 1 nt e ri o r t h o u g h ,

not q u i t e so da rk as t h at o f m ost o f t h e t ru e M alays .

T h e h a i r o f h i s h e ad i s m o re ab u ndant and long er

t h an t h at o f ot h er p e0 p 1e s . H i s fig u re i s we ll
ro o rt i on e d n e at and g e n e rally so m e wh at boy i s h
p p , , .

H i s e x p re ss i on i s b ri g h t and m ob i l e h i s l i p s and ,

t e et h a re g e n erally d i sto rt e d and d i scolo u red by

t h e constant c h e wi ng o f b e t e l nu t .T h e y a re a
va i n d re ssy boast fu l exc i tabl e not to say fri vol
, , , ,

o u s p e op l e —
c h e e rfu l talkat i v e soc i abl e fond o f
, , ,

fu n and jok e s and l i v e ly sto ri e s ; t h o u g h g i v e n to

e xagg e rat i on t h e i r stat e m e nts can g e n erally b e
,
.

acc ep t e d as fo u nd e d on fact ; t h e y a re i nd u st ri o u s
and e n erg et i c and a re g re at wand e re rs ; to t h e last
,

c u l i a ri ty t h e y o we t h e na m e o f I ban w h i c h h
p e , a s

b e e n g i v e n t h e m by t h e Kayans and wh i c h h a s ,

no w b e e n g e n e rally ado p t e d e v e n by t h e S ea Dayaks

t h e m s e lv e s .

T h e good q u al i t i e s e n u m e rat e d abov e re nd e r

t h e I ban an ag ree abl e co m p an i on and a u s e fu l
s ervant B u t t h e re i s anot h e r s i d e to t h e p i ct u re :
.

t h e y h av e l i ttl e re s p e ct fo r t h e i r c h i e fs a p ec u l i a ri ty
,

wh i ch re nd e rs t h e i r soc i al o rgan i sat i on v e ry d e fe ct i v e

and c h aot i c ; t h e y a re q u a rre lso m e t re ac h e ro u s , ,

and l i t i g i o u s and t h e m ost i nv e t e rat e h e ad h u n t e rs

,
-

o f t h e co u n t ry ; u nl i k e m ost o f t h e ot h e r e o l es
p p ,

t h ey wi ll tak e h e ads fo r t h e sak e o f t h e glo ry

the act b ri ngs t h em and fo r t h e e nj oy m e nt o f
t h e k i ll i ng ; i n t h e p u rs u i t o f h u m an v i ct i m s t h e y
 T HE P E OP LE S 0 1 B O R N E O
7
33

b e co m e p oss e ss ed by a fu ri o u s e xc i t e m e n t t h at d ri v e s
t h em on to acts o f t h e m ost h ea rtl ess t reac h e ry an d
t h e m ost b ru tal fe roc i ty .

Al l t h e S ea Dayaks s p e ak o ne lang u ag e wi t h ,

b u t sl i g h t local d i v e rs i t i e s o f d i al e ct I t i s ex
.

t re m e l y s i m p l e b e i ng al m ost d evo i d o f i n fl e ct i on s
, ,

and o f v e ry s i m p l e g ra m m at i cal st ru ct u re re ly i ng ,

la rg e ly on i ntonat i on I t i s clos e ly all i ed to M alay

. .

e K ayan s a re wi d e ly d i st ri b u t e d t h ro u g h o u t
2
) T h
c e nt ral Bo rn e o and a re to b e fo u nd i n la rg e v i llag e s
,

s i t u at e d on t h e m i ddl e reac h e s o f all t h e p ri n c i p al

ri v e rs wi t h t h e e xc ep t i on o f t h os e t h at ru n to t h e
no rt h coast . T h e y occ u p y i n t h e m a i n a zon e
d i v i d i ng t h e d i st ri cts o f t h e lo wer re ac h e s o f t h e
ri v e rs fro m t h e c e nt ral h i g h lands fro m wh i c h all
t h e ri v e rs H ow .

T h e y a re a wa rl i k e p e o p l e b u t l e ss t ru c u l e n t
,

t h an t h e S ea D ayaks m o re sta i d and cons ervat i v e

,

and re l i g i o u s and l e ss soc i abl e

,
T h e y do n ot
.

wantonly e nt e r i nto q u a rre ls ; t h e y re s p e ct and ob e y

t h ei r c h i e fs . T h ey a re e q u ally i nd u st ri o u s wi t h
t h e S e a Dayaks and t h o u g h so m e wh at slo w an d
,

h eavy i n bot h m i nd and body t h e y a re m o re sk i ll e d

,

i n t h e h and i c ra fts t h an any o f t h e ot h e r p e0 p 1e s .

T he y also s p eak o ne lang u ag e wh i c h p re s e nts e v e n

,

l ess local d i v e rs i ty t h an t h e S ea Dayak la ng u ag e .

(3 ) T h e K e n y a h s p re do m i nat e g re atly i n t h e

h i g h lands a l i ttl e no rt h o f t h e c e nt re o f B o rn e o
wh e re all t h e la rg e ri v e rs h av e t h e i r so u rc e s ; b u t
t h ey a re fo u nd also i n wi d e ly scatt e re d v i llag e s
t h ro u g h o u t t h e K ayan a re as I n all re s p e cts t h e y
.

s h o w clos e r a ffin i t i e s wi t h t h e K ayans t h an wi t h

t h e S ea D ayaks ; as rega rds c u sto m and m od e o f
l i fe t h ey clos ely res e m bl e t h e K ayan s wi t h wh o m ,

t h ey a re g e n erally on fri e n dly t e rm s ; b u t t h e y a re

e as i ly d i st i ng u i s h e d fro m t h e K ayan s by we ll m a rk e d
-

d i fferenc e s o f bod i ly and m e n tal c h a ract e rs a s ,

we ll as by lang u ag e P h ys i cally t h e y a re wi t h o u t
.

V OL . I D
34 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HA P .

q u e st i on t h e fin est p e o p l e o f t h e co u nt ry T h e i r .

sk i n colo u r i s d e c i d edly fa i re r t h an t h at o f S ea
-

Dayaks o r Kayans T h ey a re o f m e d i u m stat u re

.
,

wi t h long backs and s h o rt m u sc u la r we ll ro u nd ed

, ,
-

l i m bs ; a l i ttl e st u m p y i n b u i ld b u t o f g rac e fu l and

,

v i go ro u s b ea ri ng . T h e y a re p erh a p s t h e m ost
co u rag e o u s and i nt ell i g e nt o f t h e p e o p l e s ; p u g
na c i o u s b u t l e ss q u a rre lso m e t h an t h e S e a D ayak ;
,

m o re e n e rg e t i c and e xc i tabl e t h an t h e K ayan ;

h os p i tabl e and so m e wh at i m p rov i d e nt soc i abl e and ,

of l e asant m ann e rs ; l e ss re s e rv e d and o f m o re

p
b u oyant t e m p era m e nt t h an t h e K ayan ; v ery loyal
and ob ed i en t to t h e i r c h i e fs ; m o re t ru t h fu l and
m o re to b e d ep end e d u p on u nd er all c i rc u m sta nc e s
t h an any o f t h e ot h e r p e0 p 1e s e xc e p t p oss i bly t h e
,

K ayans .

T h e K e nya h s s p e ak a n u m b e r o f d i al e cts o f t h e
sa m e lang u ag e and t h es e d i ffe r so wi d e ly t h at
,

K e nya h s o f wi d e ly s ep a rat ed d i st ri cts can not con

v e rs e fre ely wi t h o ne anot h e r ; b u t as wi t h all t h e ,

0 1e s e xc ep t t h e S e a D ayaks n e a rly e v e ry m a n
p e p , ,

h a s t h e co m m and o f s e v eral d i al e cts as we ll as o f t h e

K ayan lang u ag e .

(4 ) T h e K l e m a nt a ns U.nd e r t h i s na m e we g ro u
p
tog e t h e r a n u m b e r o f t ri b e s wh i c h t h o u g h i n o u r ,

o p i n i on clos e ly all i ed a re wi d e ly scatt e re d i nall

,

p a r ts o f B o rn e o and p re s e nt cons i d e rabl e d i v e rs i t i e s

,

o f l ang u ag e and c u sto m I n p h ys i cal and m e ntal

.

c h a ract ers t h e y s h o w a ffin i t i es to t h e K e nya h s on

t h e o ne h and and to t h e M u ru ts on t h e ot h e r .

T h e y a re l ess b e ll i cos e t h an t h e p eo p l e s m e n t i on ed
abov e and h av e s u ffere d m u c h at t h e i r h ands
,
.

T h e y a re ca re fu l i nt ell i g e nt and soc i abl e t h o u g h

, , ,

so m e wh at t i m i d p eo p l e ; sk i l fu l i n h and i c ra fts b u t
, ,

l e ss e n erg e t i c t h an t h e Kayan s an d K e nya h s and ,

i n fe ri o r to t h e m i n m etal wo rk and t h e m ak i ng o f
s wo rds and s p e a rs and boats T h e blo w p i p e i s
.
-

t h ei r c h a ract eri st i c weap on an d t h e y a re m o re

,
111 T H E PEOPLES OF BORN EO 35

d evot e d to hu nt i ng t h an an y ot h e rs , e xc ep t th e
P u nans .

K l e m a nt a ns a re to b e fo u nd i n e v e ry p a rt o f t h e
i sland b u t m ost o f t h e i r v i llag e s a re s i t u at e d o n
,

t h e lo we r re ac h e s o f t h e ri v e rs T h e y a re m ost
.

ab u ndant i n t h e so u t h const i t u t i ng t h e g re at e r p a rt
,

o f t h e p o p u lat i on o f D u tc h Bo rn e o ; i n t h e n o rt h
t h e y a re fe w t h e i r p lac e b ei ng fill e d by t h e i r n ea r
,

re lat i v e s t h e M u ru ts
, T h e latt e r const i t u t e t h e
.

ri nc i al a rt of the o u lat i on f t h no rt h rn
p p p p p o e e

e nd o f t h e i sland p re do m i nat i ng ov e r all t h e ot h e r

,

o l es i n B ri t i s h N o rt h B o rn e o and i n t h e n o rt h e rn
p pe ,

e xt re m i t i e s o f S a ra wak and o f D u tc h B o rn e o .

a re confin e d to t h e no rt h e rn
( 5) T h e M u ru ts
p a rt o f Bo r n eo T h.e y re s e m bl e t h e K l e m a nt a ns

m o re clos e ly t h an t h e ot h e r p e o p l e s T h e y a re
.

co m p a rat i v e ly tall an d sl e nd e r h av e l e ss reg u la r,

and p l eas i ng fe at u re s t h an t h e K l em a nt a ns and ,

t h e i r sk i n i s g e n e rally da rk e r and m o re ru ddy i n

colo u r T h e i r ag ri c u lt u re i s s u p eri o r to t h at o f
.

t h e ot h er p e o p l e s b u t t h e y a re add i ct e d to m u c h
,

d ri nk i ng o f ri c e s p i ri t -
T h e i r soc i al o rgan i sat i on
.

i s v e ry loos e t h e i r c h i efs h av i ng b u t l i ttl e a u t h o ri ty

,
.

B es i d e s t h os e wh o call t h e m s elv e s M u ru ts we class ,

u nd e r t h e sa m e g e n e ral n a m e s e v e ral t ri b e s wh i c h

we rega rd as clos e ly all i e d to t h e m ; na m e ly t h e ,

Ada ng s i n t h e h e ad o f t h e L i m bang t h e K a l a bi t s
abo u t t h e h e ad o f t h e B a ra m ; t h e S abans and
K e ra ya ns at t h e h e ad o f t h e K e rayan ri v e r ; t h e
L ib u ns ; t h e L ep u As i ng s at t h e h e ad o f t h e B a h a u ;
Tagals and D u s u ns i n t h e m ost no rt h e rly p a rt t h e
T ri ng s o f t h e Ba ra u and B a l u ng a n ri v e rs on t h e
e ast .

( )
6 T h e P u nans a m on g wh o m we i ncl u d e b e s i d e
, ,

t h e P u nans p ro p e r t h e U ki t s and a fe w ot h er
,

clos e ly all i e d b u t wi d e ly scatt e re d s m all g ro u p s ,

a re t h e only p e o p l e wh o do not d we ll i n v i llag e s

e stabl i s h e d on t h e banks o f t h e ri v e rs T h ey l i v e .
3 6 P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O cm .

in s m all g ro u p s o f t we nty o r t h i rty p ersons wh i c h ,

wand e r i n t h e j u ngl e E ach s u ch g ro u p i s g e n e rally

.

m ad e u p o f a c h i e f and h i s d e sc e ndants T he .

g ro u p wi ll s p e nd a few wee ks o r m ont h s at a t i m e

i n o ne s p ot ( to whi c h g e n e rally t h ey a re att ract e d
by t h e p re s e nc e o f wi ld sago ) d well i ng i n ru d e ,

s h e lt ers o f st i cks and l e av e s a nd t h e n m ov i ng on , ,

b u t g e n e rally rem a i n i ng wi t h i n so m e o ne a re a ,

s u ch as t h e bas i n o f o ne o f t h e u p p er t ri b u ta ri es
o f a la rg e ri v e r T h ey a re fo u nd t h ro u g h o u t t h e
.

i nt e ri o r o f B o rn eo b u t a re d i ffic u lt to m ee t wi t h
, ,

as t h e y re m a i n h i dd e n i n t h e d ep t h s o f t h e fo re sts .

U n l i k e all t h e ot h er p eo p l e s t h ey c u lt i vat e no fau l t

,

( ri c e
)
,
and t h e y do not m ak e boats o r t rav e l on t h e

ri v e rs . T h e y s u p p o rt t h e m s e lv e s by h u nt i n g wi t h
t h e blo w p i p e by gat h e ri ng t h e wi ld j u ngl e fru i ts
-
, ,

and by coll e ct i ng t h e j u ngl e p rod u cts and ba rt eri ng

t h e m wi t h t h e m o re s e ttl e d p e 0 p 1e s I n p h ys i cal .

c h a ract e rs t h ey clos e ly re s em bl e t h e K e nya h s b ei ng ,

we ll b u i lt and v i go ro u s ; t h e i r sk i n i s o f v e ry l i g h t
-

y e llo w colo u r and t h e i r fe at u re s a re reg u lar an d

,

we ll s h ap e d . M entally t h e y a re c h a ract eri s ed by

e xt re m e s h yn e ss and t i m i d i ty and re s e rv e T hey .

a re q u i t e i no ffe ns i v e and n ev er e n g ag e i n o p e n
wa rfa re ; t h o u g h t h e y wi ll av e ng e i nj u ri e s by st e alt h y
attacks on i nd i v i d u als wi t h t h e blo w p i p e an d -

p o i son ed da rts T h.e i r only h and i c ra fts a re t h e

m ak i ng o f bask e ts m ats blo w p i p e s and t h e

, ,
-
,

i m p l e m e nts u s ed fo r wo rk i ng t h e wi ld sago ; b u t
i n t h e s e a nd i n t h e u s e o f t h e blo w p i p e t h e y a re -

v e ry ex p e rt Al l ot h er m an u fact u re d a rt i cl e s u s e d
.

by t h em clot h s s wo rds s p e a rs a re obta i n e d by

—
, ,
—

ba rt e r fro m t h e ot h er p e o p l e s U nl i k e all t h e ot h er .

o l e s t h e y h av e no fo rm o f s e u lt u re b u t s i m ly
p pe , p p ,

l e av e t h e co rp s e o f a co m rad e i n t h e ru d e s h e lt e r
i n wh i c h h e d i e d T h ey s i ng and d e cla i m ru d e
.

m elanc h oly songs o r d i rg e s wi t h p e c u l i a r sk i ll an d

st ri k i ng effe ct T h e i r lang u ag e i s d i st i nct i v e b u t
.
,
111 T HE P EOPL ES OF BO RN EO 37

is a p p a re ntly all i e d to t h e K e nyah and K l e m a nt a n

tong u es
We p ro p os e to d e al wi t h t h e top i cs o f e ac h o f
o u r d esc ri p t i v e c h a p t e rs by g i v i ng as fu ll a s po s s i b l e
. .

an a cco u nt b f t h e K a ya ns and add i ng to t h i s so m e

,

obs ervat i ons as to t h e p ri nc i p al d i v e rs i t i es o f c u sto m

and c u lt u re p re s ent e d by t h e ot h er p e0 p 1e s F o r .
,

i f we s h o u ld att e m p t to d e sc ri b e i n d e ta i l eac h o f
t h e s e p e o p l e s wi t h all t h e i r local d i v e rs i t i e s t h i s ,

book wo u ld atta i n an i no rd i nat e l e ngt h . T he

K ayan s a re i n m ost re s p ects t h e m ost h o m og e n eo u s
o f t h es e p eop l es , t h e m ost con s e rvat i v e and di s
t i nc t i v e and p re s e nt p erh ap s t h e ri c h e st and m ost
,

i nt e re st i ng body o f b e l i e f and c u sto m and a rt ; wh i l e

m any o f t h e i r c u sto m s and a rts h av e b e e n ado p t e d
by t h ei r n e i g h bo u rs o r a re i nd i g e no u s wi t h t h e m
, .

We m a y concl u d e t h i s c h ap t er by d esc ri b i n g
b ri e fly i n g e n e ral t erm s t h e p h ys i cal ch a ract e rs and ,

t h e h ab i ts and c u sto m s t h at a re co mm on to all o r

m ost o f t h e s e p agan t ri b e s .

T h e s e p e o p l e s p re s e nt n o v ery g reat d i ffere nc e s

of
p h ys i cal c h a ract er . A l l a re o f m e d i u m h e i g h t ;

t h e i r sk i n colo u r rang e s fro m a ri c h m ed i u m b ro wn

-

to a v e ry p al e mf d a u Za z t h a rdly d eep e r t h an t h e
’

- -
,

colo u r o f c re a m . T h e i r h a i r i s n e a rly black o r

v e ry da rk b ro wn an d g e n erally q u i t e lank b u t i n
, ,

so m e cas es wavy o r e v e n al m ost c u rly . T h ei r

fac e s s h o w i n n e a rly all cas e s t h o u g h i n v e ry
,

d i v ers e d eg re e s so m e o f t h e well kno wn m ongolo i d

,
-

ch a ract ers t h e wi d e c h e ek bon e s t h e s m all obl i q u e

,
-
,

e y es t h e e c u l i a r fold o f t h e u r y l i d at i t s nasal
, p pp e e e

e nd and t h e scanty b e a rd
, . I n so m e i nd i v i d u als
t h e s e t rac e s a re v ery sl i g h t and i n fact not c e rta i nly
p er c e p t i bl e . T h e nos e va r i e s g re atly i n s h a p e b u t ,

i s u s u ally rat h e r wi d e at t h e n ost ri ls and i n v e ry ,

m any cas e s t h e p lan e o f t h e nost ri ls i s t i lt e d a l i ttl e

u
p w a r ds and f o rw a rds . O n t h e ot h e r h and so m e

i nd i v i d u als e s p ec i ally a m ong t h e K e nya h s h av e

, ,
3 8 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

d i st i nctly aq u i l i n e and we ll fo rm e d nos es Am ongst

-
.

all t h es e p eo p l e s es p e c i ally t h e K enya h s P u nans

, , ,

and K l em a nt a ns t h ere a re to b e s e e n a few i n

,

di v i du a l s o f v ery reg u la r well s h ap e d fe at u re s o f

-

E u ro p e an ty p e .

Alt h o u g h as rega rds p h ys i cal c h a ract e rs all t h e s e

e o l e s h av e m u c h i n co mm on t ac h f t h m
p p ,y e e o e

r s nts e c u l i a ri t i e s wh i c h a re obv i o u s to t h e e e
p e e p y
o f an e x p eri e nc e d obs e rv e r and e nabl e h i m wi t h o u t
,

h e s i tat i on to ass i gn to t h e i r p ro p e r g ro u p s t h e
m aj o ri ty o f i nd i v i d u als ; and s u c h recogn i t i on on
m e re i ns p e ct i on i s o f co u rs e re nd e red e as i e r by t h e
re lat i v e ly sl i g h t p ec u l i a ri t i e s o f d re ss and o rna m e n t

p pr o e r to e ac h g r o u
p
.

T h e p u re b re d K e nyah p re s e n ts p e rh ap s t h e
-
, ,

m ost cl ea rly m a rk e d as we ll as t h e fin e st p h ys i cal

typ e H i s sk i n i s t h e colo u r o f ri c h c re a m wi t h a
.

v ery s m all das h o f co ffee T h e h a i r o f h i s h ead

.

va ri e s fro m sl i g h tly wavy to c u rly and i s n ev e r ,

v e ry ab u ndant o r long i n t h e m e n T h e re st o f .

h i s body i s al m ost fre e fro m h a i r a nd wh at l i ttl e ,

g ro ws u p on t h e fac e i s ca re fu lly p l u ck e d o u t ( not

l eav i ng ev e n t h e e y e b ro ws and e y elas h es ) T h i s .

ract i c e i s co mm on to all t h e p eo p l e s o f t h e i nt e ri o r
p
e xc ep t t h e S e a Dayaks . H i s stat u re i s abo u t
1 60 0 m m ; . h i s we i g h t abo u t 1 3 6 p o u nds H is .

l i m bs a re d i st i nctly s h o rt i n p rop o rt i on to h i s body ;

h i s t ru nk i s we ll d ev e lo p e d and sq u a re and bot h ,

l i m bs and t ru nk a re well cov ere d wi t h ro u nd e d

m u scl e s . H i s m ov e m e nts a re q u i ck and v i go ro u s ,

and h e i s h a rdy and cap abl e o f s u sta i n i ng p rolong e d

to i l and h a rds h i p H i s h ead i s m od erat ely ro u nd
.

h i s fac e b road b u t we ll s h a e d
( I nd ex p T h e .

e x p re ss i on o f hi s fac e 1 s bold and o p e n .

T h e K ayan h a s a rat h er da rk er sk i n o f a re dd e r
ton e H i s l egs a re not so d i s p rop o rt i onat e ly s h o rt
.
,

b u t i n all ot h er res p ects h i s body i s l e ss we ll p ro

o t on e d g rac e fu l and act i v e t h an t h e K e n a h s
’

p r i , , y .
P L AT E 2 4. L ON G P OK U NS ( K L E MAN T AN S ) OF J R R I VE R
T IN A .
4 0 PAG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

1 50 0 or e v e n m o re i n a fe w o f t h e la rg e st ; wh i l e
t h e av e rag e v i llag e co m p ri s e s abo u t 3 0 fa m i l i e s
wh i ch wi t h a fe w slav e s and d ep e ndan ts m ak e a
, ,

co m m u n i ty o f so m e 2 0 0 to 3 0 0 p e rsons . E ac h
s u c h co m m u n i ty i s p re s i d e d ov e r by a c h i e f A .

n u m b e r o f v i llag e s o f o ne p eo p l e a re co m m only
g ro u p ed wi t h i n e asy re ac h o f o ne anot h e r on t h e
banks o f a ri v er B u t no p eo p l e e xcl u s i v e ly occ u p i e s
.

o r cla i m s ex cl u s i v e p oss e ss i on o f any o ne t e rri to ry o r

wat e rway .W i t h t h e e xc ep t i on o f t h e S ea D ayaks ,

all t h e s e d i fferen t p eo p l es m a y h e re and t h ere b e

fo u nd i n clos e ly adj o i n i ng v i llag e s ; and i n so m e
ri v e rs t h e v i llag e s o f t h e d i ffe re nt p e o p l e s a re fre e ly
1 nt e rm i n l ed ov e r con s i d e rabl e a re as T h e s e g rega
g .

t i on o f t h e S ea Dayak v i llag e s s e em s to b e du e to
t h e t ru c u l e nt t re ac h ero u s nat u re o f t h e S e a Dayak ,

wh i c h re nd e rs h i m obnox i o u s as a n e i g h bo u r to
t h e ot h e r p e o p l e s and l e ads h i m to fe e l t h e n ee d
,

h i s o wn p eo p l e i n la rg e n u m b e rs .

A l l fin d t h e i r p ri nc i p al s u p p o rt and occ u p at i on
i n t h e c u lt i vat i on o f fi rm ? (ri c e ) and all s u p p l e m e nt
,

t h i s wi t h t h e b re ed i ng o f a few p i gs and fo wls and ,

i n t h e no rt h o f t h e i sland b u ffalo wi t h h u nt i ng and

, ,

fis h i ng and wi t h t h e coll ect i on o f j u ngl e p rod u c e

,

g u tta p e rc h a ru bb er rattan can e s ca m p h o r sago

-
, , , , .

T h e s e j u ngl e p rod u cts t h e y ba rt er o r s e ll fo r cas h

to M alay and C h i n es e t rad e rs .

T h ey h av e n o wri tt e n re co rds and b u t vag u e

,

t rad i t i ons o f t h ei r p ast h i sto ry and m i g rat i ons .

T h ere i s no p ol i t i cal o rgan i sat i on b e yond a loos e

co h e re nc e and all i anc e fo r d e fe nc e and o ffe nc e o f t h e
v i llag e co m m u n i t i es o f any o ne p eo p l e i n n e i g h bo u r
i ng p a rts o f t h e co u nt ry —
a co h e re nc e wh i c h at

t i m es i s g re atly st re ngt h e n e d by t h e p e rson al

asc e nd ency o f t h e c h i e f o f so m e o ne v i llag e ov er
n ei g h bo u ri ng c h i e fs . O ne o f t h e m ost notabl e
e xa m p l e s o f s u c h p e rsonal asc e nd e ncy e x e rc i s e d i n

re c e nt t i m es wa s t h at o f Ta m a B u lan a
( P I .
1 11 TH E PEOPLES OF BORN EO 4 1

K e nyah c h i ef wh os e v i llag e wa s s i t u at e d on o ne o f
t h e t ri b u ta ri e s o f t h e Ba ra m ri v er an d wh o by h i s
,

loyal c o Op erat i on wi t h t h e gov ern m e n t o f t h e Raj ah

-

o f S a ra wak g re atly fac i l i tat e d t h e ra p i d e stabl i s h

m e nt o f l a w and o rd e r i n t h i s d i st ri ct .

E xc ep t fo r t h es e i n fo rm al all i anc e s obta i n i ng

b e t we e n n ei g h bo u ri ng v i llag e s o f t h e p e op l e
of any o ne stock eac h v i llag e fo rm s an i nd e
,

e nd e nt co m m u n i ty ru l e d by i t s c h i e f m ak i ng wa r
p , ,

a nd
p e ac e and all i anc es , and s e l e ct i ng p atc h e s
o f land fo r c u lt i vat i on at i t s o wn p l e as u re No.

v i llag e co m m u n i ty re m a i ns on t h e sa m e s p ot fo r
any long p eri od ; b u t a ft e r fi ft e e n t e n o r e v e n
, ,

fe we r y e a rs a ne w s i t e i s so u g h t o ft e n at a con
, ,

s ide ra b l e d i stanc e and a ne w v i llag e i s b u i lt

, .T he
ri nc i al re asons fo r t h i s h ab i t o f fre q u e nt m i g rat i on
p p ,

wh i c h h a s p rod u c ed t h e i nt i m at e m i ngl i ng t h ro u g h o u t
la rg e a reas o f t h e p e o p l e s o f d i ffere nt stocks a re
t wo :
,

fi rst t h e n e c e ss i ty o f find i ng v i rg i n so i l fo r
,

c u lt i vat i on ; s e condly t h e occ u rre n c e o f e p i d e m i cs

,

o r ot h er cala m i t i e s ; t h e s e

o b s e rv l

t h e ev fl
to s ec u re by
t h e fri e ndly
“

of th e e op l e
p
4 C PAG A N T R I B E S OF BORN EO H CH

of Bo rn e o i s t h e g re at d i v ers i ty o f lang u ag e o b
ta i n i ng a m ong t h e m T h e m i g rato ry h ab i ts o f t h e
.

o l e and t h e con s e q u e nt m i ngl i ng o f co m m u n i t i e s

p pe

o f d i ffe re n t stocks wi t h i n t h e sa m e a re as fa r fro m ,

h av i ng re s u lt e d i n t h e g e n e s i s by fu s i on o f a
co m m on lang u ag e h av e re s u lt e d i n t h e fo rm at i on
,

o f a g re at n u m b e r o f v e ry d i st i nct d i al e cts ; so
t h at i n follo wi n g t h e c o u rs e o f a ri v e r o ne m a y ,

so m e t i m e s find i n a day s j o u rn e y o f a sco re o f ’

m i l e s h al f a doz e n o r m o re v i llag e s t h e p e o p l e o f ,

e ac h o f wh i c h s e ak a d i al e ct al m ost o r i n so m e
p ,

cas e s q u i t e u n i nt e ll i g i bl e to t h ei r n e i g h bo u rs A
, .

n ec e ssa ry cons e q u e nc e o f t h i s stat e o f a ffa i rs i s

t h at wi t h t h e e xc ep t i on o f t h e S ea Dayaks al m ost
, ,

all ad u lts s p eak o r at l east u nd erstand t wo o r m o re

d i al ects o r lang u ag e s wh i l e m ost o f t h e c h i e fs and
,

l ead i ng m e n s p e ak s e v eral d i al e cts fl u e ntly and

p a rt i ally u nd e rstand a la rg er n u m b e r T h e lang u ag e .

m ost wi d e ly u nd e rstood by t h os e to wh o m i t i s not

nat i v e i s t h e Kayan ; b u t s i nc e t h e re c e nt s p read
o f t rad e t h ro u g h la rg e a re as u nd e r t h e rot e ct i on
p
o f t h e E u ro e an gov e rn m e nts a s i m l i fi d fo rm
p p e ,

o f t h e M alay lang u ag e h a s b ee n ra p i dly e stabl i s h i ng

i ts e l f as t h e l i ng u al f m m a o f t h e wh ol e co u nt ry .

I n S ara wak wh ere d u ri ng t h e last fi fty y e a rs t h e

, , ,

S e a Dayaks h av e s p re ad fro m t h e Batang L u p a r

d i st ri ct and h av e e stabl i s h ed v i llag e s on all t h e
ri nc i al ri v rs t h i r lang u ag e wh i c h s e e m s to b e
p p e e , ,

a basta rd and v ery s i m p l e b ranch o f t h e M alay

tong u e i s v ery wi d ely u nd e rstood an d i s la rg e ly
,

u s e d as a co m m on m e d i u m .

N t n th
o e o f th t r m Kl m nt n
e u se o Th M l y n m f
e e B rn i e a a . e a a a e or o eo s

Pu l u Kl m nt n nd w h v d pt d th i n m t d n t th l rg gr up
e a a , a e a e a o e s a e o e o e e a e o

of ll i d t ri b
a e whi h i n es pini n h v th b t l i m t b r g r d d
c ou r o o a e e es c a o e e a e as
r pr nt ing th i nd ig n u p pu l t i n f th i l nd
e es e e e o s o a o o e s a .
 C HAPT E R IV

MAT E R I AL C O ND I T I O N S OF T H E PAG AN
T R I B E S O F B O RN E O

W I T H fe w e xc ep t i ons t h e m a i n feat u re s o f t h e ,

d re ss ado rn m e n t and we ap ons o f all t h e p e o p l es

, ,

a re s i m i la r s h o wi ng on ly m i no r d i ffe re nc e s
,
fro m
t ri b e to t ri b e and fro m p lac e to p lac e T h e e ss ent i al .

and u n i v ersal a rt i cl e o f m al e att i re i s t h e wa i st clot h -

,

a st ri p o f clot h abo u t o ne ya rd wi d e and fo u r to ei g h t

ya rds i n l e ngt h (s e e F ront i sp i ec e ) Fo rm e rly t h i s .

wa s m ad e o f ba rk clot h ; b u t no w t h e cotton clot h - -

obta i n e d fro m t h e C h i n e s e an d M alay t rad ers h a s

la rg e ly s u p ers ed ed t h e n at i v e ba rk clot h e xc ep t i n -
,

t h e re m ot e r reg i on s ; and h e re and t h e re a we ll to do - -

m a n m a y b e s e e n we a ri ng a clot h o f m o re e x p e ns i v e
st u ff so m e t i m e s ev e n o f s i lk
, O ne e nd o f s u c h .

a clot h i s p ass e d b et we e n t h e l egs fro m b eh i n d

fo rwa rds abo u t e i g h t e e n i nc h e s b e i ng l e ft d ep e nd e n t ;
,

t h e re st o f i t i s t h e n p ass e d s ev e ral t i m e s ro u nd
t h e wa i st ov e r t h e e nd b ro u g h t u p on to t h e b e lly
, ,

and t h e ot h e r e nd i s t u ck ed i n at t h e back T h e .

m a n we a rs i n add i t i on wh e n o u t o f doo rs a coat

o f ba rk clot h o r wh i t e cotton st u ff
-
and a wi d e ,
1

s u n h a t o f p al m l e av e s i n s h a e l i k e a m u s h roo m
-
p ,

t o p o r an i nv e rt e d and v e ry s h allo w bas i n wh i c h ,

s h elt e rs h i m fro m bot h s u n and ra i n ; m any wea r

also a s m all oblon g m a t p la i t ed o f rattan st ri p s -

1
Th S D y k i x p t i n l i n th i r p t h w r
e ea a a s e ce t f l ur d
o a s es ec e ea s a coa o co o e

co tt n fib r w v n i n v ri u p tt r n by th w m n
o e o e a o s a e s e o e .

43
44 P AG A N T R I B E S OF BO RN EO CH

h ang i ng b eh i nd fro m a co rd p ass e d ro u nd t h e wa i st ,

and s e rv i ng as a s e at wh e n t h e we are r s i ts do wn .

A t h o m e t h e m a n we a rs not h i ng m o re t h an t h e
wa i st clot h sav e so m e na rro w p la i t e d bands o f p al m
-
,

fib re b elo w t h e kn e e and i n m ost cas es so m e , , ,

ado rn m e nt i n t h e e a rs o r abo u t t h e n eck an d on

T h e m an s h a i r i s allo we d to g ro w long
’

t h e a rm s
1

on t h e c ro wn o f t h e scal p and to ,

h ang fre e ly ov e r t h e back o f t h e n e ck ,

i n so m e cas e s re ac h i ng as fa r as t h e
m i ddl e o f t h e back T h i s long h a i r .

i s n e v e r p la i t ed b u t i s so m e t i m es ,

sc rewe d u p i n a knot on t h e t o p o f
t h e h e ad and fast e n e d wi t h a sk e we r .

T h e latt e r m od e o f we a ri ng t h e h a i r i s
t h e ru l e a m ong t h e M u ru ts wh o u s e ,

e labo rat e ly ca rv e d and d e co rat e d h a i r

p i n s o f bon e
( t h e s h i n bon e o f t h e

d eer F ig , T h at p a rt o f t h e h a i r
.

of th e c ro wn wh i c h nat u rally falls

fo rwa rds i s c u t to fo rm a st ra i g h t
fri ng e ac ross t h e fo reh e ad Al l t he .

re st o f t h e h e ad i s k e p t s h av e n e xc e p t ,

at t i m e s o f m o u rn i ng fo r t h e d eat h o f
re lat i v e s .

W h e n i n t h e h o u s e t h e m a n co m
m o nl y we a rs on h i s h e ad a band o f
Fr
c . 1 p
.
la i t e d r attan w h i c h va r i e s, fro m a
m ere band a ro u nd t h e b ro ws to a co m
p l e t e d sk u ll ca p T
-
h e fre e e nds o f t h e rattan st ri s
.
p
a re g e n e rally allo we d to p roj e ct fo rm i ng a d ep e nd e n t ,

tass el o r fri ng e ( P I A we ll to do Kayan

.
- -

m a n u s u ally we a rs a n e cklac e cons i st i ng o f a s i ngl e

st ri ng o f b e ads wh i c h i n m any cas es a re old and o f
,

cons i d erabl e val u e ( P l s 1 9 and [ E

. v e ry Kayan

h a s t h e s h e ll o f t h e e a r p e rfo rat e d and wh e n fu lly ,

d ress ed wea rs t h ru st fo rwa rd t h ro u g h t h e h ol e

,

S Ch p X I I
1
ee a . .
 i n e ac h s h e ll t h e b i g u p p e r can i n e toot h o f t h e
,

t i g e r cat ; b u t h e i s not e nt i tl e d to wea r t h e s e

-

u n t i l h e h a s b ee n on

t h e wa rp at h T h os e
.

wh o h av e tak e n a
h e ad o r ot h e rwi s e
d i st i ng u i s h ed t h e m
s elv e s i n wa r m a y
we a r i n st e ad o f t h e
,

t e eth p i ec e s o f s i m i
,

l a rs h a p e ca rv e d fro m
t h e sol i d b e ak o f t h e
h e l m e t ed h o rnb i ll .

T he yo u t h s wh o
h av e n ot q u al i fi e d
t h e m s e lv e s fo rt h e s e
a d o rn m e n t s a n d ,

w a rri o rs d u ri n g
m o u rn i n g ,u s u ally

we a r a d i sc o f wood
o rwa x i n t h e

( P l
. s 1 9 and

T h e lob e he
e a r i s p e rfo rat e d and

d i st e nd e d to a loo p
so m e t wo i nc h e s i n
l e ngt h i n wh i c h a
,

b rass ri ng i s wo rn .

J u st abov e t h i s loo p
a s m all h ol e t h ro u g h
t h e s h e ll i s u s u ally
m ad e , and fro m t h i s
a s m all sk ei n o f b eads
d ep e nds S i m i l a rea r
.

o rn a m en ts a re wo rn
by K e nya h s an d so m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a ns b u t not
,

by M u ru ts an d by fe w i nd i v i d u als only a m ong

,

P u nan s and S ea Dayaks M any o f t h e latt e r we a r

.
4 6 PAG A N T R I B E S 0 1 B O R N E O ?
C HHH

a ro w o f s m all b rass ri ngs i ns ert ed ro u nd t h e m a rg i n

o f t h e s h e ll o f e ac h e a r ( F i g .

M any o f t h e m e n wea r also b rac el e ts o f s h e ll o r

h a rd wood .

f
Al t h o u g h t h e d re ss o f t h e m e n i s so u n i fo rm
i n e ss e nt i als t h ro u g h o u t t h e co u nt ry i t g i v e s co n ,

s ide ra b l e sco p e fo r t h e d i s p lay o f p e rsonal tast e s ,

and t h e S e a Dayak e s p ec i ally d e l i g h ts i n wi nd i ng

m any ya rds o f b ri ll i antly colo u re d clot h abo u t h i s
wa i st i n b ri ll i ant coats and go rg e o u s t u rban s
,
1

and fe at h e rs and ot h e r o rn a m e nts ; by m ean s o f

,

t h e s e h e m anag e s to m ak e h i m s el f a p p e a r as a
v ery d re ssy p erson i n co m p a ri son wi t h t h e sob er
Kayan and wi t h m ost o f t h e p e o p l e o f t h e rem ot e r
i nland reg i ons wh o h av e l i ttl e b u t scanty st ri p s o f
,

ba rk clot h abo u t t h e lo i ns )
-
.

T h e u n i v e rsal we ap on s o f t h e co u nt ry a re s wo rd
and s p ea r and no m a n t rav e ls fa r fro m h o m e
,

wi t h o u t t h e s e and h i s oblong wood e n s h i e ld S om e .

o f th e e o l e s a re e x e rt i n t h e u s e o f t h e blo w i e
p p p p p
and p o i son e d da rt T h e blo w p i p e and t h e re c e n tly
.
-

i nt rod u c e d fi re a rm s a re t h e only m i ss i l e we ap ons ;

t h e b o w i s u nkno wn sav e as a p layt h i ng fo r c h i ld re n
2
,

and p oss i bly i n a fe w local i t i e s i n t h e e xt re m e

no rt h .
3

T h e d re ss o f t h e wo m e n i s l e ss u n i fo rm t h an t h at
o f t h e m en T h e S ea Dayak wo m an ( P l s 2 9 an d 3 0 )
. .

we a rs a s h o rt sk i rt o f cotton t h re ad wov e n i n c u ri o u s
att rns o f s ev e ral colo u rs re ac h i ng fro m t h e wa i st
p e ,

al m ost to t h e kn e e ; a long sl e e v e d jack e t o f t h e -

sam e m at e ri al and a co rs e t cons i st i ng o f m any

,

ri ngs o f rattan b u i lt u p o ne abov e anot h e r to e nclos e

t h e body fro m b re ast to t h i g h E ach rattan ri ng .

i s s h e at h ed i n s m all ri ngs o f b e at e n b rass T he .

1
T h t ur b n i e h d d r w h i h i pi d fr m th M l y nd i r pi dly
a s a ea -
ess c s co e o e a a s a s a
spr d ing i nl nd
ea a .

2
T hi t y r sb w i f u nd m ng K y n
o c os s - B th i t nd th rr w u d
o s o a o a a s . o a e a o se
a rev ry ru d ly m d
e c e a e.
3
Th w dr e nd u tr m nt wi ll b m r fu lly d ri b d i n
ar es s a a cco e e s e o e esc e
Ch p X
a . .
4 8 P AG AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HC C .

l o o p b e a rs s ev e ral m ass i v e ri ngs o f co pp e r ( P 1 .

wh os e co m b i n ed we i g h t i s i n so m e cas e s as m u c h
as t wo p o u nds 1
M ost o f t h e K e nyah wo m e n als o
.

we a r s i m i la r e a rri ngs b u t t h e s e a re u s u ally l i g h t e r ,

and m o re n u m ero u s and t h e lob e i s not so m u ch ,

d i st e nd ed T h e wo m e n o f m any o f t h e K l e m a nt a n
.

t ri b e s wea r a la rg e wood e n d i sc i n t h e d i st e nd e d
lob e o f e ac h e a r and t h os e o f ot h e r K l e m a nt a n
,

t ri b e s wea r a s m all er wood e n p l u g wi t h a boss ( P I .

T h e c h i ld re n ru n nak e d u p to t h e a g e o f
six o r s e v e n y e a rs wh e n t h e y a re d re ss e d i n t h e,

fas h i on o f t h e i r p a re nts .

O n fe st i v e occas i ons bot h m e n and wo m e n p u t

on as m any o f t h e i r o rna m e nts as can b e conv e n i ently
wo rn .

D E F O R MAT I O N OF T HE H E AD
S o m e o f t h e Ma l a na u s a p a rt i ally M o h a m m edan ,

t ri b e o f K l e m a nt a ns s e at e d abo u t t h e m o u t h s o f ,

t h e M u ka Oya and B i nt u l u ri v ers o f S a rawak

, , ,

h av e t h e c u ri o u s c u sto m o f flatt e n i ng t h e h eads

o f t h e i n fants c h i e fly t h e fe m al e s
, T h e flatt e n i ng .

i s e ffe ct e d at an e a rly a g e t h e p roc e ss b eg i nn i ng ,

g e n erally wi t h i n t h e fi rst m ont h a ft e r b i rt h It .

cons i sts i n a pp ly i ng p re ss u re to t h e h e ad by m e ans

o f a s i m p l e a p p a rat u s fo r so m e fi ft e e n m i n u t e s m ore ,

o r l e ss on s u cc e ss i v e days o r at rat h er long er

, ,

i n t e rvals T h e a pp l i cat i on o f t h e p re ss u re fo r t h i s
.

b ri e f s p ac e o f t i m e on so m e t en to t we n ty occas i ons
, ,

s e e m s to s u ffic e to b ri ng abo u t t h e d e s i re d e ffe ct .

T h e p re ss u re i s a p p l i e d wh i l e t h e c h i ld sl e ep s and ,

i s at onc e relax e d i f t h e c h i ld wak e s o r c ri e s T he .

ap p a rat u s kno wn as fa ci a l (s e e F i g
,
cons i sts .

o f a sto u t flat b a r o f wood so m e n i n e i nc h es i n ,

l e ngth and t h re e wi d e i n i t s m i ddl e p a rt This .

A i d nt l t ri ng f th l b i n v i t bly
1
cc e a ea ur
o i n lly ; nd i f th i
e o e e a o cc s o cc a s o a a s
is a tt ri bu t d t th r l n f ny th r p r n b r t w k g ng m u t
e o e c a e es s es s o a o e e so a a ss a a or o s

b p id in
e a m p n ti n
co R p ir f e t rn l b i m t i m ff t d by
sa o . e a o a o o e s so e es e ec e
o v r l ppi ng th w nd nd k pi ng th m t i d i n th i p i t i n f m w k
e a e ra e s a ee e e s os o o rs o e ee s.
50 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H HC .

T he ct p rod u c e d i s o f co u rs e a flatt en i ng o f
e ffe

b ro w and occ i p u t and a b road e n i ng o f t h e wh ol e

h e ad . T h e m ot i v e s ee m s to b e t h e d e s i re to e n h anc e
t h e b e a u ty o f t h e c h i ld by e ns u ri ng to i t a m oon l i k e -

fac e wh i c h i s t h e m ost ad m i re d fo rm
,
T h e Ma l a na u s
.

s e e m to b e by nat u re p e c u l i a rly ro u nd h e ad e d t h e -

q u e st i on wh e t h e r t h i s i s du e to t h e e ffe cts o f h e ad
fla t t e ni ng p ract i s e d fo r m any g e n erat i ons m u st b e ,

l e ft to t h e i nv est i gat i ons o f t h e N eo La m a rck i ans

-
.

T h e y a re also a p e c u l i a rly h andso m e p e o p l e and ,

i t s e e m s m o re l i k e ly t h at tak i ng a p ri d e i n t h e i r
,

good looks t h e y h av e l i k e so m any ot h e r p eo p l e s

, , ,

so u g h t to e n h anc e t h e b ea u ty o f t h e i r c h i ld re n by
acc e n t u at i ng a rac i al p e c u l i a ri ty .

H OU S E S
Al l t ri b es exc ep t t h e P u nans b u i ld h o u s e s o f
th e
o ne ty p e b u t t h e s i z e and p ro p o rt i o ns t h e st re ngt h
,

o f t h e m at e ri als u s e d and t h e sk i ll and ca re d i s p lay e d

,

i n t h e wo rk o f const ru ct i on s h o w wi d e d i ffe re nc e s
, .

T h e h o u s e s o f t h e Kayans a re p e rh a p s b e tt e r and
m o re sol i dly b u i lt t h an any ot h e rs and m a y b e
tak e n as t h e ty p e E ac h h o u s e i s b u i l t to a c co m
.

m o da t e m any fa m i l i e s ; an av e rag e h o u s e m a y
conta i n so m e fo rty to fi fty m ak i ng u p wi t h c h i ld re n
,

and slav e s so m e t wo o r t h re e h u nd re d p e rsons ;

wh i l e so m e o f t h e la rg e r h o u s e s a re b u i lt fo r as
m any as a h u nd re d and t we nty fa m i l i e s o r so m e ,

fi v e to s i x h u nd re d p e rsons T h e h o u s e i s al ways
.

clos e to a ri v e r and i t u s u ally stands on t h e bank

,

at a d i stanc e o f 2 0 to 50 ya rds fro m t h e wat e r ,

i t s l e ngt h ly i ng p a rall e l to t h e co u rs e o f t h e ri v e r .

T h e p lan o f t h e h o u s e i s a re ctangl e o f whi c h t h e

,

l e ngt h g e n e rally m u c h e xc e eds t h e wi dt h ( P I .

I ts roo f i s al ways a s i m p l e ri dg e e xt e nd i ng t h e
wh ol e l engt h o f t h e h o u s e and i s m ad e o f s h i ngl e s
,

o f éz l z c m ( i ron wood ) o r ot h er h a rd and d u rabl e k i nd

' '
1v M AT E R I A L C O N D I T I O N S 51

of wood . T h e fra m ewo rk o f t h e roo f i s s u pp o rt e d

at a h e i g h t o f so m e 2 5 to 3 0 fee t fro m t h e g ro u nd
on m ass i v e p i l e s o f i ron wood and t h e floo r i s ,

s u p p o rt e d by t h e sa m e p i l e s at a l ev e l so m e 7 o r
8 fe e t b e lo w t h e c ross b e a m s o f t h e roo f
-
T he .

floo r cons i sts o f c ross - b e a m s m o rt i c ed to t h e p i l e s ,

and o f v e ry la rg e p lanks o f h a rd wood la i d u p on

t h em p a rall el to t h e l e ngt h o f t h e h o u s e T h e .

roj e ct i ng e av e s o f t h e roo f co m e do wn to a l e v e l
p
m i d way b e t we e n t h at o f t h e roo f b e a m s an d t h at -

o f t h e floo r and t h e i nt e rval o f so m e 4 to 5 fe e t

,

b et we e n t h e e av e s and t h e floo r re m a i ns o p e n
along t h e wh ol e l e ngt h o f t h e front o f t h e h o u s e
t h e s i d e fac i ng t h e ri v e r) sav e fo r a l o w p a ra p e t
,

wh i c h bo u nds t h e floo r along i t s o u t e r e dg e This .

s p ac e s e rv e s to ad m i t bot h l i g h t and a i r and a ffo rds ,

an e asy v i ew ov e r t h e ri v er to t h os e s i tt i ng i n t h e
hou s e . T h e l e ngt h o f t h e h o u s e i s i n so m e cas e s
as m u c h as 4 0 0 ya rds b u t t h e av e rag e l engt h i s
,

robably abo u t 2 0 0 ya rds T h e wi dt h o f t h e floo r

p .

va ri e s fro m abo u t 3 0 to 60 fe e t ; t h e wh ol e s p ac e
b e t wee n roo f and floo r i s d i v i d e d i nto t wo p a rts
by a long i t u d i nal wall o f v ert i cal p lanks wh i c h ,

ru ns t h e wh ol e l e ngt h o f t h e h o u s e T h i s wall l i e s
.

not q u i t e i n t h e m i ddl e l i n e b u t a l i ttl e to t h e ri v er

,

s i d e o f i t O f t h e t wo long i t u d i nal d i v i s i ons o f t h e

.

h o u s e t h at wh i c h adjo i n s t h e ri v e r i s t h u s so m e
,

wh at na rro wer t h an t h e ot h e r ; i t rem a i ns u nd i v i d ed

i n i t s wh ol e l e ngt h T h e ot h e r and wi d er p a rt i s
.

d i v i d ed by t ransv e rs e walls at i nt e rvals o f so m e 2 5

o r 3 0 fe e t so as to fo rm a s i ngl e ro w o f s p ac i o u s
,

c h a m b ers o f a p p rox i m at e ly e q u al s i z e E ac h s u c h .

c h a m b e r i s t h e p ri vat e a p a rt m e nt o f o ne fa m i ly ; i n
i t fat h e r m ot h e r da u g h t e rs yo u ng son s and fe m al e
, , ,

slav e s sl e e p and ea t ( P I
, . W i t h i n e ac h c h a m b er
a re u s u ally s e v e ral sl e e i ng - lac e s o r alcov e s m o re
p p
o r l e ss co m p l e t e ly sc re e n e d o r wall e d o ff fro m t h e

c e nt ral s p ac e T h e c h a m b e r conta i n s a fi rep lac e

.
,
52 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O em u ».

g e n e rally m ere ly a slab o f clay i n a wood e n fra m e

wo rk p lac ed n e a r t h e c e nt re T h e o u ts i d e wall o f.

t hi s s i d e o f t h e h o u s e i s ca rri e d u p to m e e t t h e
roo f . T h e e nt ranc e o f l i g h t and a i r and t h e e g re ss
o f s m ok e a re p rov i d e d fo r by t h e e l evat i on on a

r o o f o ne co rn e r o f a sq u a re s e ct i on o f t h e roo f
p p ,

m a rk e d o u t by a ri g h t angl e d c u t o f wh i c h o ne l i m b
-
,

ru ns p a rall e l to t h e o u t e r wall t h e ot h e r u p wa rds ,

fro m o ne e xt re m i ty o f t h e fo rm er T h i s ap e rt u re .

can b e e as i ly clos ed eg d u ri ng h eavy ra i n by re , .

,

m ov i ng t h e p ro p and allo wi ng t h e fla p to fall i nto

i t s o ri g i nal p os i t i on .

T h e front p a rt o f t h e h o u s e wh i ch re m a i ns ,

u nd i v i d e d fo rm s a s i ngl e long gall e ry s e rv i ng as a

,

co m m on ant ec h a m b er to all t h e p ri vat e roo m s e a c h ,

o f wh i c h o e ns to i t by a wood e n doo r P l s 3 6
p ( .
,

I t i s i n a s e ns e t h o u g h roo fe d and ra i s e d so m e 2 0
,

fe e t abov e t h e g ro u nd t h e v i llag e st re e t as we ll as a
, ,

co m m on l i v i ng and rec ep t i on roo m Along t h e o u t er .

bo rd er o f t h e floo r ru ns a l o w p lat fo rm on wh i c h t h e
i n m at e s s i t on m ats O ne p a rt o f t h i s u s u ally t h at
.
,

Op p os i t e t h e c h i e f s a p a rt m e nt i n t h e m i ddl e o f t h e
’

h o u s e i s fo rm e d o f s ev e ral la rg e slabs o f h a rd wood

,

( fi g
T a cm o r K oompa s si a
) and i s s e c i ally re s e rv e d
p ,

fo r t h e re c ep t i on o f g u e sts and fo r fo rm al m e e t i ngs .

T h e p lat fo rm i s i nt erru p t e d h ere and t h e re by

s m all er p lat fo rm s ra i s ed so m e 3 o r 4 fee t fro m t h e
floo r wh i c h a re t h e sl e ep i ng q u a rt ers ass i gn e d to
,

t h e bac h e lo rs and m al e v i s i to rs At i nt e rvals o f .

so m e 3 0 o r 4 0 fee t t h ro u g h o u t t h e gall ery a re fi re

lac e s s i m i la r to t h os e i n t h e p ri vat e c h a m b e rs ; on
p
so m e o f t h es e fi re constantly s m o u ld ers .

Ov e r o ne o f t h e s e fi rep lac e s g e n e rally o ne n e a r ,

t h e m i ddl e o f t h e g re at gall ery i s h u ng a ro w o f ,

h u m an h e ads ( P I t ro p h i e s obta i n ed i n wa r
.
,

tog e t h er wi t h a n u m b e r o f c h a rm s and obj ects u s ed

i n va ri o u s ri t e s .
1

1
By th K y n th h d
e a a s e u p nd d i n ing l l ng w fr m th
ea s a re s s e e a s e o ro o e
54 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

i ts c ent re by t h e p i l e ; t h i s s erv e s to p rev e nt rats

and m i c e ga i n i ng acc ess to t h e b i n T h e s h i ngl e .

roo f o f t h e b i n i s l i k e t h at o f t h e h o u s e b u t t h e t wo ,

e nds a re fill e d by slo p i ng s u rfac e s ru nn i ng u p u nd e r

t h e gabl e s . T h e re a re g e n e rally also a fe w fru i t

t re e s and tobacco p lants i n t h e s p ac e cl ea re d ro u nd
abo u t t h e h o u s e ; and i n t h e s p ac e b e t wee n i t and
t h e ri v e r a re u s u ally so m e ru d ely ca rv e d wood e n
fig u re s a ro u nd wh i ch ri t e s and c erem on i e s a re p er
,

fo rm e d fro m t i m e to t i m e .

Kayan v i llag e s g e n erally cons i st o f s ev e ral i n ,

so m e cas e s as m any as s ev e n o r e i g h t s u c h h o u s e s ,

o f va ri o u s l e n g t h s g ro u p e d clos e ly tog e t h e r
, T he
.

favo u ri t e s i t u at i on fo r s u c h a v i llag e i s a p en i ns u la
fo rm e d by a s h a rp b e nd o f t h e ri v e r .

O f t h e h o u s e s b u i lt by t h e ot h e r p e 0 p 1e s t h os e ,

o f t h e K e nya h s v ery clos e ly re s em bl e t h os e o f t h e

K ayan s T h e K e nya h v i llag e fre q u e n tly con s i sts

.

o f a s i ngl e long h o u s e
( and w i t h t h e S e a Dayaks

t h i s i s i nva ri ably t h e cas e ) and i t i s i n m any cas e s

,

p e rc h e d on a h i g h st e e
p bank i m m e d i at e ly abov e

t h e ri v e r . S o m e o f t h e K l em a nt a ns also b u i ld
h o u s e s l i ttl e i f at all i n fe ri o r to t h os e o f t h e Kayans ,

and v ery s i m i la r to t h e m i n g e n e ral p lan B u t .

i n t h i s as i n all ot h e r re s p e cts t h e K l e m a nt a ns
e x h i b i t g re at d i v e rs i t i e s so m e o f t h e i r h o u s e s b e i ng
,

b u i lt i n a co m p a rat i v e ly fl i m sy m ann e r l i g h t t i m b e r
,

and ev e n ba m boos b e i ng u s ed and t h e roo f b e i ng

,

m ad e o f l e av e s . T h e h o u s e s o f t h e M u ru ts a re
s m all and l o w and o f p oo r const ru ct i on
, .

T h e S e a Dayak s h o u s e d i ffe rs fro m t h at o f t h e

’

K ayan m o re t h an any o f t h e ot h e rs T h e g e n e ral .

p lan i s t h e sa m e ; b u t t h e
p lac e o f t h e fe w m ass i v e

p i l e s i s tak e n by a m u c h la rg e r n u m b er o f sl e nd e r

p i l e,s w h i c h p ass u
p to t h e r oo f t h ro u g h t h e gall e r y
and c h a m b ers O f t h e gall e ry only a na rro w p assag e
.

wa y alongs i d e t h e m a i n p a rt i t i on wall i s k ep t cl ea r
-

of i l e s and ot h e r obst ru ct i ons T h floo r i s of

p . e
H M A T E R I A L CO N D I T I O N S 55

s p l i t ba m boo cov ere d wi t h coa rs e m ats An o p e n .

lat fo rm at t h e l e v e l o f t h e floo r ru ns along t h e

p
wh ol e l e ngt h o f t h e Op e n S i d e o f t h e h o u s e .

T h ere a re no p a di ba rns abo u t t h e h o u s e t h e p a dz

'

b e i ng k e p t i n b i n s i n t h e roo fs T h e roo f i ts e l f i s
.

l o w g i v i ng l i ttl e h e ad s p ac e
, T h e gall ery o f t h e
.

h o u s e m ak e s an i m p re ss i on o f lack o f s p ac e v e ry ,

d i ffe re nt to t h at m ad e by t h e long wi d e gall ery o f

a K ayan o r K e nyah h o u s e .

A lt h o u g h t h e m o re sol i dly b u i lt h o u s e s s u c h as ,

t h os e o f t h e Kayans wo u ld b e h ab i tabl e fo r m any

,

g e n e rat i ons few o f t h e m a re i n h ab i t ed fo r m o re

,

t h an fi ft ee n o r t we nty y e a rs and so m e a re u s e d,

fo r m u c h s h o rt e r p e ri ods only F o r o ne re ason

.

o r an ot h e r t h e v i llag e co m m u n i ty d e c i d e s to b u i ld

i ts el f a ne w h o u s e on a d i ffe re nt and so m e t i m e s
d i stan t s i t e t h o u g h t h e ne w s i t e i s u s u ally i n t h e
,

sa m e t ri b u ta ry ri v er o r i f on t h e m a i n ri v e r wi t h i n
, , ,

a fe w m i l e s o f t h e old o ne T h e m ost fre q u e n t

.

ca u s e s o f re m oval a re fi rst u s i ng u p o f t h e so i l
, ,

i n t h e i m m e d i at e n e i g h bo u rh ood o f t h e v i llag e fo r ,

t h ey do n ot c u lt i vat e t h e sa m e p atc h m o re t h an
t h re e o r fo u r t i m e s at i n t erval s o f s e v e ral y ea rs ;
s e condly t h e occ u rre n c e o f a fatal ep i d e m i c ; t h i rdly
, ,

any ru n o f bad l u ck o r s u cc e ss i on o f ev i l o m en s ;
fo u rt h ly t h e b u rn i ng o f t h e h o u s e wh e t h e r acc i
, ,

d e ntally o r i n t h e co u rs e o f an attack by en e m i es .

O n re m ov i ng to a new s i t e t h e p lanks and t h e

b e st o f t h e t i m b e r o f a we ll b u i lt h o u s e a re u s u ally
-

to we d along t h e ri v e r to t h e s p ot c h os e n and u s ed ,

i n t h e const ru ct i on o f t h e ne w h o u s e .

Aft e r t h e h o u s e s t h e m ost i m p o rtant o f t h e

m at eri al p oss e ss i ons o f t h e p e o p l e a re t h e i r boats .

E ac h fa m i ly p oss e ss e s at l e ast o ne s m al l boat

cap abl e o f ca rry i ng s ev e n o r e i g h t p ersons and u s e d ’
,

c h i e fly fo r go i ng to and fro m t h e fi a a z fi e lds b u t ’

,

also fo r fis h i ng and S h o rt j o u rn eys o f all k i nds I n .

add i t i on to t h e s e t h e co m m u n i ty p oss ess es s e v e ral

56 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H CH .

la rg er boats u s e d fo r long erj o u rn e ys and g e n e rally ,

at l e ast o ne long wa r boat cap abl e o f ca rry i ng 50

-
,

to 1 0 0 m e n E ach boat ev e n o ne o f t h e la rg e st
.
,

S ize,
i s h ollo we d fro m a s i ngl e log t h e free boa rd ,

b ei ng ra i s ed by las h i ng n a rro w p lanks to t h e e dg e

o f t h e h ollo we d log I n t h e m i ddl e o f a la rg e boat
.

i s a s e ct i on t h e fre e boa rd o f wh i c h i s ra i s ed st i ll
,

h i g h e r and wh i c h i s cov e re d by an a rc h ed roo f o f

,

p al m l e av e s . T h e boat i s c ross e d at i nt e rvals o f

so m e t h re e fee t by s e ats fo rm e d o f S h o rt p lanks e ac h ,

s u p p o rt e d at bot h e nds by p roj ect i ons o f t h e m a i n

t i m b e r to wh i ch t h e y a re las h e d wi t h rattan I n
, .

t rav e ll i ng on t h e lo we r re ac h e s o f t h e ri v e rs t h e ,

ro we rs S i t t wo on e ac h b e nc h s i d e by s i d e and
,

fac i ng t h e b o w On t h e u p p er re ac h e s wh e re ra p i ds
.
,

abo u nd a d e ck i s m ad e by lay i ng s p l i t ba m boos

,

along t h e l e ngt h o f t h e boat u p on t h e b e nc h es ,

and t h e c re w s i ts u p on t h i s d e ck i n p addl i ng o r ,

stands u p on i t wh e n p ol i ng t h e boat ov e r rap i ds .

I n add i t i on to t h e clot h e s h o u s e s and boats

, , ,

and t h e do m est i c an i m als m e nt i on ed abov e and to ,

t h e p e rsonal o rna m e nts and we a p ons to b e d e sc ri b e d

i n lat e r c h a p t ers t h e m at e ri al p oss e ss i on s o f t h e
,

K ayans cons i st c hi e fly o f bask e ts and m ats .

T h e bask e ts a re o f va ri o u s s h ap e s and s i z e s ,

adap t e d to a va ri e ty o f u s e s T h e la rg e st s i z e
.

h olds abo u t t wo b u s h e ls o f 1561 612, and i s c h i efly u s e d

fo r t rans p o rt i ng g ra i n fro m t h e fi e lds to t h e h o u s e
( gF i . I t i s al m ost cyl i nd ri cal i n s h a e b u t rat h e r
p ,

wi d e r at t h e u pp e r e nd Fo u r st ri p s o f wood ru n
.

n i ng do wn fro m n ea r t h e u p p e r edg e p roj e ct S l i g h tly

b e lo w fo rm i ng s h o rt l eg s on wh i ch t h e bask e t
,

stands T h e u pp er e nd i s clos ed by a d e tach abl e

.

c a p wh i c h fits i ns i d e t h e u r l i o f t h e bask e t
, pp e p .

I t i s p rov i d e d wi t h a p a i r o f s h o u ld e r st rap s and a ,

st rap wh i c h i s p ass e d ov er t h e c ro wn o f t h e h ead .

T h e s e st rap s a re m ad e o f a s i ngl e st ri p o f to u g h
b eat e n ba rk O ne end o f i t i s attac h e d to t h e foot o f
.
H M AT E R I A L C O N D I T I O N S 57

the bask et ; a s e con d attach m en t i s m ad e at th e

m i ddl e o f t h e h e i g h t fo rm i ng a loo p fo r t h e
,
o ne

s h o u ld er ; t h e st ri p i s t h e n loo p ed ov er to the

FIG 4
. . P a dz
-
'

b k t wi th h r m
as e c a s.

co rres p ond i ng o i nt on t h e ot h e r s i d e fo rm i ng t h e
p ,

l o op fo r t h e h e ad and t h e n ca rri ed do wn to t h e foot

,

o f t h e bask e t on t h at s i d e to fo rm t h e l o o p fo r t h e

ot h er s h o u ld er.
58 P A G A N T R I B E S O F B O RN E O C H AP .

A s m all e r cyl i nd ri cal bask et v ery n eatly p la i t e d

,

o f t h i n and v e ry p l i abl e st ri p s o f rattan i

, s u s ed

fo r ca rry i ng t h e fe w a rt i cl e s wh i c h a m a n tak e s
wi t h h i m I n t rav e l
l i ng a l i ttl e ri c e
—

and tobacco a s p a re ,

wa i st clot h a S l e ep
,

i ng m a t p erh a p s a
,

s e cond m a t o f p al m
l e av e s u s e d as a
p rot e ct i on aga i n st
ra i n a roll o f d ri e d
,

banana l eav e s fo r
m ak i ng c i ga re tt e s ,

p e rh a s a ca
p p for

we a r i n t h e h o u s e ,

a n d n o t i nfre
,

q u en tly n o wadays ,

a b ri g h t colo u red
h a n d k e rc h i e f o f
C hi n e s e s i lk T h e .

l i p o f t h e bask e t i s
s u rro u nd e d by a
clos e s et ro w o f
e y e s t h ro u g h wh i c h

a co rd i s p ass ed .

To t h i s co rd a ne t
i s attac h ed and i s ,

d ra wn tog e t h er i n
t h e c e nt re o f t h e
op en i n g o f th e
F IG 5 . .
bask e t by a s e cond

co rd i n o rd er to
,

confin e i t s cont e nts T hi s bask et i s p rov i d e d wi t h

.

s h o u ld e r st ra p s only .

I n add i t i on to t h es e t wo p ri nc i p al bask e ts e ach ,

fa m i ly h a s a n u m b er o f s m all e r bask e ts o f va ri
o u s s h a e s fo r sto ri ng t h e i r r sonal b long i ngs
p p e e ,
 P L AT E 44 .

5 . T o b a cco bo x es . T o b a c co pi p es . 6 . W o o d en pl a te fo r rol l i ng Ciga r et tes .

fp . F ir e p l S tO Il .
f N o se fl u te .
g . Go ur d f
or pi th - h ea ds o f da rts .
60 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

R i c e t h e p ri nc i p al food wh i c h fo rm s t h e b u lk o f
, ,

e v e ry m e al i s bo i l e d i n an i ron o r b rass p o t wi t h
,

l i p h andl e and l i d not u nl i k e t h e O l d Engl i s h

, , ,

ca u ld ron ; i t h a s no l egs ,

and i s p lac e d on a t ri p od
o f ston e s o r s u s p e nd e d

ov e r t h e fi re T h i s m e tal .

p o t w h i c h i s obta
,
i n e d
fro m t h e C h i n e s e t rad e rs ,

has s u p e rs e d e d t h e
h o m e m ad e p o t O f clay
( g )
F i 8 and t h e ba m boo
.

v e ss els I n whi c h t h e ri c e
F IG
w as cook ed i n fo rm e r
7 . .

t i m es A la rg e r wi d e .

st ewp an i s also u s e d fo r cook i ng p o rk v eg e tabl es , ,

and fi s h T h e K ayans s m ok e tobacco wh i c h t h ey

.
,

c u lt i vat e i n s m all q u ant i t i es I t i s g e n e rally s m ok e d

.

i n t h e fo rm o f la rg e c i ga r
e t t es , t h e fin e ly c u t l e a f
b e i ng roll e d i n s h ee ts o f
d ri ed banana l e a f B u t i t .

i s also s m ok e d i n p i p e s .

wh i c h a re m ad e i n a
va ri e ty o f s h ap e s t h e ,

bo wl o f h a rd wood t h e ,

st e m o f S l e nd er ba m boo
( g 9)
F i . S ea Dayaks
c h ew tobacco b u t s m ok e ,

l i ttl e b ei ng d e vot e d to
,

t h e c h e wi ng O f b e t e l nu t . F 8 IG . .

E n e v ery h o u se i s a
n u m b er o f la rg e b rass g ongs (Za wa é) wh i ch a re ,

u s e d i n va ri o u s c e re m on i e s and fo r s i gnall i ng and ,

const i t u t e also o ne o f t h e b est re cogn i s ed standa rds

o f val u e and t h e m ost i m o rtant fo rm o f c u rre n cy
p .

B es i d e s t h e s e la rg e st gongs s m all er on e s o f va ri o u s
,

s h ap es and s i z e s a re k ep t and u s ed on fe st i v e
 K E N YAH W O MAN '
S H AT .

P L AT E 45
. K AYAN T AW A K AN D GO N G S .
 M AT E R I A L C O N D I T I O N S
occas i ons ( P I . Al l t h e s e gon g s a re
t h ro u g h t rad e rs fro m B ru n i C h i na and ja
, ,

B e s i d e t h e gongs a K ayan h o u s e g e n e rally con

ta i ns as t h e co m m on p ro p e rty o f t h e wh ol e h o u s e
,

h old s ev e ral long na rro w d ru m s ( F i g

, E ac h .

i s a h ollo w cyl i nd e r o f wood const ri ct e d abo u t i t s

,

m i ddl e o p en at o ne e nd and clos e d at t h e ot h e r

, ,

wi t h a S h e e t o f d ee r sk i n
-
T h i s i s st re tch e d
.

by m eans o f sl i p s o f rattan attac h e d to i t s edg e s ,

and ca rri e d back to a sto u t rattan ri ng wov e n

abo u t t h e const ri ct e d m i ddl e o f t h e d ru m ; t h e
sk i n i s t i g h t e n ed by i ns e rt i ng wedg e s u nd e r
t h i s ri ng .

FIG .
9 .

I n m ost h o u s e s t wo o r t h re e s m all b rass S wi v e l

g u ns m a y b e s e e n i n t h e gall ery a nd a s m all stock ,

o f p o wd e r fo r t h e i r s e rv i c e i s u s u ally k e t by t h e
p
c h i e f T h e y a re so m e t i m e s d i sc h arg e d to sal u t e
.

a d i st i ng u i s h ed v i s i to r and fo rm e rly p lay e d so m e

,

FIG . 10 .

s m all p a rt i n rep e ll i ng attacks T h e do m e st i c

.

an i m als o f t h e K ayan s a re fo wls goats p i gs and , , ,

dogs T h e latt er l i v e i n t h e h o u s e t h e ot h ers ru n

. ,

free b e n e at h and a ro u nd t h e h o u s e .

T h e m at e ri al p oss e ss i ons o f t h e ot h e r p eo p l e s
d i ffer l i ttl e fro m t h os e o f t h e K ayans Al m ost .
62 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O CHAP . IV

e v e ry S e a Dayak p oss e ss e s and k eep s sto re d at ,

t h e back o f h i s p ri vat e c h a m b e r o ne o r m o re la rg e
,

vas e s T h e s e were fo rm erly i m p o rt e d fro m C h i na

.
,

b u t a re no w m ad e by t h e C h i n e s e o f t h e to wns i n
Bo rn e o T h e co m m on e st o f t h e h i g h ly p ri z e d j a rs
.

a re o f p la i n b ro wn b ri g h tly glaz e d e a rt h e n wa re ,

stand i ng abo u t t h ree fe e t i n h e i g h t on a flat botto m

( P I 4 ) ;
8 e ac h 1 5 o rna m e nt e d w i t h a C h i n e s e d ragon
m o u ld e d i n re l i e f (benag a ) o r so m e sc roll d e s i gns
,

wh i c h t h o u g h v e ry va ri e d go by t h e na m e o f ra s a
, ,

= d ee r and a z a ka
) A Dayak w i ll g i v e fro m 2 0 0
’

g .

to 4 0 0 dolla rs fo r s u ch a ja r Ra re r and st i ll m o re
.

hi g h ly p ri z e d i s a j a r s i m i la r to t h e s e b u t wi d e r
, ,

v e ry h i g h ly gla z ed and ba re o f all o rna m e nt sav e

,
“
so m e O bsc u re m a rk i ngs E i g h t p erfo rat e d e a rs
.

roj e ct j u st b elo w t h e l i p and s e rv e fo r t h e attac h

p ,

m e n t o f a wood e n o r clot h cov e r T h i s ja r occ u rs

.

i n t wo va ri e t i e s a da rk g re e n and a v e ry da rk
,

b ro wn wh i c h a re kno wn re s p e ct i v e ly as g a sz an d
,

éerg z a a t h e latt e r b e i ng t h e m o re val u abl e

,
O th er .

s m all e r and l e ss val u e d j a rs a re t h e fi a m a r and ‘

th e a l a s T h e j a rs o f t h e k i nds m e nt i on e d abov e
.

a re val u e d la rg e ly on acco u nt o f t h e i r a g e p robably

all o f t h em we re i m p o rt e d fro m C h i na and S i a m ,

so m e o f t h e m no do u bt c e nt u ri e s ago B es i d e s
.

t h e s e old j a rs t h e re a re no w to b e fo u nd i n m ost
o f the S e a Dayak h o u s e s m any j a rs o f m od e rn
C h i n e s e m an u fact u re so m e o f wh i c h a re v e ry sk i l fu l
,

i m i tat i ons o f t h e O l d ty p es ; and t h o u g h t h e D ayak

i s a conno i ss e u r i n t h e s e m att e rs and can u s u ally ,

d i st i ng u i s h t h e ne w fro m t h e old h e p u rc h as e s ,

wi ll i ngly t h e c h e a p m od e rn i m i tat i ons o f t h e old ,

b e ca u s e t h ey a re read i ly m i stak e n by t h e cas u al

obs e rv e r fo r t h e m o re val u abl e va ri e t i e s ( P 1 .

A fe w la rg e vas e s o f C h i n e s e p o rc e la i n u s u ally ,

cov e re d wi t h e labo rat e d e s i gns i n colo u r a re to b e ,

fo u nd i n m ost o f t h e h o u s e s o f t h e ot h e r p e o p l e s
( P l
64 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

t h e s e fi ft ee n s u b t ri b es rep re s e nt fi ft ee n o ri g i nal
Kayan v i llag e s wh i c h at so m e re m ot e p eri o d b e fo re ,

t h e t ri b e b e ca m e so wi d e ly scatt e re d m a y h av e ,

con ta i n ed t h e wh ol e Kayan p o p u lat i on At t h e .

re s e n t t i m e t h e p e o p l e o f e ac h s u b t ri b e occ u y
p p
-

s e v eral v i llag e s wh i c h i n m ost cas e s b u t not i n all

, , ,

a re wi t h i n t h e bas i n o f o ne ri v e r .

I n s p i t e o f t h e co m m u n i ty o f t ri bal s e nt i m e nt ,

wh i c h l e ads K ayans al ways to tak e t h e p a rt o f

K ayans and p re v e nts t h e o u tb reak o f any s e ri o u s
,

q u a rre ls b e t wee n K ayan v i llag e s t h e re e x i st n o ,

fo rm al bonds b e t we e n t h e va ri o u s s u b t ri b e s and -

v i llag e s . E ach v i llag e i s absol u t e ly i nd ep end e nt

o f all ot h e rs sav e i n so fa r as c u sto m and ca u t i on
,

p re sc ri b e t h at b
, e fo re u nd e rtak i ng any i m o rtant
p
a ffa i r ( s u ch as a re m oval o f t h e v i llag e o r a
wa rl i k e e x p ed i t i on ) t h e c h i e f wi ll s e ek t h e adv i c e
, ,

and i f n e c essa ry t h e co o p e rat i on o f t h e c h i e fs

, ,

o f n e i g h bo u ri ng Kayan v i llag e s T h e p e op l e o f
.

n e i g h bo u ri ng v i llag e s e s p ec i ally t h e fa m i l i e s o f
,

t h e c h i e fs a re also bo u nd tog e t h e r by m any t i e s

,

o f k i ns h i
p ; fo r i nt e rm a rri ag e i s fr e q u e nt .

AS wa s sa i d abov e a Kayan v i llag e al m ost ,

i nva ri ably cons i sts o f s ev e ral long h o u s e s E ac h .

h o u s e i s ru l e d by a c h i e f ; b u t o ne s u c h c h i e f i s
re cogn i s e d as t h e h e ad c h i e f o f t h e v i llag e
-
.

T h e m i no r and p u re ly do m e st i c a ffa i rs o f e ac h
h o u s e a re s ettl e d by t h e h o u s e c h i e f b u t all i m -
,

o rtant m att ers o f g e n e ral i nt e re st a re b ro u gh t

p
b e fo re t h e v i llag e c h i e f I n t h e fo rm e r cat ego ry
-
.

fall d i s p u t es as to o wn e rs h i p o f do m e st i c an i m als
and p lants q u e st i ons o f co m p e nsat i on fo r i nj u ry
,

o r loss O f bo rro we d boats n e ts o r ot h e r a rt i cl e s o f

, , ,

m a rri ag e and d i vo rc e and m i no r p e rsonal i nj u ri e s

, ,

m o ral o r p h ys i cal T h e m att e rs to b e s e ttl e d by t h e

.

h e ad c h i e f s i tt i ng i n co u nc i l wi t h t h e s u bo rd i nat e
-

c h i efs a re t h os e a ffect i ng t h e wh ol e v i llag e q u e s ,

t i ons o f wa r and p eac e and o f rem oval d i s p u t e s ,

P L AT E 4 9
. T AMA U SON G , L E AD I N G KAYAN C H I E F OF
T HE BA R AM D I ST R I CT .
66 PAG AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O CH AP .

not h i ng i n t h e s h ap e o f m at eri al re wa rd H e m a y .

re c e i v e a l i ttl e vol u nta ry ass i stanc e i n t h e c u lt i vat i on

o f h i s fi e ld ; i n t rav e ll i ng by boat h e i s acco rd e d t h e
’

lac e o f h ono u r an d e as e i n t h e m i ddl e o f t h e boat

p ,

and h e i s not e xp ect e d to h e l p i n i t s p ro p u ls i on .

H i s p ri nc i p al rewa rds a re t h e soc i al p re c e d e nc e an d

d efere nc e acco rd e d h i m and t h e sat i s fact i on fo u nd
i n t h e e x e rc i s e o f a u t h o ri ty .

I f t h e p eo p l e o f a h o u s e o r v i llag e a re g rav e ly
d i ssat i sfi ed wi t h t h e cond u ct o f t h ei r c hi e f t h ey wi ll ,

re t i re to t h e i rp a a i fi e l ds b u i ld i ng t e m p o ra ry h o u s e s
’
—
,

t h e re I f m any tak e t h i s co u rs e a new long h o u s e

.
,

wi ll b e b u i lt and a ne w ch i e f e l e ct e d to ru l e ov e r i t ,

wh i l e t h e old c h i e f re m a i ns i n t h e old h o u s e wi t h
a red u c e d follo wi ng so m e t i m e s cons i st i ng only o f
,

h i s n ea r re lat i v e s .

T h e o ffic e o f c h i e f i s rat h e r e l e ct i v e t h an h ered i

ta ry b u t t h e o p erat i on o f t h e e l ect i v e p ri nc i p l e i s
,

a ffe ct e d by a st ro ng b i as i n favo u r o f t h e m ost

cap abl e son o f t h e lat e c h i ef ; so i n p ract i c e a ch i e f
i s g e n e rally s u cc e e d e d by o ne o f h i s sons An .

e ld e rly c h i e f wi ll so m e t i m e s vol u n ta ri ly abd i cat e i n

favo u r o f a son I f a c h i e f d i e s l e av i ng no son o f

.
,

m at u re a g e so m e e ld e rly m a n o f good stand i ng

,

and ca p ac i ty wi ll b e e l e ct ed to t h e c h i e fta i ns h i p ,

g e n erally by ag re e m e nt a rri v ed at by m any i n fo rm al

d i sc u ss i ons d u ri ng t h e wee ks follo wi ng t h e d e at h .

I f t h e re a ft e r a son o f t h e O l d c h i e f S h o we d h i m s e l f a
ca p abl e m a n as h e g rew u p h e wo u ld b e held to ,

h av e a st rong cla i m on t h e c h i e fta i ns h i p at t h e n e xt

vacancy . I f t h e ne w c h i e f at h i s d e at h l e ft also
a m at u re and cap abl e son t h e re m i g h t b e t wo,

cla i m an ts e ac h s u p p o rt ed by a st rong p a rty ; t h e

,

i ss u e o f s u c h a stat e o f a ffa i rs wo u ld p robably b e

t h e d i v i s i on o f t h e h o u s e o r v i llag e by t h e d ep a rt u re
,

o f o ne cla i m ant wi t h h i s p a rty to b u i ld a new

v i llag e I n s u ch a cas e t h e s e c ed i ng p a rty wo u ld
.

ca rry a way wi t h t h em t h e i r S h a re o f t h e t i m b ers

P L AT E 50 . A B AN D E NG , T HE C H I E F OF T HE L ON G W AT
( K L E M AN T AN S ) OF T H E B A RAM D I ST R I CT .
68 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

fu lly , and acc ep t i ng h i s d e c i s i ons wi t h m o re d e fe re nc e

t h an i s acco rd e d by t h e K ayans T h e ch i e f i n .

re t u rn s h o ws h i m s e l f m o re g e n e ro u s and p at e rnal
to wa rds h i s p eo p l e , i nt e re st i ng h i m s e l f m o re
i nt i m at e ly i n t h e i r i nd i v i d u al a ffa i rs H e nc e t h e
.

K e nya h c h i e f stands o u t m o re p ro m i n e ntly as

l e ad e r and re p re s e ntat i v e o f h i s p eo p l e an d t h e ,

co h e s i on o f t h e wh ol e co m m u n i ty i s st rong er T h e .

c h i e f o we s h i s g re at i nfl u e nc e ov e r h i s p eo p l e i n
la rg e m e as u re to h i s t ra i n i ng fo r whi l e st i ll a
, ,

yo u t h t h e son o r t h e n ep h ew o f a c h i e f i s acc u sto m e d

,

to re s p on s i b i l i ty by b e i ng s e nt i n c h a rg e o f s m all
bod i e s o f follo wers u p on m i ss i ons to d i stant v i llag e s ,

to gat h e r o r conv e y i n fo rm at i on o r to i nv e st i gat e

,

d i st u rb i ng ru m o u rs H e i s also fre q u e n tly call ed

.

on to s e ak on p u bl i c occas i ons and t h u s e a rly

u
p p ,

b e co m e s a p ract i s ed o rato r .

Am ong K l e m a nt a ns , M u ru ts and S ea Dayaks

,

e ac h h o u s e re cogn i s e s a h e ad m an o r c h i e f ; b u t h e

h a s l i ttl e a u t h o ri ty ( m o re p erh a p s a m ong t h e fi rst

o f t h e s e p e o p l e s t h an a m ong t h e ot h e r t wo H
) e .

acts as a rb i t rato r i n h o u s eh old d i s p u t e s b u t i n too ,

m any cas es h i s i m p a rt i al i ty i s not abov e s u s p i c i on ,

sav e wh ere c u sto m ri g i dly l i m i ts hi s p re fe re nc e .

Am ong bot h K ayans and K enya h s t h re e soc i al

st rata a re cl e a rly d i st i ng u i s h abl e and a re re cogn i s ed
by t h e p e o p l e t h em s e lv e s i n e ac h v i llag e T h e u pp e r .

class i s const i t u t ed by t h e fa m i ly o f t h e c h i ef and

h i s n e a r relat i v e s , h i s a u nts and u ncl e s b rot h e rs , ,

s i st ers and co u s i ns and t h e i r c h i ld re n

, , T h ese .

e
-
r class f a m i l i e s a re g e n e rally I n e as i er c i rc u m
u
pp
stanc e s t h an t h e ot h ers t h anks to t h e p oss e ss i on o f
,

r o e rty s u c h as b rass wa re val u abl e b e ads cav e s

p p , ,

i n wh i c h t h e s wi ft b u i lds i t s e d i bl e n e st slav e s and , ,

a s u p p ly o f all t h e ot h er m at eri al p oss e ss i ons la rg e r

i n q u ant i ty and s u p e ri o r i n q u al i ty to t h os e o f t h e
m i ddl e and lo we r class fa m i l i e s .

T h e m a n o f t h e u p p e r class can g e n e rally b e

 T H E S O C I AL S Y S T E M 69

d i st i ng u i s h e d at a glanc e by h i s s u p e ri o r b e a ri ng
and m ann ers by t h e n e atn ess and cl eanl i n e ss o f h i s
,

p e rson h,
i s m o re val u abl e w e a p ons and p e rsonal ,

o rna m e nts as well as by g re at er reg u la ri ty O f

,

feat u re s . T h e wo m an o f t h e u p p e r class al so
e x h i b i ts to t h e eye s i m i la r m a rks o f h e r s u p eri o r
b i rt h and b re e d i ng T h e tat u i ng o f h e r S k i n i s
.

m o re fin e ly e x e c u t e d g re at e r ca re i s tak e n wi t h t h e
,

e longat i on o f t h e lob e o f t h e e a r so t h at t h e soc i al ,

stat u s o f t h e wo m an i s i nd i cat e d by t h e l engt h o f

t h e lob e . H e r d re ss and p e rson a re cl e an e r and ,

g e n e rally b e tt er ca re d fo r an d h e r sk i n i s fa i re r
,

t h an t h at o f ot h er wo m e n o wi ng n o do u bt to h e r
,

h av i ng b e e n l e ss e x p os e d to t h e s u n .

T h e m e n o f t h e u pp er class wo rk i n t h e fi a a i ’

fi e l ds and b e a r t h e i r s h a re o f all t h e labo u rs o f t h e

v i llag e ; b u t t h e y a re abl e to c u lt i vat e la rg e r a re as
t h an ot h e rs o wi ng to t h e i r p oss e ss i on o f slav e s wh o , ,

alt h o u g h t h e y a re e x p e ct ed to g ro w a s u p p ly o f
a z fo r t h e i r o wn u s e ass i st i h c u lt i vat i on o f
’

’
fi a ,
n t e

t h e i r m ast er s fi e lds F o r t h e u p p e r class wo m e n

’
.
-
,

also t h e labo u rs o f t h e fi e ld and t h e h o u s e a re

,

re nd e re d l e ss s e v e re by t h e ass i stanc e o f fe m al e
slav e s alt h o u g h t h e y b e a r a p a rt bot h i n t h e weed
,

i ng o f t h e fi e lds i n t h e h a rv e st i ng and i n t h e
, ,

re p a rat i on o f food i n t h e h o u s e
p .

T h e c h i e f s roo m wh i c h i s u s u ally abo u t t wi c e

’

as long as ot h ers i s u s u ally i n t h e m i ddl e o f t h e

,

h o u s e ; and t h os e o f t h e ot h e r u pp e r class fa m i l i e s -
,

wh i c h also m a y b e la rg e r t h an t h e ot h e r roo m s ,

adj o i n i t on e i t h e r s i d e .

I I n all soc i al gat h e ri ngs and i n t h e p erfo rm anc e

,

o f p u bl i c ri t e s and c e re m on i e s t h e m e n o f t h e u pp er
,

class a re acco rd e d l e ad i ng p a rts and t h e y u s u ally ,

g ro u p t h e m s e lv e s abo u t t h e ch i e f S oc i al I n t e rco u rs e
.

i s fre e r and m o re i nt i m at e a m ong t h e eo p l e o f t h e

p
u
pp e r class t h an b e t w e e n t h e m and t h e r e st o f t h e

h o u s e h old .
 7 0 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

T h e u p p e r class i s re lat i v e ly m o re n u m e ro u s
i n t h e K e nya h t h an i n t h e K ayan h o u s e s and ,

m o re cl e a rly d i st i ng u i s h abl e by add ress and b ea r

In
g
T h e m i ddl e class co m p ri s e s t h e m aj o ri ty o f t h e
p pe o l e o f a h o u s e i n m ost cas e s T h e y m a
y e nj
. oy
all t h e fo rm s o f p rop e rty t h o u g h g e n erally t h e i r
,

p oss e ss i ons a r e o f s m all e r e xt e nt and val u e and ,

t h ey s e l do m p oss e ss slav e s T h e i r vo i c e s ca rry

.

l ess we i g h t i n p u bl i c a ffa i rs ; b u t a m ong t h i s class

a re g e n e rally a few m e n o f e xc ep t i onal cap ac i ty
o r e x e ri e nc e wh os e adv i c e an d c o o e rat i on a re
p p
-

s p e c i ally val u ed by t h e c h i e f Am ong t h i s class .

,

too a re u s u ally a fe w m e n i n e ac h h o u s e on wh o m
,

d e volv e o ft e n h ere d i ta ri ly s p e c i al d u t i e s i m p ly i ng
, ,

s p e c i al S k i ll o r kno wl edg e eg t h e wo rk i ng o f i ron

, .

at t h e fo rg e t h e m ak i ng o f boats t h e catch i ng o f
, ,

so u ls t h e find i ng o f ca m p h o r t h e obs ervat i on an d

, ,

d et erm i nat i on o f t h e s easons A l l s u c h s p ec i al

.

occu p at i ons a re so u rc e s o f p rofit t h o u g h only t h e ,

last o f t h e s e e n abl e s a m a n to d i s p e ns e wi t h t h e
c u lt i vat i on o f fi a a z
’
’
.

T h e lo we r class i s m ad e u p o f slav e s cap t u re d i n

wa r and o f t h e i r d e sc e ndants and fo r t h i s reason i t s
,

m e m b e rs a re o f v e ry va ri e d p h ys i cal ty p e An .

u n m a rri e d slav e o f e i t h e r s e x l i v e s wi t h and i s ,

t re at ed al m ost as a m e m b e r o f t h e fa m i ly o f h i s ,

o r h e r m ast er e at i ng a nd i n so m e cas e s sl ee i ng
, p
i n t h e fa m i ly roo m S lav e s a re allo we d to m a rry
.
,

t h e i r c h i ld re n b e co m i ng t h e p rop erty o f t h e i r
m ast e rs S o m e slav e fa m i l i e s a re allo wed to
-

acq u i re a roo m i n t h e h o u s e and t h e y t h e n b eg i n

,

to acq u i re a l e ss d ep e nd e nt p os i t i on ; and t h o u g h
t h ey st i ll reta i n t h e stat u s o f S lav e s and a re s p ok e n ,

o f as
”
slav es o u ts i d e t h e roo m t h e m ast e rg e n e rally
- - -
,

finds i t i m p oss i bl e to co m m and t h e i r s erv i c es b eyond

a v ery l i m i t e d e xt e nt and i n so m e cas e s wi ll v o l u n
,

t a ri l y re s i gn hi s ri g h ts ov er t h e fa m i ly B u t i n th i s .
 T HE S O C I A L S YS T E M 7 1

cas e th e fa m i ly con t i n u e s to b e long to th e lo wer

cla ss .

T h e m e m b e rs ac h o f t h es e class es m a rry
of e

i n n e a rly all cas e s wi t h i n t h e i r o wn class T he .

m a rri ag e s o f t h e yo u ng p e o p l e o f t h e u p p e r class
a re ca re fu lly re g u lat e d A lt h o u g h t h ey a re allo we d
.

to c h oos e t h e i r p artn e rs acco rd i ng to t h e i n sc ru tabl e

d i ctat es o f p e rsonal a ffin i t i e s t h ei r c h o i c e i s l i m i t e d
,

by t h e i r eld ers an d t h e a u t h o ri ty o f t h e c h i ef M any .

o f t h e m m a rry m e m b e rs o f n e i g h bo u ri ng v i llag e s ,

wh i l e t h e ot h er class e s m a rry wi t h i n t h e i r o wn
v i llag e .

A yo u t h o f t h e u pp er class b e co m i ng fond o f ,

so m e g i rl o f t h e m i ddl e class and n ot b e i ng allo we d

,

to m a rry h e r (alt h o u g h t h i s i s occas i on ally p e r

m i t t ed) wi ll l i v e wi t h h e r fo r a y e a r o r t wo
,
T h en .
,

wh e n t h e t i m e fo r h i s m a rri ag e a rri v e s (i t h av i ng
r h a s b ee n ost on e d fo r so m e y e a rs a ft e r b e i ng
p e p p p
a rrang e d o wi ng to e v i l o m e n s o r to lack o f m e ans o r
, ,

o f h o u s e acco m m odat i on
) h e ma
y s
,
e p a rat e fro m h i s

m i st re ss l e av i ng i n h e r ca re any c h i ld re n bo rn o f
,

t h e i r u n i on and p erh ap s m ak i n g ov e r to h er so m e
,

ro e rty as u bl i c o i n i on d e m ands i n s u c h cas e s

p p p p
—
.

S h e m a y an d u s u ally wi ll m a rry s u bs eq u e n tly a

m a n o f h e r o wn class b u t t h e c h i ld re n bo rn o f h e r
,

i rreg u la r u n i on m a y cla i m and m a y b e acco rd e d

so m e o f t h e p ri v i l eg e s o f t h e i r fat h e r s class I n ’
.

t h i s wa y t h e re i s fo rm e d i n m ost v i llag e s a class o f

p e r sons o f a m b i g u o u s stat u s d e ba rr e d ,fro m f u ll
m e m b ers h i p i n t h e u p p e r class by t h e b a r s i n i st e r -
.

S u ch p erson s t e nd to b e co m e wh olly i d e n t i fi e d wi t h
t h e u p p e r o r m i ddl e class acco rd i ng to t h e d e g ree s
o f t h e i r p ersonal m e ri ts .

M a rri ag e s a re so m e t i m es con t ract e d b e t wee n

p e r son s o f t h e m i ddl e and slav e class e s I n t h e .

cas e o f a yo u ng m a n m a rry i ng a S lav e wo m an t h e ,

o wn e rs o f t h e wo m an wi ll e nd e avo u r to p ers u ad e
h i m to l i v e wi t h h e r i n t h e i r roo m wh e n h e b eco m e s ,
7 2 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O CHAP .

a s u bo rd i nat e m e m b er o f t h e i r h o u s eh old I f t h ey
.

s u cc ee d i n t h i s t h e y wi ll cla i m as t h e i r p ro p erty
h al f t h e c h i ld re n bo rn to t h e co u p l e On t h e ot h e r
.

h and i f t h e m a n i ns i sts on e stabl i s h i ng h i m s e l f i n

,

oss e ss i on o f a roo m h e m a y s u cc e e d i n ract i cally

p , p
e m anc i at i ng h i s wi fe e rh a s m ak i ng so m e c o m
p p p ,

ens a t i o n to h e r o wn ers i n t h e s h a p e o f e rsonal

p p
s e rv i c es o r b rass wa re I n t h i s cas e t h e ch i ld re n
.

O f t h e co u p l e wo u ld b e rega rd e d as fre e bo rn . I t is
g e n e rally p oss i bl e fo r an e n erg e t i c slav e to b u y h i s
fre edo m .

L e ss freq u e nt i s t h e m a rri ag e o f a slav e m a n

wi t h a fre e wo m an o f t h e m i ddl e class .I n this
cas e t h e m a n wi ll g e n erally m anag e to s ec u re h i s
e m anc i p at i on and to e stabl i s h h i m s e l f as m ast e r o f

a roo m and to m erg e h i m s e l f i n t h e m i ddl e class

, .

I n t h e cas e o f m a rri ag e b et we e n t wo slav e s t h e y ,

cont i n u e to l i v e i n t h e roo m s o f t h e i r o wn e rs ,

s p e nd i ng by a rrang e m e nt p eri ods o f t wo o r t h ree

y e a rs alt e rnat ely as m e m b e rs o f t h e t wo h o u s e
h olds . T h e c h i ld re n bo rn o f s u c h a slav e co u p l e -

a re d i v i d e d as t h e y g ro w u b t w n t h o w n rs f
p e ee e e o

t h e i r p a re nts .

On t h e wh ol e t h e slav e s a re t re at ed wi t h so m u c h
k i ndn e ss an d cons i d erat i on t h at t h e y h av e l i ttl e to
co m p la i n o f and m ost o f t h e m s e e m to h av e l i ttl e
,

d es i re to b e fre e d A cap abl e slav e m a y b e co m e

.

t h e confidant and co m p an i on o f h i s m ast e r and i n ,

t h i s wa y m a y atta i n a p os i t i on o f con s i d e rabl e i nflu

e nc e i n t h e v i llag e A yo u ng S lav e i s co m m o nly
.

“
add re ss e d by h i s m ast er and m i st re ss as M y C h i ld .

A slav e i s s e ldo m b e at e n o r s u bj e ct e d to any

u n i s h m e nt sav e scold i ng and h e b e a rs h i s p a rt
p ,

fre e ly i n t h e l i fe o f t h e fa m i ly s h a ri ng i n i t s labo u rs
,

and i t s re c reat i ons i t s i l l o r i t s good fo rt u n es

, .

N ot h i ng i n t h e d re ss o r ap p ea ranc e o f t h e slav e
d i st i ng u i s h e s h i m fro m t h e ot h e r m em b ers o f t h e
v i llag e .
74 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O CH AP .

l i k e ly to p rov e h ap p y M any yo u ng m e n o f t h e
.

u
pp e r class m a r ry g i rls o f t h e sa m e class b e long i ng
to n e i g h bo u ri ng v i llag e s o f t h e i r o wn p e o p l e and ,

i n so m e cas e s t h i s c h o i c e falls on a g i rl O f a v i llag e

o f so m e ot h e r t ri b e .A m a rri ag e o f t h e latt e r k i nd
i s o ft e n e nco u rag e d by t h e c h i e fs and e ld e r p e o p l e ,

i n o rd e r to st re ng th e n o r to re sto re fri e ndly re lat i on s

b et we e n t h e v i llag e s .

T h e i n i t i at i v e i s tak e n i n n ea rly all cas e s by t h e

yo u t h H e b eg i n s by p ay i ng att en t i on s so m e wh at
.

fu rt i v e ly to t h e g i rl wh o att racts h i s fancy He .

wi ll O ft e n b e fo u nd p ass i ng t h e e v e n i ng i n h e r
co m p any i n h e r p a re nts roo m ’
T h e re h e wi ll
.

d i s p lay h i s sk i ll wi t h t h e ée/a rz o r t h e jew s h a rp

’
’

, ,

o r S i ng t h e favo u ri t e lov e song o f -

t he p pe o l e ,

va ry i ng t h e wo rds to s u i t t h e occas i on I f t h e g i rl .

looks wi t h favo u r on h i s advanc e s s h e m anag e s to ,

m ak e t h e fact kno wn to h i m P ol i t e n e ss d em ands

.

t h at i n any cas e h e s h all b e s u p p l i e d by t h e wo m e n

wi t h l i g h t e d c i ga re tt e s I f t h e g i rl wi s h e s h i m to
.

stay S h e g i v e s h i m a c i ga re tt e t i ed i n a p e c u l i a r
,

m ann e r na m e ly by wi nd i ng t h e st ri p wh i c h confin e s
,

i t s S h e at h o f d ri e d banan a l e a f clos e to t h e na rro w

m o u t h p i e c e ; wh e re as on all ot h e r occas i on s t h i s
-

st ri p i s wo u nd abo u t t h e m i ddl e o f t h e c i gare tt e .

T h e yo u ng m a n t h u s e nco u rag e d wi ll re p e at h i s
V ISItS . I f h i s s u i t m ak e s p rog re ss h e m a y h Op e ,

t h at t h e fa i r o ne wi ll d ra w o u t wi t h a p a i r o f b rass
t weez e rs t h e h a i rs o f h i s e y e b ro ws and las h es wh i l e ,

h e re cl i n e s on h i s back wi t h h i s h e ad i n h e r l a p .

I f t h e s e h a i rs a re v e ry fe w t h e g i rl wi ll re m a rk t h at
'

so m e o ne e ls e h a s b ee n p u ll i ng t h em o u t an ,

i m p u tat i on wh i c h h e rep u d i at e s O r h e co m p la i ns
.

o f a h e adac h e and s h e ad m i n i st e rs scal m assag by

p e -
,

wi nd i ng t u fts o f h a i r abo u t h e r kn u ckl e s and s h a rp ly

t u gg i ng t h em W h e n t h e co u rts h i p h a s advanc e d
.

to t h i s stag e t h e g i rl m a y att ract h er s u i to r to t h e

,

roo m by p lay i ng on t h e j ew s h a r w i t h w h i c h h
’

p ,s e
7 6 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

i n t h e m eant i m e to abs e nt h i m s e l f fro m t h e v i llag e ,

i n t h e h o p e t h at h e m a y fo rm so m e ot h er attac h
m e nt B u t i f h e re m a i ns t ru e and favo u rabl e o m e ns
.

a re obta i n e d t h e m a rri a g e i s c e l e b rat e d i f p oss i bl e

,

at t h e clos e o f t h e h a rv e st I f t h e m a rri ag e tak es .

p lac e at any ot h e r t i m e t h e fe ast wi ll b e p ost p on e d ,

to t h e e nd o f t h e follo wi ng h a rv e st 1
A ft e r t h e .

m a rri ag e t h e m a n l i v e s wi t h h i s wi fe i n t h e roo m o f
h i s fat h e r i n l a w fo r o ne t wo o r at m ost t h re e
- -
, ,

y ea rs D u ri ng t h i s t i m e h e wo rks i n t h e fi e lds o f
.

h i s fat h e r i n l a w and g e n e rally h el p s i n t h e s u p p o rt

- -

o f t h e h o u s e h old s h o wi ng g re at d e fe re nc e to wa rds ,

h i s wi fe s p a re nts B e fo re t h e e nd o f t h e t h i rd
’

y e a r o f m a rri ag e t h e yo u ng co u p l e wi ll acq u i re fo r ,

t h e m s elv e s a roo m i n t h e h o u s e and v i llag e o f t h e

h u sband i n wh i c h t h e y s e t u p h o u s e k e ep i ng on
,

t h e i r o wn acco u nt I n add i t i on to t h e s e p e rsonal .

s erv i c e s re nd e re d to t h e p a re nts o f t h e b ri d e t h e ,

m a n o r h i s fat h e r and ot h er re lat i v e s g i v e to t h e

g i rl s p a re nts at t h e t i m e o f t h e m a rri ag e va ri o u s
’

a rt i cl e s wh i ch a re val u abl e i n p ro p o rt i on to t h e
soc i al stand i ng o f t h e p a rt i es and wh i c h a re g e n e r ,

ally a pp ro p ri at ed by t h e g i rl s p a re nts 2 ’
.

D i vo rc e i s ra re b u t n ot u nkno wn a m ong t h e
K ayans T h e p ri nc i p al g ro u nds o f d i vo rc e a re
.

1
rri g r m ny Ch p XV I I I
F o r th e m a a e ce e o s ee a . .

W t k th i pp r t u ni t y f nt r d i t i ng i n th m t m p h t i m nn r
2
e a e s o o o co a c e os e a c a e
a v ry m i l d i ng t t m nt w hi h f l l th m ny m i l d i ng t t m nt b u t
e s ea s a e e c o a e a s ea s a e e s a o
th p e pl f B rn th t i n ir u l t i n i p r h p th m t fr qu nt ly
eo es o o eo a a re c c a o s e a s e os e e te

p t d i n pri nt
ea e Th t t m nt m k i t m t r nt r pp r n i n Pr f r
. e s a e e a es s os ece ea ea a ce o es so
K n b k T l W l d P p l ( pu bl i h d i n
ea
’
e s oo ze T h r i t i wri tt n f
or
’
s eo es s e e e s e o

th B rn n th t N g ir l wi ll l k t w r b f r h h l i d h d
e o ea s a o oo a a o oe e o e e as a a ea
or tw t h f t
o a T i t m b v i u th t th i t t f ff ir u ld nly
er ee . o u s s ee s o o s a s s a e o a a s co o
ob t i n m ng h ydr h d d r
a a o Th t t m nt i n t t ru f ny n t ri b
a a- ea e a ce. e s a e e s o e o a o e e,

and r g r d m t f th B rn n h n f und t i n i nf t App l i d t th

as e a s os o e o ea s as o o a o ac . e o e

S D y k l n h th t t m nt n l m nt f t ru th Am ng th m t h v
ea a a s a o e as e s a e e a e e e o . o e o a e
tkn h dd
a e a m m nly nh nea w r hn f u
o es c o nd m ny o e a ce a ooe
’
s c a ces o s cc es s , a a

S eaD y k gir l nd th ir m th r wi ll t u nt ui t r wi th h ving t k n n

a a s a e o e s a a s o a a e o

h d b u t f w f th m wi ll m k th t k i ng f h d n nti l nd i t i n f
ea , e o e a e e a o a ea a ess e a co o o
th b t w l f th ir f v ur
e es o af m rri g
o A m th r wi ll r m r k t
e a y u tho or o a a e. o e e a o a o
wh i h ng i ng b u t h d u ght r B ' '
’
t n
’ ’

l m b d l b l
’
’ ’

o s a a o y er a e ,
zsz aa a ,
zsz e u ar u z da a a

a n k k a ( Wh n y h v t h w h r wi th l t d r n b th th i nt ri r nd th
a a e ou a e e e e a o a o o e e o a e

ext ri r f r m
e o j r wi th i n th r m nd h d wi th u t i n th g ll r y )
o a oo a s e oo a ea s o e a e

y ou n th n k f
ca m y h i ld )e as or c .
 T H E S O C I A L S YS T E M 77

m i scond u ct d e s e rt i on
, ,i nco m p at i b i l i ty o f t e m p e r
and fa m i ly q u a rre ls ; o r a co u p l e m a y t erm i nat e
t h e i r stat e o f we dlock by m u t u al cons e nt on p a y
m e n t o f a m od e rat e fi ne to t h e c h i e f S u c h s ep a ra
.

t i on by m u t u al cons e nt i s occas i on e d n ot i n fre q u e n tly

by t h e st e ri l i ty o f t h e m a rri ag e e s p e c i ally i f t h e
,

co u p l e fa i ls to obta i n a c h i ld fo r ado p t i on ; t h e
a r t i e s h o to roc u re o ffs ri ng by tak i ng ne w
p p e p p
p a r tn e rs ; fo r t h e d e s i r e fo r c h i ld re n an d
p ri d e and
j oy i n t h e p oss e ss i on o f t h e m a re st rongly fe lt by
all T h e h u sband o f a st e ri l e wi fe m a y l e av e t h e
.

h o u s e fo r a long p e ri od l i v i ng i n t h e j u ngl e and

,

v i s i t i ng ot h e r h o u s e s i n t h e h o p e t h at h i s wi fe
,

m a y d i vo rc e h i m on t h e g ro u nd o f d e s e rt i on o r ,

g i v e h i m g ro u nd fo r d i vo rc i ng h e r O n d i scov e ry .

o f m i scond u ct on t h e wo m an s p a rt t h e h u sband
’

wi ll u s u ally d i vo rc e h e r ; t h e m a n t h e n re ta i n s all
r o e rty acc u m u lat e d S i nc e t h e m a rri ag e an d t h
p p , e

c h i ld re n a re d i v i d e d b e t wee n t h e p a re nts T h e .

c o re s ond e n t and re s p ond e n t a re fin ed by t h

p e

c h i e f an d h al f t h e a m o u nt o f t h e fi ne go e s to t h e
,

i nj u re d h u sband . M i scond u ct on t h e p a rt o f t h e
m a n m u st b e flag ran t b e fo re i t const i t u t e s a s u ffic i e n t
g ro u nd fo r h i s d i vo rc e by h i s wi fe I n t h i s cas e t h e
.

sa m e ru l e s a re follo wed Am ong t h e K ayans t h e

.

d i vo rc e i s n ot i n freq u e ntly follo we d by a re conc i l i a

t i on b ro u g h t abo u t by t h e i nt erv e nt i on o f fri e nds ;
t h e p a rt i e s t h e n co m e tog e t h e r aga i n wi t h o u t fu rt h e r
c e re m ony . T h e re i s l i ttl e fo rm al i ty abo u t t h e
d i vo rc e p roc e d u re I n t h e m a i n i t tak e s t h e fo rm
.

o f s ep a rat i on by m u t u al cons e n t and t h e condona

t i on O f t h e i rreg u la ri ty by t h e co m m u n i ty on t h e
ay m e n t o f a fi ne to t h e c hi e f
p .

AD O P T I O N

Ado p t i on i s by no m e an s unco m m on T he
.

d e s i re fo r c h i ld re n e s p ec i ally
,
m al e c h i ld re n i s ,
7 8 PAG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

g e n e ral and st rong ; b u t st eri l e m a rri ag e s s eem to

b e kno wn a m ong all t h e p eo p l e s and a re co m m on
a m ong t h e K e nya h s W h e n a wo m an h a s re m a i n e d
.

i n fe rt i l e fo r so m e y e a rs a ft e r h er m a rri ag e t h e co u p l e
,

u s u ally s e e k to ado t o ne o r m o re c h i ld re n T h y
p . e

g e n erally p re fe r t h e ch i ld O f a re lat i v e b u t m a y tak e

,

any c h i ld e v e n a cap t i v e o r a slav e c hi ld wh os e

, ,

p a r e n ts a r e wi ll i ng to re s i gn all r i g h ts i n i t. A c h i ld
i s O ft e n tak e n ov e r fro m p a re nts o p p re ss e d by
p ov e r ty
,
i n m any cas e s so m e a r t i cl e o f val u e o r a

s u pp ly o f p a a i b e i ng g i v e n i n e xc h ang e N ot i n
’
.

fre q u e n tly t h e p a re nts wi s h to h av e t h e c h i ld re t u rn e d

to t h e m wh e n t h e i r a ffa i rs tak e a t u rn fo r t h e b e tt e r ,

o wi ng to a good h a rv e st o r so m e st rok e o f l u ck and ,

t h i s i s a fre q u e nt ca u s e o f d i ss e ns i ons U s u ally t h e

.

ado p t e d c h i ld tak es i n e v e ry wa y t h e p os i t i on o f a
c h i ld bo rn to t h e p a re nts
S o me o f t h e K l em a nt a ns ( B a ra wa ns and L e l a ks
.

i n t h e B a ra m ) p ract i s e a c u ri o u s sy m bol i c c ere m ony

on t h e ado p t i on o f a c h i ld . W h en a co u p l e h a s
a rrang e d to ado p t a c h i ld bot h m a n and wi fe
,

obs erv e fo r so m e we e ks b efo re t h e c e rem ony all

t h e p ro h i b i t i ons u s u ally O bs e rv e d d u ri ng t h e lat e r
m ont h s o f p regnancy . M any o f t h es e p ro h i b i t i on s
m a y b e d e sc ri b e d i n g e n eral t e rm s by say i ng t h at
t h ey i m p ly abst e nt i on fro m e v ery act i on t h at m a y
s u gg e st d i ffic u lty o r d elay i n d e l i v e ry eg t h e h and .

m u st not b e t h ru st i nto any na rro w h ol e to p u ll

anyt h i ng o u t o f i t no fix i ng o f t h i ngs wi t h wood en
gs m u st b e don e ; t h e re m u st b e no l i ng e ri ng o n
p e

t h e t h re s h old on e nt e ri ng o r l e av i ng a roo m W h en
.

t h e a p p o i nt e d day a rri v e s t h e wo m an s i ts i n h e r
,

roo m p ro pp e d u p and wi t h a clot h ro u nd h e r i n t h e ,

att i t u d e co m m only ado p t e d d u ri ng d el i v ery T h e .

c h i ld i s p u s h ed fo rwa rd fro m b eh i nd b e t wee n t h e

wo m an s l egs and i f i t i s a yo u ng c h i ld i t i s p u t
’

, , ,

to t h e b re ast and e nco u rag e d to s u ck . Lat er i t

re c e i v e s a ne w na m e .
 T H E S O C I AL SYS T E M 79

I t i s v e ry d i ffic u lt to obta i n ad m i ss i on t h at a
a rt i c u la r c h i ld h a s b e e n ado p t e d an d i s not t h e
p
act u al o ffs p ri ng o f t h e p a re nts ; and t h i s s ee m s to
b e du e not so m u c h to an y d e s i re to conc eal t h e
,

facts as to t h e co m p l e t e n e ss o f t h e ado p t i on t h e ,

a re nts co m i n g to re ga rd t h e c h i ld as so e nt i re ly
p
t h ei r o wn t h at i t i s d i ffic u lt to find wo rds whi c h wi ll
e x p re ss t h e d i ffere nc e b e t we e n t h e ado p t e d c h i ld

and t h e o ffs p ri ng T h i s i s e s p e c i ally t h e cas e i f

.

t h e wo m an h a s act u ally s u ckl e d t h e c h i ld .

P R O P E R N AM E S
T he c h i ld re m a i ns na m e l e ss d u ri ng t h e fi rst few
y e a rs an d i s s p ok e n o f as Uéa t i f a boy Owi ng i f a
, ,

g i rl bot h o f wh i c h s ee m to b e b e st t ranslat e d as
,

T h i ng u m yb o b ; a m ong t h e S e a Dayaks Ul a i (t h e
l i ttl e g ru b ) i s t h e na m e co m m only u s e d I t i s .

fe lt t h at to g i v e t h e c h i ld a n a m e wh i l e i t s h old
o f l i fe i s st i ll fe e bl e i s u nd es i rabl e b eca u s e t h e ,

n a m e wo u ld t e nd to d ra w t h e att e nt i on o f e v i l
s p i ri ts to i t D u ri ng i t s t h i rd o r fo u rt h ye a r i t
.

i s g i v e n a n a m e at t h e sa m e t i m e as a n u m b er o f
ot h e r c h i ld re n O f t h e h o u s e T h e na m e i s c h os e n
.
1

wi t h m u c h d e l i b e rat i on t h e e ld est son and da u g h t e r

,

u s u ally re c e i v i ng t h e na m e s o f a g rand fat h e r and

g rand m ot h e r res p ect i v e ly M al e and fe m al e na m e s

.

a re d i st i nct. T h e n a m e fi rst g i v e n to any p e rson

i s ra re ly ca rri e d t h ro u g h l i fe ; i t i s u s u ally c h ang e d
a ft e r any s e v e re i lln ess o r s eri o u s acc i d e nt i n o rd e r ,

t h at t h e ev i l i nfl u e nc e s t h at h av e p u rs u e d h i m m a y
fa i l to re cogn i s e h i m u nd e r t h e ne w na m e ; t h u s
t h e fi rst o r i n fant na m e o f Ta m a B u lan wa s L u j a h .

A ft e r b ea ri ng i t a fe w y e a rs h e we nt t h ro u g h a
s eri o u s i lln e ss on acco u nt Of wh i c h h i s na m e wa s
,

c h ang ed to Wang Am ong t h e K l e m a nt a ns i t i s

.

u s u al u nd e r t h e s e c i rc u m stan c e s to na m e t h e c h i ld

1
F th n m i ng
or e r m ny Ch p XV I I I
a ce e o s ee a . .
80 P AG AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

a ft er so m e o ffe ns i v e obj e ct e g z a z (d u ng ) i n o rd e r
’
‘
. .
, ,

to re nd e r i t i ncons p i c u o u s and t h u s wi t h d ra w i t ,

fro m t h e att e nt i on o f m al i gn p o we rs A ft e r t h e .

na m i ng o f a co u p l e s fi rst c h i ld t h e p a re nts a re ’

al ways add ress ed as fat h e r an d m ot h er o f t h e c h i ld

i f t h e c h i ld s na m e i s Obong h e r fat h e r b e co m e s
’

eg
. .
,

kno wn as T a wa Oéoag h er m ot h e r as [a a i 0 6m g , ,

and t h ei r o ri g i nal na m e s a re d i s u s e d and al m ost

1
fo rgott e n u nl e ss n e ed e d to d i st i ng u i s h t h e p a re nts
,

fro m ot h e r p e rson s o f t h e sa m e na m e wh e n t h e O l d ,

na m e s a re ap p e nd e d to t h e new t h u s Ta m a Obong ,

i f a u wa s t h e o ri g i nal na m e o f Ta m a Obong ;
j a u , j
and t h u s Ta m a B u lan re c e i v e d t h i s na m e on
t h e n m i ng o f h i s fi rst c h i ld B u lan ( t h e m oon ) and
a , ,

wh e n i t i s wi s h ed to d i st i ng u i s h h i m I n conv e rsat i on
fro m ot h e r fat h ers o f t h e m oon h e i s call e d Ta m a
B u lan Wang I f t h e e ld est c h i ld 05m g d i e s t h e
.
,

fat h e r Ta m a O bong ja u b e co m e s Oyoag ja a ; i f

, ,

o ne o f h i s yo u ng er c h i ld re n d i e s h e b eco m e s ,

A é a m ja a ; i f h i s wi fe d i es h e b e co m e s A éa a ,

i f h i s b rot h e r d i e d h e wo u ld b e call e d Ya i
j aa ; ,

aa ; and i f h i s S i st e r H a ze/a n ja a ; and i f t wo ,

o f t h e s e re lat i v e s a re d e ad t h es e t i tl e s a re u s ed ,

i nd i ffe re n tly ; b u t t h e d e at h s o f wi fe and c h i ld re n

a re r do m i nan t ov e r ot h e r occas i ons fo r th e
p e

c h ang e o f na m e An e ld e rly m a n wh o h a s n o
.

c h i ld re n re c ei v e s t h e t i tl e L i ng o and a wo m an , ,

t h e t i tl e Ap a p re fix e d to h i s o r h e r fo rm e r na m e .

A wi do w i s call e d B a l a T h e na m e s o f fat h e r and

.

m ot h er a re n e v e r ass u m e d by t h e c h i ld re n and ,

t h e i r d eat h s do not occas i on any c h ange o f n a m e ,

e xc e p t t h e ado p t i on o f t h e t i tl e Oya a on t h e loss

o f t h e fat h e r and [I a n on t h e loss o f t h e m ot h e r

, .

T h e s e t i tl e s wo u ld b e u s ed only u nt i l t h e m a n
b e ca m e a fat h er W h e n a m a n b e co m e s a g rand
.

fat h e r h i s t i tl e i s L a é i (e g L a at ja a ) and t h i s
’

. .
,

1
I t i n t r r t fi nd th t
s o a e h i ld d n t k n w th ri gi n l n m f h i
o a a c o es o o e o a a es o s

p r nt nd v n hu b nd m y b f u nd t h v f rg tt n th ri gi n l n m
a e s, a e e s a s a e o o a e o o e e o a a es

o f th ir wi v
e es .
82 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

re nd ers h i m ass i stanc e and s erv i c e and s h a re s h i s ,

fo rt u n e s (F i da s A cn )
a z es i n s h o rt ; h i m h e add re ss e s
‘

as B a éi s and t h e t i tl e i s u s e d rec i p rocally A t i tl e

, .

re c i p rocally u s e d by t h os e wh o a re v e ry d e a r fri e nds ,

e s p e c i ally by t h os e wh o h av e e nj oy e d t h e favo u rs o f

t h e sa m e fa i r o ne i s T oyong ( o r a m ong t h e S ea
,

Dayaks
T h i s l i st i ncl u d e s all t h e i m p o rtan t K ayan t e rm s
u s e d to d e not e e rsonal re lat i ons and k i ns h i so f r
p p a ,

as we kno w ; and we t h i nk i t v e ry i m p robabl e t h at

any h av e e scap e d u s T h ere s ee m to b e n o s e c re t .

na m e s e xc ep t i n so fa r as na m e s d i sca rd e d on
,

acco u n t o f m i s fo rt u n e a re not wi ll i ngly re call e d o r

co m m u n i cat e d ; b u t a ch i ld s na m e i s s e ldo m u s ed ’

and ad u lts also s ee m to avo i d call i ng on o ne anot h e r

by t h e i r p ro p er n a m e s e s p e c i ally wh e n i n t h e ,

j u ngl e t h e t i tl e alon e s u c h as Oyong o r A éa n b e i ng

, ,

co m m only u s ed a p p a re ntly o wi ng to so m e vag u e ly

conc e i v e d ri sk o f d i re ct i ng to t h e i nd i v i d u al na m ed
t h e att e nt i ons o f m al e vol e nt p o we rs
1
.

T h e fo rego i ng acco u n t o f t h e soc i al o rgan i sat i o n

o f t h e Kayans a p p l i e s e q u ally we ll to t h e K e n a h s
y ,

e xc e t t h at so m e o f t h e t i tl e s u s e d a re d i ffe re n t
p .

T h e K l e m a nt a ns and M u ru ts too p re s e nt fe w , ,

i m p o rtan t d i ffe re n c e s e xc ep t t h at t h e p o we r o f t h e
c h i e fs i s d e c i d e dly l e ss and t h e d i st i nct i on o f t h e ,

soc i al st rata l ess cl e arly m a rk ed and slav e s a re l e ss ,

n u m ero u s T h e S ea Dayak soc i al o rgan i sat i on i s

.

also s i m i la r i n m ost o f i t s fe at u re s T h e m ost .

i m p o rtant o f t h e d i ffe re n c e s p re s e nt e d by i t a re t h e
follo wi ng z P olyga m y i s not allo wed and occ u rs
—
,

only i ll i c i tly Bot h p a rt i e s a re fin e d wh e n t h e facts

.

a re d i scov ere d D i vo rc e i s v e ry co m m on and

.

1
W pp nd t th i h p t r t bl h wi ng th n m
e a e o s c nd d g r
a e f a a e s o e a es a e ees o
k i n h ip f l l th i nh b i t nt f n K ny h l ng h u
s o a e a a At th u gg t i n f
s o o e e a o o se. e s es o o
D r W H R R iv r wh h f u nd th i m th d f gr t v lu i n di nt ng l
. . . . e s, o as o s e o o ea a e se a

i ng t he co m pl i t d k i n h ip y t m
ca e f m M l n i n nd P pu n nd th r
s s s e s o so e e a es a a a a a o e
p p l w h v ll t d i m i l r i nf r m t i n r g r d i ng K y n S D y k
eo es , e a e co ec e s a o a o e a a a , ea a a ,

Kl m nt n nd Muru t v i ll g
e a a , a Bu t i n n d th t bl d i v r ny
a es. o ca s e o es e a e s co e a
tr
a ce o f ny l b r t k i n h ip y t m
a e a o a e s s s e .
 A COR P SE IN R
A B A AW AN K L E MAN T A N HOUSE .

P L AT E 54 . PA RT Y IN T HE U N F I N ISHE D HOU SE OF J AN G AN
C H I E F OF T H E S E B OP S , ON T HE O CC AS I ON OF T HE N AM I N G OF
H I S CHI LD .
84 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

I t h ap p ens n ot i n freq u e ntly t h at o ne son o r

da u g h t e r re m a i n i ng u n m arri e d cont i n u e s to l i v e i n
, ,

t h e h o u s eh old o f t h e p a re nts and to look a ft e r t h e m

i n t h e i r old a g e .To s u c h a o ne so m e val u abl e
a rt i cl e s u c h as a st ri n g o f old b eads o r costly ja r i s
, ,

u s u ally b e q u e at h e d .

A m ong t h e S e a D ayaks t h e old j a rs wh i c h ,

const i t u t e t h e c h i e f p a rt o f a m an s we alt h a re ’

d i st ri b u t ed a m ong bot h son s and dau gh t ers ; i f t h e

j a rs a re too few fo r e q u al d i st ri b u t i on t h e y a re ,

j o i ntly o wn ed u nt i l o ne can b u y o u t t h e s h a re s Of
h i s c o o wn e rs
-
.

T h e m e m b e rs o f a Kayan h o u s e h old a re bo u nd
tog et h e r n ot m e re ly by t h e i r m at e ri al c i rc u m stanc es
, ,

s u c h as t h e i r s h elt er u nd er a co m m on roo f and t h ei r

p a r t i c i p at i on i n co m m on labo u rs and not ,
m e re ly by

t h e m o ral bonds s u c h as k i ns h i p and t h e i r all e g i anc e

to o ne c h i e f and loyalty to o ne anot h er b u t also by ,

m o re s u btl e t i es o f wh i c h t h e m ost i m p o rtan t i s t h e i r

,

s h a ri ng i n t h e p rot e ct i on and wa rn i ng a ffo rd e d to

t h e wh ol e h o u s e by t h e o m e n b i rds o r by t h e h i g h e r
-

p o w e r s s e r v e d by t h e s e F o r. o m e n s a r e obs e rv ed

fo r t h e wh ol e h o u s eh old and h old good only fo r t h os e

,

wh o l i v e u nd e r t h e o ne roo f T h i s s p i ri t u al u n i ty
.

o f t h e h o u s e h old i s j e alo u sly g u a rd e d Occas i onally

.

o ne fa m i ly m a
y w i s h f o r so m e re ason s u c h as bad
,

d re a m s o r m u ch s i ckn e ss to wi t h d raw fro m t h e

,

h ou se . I f t h e re st o f t h e h o u s eh old i s u n wi ll i ng to
re m ov e to a ne w h o u s e t h e y wi ll o p os e s u c h wi t h
, p
dra wa l and i f t h e m a n i ns i sts on s ep a rat i ng a fi ne
, , ,

i s i m p os e d on h i m and h e i s co m p ell ed to l e av e
,

u nd i st u rb e d t h e roo f and all t h e m a i n st ru ct u re o f h i s

s ect i on o f t h e h o u s e ; t h o u g h t h e roo m wo u ld b e l e ft
u nocc u i d Conv rs ly Kayans r v r y u n wi ll i ng
p e . e e a e e

to ad m i t any fa m i ly to b e co m e m em b e rs o f t h e
h o u s e h old . T h e y n e v e r o r s e ldo m add S e ct i ons to
a h o u s e wh i ch h a s onc e b een co m p l e t e d and yo u ng
m a rri ed co u p l e s m u st l i v e i n t h ei r p a re nts roo m s
’

,
 T HE S O C I A L SY S T E M 85

u nt i l th e wh ol e h o u
s eh old re m ov e s and b u i lds a
ne w h o u s e Occas i onally a re m nant o f a h o u s eh old
.

wh i c h h a s b ee n b rok e n u p by t h e attack o f e n e m i e s
i s s h e lt e re d by a fri e ndly h o u s e b u t t h e n e wco m e rs
a re lodg e d i n t h e gall e ry only u nt i l t h e t i m e co m e s

fo r b u i ld i ng a ne w h o u s e wh e n t h ey m a y b e ,

allo we d to b u i ld roo m s fo r t h e m s e lv e s and to ,

b eco m e i nco rp o rat ed i n t h e h o u s eh old A not h e r .

p lan so m e t i m e s ado p t e d i s to b u i ld a s m all h o u s e

fo r t h e n ewco m e rs clos ely adj o i n i ng t h e m a i n h o u s e ,

b u t j o i n e d to i t only by an o p e n p lat fo rm .

APPENDIX TO C H APT ER V

T a bl es s /zowi ng K i ns /z ip of ti nK enya /25 of L ong T i /éa n ( T a ma

B a l a ns fi oa se) i n Me B a ra m D i s tri ct of S a ra wa k
’
.

We h ave m a de ou t ta bl e s sh o wi ng th e ki nsh i p
i nh a i t o f th e b
a nts o f severa l K enya h l o ng h o u ses a nd o f o ne S ea D a ya k h o u se,

fo ll o wi ng th e ex a m p l e a nd m eth o d o f D r W i v ers . . H R R . . .

T h es e ta l es h a v e no t revea l ed to u s i nd i ca ti o ns o f a ny p ecu l i a r
b
k
s ys t em o f ki nsh i p ; b u t we t h i n i t wo rth wh i l e t o rep ro d u c e o ne

o f t h em as a n a pp end i x t o th e fo reg o i ng ch ap ter T h e ta l e . b

i nc l u d es a l l t h e i nh a i ta nts o f t h e h ou se l i vi ng i n th e yea r 1 899,
b
a s well a s t h o s e d ec ea s ed m em ers o f wh o m we a re a l e to b b
o ta i n tru st wo rth y i nfo rm a t i o n
b T h e a rra ng em ent i s b y d o o r o r
.

ro o m , b u t s i nc e o n m a rri a g e s o m e s h i fti ng fro m o ne ro o m t o a n

o t h er ta kes p l a ce, s o m e i nd i vi d u a l s a p p ea r u nd er t wo d oo rs .

I n th ese ta l es t h e na m es o f m a l es a re p ri nted i n o rd i na ry
b
typ e, th o se o f fem a l es i n i ta l i cs ; a nd t h e fo ll o wi ng s i g ns a re
u se d
fo r m a rri ed to .

i ndi t ca es th e c h i l dr en o f a ma rri ed co u pl e
.

I i m p l i es th t th i ndi v i d l b l w w h o e n m e i t c ur r e h
a e u a e o s a o c s ac ed
0 a du l t l i f b t di d wi th
e, u t i su e ou s e.

I i m p l i e a h i l d de d t e r l y g e e a nd n m u nk n w n
s c a a a a ,
s x a e o .

6 i m p l i es m a l e c h i l d no t yet na m ed .

9 i m p l i es fem a l e c h i l d no t yet na m ed
i ndi v i du l a of u nk n w n n m o a e.
86 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

( )
I S I D I K AR AN G S
’
D OOR .

S d i i K r ng : S
a a
'

za z
’'
P eng ( a L on g P k K enya h )
a u .

B i i
a a Ga u Ul a u .

Gtl zer M em bers qf th e R oo m .

T ama A pi ng La yo ng = B a l a B a on .

L ut a ng ( ne ph w e of S d i i K r ng ) a a . S a ka n .

Ma ng = B ora T el l a n .

Lu a t L es n u Baln

u
Us n L u yok Oyong T nrz ng L i nj [ta ng Wi ng : La r Wa n
'

. . au . a .

( S ee D r oo

( ) 2 AJ ON G S ’
D OOR .

Ma w a O nt ong ( Lo ng B el k u u n K eny h w a oma n ) .

( L o ng B el u ku n K eny a h )

B a l a L a ra o n = Ng z no
Aj g ( L n g T ik an ) Wa n
'

. o . .

(3 ) MAWA J U N GAN ’
S D OOR .

Ma w a J u ng an
( s ee I m oh ’
s do o r) = M a wa Z/jong .

x x x x x X X W ea k K di ng
a .
9
m nded i .
88 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O m v.

(7) B AL U K R AN S D OOR ’
.

i g
L n an (a Li ka n K eny h ) : a

T am a A ping Ma wa = B a Za K ra n ( s ee D or
o

L a nong . S ig g au . O yu Ap a .
9
w k m i nd
ea - ed .

( 8) B ALU UDI NG S ’
D OOR .

Sa w a a =
T aj

B a l u K ra n . B a l a Ha i ng =
’
Ma w a I m a ng .

Oyu S u o .

K eni ng ( u nm a rri ed s s e it r of Ma w a I m a ng ) .

( )
9 AB A N M OU N ’
S D OO R .

K aman g .

A b a n Mo u n T el nn .

T a m a S o ok T i na S ook T a ma A pi ng ( L o gB l
n e u T i na Ap i ng
B il g
on B ang a n. Sa l o ku n K ny h )e a . Oci i ng .

S o ok
(w ea k
i
m nded) . na m ed . na m ed . na m ed . na m ed .

( 1 0
) AB AN MA G I S
’
D OO R .

Ab a n Ma gi ( s ee D or o 1 3) T i na Ag i ng K ra n .

An e L i ir a n.
 T HE S O C I A L S YS T E M 89

( 1 1
) LA A R WAN S D OOR ’
.

Ma w a L iv a =
( I st wi f )e T i na Wa n ( z u d wi f e
) Ui a n Uri ng .

La r a Wa n L a ra L a na n K u l eh .

( L o ng P ku)
a .

J a l ng
o . K t a an .
f a i nt . J a wi ng .

( 1 2
) T AMA AN L AH I N G S
’
D OO R .

B a t ng a T i na L a ki ng .

T a m a An L a h n i g T i na A n P i ko .
X B a l n T a i a n= Wa n T ul a

s on o f
(
B l b
a a an
) .

0 di ng = B a l ri a . Ta g o. B llan
a .

T ama m g L aa ng = N owi ng Ubong ( da u ght r e

of A a n I m a n , b g an

U ma P oh K y a an
) .

( I 3 ) O YU I R AN G D OOR ’
S .

So r ng
a ( L o n g T i ka n) Si n
j (
i L ng
a T i k n) ( i t
o r a s s e of Ab a n Ma gi ,

see D r1 nd L r L i b
oo 0 a a a o , see D oor

X X
O yu I r a ng . P k ta a .

Otker M em oers i n tke R oom .

B o l a T noong ( i t r f S r ng ) : (
s s e o o a a g T i k n m a n)
L on a .

A bi ng Ura i ( it
s s er o f B l u T u b ng )
a Ab o a n M d ng ( L ng P k u )
a a o a .
90 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

( I 4) B AL U US N U ’
S D OOR .

B a l a Us a n ( Lo n g P a l u ta n) = Ab a n S i l i wa ( L o n g P l ut
a an
) .

O yu S ij
au .

B a l n M eno (n ece i of B al u U sa n) = Ab a n Meg g a ng ( Lo ng P a ku ) .

L ir ng
o . Ul a n .

( 1 5) B AL U B U AH S
’
D OOR .

T eg g i ng Bala M nja n .

B ala B a a /z La r a La lu ( L o n g B el u k u n K ny h )
e a .

( 1 6) O ON Y G KA L AN G S D OO R
’
.

O y ng K l ng ( L ng P l u t
o a a o a an Oyong N ong ( L o n g P lut a an

K ny h ) e a K ny h )
e a .

Sa g o I no .
92 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HAP .

( 1 8) AB AN T I N G AN S
’
D OOR .

A b an La n g t ( P u n n)
a a T i na Oyu ( P u n n) a .

A b a n T i ng a n= B el ni nn (2 nd wi fe) .

K l ng
a a . P r a a n. M njo n .

B r th er
o s .

T a m a Li m B l ri
a a Lak i L d p = O n B ng n
u o a a a

(se e D r 1 9) oo(L ng B el k u n) o u .

B l ri
a a . L i v a ng .

T a ma Bul an A b an T n i g an P aya ( I st wi f e, T na O i wi ng Kl ing

(s ee D r oo da u ght r f e o ( s ee D r oo

P r n Lib u t
a a ,

his I st u i n) co s .

Wa n . Lon B l n (L ng
a a o B el u k u n ja l a n . Ma da ng .

K ny h ) e a .

A b an M u da ( M u ru t) = N ni ng L a bo i .

Na w a n. S no z
’

. Nu r nga .

Ab o B ol a Va ng . i
Jp g
o n .

O yu B iti .
6
C an I g a n, C h i ld of Ma p i t ( Lo ng P lut
a an ,
) b r o th r e of J i lo ( s ee

I m oh r m) ’
s oo .

p i o

L uj h a
b r th r o e s.

Ul ( K l bit )
aa a a .

P dna a .
 T H E S OC IAL S YS T E M 93

( 1 9) T A MA B U L AN S D OOR ’
.

La ki L u do p = B a ng n ( ee D o r
o s o

T a ma B ul an Wa ng = ( I s t wi f ) P
e eng : (a nd wi f ) P e ayo k Wo n
(U m a P oh K y a an ) .

B a lon L uj ( U m
a a P l ia n K y
a an
) .

B l ri a nd Li ng
a a va Ooong = W a n (s o n o f A a n T n b i g an

( I t c u in f T m B u l n
s o s s o a a a ,
h e r I s t co s n) ui .

ad pt d by h im as
o e n) so s .

Lev o n . L i nj
au .

S eg i l a h ( L o n g T ik an x ( wiLf ) ir ng )
o I st e Va ng (L o n g
T ik an M uru t ) .

B lu
a T i va n= ( I st wi f ) Oy ng Udi ng ( L ppu
e o e Sa n g K eny h ) a .

( 2 nd wi f ) L y ng ( M uru t )
e o a a .

T a ma L es n ( u P u n n) : Oy ng
a o B o a n (L o n g U t an ) ( a nd wi f ) e S a oo a
’
.

L es nu .

Ab a n T a da n ( K a l a b i t) = B o l a T a i a n (L o n g U t an K ny h )
e a .

O yu J long
a . M a r a ng .

B o l a S o l o l o ng ( L o n g U t an K ny h ) = j l i
e a a e (Lo ng T ik an K eny h ) a .

B o l a B o on La s o P a na n .

Su g a l ah .

B o l a Ul o a , t p m th r
s e o e of B o l a B a ka , m a rri ed Ab a n G r nga .
94 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

(2 0 ) T A MA P OYON G LAN GAT S

’
D OOR .

(T hi s is r oom o f fr eedm a n o f T ama B ul an . )

La a n g ( L e pu Sa n g) ’
Uo o ng (U m a P a wa ) .

U t o ng = B a o k ( Le pu S an g) .

I ma ng .

g
U sa n . Obong . P oya ng .

( 2 1 ) SI G A S D OO R
’
.

A ba n L i a n L o ra M eni ng .

S ig a Li von . A b a n B i l ng
o B o l a A nn .

B l wi ng
a a

A pi ng .

i i
S ad L an Sa bit

Su i L em i i .

U t ng
o .
9 6 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca .

( 22 ) A B A N LAWA I
’
S D OO R

La r a (P a b a u a n M u ru t ) .

B o l a L a no a ( K l
a ab i t ) : I g i .

Oo n Ul o a = l g a u (i n A b n T i ng a n r oom )
a
’
s .

La h i ng (m a rri ed) .
 C H AP T E R VI

A GR I C U L T U R E

F OR all t h e p eo p l e s o f t h e i nt eri o r o f Bo rn e o t h e ,

P u nans and Ma l a na u s e xc ep t e d t h e ri c e g ro wn by ,

t h e m s e lv e s i s t h e p ri nc i p al food st u ff T h ro u g h o u t -
.

t h e y e a r e xc e p t d u ri ng t h e fe w we e ks wh e n t h e
,

j u n g l e fru i t i s m ost ab u ndant ri c e fo rm s t h e b u lk ,

o f e v e ry m e al I n y e a rs o f bad h a rv e sts wh e n t h e
.
,

s u pp ly i s d e fic i en t t h e p lac e o f ri ce h a s to b e fill e d
,

as we ll as m a y b e wi t h wi ld sago c u lt i vat e d m a i z e , ,

tap i oca and s we e t p otato es

,
Al l t h e s e a re u s e d
.
,

and t h e last t h ree as well as p u m pk i ns b a na na s

, , x
,

c u c u m b ers m i ll e t p i n e a pp l e s c h i l i s a re reg u la rly

, , , ,

g ro wn i n s m all q u ant i t i e s by m ost o f t h e p e o p l e s .

B u t all t h e s e tog e t h e r a re re ga rd e d as m ak i ng b u t
“
a p oo r s u bst i t u t e fo r ri c e T h e c u lt i vato r h a s to
. .

cont e nd wi t h m any d i ffic u lt i e s fo r i n t h e m o i st h o t ,

cl i m at e we e ds g ro w ap ac e an d t h e fi e lds b e i ng
'

, ,

clos ely s u rro u nd ed by v i rg i n fo re st a re l i abl e to t h e ,

attacks o f p e sts o f m any k i nds H e nc e t h e p ro .

c e ss es by wh i c h t h e an n u al c ro p o f fi a o i i s obta i n e d ’

d e m and t h e b e st e ffo rts and ca re o f all t h e p eo p l e

o f e ac h v i llag e T h e p lo u g h i s u nkno wn sav e to
.

t h e D u s u ns a b ranc h o f t h e M u ru t p e o p l e i n N o rt h
,

B o rn e o wh o h av e l ea rnt i t s u s e fro m C h i n es e
,

i m m i g rants T h e K a l a b i t s and so m e o f t h e coast

.

wi s e K l e m a nt a ns wh o l i v e i n all u v i al a re as h av e
l e a rnt p robably t h ro u g h i nt e rco u rs e wi t h t h e
,

P h i l i pp i n e I sland ers o r t h e i n h ab i tants o f I ndo

VOL . I 97 H
98 P AG A N T R I B E S OF BORN EO C HHH
.

C hi na to p rep a re t h e land fo r t h e p a o i s eed by

,
’

l e ad i ng b u ffalo e s to and fro ac ross i t wh i l e i t l i e s

cov ered wi t h wat e r T h e K a l a b i t s l ead t h e wat er
.

i nto t h e i r fi e lds fro m t h e st re a m s d e sc e nd i ng fro m

t h e h i lls .

W i t h t h e s e e xc ep t i ons t h e p rep a rat i on o f t h e

land i s ev e ry wh ere v e ry c ru d e cons i st i ng i n ,

t h e fe ll i ng o f t h e t i m b e r and u nd e rg ro wt h and i n ,

b u rn i ng i t as co m p l et ely as p oss i bl e so t h at i t s ,

as h es e n ri c h t h e so i l A ft e r a s i ngl e c rop h a s
.

b e en g ro wn and gat h e re d on land so cl e a re d t h e ,

weeds g ro w u p v e ry t h i ckly and t h e re i s o f co u rs e

, , ,

i n t h e follo wi ng y e a r no p oss i b i l i ty o f re p e at i ng t h e
d ress i ng o f wood as h e s i n t h e sa m e wa y H e nc e .

i t i s t h e u n i v e rsal p ract i c e to allo w t h e land to l i e

fallo w fo r at l east t wo y e a rs a ft e r a s i ngl e c ro p h a s
,

b ee n ra i s ed wh i l e c ro p s a re ra i s ed fro m ot h e r lands
, .

D u ri ng t h e fallo w p e ri od t h e j u ngl e g rows u p so

ra p i dly and t h i ckly t h at by t h e t h i rd y e a r t h e we e ds
h av e al m ost d i e d o u t c h ok ed by t h e la rg e r g ro wt h s
, .

T h e sa m e land i s t h e n p rep a re d aga i n by fe ll i ng t h e

yo u ng j u ngl e and b u rn i ng i t as b e fo re and a c ro p ,

i s aga i n ra i s ed fro m i t W h e n a p i e c e o f land h a s

.

b ee n p rep a re d and c ro p p ed i n t h i s wa y so m e t h ree

o r fo u r t i m e s , at i n t ervals o f t wo t h ree o r fo u r , ,

y e a rs t h e c rop obta i nabl e fro m i t i s so i n feri o r

,

i n q u ant i ty t h at t h e p eo p l e u s u ally u nd e rtak e

t h e s e v e re labo u r o f fe ll i ng and b u rn i ng a p atc h
o f v i rg i n fo rest rat h er t h an cont i n u e to m ak e
,

u s e o f t h e old a re as . I n t h i s wa y a la rg e v i llag e
u s es i n t h co u rs e o f so m e t we lv e r fi ft n
u
p e o e e

y ea rs all t h e land s u i tabl e fo r c u lt i vat i on wi t h i n a

conv en i e nt d i stanc e i e wi t h i n a rad i u s o f so m e
, . .

t h ree m i l e s W h e n t h i s stat e o f a ffa i rs res u lts t h e

.
,

v i llag e i s m ov e d to a new s i t e c h os e n c h i e fly wi t h
,

an e ye to t h e ab u ndanc e o f land s u i tabl e fo r t h e

c u lt i vat i on o f t h e f a o i c rop A ft er t e n o r m o re
’
.

y e a rs t h e v i llag ers wi ll ret u rn and t h e h o u s e o r

,
 H AG R I C U L T U R E 99

h ou s e s wi ll b e re con st ru ct e d on t h e old s i t e o r o ne
adj a c e nt to i t i f n o c i rc u m stanc e s a ri s e to t e mp t
,

t h e m to m i g rat e to a m o re d i stant co u n t ry an d i f t h e ,

co u rs e o f t h e i r l i fe on t h e old s i t e h a s ru n s m oot h ly ,

wi t h o u t m i s fo rt u n e s s u c h as m u c h S i ckn e ss con ,

fla g ra t i o ns o r s eri o u s attacks by ot h e r v i llag e s

, .

A ft e r t h i s i nt erval t h e land i s rega rd e d as b e i ng

al m ost as good as t h e v i rg i n fo re st land and h a s ,

t h e advantag e t h at t h e j u ngl e on i t can b e m o re

e as i ly fe ll e d . B u t s i nc e n o c ro p e q u als t h at obta i n
abl e fro m v i rg i n so i l i t i s c u sto m a ry to i ncl u d e at
,

l e ast a s m all a re a o f i t i n t h e op erat i on s o f e ac h

y ear .

Eac h fa m i ly c u lt i vat e s i t s o wn p atc h o f land ,

s e l ect i n g i t by a rrang e m e n t wi t h ot h er fa m i l i e s and ,

wo rks as la rg e an a re a as t h e st re ngt h and n u m b e r

o f t h e ro o m h o l d
p e rm i ts . A h i lls i d e slo i ng do wn
p
to t h e bank o f a ri v e r o r nav i gabl e S t re a m i s con
s i de re d t h e c h o i c e st a re a fo r c u lt i vat i on p a rtly ,

b eca u s e o f t h e e ffic i e nt d ra i n ag e p a rtly b eca u s e t h e

,

fe ll i ng i s e as i er on t h e slo p e and b e ca u s e t h e
,

st re a m a ffo rds easy acc e ss to t h e fi eld .

W h e n an a re a h a s b e e n c h os e n t h e m e n o f t h e
,

ro o m h o l d fi rst c u t do wn t h e u nd e rg ro wt h o f a
V s h ap e d a re a wh os e a p e x p o i nts u p t h e h i ll and
-
, ,

wh os e bas e l i e s on t h e ri v e r bank . T h i s don e ,

t h e y call i n t h e h e l p o f ot h e r m e n o f t h e h o u s e ,

u s u ally re lat i v e s wh o a re e ngag e d i n p rep a ri ng

a dj ac e nt a re as and all s et to wo rk to fe ll t h e la rg e
,

t re e s . I n t h e cl e a ri n g o f v i rg i n fo re st wh e n v e ry ,

la rg e t re e s m any o f wh i c h h av e at t h ei r bas e s
,

i m m e ns e b u tt re ss e s h av e to b e fe ll e d a p lat fo rm
, ,

o f l igh t ol e s i b u i lt a ro u nd e ac h o f t h e s e g i ants
p s

to t h e h e i g h t o f abo u t 1 5 fe et T wo m e n stand i ng
.

u
p on t h i s ru d e
p lat f o r m on O
pp os i t e S i d e s o f t h e

st e m attack i t wi t h t h e i r s m all s p ri ngy h a ft ed ax e s -

( gF i . 1 1
) abov e t h e l e v e l o f t h e b u tt re ss e s ( P I .

O ne m a n c u ts a d eep notc h on t h e s i d e
1 00 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N EO C H AP .

fac i ng u
p the h i ll , th e ot h e r c u ts a s i m i la r notc h
abo u t a lo we r do wn
foot
on t h e Opp os i t e s i d e e ac h ,

c u tt i ng al m ost to t h e
c e nt re o f t h e st e m T h i s .

Op erat i on i s acco m p l i s h ed

i n a s u rp ri s i ngly s h o rt t i m e p e rh a p s ,

t h i rty m i n u t e s i n t h e cas e o f a st e m
t wo to t h re e fe e t i n d i a m e t e r W h e n .

all t h e la rg e t re e s wi t h i n t h e V
s h ap e d a rea h av e b e e n cu t i n t h i s
wa y all t h e wo rk e rs and any wo m e n
, ,

c h i ld re n o r dogs wh o m a y b e p re
,

s e nt a re call ed o u t o f t h e p atc h ,

and o ne o r t wo b i g t re e s ca re fu lly ,

s el e ct e d to fo rm t h e ap e x o f t h e
p h alanx a re t h e n c u t so as to fall
,

do wn t h e h i ll I n t h ei r fall t h e s e
.
1

g i an ts t h ro w do wn t h e t ree s stand
i ng i mm e d i at e ly b e lo w t h e m on t h e
h i lls i d e t h e s e fall i ng i n t u rn aga i nst ,

t h e i r n e i g h bo u rs b ri ng t h em do wn , .

And S O l i k e an avalan c h e o f wi d e n i ng
,

s we ep t h e h u g e d i st u rba nc e p ro
,

a a t e s i ts e l f wi t h a t h u nd e ro u s roa r
p g
and i nc re as i ng m o m e nt u m do wn
wa rds ov e r t h e wh ol e O f t h e p re
p a re d a rea ; w h i l e p u ny m a n looks

ou at t h e awfu l wo rk o f h i s h and
and b ra i n not u n m ov e d b u t dan c i ng ,

and s h o u t i ng i n wi ld t ri u m p h ant
d el i g h t .

T h e fall e n t i m b e r m u st no w l i e
so m e we e ks b e fo re i t can b e b u rnt .

T h i s p e ri od i s m a i nly d e vot e d to
Th y
1
k i ll d w d m n nd k n w h w t t
e a re s e oo e , a o o o cu
a tr n ur i
ee so a s f ll i ng i n ny d ir d m nn r
to e s e ts Fra a es e a e o u
fin l tr k w y th nd f th n rr w
. .

th e a t s o es cu a a e e s o e a o

p r ti n f th t m r m i ning b t w n th upp r nd l w r n t h
o o o e s e e a e ee e e a o e o c es .
 v1 AG R I C U L T U R E IOI

m ak i ng and rep a i ri ng t h e i m p l e m e n ts to b e u s e d
i n c u lt i vat i ng h a rv e st i ng , and sto ri ng t h e c ro p ,
,

and also i n so wi ng at t h e e a rl i est p oss i bl e m o m e nt

s m all p atc h e s o f e a rly o r ra p i dly g ro wi ng fi a a i ’

tog e t h e r wi t h a l i ttl e m a i z e , s u ga r can e , so m e

-

s wee t p otato es , and ta p i oca . T h e p atc h e s t h u s

so wn g e n erally l i e adjac e nt to o ne anot h e r I f t h e .

weat h e r i s fi ne , t h e fall e n t i m b e r b e co m e s dry e no u g h

to b u rn we ll a ft e r o ne m on t h I f m u c h ra i n falls i t
.

i s n e c e ssa ry to wa i t long e r i n t h e h o p e o f d ri e r
we at h er . C h oos i ng a wi ndy day , t h e y s et fi re to
all t h e adj ac e nt p atc h e s a ft e r s h o u t i ng
o u t wa rn i ngs to all e rsons i n t h e fi e lds
p .

W h i l e t h e b u rn i ng go e s on , t h e m e n
“
wh i stl e fo r t h e wi nd , o r rat h e r blo w
fo r i t , rattl i ng t h e i r tong u e s i n t h e i r
m ou t h s . S o m e o f t h e old er m e n m ak e
l e ngt h y o rat i ons s h o u t e d i nto t h e a i r ,

adj u ri ng t h e wi nd to blo w st ron g ly and

so fa n t h e fi re T h e fi re, i f s u cc ess fu l
.
,

b u rns fu ri o u sly fo r a fe w h o u rs an d t h e n
s m o u ld ers fo r so m e days , a ft e r wh i c h
l i ttl e o f t h e t i m b e r rem a i n s b u t as h e s
and t h e c h a rre d st u m p s o f t h e b i gg er F I G 1 2 S ea . .
—

D a ya k b a Sk et
t re es . I f t h e b u rn i n g i s v e rY i nco m fo rp ao i seed ’
.

p l et e, i t i s n e c e ssa ry to m ak e stacks
o f the l i g h t e r t i m b ers t h at rem a i n , and to fi re
t h es e aga i n As soon as t h e as h es a re cool s o w
.
,

i ng b eg i ns . Me n an d wo m e n wo rk tog e t h e r ;
t h e m e n go i n fron t m ak i ng h ol e s wi t h wood e n
d i bbl e s abo u t s i x i n ch e s a p a rt ; t h e wo m e n follo w,
ca rry i ng h u ng ro u nd t h e n eck s m all bask ets o f
fi a oi
’
s ee d ( g
F i . w h i c h t h e y t h ro w i nto t h e

h o l es t h re e o r fo u r s ee ds to e ac h h o l e
, N o ca re
.

i s tak e n to fill i n t h e h ol e s wi t h e a rt h B y th i s
.

t i m e t h e re lat i v e ly dry s eason , wh i c h lasts on ly

so m e t wo m ont h s , i s at an e nd, and cop i o u s ra i n s
ca u s e t h e s eed to s h oot abov e t h e g ro u nd a fe w
 102 P AG AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

days a ft e r t h e so wi ng . S e v e ral va ri e t i e s o f f a o i ’

a re i n co m m on u s e ,
so m e m o re s u i tabl e fo r t h e
h i lls i d es so m e fo r t h e m a rs h y lands
,
O n any o ne
.

atc h t h r e o r fo u r k i nds a re u s u ally so wn acco rd i ng

p e

to t h e e l evat i on and slo p e o f t h e p a rt o f t h e a re a .

S i nc e t h e rat e s o f g ro wt h o f t h e s e v e ral k i nds a re

d i ffe re n t t h e so wi ngs a re so t i m e d t h at t h e wh ol e
,

a rea ri p e ns as n e a rly as p oss i bl e at t h e sa m e m o m e nt ,

i n o rd e r t h at t h e b i rds and ot h e r p e sts m a y not

h av e t h e o pp o rt u n i ty o f t u rn i ng t h e i r wh ol e fo rc e
u
p on t h e s e v e ral p a rts i n t u rn T .h e m e n n o w
b u i ld on e ach p atc h a s m all h u t wh i c h i s occ u p i e d
,

by m ost o f t h e abl e bod i e d m e m b e rs o f t h e roo m

-

h old u nt i l h a rv e st i s co m p l et e d so m e fo u rt e en to
,

t we nty we eks aft e r t h e so wi ng o f t h e f a o i acco rd i ng ’

,

to t h e va ri e ty o f g ra i n so wn T h e y e re ct co nt ri v
.

a u c e s fo r sca ri ng a way t h e b i rds t h e y st i ck ba m boos

abo u t e i g h t fee t i n l e ngt h u p ri g h t i n t h e g ro u nd
e v e ry 2 0 to 3 0 ya rds . B e t we e n t h e u pp er e nds
o f th es e ,
rattans a re t i e d conn e ct i ng tog e t h e r all
,

t h e ba m boos on e ac h a re a o f abo u t o ne ac re T he
.

fi eld o f o ne ro o m h o l d i s g en e rally abo u t fo u r ac res

i n e xt e nt ; t h e re wi ll t h u s b e fo u r g ro u p s o f ba m boos ,

e ac h o f wh i c h can b e ag i tat e d by u ll i ng on a s i ngl e

p
rattan . F ro m e ac h s u ch g ro u p a rattan p ass e s to
t he h u t ,
and so m e p erson g e n erally a wo m an o r
,

c h i ld i s told o ff to t u g at t h e s e rattans i n t u rn
,

at s h o rt i nt e rvals U p on t h e rattans b e t wee n t h e

.

ba m boos a re h u ng va ri o u s a rt i cl e s calc u lat ed to

m ak e a no i s e o r to fla p to and fro wh e n t h e syst e m
i s s e t i n m ot i on . S o m e t i m e s t h e rattan by wh i c h
t h e syst e m o f p ol e s i s s et i n m ov e m e n t i s t i e d to
t h e u pp e r e nd o f a tall sa p l i ng o ne e nd o f wh i c h
,

i s t h ru st d eep ly i nto t h e m u d o f t h e floo r o f t h e

ri v e r
. T h e c u rre nt t h e n k e e p s t h e sa p l i ng and
wi t h i t t h e syst e m o f ba m boos s way i ng and j e rk i ng
to and fro . T h e K ayans ad m i t t h at t h e y h av e
l ea rnt t h i s last dodg e fro m t h e K l em a nt a ns T h e .
H AG R I C U L T U R E 1 03

watc h e r re m a i ns i n t h e h u t all day lon g whi l e h i s ,

co m p an i on s a re at wo rk i n t h e fi e ld ; h e va ri es t h e
m onotony o f h i s task by s h o u t i ng and b eat i ng wi t h
a p a i r o f m all e ts on a h ollo w wood e n cyl i n d e r T h e .

watc h e r i s re l i ev e d fro m t i m e to t i m e b u t t h e watc h ,

i s m a i n ta i n e d con t i n u o u sly day and n i g h t fro m t h e

t i m e t h at t h e co rn i s abo u t t wo fe e t abov e t h e g ro u nd
u nt i l i t i s all gat h e re d i n I n t h i s wa y t h e y st ri v e
.

wi t h p a rt i al s u cc e ss to k e e p o ff t h e wi ld p i gs ,

m onk eys d e e r and as t h e co rn ri p e ns t h e ri c e

, , , ,

s p a rro w (M a ni a ) .

W h e n t h e b u t and t h e p est sca ri ng syst e m h av e -

b ee n e re ct ed t h e m e n p roc e e d to p rov i d e fu rt h e r
,

p r ot e ct i on aga i nst w i ld i
p g and d e e r by ru nn i ng a

ru d e fenc e ro u nd a n u m b e r o f clos e ly adj ac e n t

p atc h e s o f g r o w i n g co r n T h e . fe n c e so m e t h r
, e e to
fo u r fee t h i g h i s m ad e by las h i n g to p ol e s t h ru st
,

v e rt i cally i nto t h e g ro u nd and to conv e n i e nt t ree s

and st u m p s ba m boos o r sap l i ngs as h o ri zontal ba rs
, ,

fi v e o r S i x i n v e rt i cal ro w W h e n t h i s i s co m p l e t e d
.

t h e m e n tak e no fu rt h e r p a rt u nt i l t h e h a rv e st ,

e xc e t
p p e rh a p s to l e nd a h and occas i onally w i t h t h e

wee d i ng . T h i s i s t h e t i m e g e n e rally c h os e n by
t h em fo r long e xc u rs i ons i nto t h e j u ngl e i n s earc h
o f rattans ,
ru bb e r ca m p h o r and fo r wa rl i k e e x
, ,

p e di t i o ns o r t h e
p ay i ng o f d i stant v i s i ts .

I t i s t h e d u ty o f t h e wo m e n to p rev e n t t h e p a o i ’

b e i ng c h ok e d by we e ds T h e wo m e n o f eac h roo m
.

wi ll go ov e r e ac h p atc h co m p l e t e ly at l e ast t wi c e at ,

an i nt e rval o f abo u t o ne m ont h h o e i ng do wn t h e ,

we eds wi t h a s h o rt h andl ed h o e ; t h e h o e con s i sts

o f a flat blad e
p r oj e ct i ng at r i g h t angl e s fro m t h e

i ron h a ft ( F i g . T h e latt e r i s b e nt do wn wa rds

at a ri g h t angl e j u st abov e t h e blad e i n a p lan e p e r ,

n d i c u l a r to t h at o f t h e blad e and i t s ot h e r e nd i s
p e ,

p rolong e d by a s h o rt w ood e n h andl e i nto t h e

, e n d o f
wh i c h i t i s t h ru st T h e wo m an stoo p s to t h e wo rk
.
,

h o e i ng ca re fu lly ro u nd e ac h fi a o i p lant by h old i ng

’
,
1 04 P A G A N T R I B E S O F B O RN E O ca n .

the hoe i n th e g h t h and and st ri k i ng t h e blad e

ri
do wn wa rds and to wards h er to e s wi t h a d ragg i ng
act i on I n wo rk i ng ov e r t h e p atc h i n t h i s ca re fu l
.

fas h i on so m e t h re e we eks a re cons u m e d I n th e .

i nt e rvals t h e wo m e n gat h er t h e s m all c ro p s o f e a rly

fa o i p u m p k i n c u c u m b e rs and so fo rt h s p e nd i ng
’
, , , ,

s ev eral wee ks tog e t h e r on t h e fa rm sl e ep i ng i n t h e

,

hu t . I n a good s eason t h i s i s t h e h ap p i e st t i m e o f
t h e y e a r ; bot h m e n and wo m e n tak e
t h e k ee n e st i n t e re st and p l e as u re i n
t h e g ro wt h o f t h e c ro p .

D u ri ng t h e t i m e wh e n t h e g ra i n i s
fo rm e d b u t not ye t ri p e t h e p e o p l e ,

l i v e u p on t h e g ree n co rn wh i c h t h e y ,

re a re by gat h e ri ng t h e h e ads and

p p
b eat i ng t h e m flat T h e s e a re not
.

cook ed b u t m ere ly d ri e d i n t h e s u n
, ,

and t h o u g h t h e y n e e d m u c h m ast i ca
t i on t h e y a re cons i d e re d a d e l i cacy .

D u ri ng t h e t i m e o f t h e ri p e n i ng o f
t h e c o m a s p i ri t o f ga i e ty and j oy fu l
ant i c i p at i on p re va i ls I t i s a favo u ri t e
.

t i m e fo r co u rts h i p and m any m a rri ag e s

,

a re a rrang e d .

T h e h a rv e st i s t h e m ost i m p o rtant
e v e nt o f t h e y e a r Men wo m e n and
.
, ,

c h i ld re n all tak e p a rt T h e ri c e
, .

Fm
s p a rro w s cong r e gat e i n t h o u sands as
3
. 1 .

t h e g ra i n b eg i ns to ri p e n and t h e no i sy ,

e ffo rts o f t h e p e o p l e fa i l to k e e p t h em at a d i stanc e .

T h ere fo re t h e p e o p l e walk t h ro u g h t h e c rop gat h e r

i ng all ri p e e a rs T h e o p e rat i on i s p e rfo rm e d wi t h a
.

s m all ru d e kn i fe blad e m o u nt ed i n a wood e n h andl e

-

along i t s wh ol e l e ngt h ( F i gs 1 4 .
, T h i s i s h e ld i n
t h e h ollo w o f t h e ri g h t h and t h e e nds o f a s h o rt c ross
,

b a r p roj e ct i ng b e t we e n t h e fi rst and s econd fing e rs

and b e t we e n t h u m b and fi rst fing er T h e t h u m b .

s ei z e s and p ress es t h e h ead o f e ac h blad e o f co rn

v. A G R I C U LT U R E 1 65

aga i nst t h e edg e o f t h e kn i fe T h e e a rs t h u s

.

c ro p p e d a re t h ro wn i nto a bask e t sl u ng ro u nd t h e
n e ck As soon as a la rg e bask e t h a s b ee n fill e d by
.

t h e re a p ers i t s cont e nts a re s p re ad o u t on m ats on a

,

lat fo r m b e fo re t h e h u t A ft e r an e x p os u re o f t wo
p .

o r t h re e days t h e g ra i n i s s ep a rat e d fro m t h e e a rs by

,

sta mp i ng u p on t h e m wi t h ba re fe e t T h e s ep a rat e d .

g ra i n p ass e s t h ro u g h t h e m e s h e s o f t h e coa rs e m a t
on to a fin e r m a t b e n eat h T h e g ra i n i s t h e n
.

fu rt h e r d ri e d by e x p os u re to t h e S u n When th e .

wh ol e c ro p h a s b ee n gat h ere d t h re s h e d and d ri e d

, ,

i n t h i s wa y 1 t I S t rans p o rt e d i n t h e la rg e s h o u ld er
,

bask ets a m i d m u c h rej o i c i ng an d m erry m ak i ng to -

FIG . 14 . FIG . 1 5
.

t he aoi i i h h h
’
fi ba rns adj o n ng t e o u s e an d t e h,
a rv e st
fe st i val b eg i ns .

T h e e labo rat e o p e rat i ons on t h e p a o i fa rm t h at '

we h av e d esc ri b e d m i g h t s e e m to a m at e ri al i st to
b e s u ffic i e n t to s e c u re a good h a rv e st ; b u t t h i s i s
not t h e v i ew tak e n by t h e K ayans o r any ot h e r ,

o f t h e c u lt i vato rs o f Bo rn e o I n t h e i r op i n i on all
.

t h e s e m at eri al labo u rs wo u ld b e o f l i ttl e ava i l i f not

s u p p l e m e nt e d at e v ery stag e by t h e m i n u t e O b s erv
anc e o f a va ri e ty o f ri t e s T h e p a o i h a s l i fe o r so u l
.
’
,

o r v i tal i ty and i s s u bj e ct to s i ckn e ss and to m an y

,

vag u e ly conc e i v e d i n fl u e nc e s bot h good and bad

, .

D E T E R MI N AT I O N OF T HE S E AS O N S
T he d et erm i nat i on o f t h e t i m e fo r so wi ng t h e
s eed i s a m att e r o f so g re at i m p o rtanc e t h at i n eac h
1 06 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O CH AP .

v i llag e t h i s d u ty i s e nt ru st e d to a m a n wh o m ak e s
i t h i s p ro fe ss i on to obs e rv e t h e S i gns o f t h e s e asons .

T hi s wo rk i s so exact i ng t h at h e i s n ot e xp ect e d to
c u lt i vat e a c ro p o f p a o i fo r h i m s e l f and fa m i ly b u t
’
,

i s fu rn i s h e d wi t h all t h e fi a o i h e n e e ds by con ’

t ri b u t i o ns fro m all t h e ot h e r m em b e rs o f t h e
v i llag e .

I t i s e ss e nt i al to d e t erm i n e t h e a p p roac h o f t h e
S h o rt dr s e ason i n o rd e r t h at i n t h e co u rs e o f i t
y ,

t h e t i m b er m a b e fe ll e d and b u rn e d I n Bo rn eo
y .
,

ly i ng as i t do e s u p on t h e e q u ato r t h e re vol u t i on o f ,

t h e y e a r i s m a rk e d by no v e ry st ri k i ng c h ang e s o f
we at h e r t e m p e rat u re o r o f v eg e tat i on
, ,
I n fact .
,

t h e on ly constant and st ri k i ng e v i d e nc e s o f t h e ass

p
a e o f t h e m ont h s a re t h e alt e rnat i ons o f t h e no rt h
g
e ast and t h e so u t h we st m onsoons -
T h e fo rm er blo ws
.

fro m Octob er to M a rc h t h e latt e r fro m Ap ri l to ,

S ep t e m b er t h e t rans i t i ons b e i ng m a rk e d by va ri abl e

,

wi nds . T h e re lat i v e ly dry s e ason s e ts i n wi t h t h e

so u t h we st m onsoon and lasts abo u t t wo m ont h s ;
-
,

b u t i n so m e y e a rs t h e ra i n fall d u ri ng t h i s s e ason i s
h a rdly l e ss ab u ndant t h an d u ri ng t h e re st o f t h e
y e an
“
T he cl e rk o f t h e we at h e r (h e h a s n o o ffic i al
t i tl e t h o u g h t h e g re at i m p o rtanc e o f h i s fu nct i on
,

s e c u re s h i m g e n eral re s p e ct ) h a s no kn o wl e dg e o f
t h e n u m b e r o f days i n t h e y e a r and do e s not co u n t ,

t h ei r p assag e H e i s a wa re t h at t h e l u na r m ont h
.

h a s t we nty e i g h t days b u t h e kno ws t h at t h e dry

-
,

s e ason do es not re c u r a ft e r any g i v e n n u m b e r o f

co m p l e t ed m ont h s and t h ere fo re k e ep s no re co rd
,

o f t h e l u na r m ont h s H e re l i e s al m ost e n t i re ly
.

’
on obs rvat i on f t h sl i g h t c h ang es o f t h e su n s
u
p e o e

alt i t u d e H i s O bs e rvat i ons a re m ad e by t h e h e l p

.

o f an i nst ru m e nt clos e ly re s e m bl i ng t h e anc i e nt

G ree k gno m on kno wn as i nka r do o r a so a o
,
’

( P.I
A st ra i g h t cyl i nd ri cal p ol e o f h a rd wood i s fix e d
1 08 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HAP .

l e ngt h of the s h ado w a re a rri v ed at p u re ly e m ,

i ri ca l l by m a r k i ng o ff t h e l e ngt h o f t h e m i d day
p y
-
,

s h ado w e v ery t h re e days .

T h e cl e rk o f t h e we at h e r m eas u re s t h e s h ado w o f
t h e p ol e at m i d day wh e n e v e r t h e s u n i s u nclo u d e d
-
.

A s t h e s h ado w g ro ws s h o rt e r a ft e r re ac h i ng i t s
m ax i m al l engt h h e obs e rv e s i t wi t h s p e c i al ca re and
, ,

anno u nc e s to t h e v i llag e t h at t h e t i m e fo r p rep a ri ng

t h e land i s n e a r at h and .W h e n t h e s h ado w re ac h e s
t h e notc h m ad e o p p os i t e t h e m i ddl e o f t h e a rm t h e ,

b e st t i m e fo r so wi ng t h e g ra i n i s cons i d ere d to h av e
a rri v e d ; t h e land i s t h ere fo re cl e a red and m ad e ,

re ady b efo re t h i s t i m e a rri v e s S o wi ng at t i m e s

.

wh e n t h e s h ado w reac h e s ot h e r n otc h e s i s h e ld to

i nvolv e va ri o u s d i sadvan tag e s s u c h as l i ab i l i ty to
,

m o re t h an t h e u s u al n u m b er o f p ests m onk eys —

,

i ns ects rats o r s p a rro ws

, , I n t h e cas e o f e ac h
.

s u cc ess fu l h a rv e st t h e dat e o f t h e so wi ng i s reco rd e d

,

by d ri v i ng a p eg o f i ron wood i nto t h e g ro u nd at t h e

o i nt d not i ng t h l e ngt h f t h m i d day S h ado w at
p e e o e

t h at dat e T h e weat h er p ro p h e t h a s ot h er m a rks

.

and notc h e s wh os e m e an i ng i s kno wn only to h i m

s e l f ; h i s p roc e d u res a re s u rro u nd e d wi t h m yst e ry
and k ep t so m et h i ng o f a s ec re t e v e n fro m t h e c h i e f
,

as we ll as fro m all t h e re st o f t h e v i llag e and h i s ,

adv i c e i s al ways follo we d .

T h e m e t h od o f obs e rv i ng t h e s u n d esc ri b ed abov e

i s u n i v e rsal a m ong t h e K e nya h s b u t so m e o f t h e ,

Kayans p ract i s e a d i ffe re nt m e t h od A h ol e i s

.

mad e i n t h e roo f o f t h e we at h e r p ro p h e t s c h a m b er
’
-

i n t h e long h o u s e and t h e alt i t u d e o f t h e m i d day

-
,
-

s u n and i t s d i re ct i on no rt h o r so u t h o f t h e m e ri d i an
, ,

a re obs e rv e d by m e as u ri ng along a lank fix d on

p e

t h e floo r t h e d i stanc e o f t h e p atc h o f s u nl i g h t (fall i ng

t h ro u g h t h e h ol e on to t h e p lank ) fro m t h e p o i nt
v e rt i cally b e lo w t h e h ol e T h e h o ri zontal p os i t i on
.

o f t h e p lank i s s e c u re d by p lac i ng u on i t s m oot h

p
s p h eri cal ston e s and not i ng any i ncl i nat i on to roll .
 P L AT E 60 . K E N YA H S M E AS U R I N G T HE L E N GT H OF T HE S HAD OW
N OO N TO DET E R MI N E T HE T I ME F OR S OW I N G
OF T HE A S O D O AT
P AD I .
I I O P AG A N T R I B E S O F BOR NE O C H AP .

of bot h s ex e s I f t h e o m e ns obs e rv e d a re cons i d e re d

.

to b e bad o r o f do u bt fu l i m p o rt t h e m e n go o u t fo r
, ,

a s econd p e ri od ; b u t i f t h e y a re favo u rabl e t h e ,

wo m e n o f e ac h roo m p e rfo rm t h e p ri vat e ri t e s ov er

t h e i r sto re s o f s eed p a o i wh i ch a re k ep t i n t h e i r
’
,

roo m s . A ft er t h e p ros and cons h av e b e e n fu lly

d i sc u ss ed t h e c h i e f na m es t h e day fo r t h e b e
,

g i nn i ng o f t h e cl e a ri ng o p erat i ons .

At t h e b eg i nn i ng o f t h e so wi ng t h e h o u s e i s
aga i n s u bj ect to i na l o n fo r o ne day D u ri ng t h e .

g ro wt h o f t h e fi a a i va ri o u s c h a rm s and s u p e rst i t i o u s
’

ract i c s r b ro u gh t i n to to r o m ot i t
p e a e u se
p e s

g ro wt h and h ealt h and to k e e p t h e p ests fro m i t

, .

T h e p a o i c h a rm s a re a m i sc e llan e o u s coll ect i on o r

’

b u n dl e o f s m all a rt i cl e s s u ch as c u ri o u s p e bbl e s
,

and b i ts o f wood p i gs t u sks o f u n u s u al s i z e o r

,
’

s h ap e b eads feat h ers c rystals o f q u a rt z Kayans

, , , .

as a ru l e obj ect to p e bbl e s and ston e s as c h a rm s .

S u c h c h a rm s a re g e n erally acq u i re d i n t h e fi rst

i nstanc e t h ro u g h i nd i cat i ons a ffo rd e d by d re a m s ,

and a re h and ed do wn fro m m ot h e r to da u g h t e r .

S u c h c h a rm s conta i n e d i n a bask e t a re u s u ally k ep t

i n a fi a o i ba rn fro m wh i c h t h e y a re tak e n to t h e fi e ld
’
,

by t h e wo m an and wav e d ov e r i t u s u ally wi t h a ,

l i v e fo wl i n t h e h and wh i l e s h e add re ss e s t h e p a o i '

s eed i n so m e s u c h t e rm s as t h e follo wi ng : M ay
,
“

y o u h av e a good st e m and a good t o

p l e t all p a r ts ,

Of
y o u g ro w i n h a rm ony et c etc T h e,n She. .

ra p i dly rep e ats a long c u sto m a ry fo rm u la o f

“
e x h o rtat i on to t h e p ests say i ng O rats ru n
, , ,

a way do wn ri v er don t t ro u bl e u s ; O s p a rro ws and

,
’

n ox i o u s i ns ects go fee d on t h e fi a o i o f t h e p e o p l e
,
’

do wn ri v e r .I f t h e p ests a re v e ry p e rs i st e nt t h e ,

wo m an m a y k i ll a fo wl an d scatt e r i t s blood ov e r
t h e g ro wi ng fi a o i wh i l e s h e c h a rg e s t h e p e sts to
’
,

d i sap p e a r and calls u p on L o ki [o ong (t h e god of

,

h a rv e sts ) to d ri v e t h e m o u t .

Wo m e n alon e wi ll gat h e r t h e fi rst e a rs o f t h e

 v1 AG R I C U L T U R E 1 1 I

c ro p I f t h e y e nco u n t er on t h e i r wa y to t h e fi elds
.

an y o ne o f t h e follo wi ng c reat u re s t h e y m u st at ,

onc e re t u rn h o m e and stay t h e re a day and a n i g h t

on p a i n o f i lln e ss o r e a rly d e at h :
, ,

c erta i n snak e s ,

s p i d e rs c e n t i p e d e s m i ll i p e d e s and b i rds O f t wo
, , ,

s eci e s 7 era i i an d o o ( )
'

p , _
a ai a c u ckoo O r aga i
. n i f t h e ,

s h o u ld e r st rap s o f t h e i r la rg e bask e ts s h o u ld b reak

on t h e wa y i f a st u m p s h o u ld fall ag a i n st t h e m o r
, ,

t h e not e o f t h e s p i d e r h u n t e r b e h e a rd
-
or if a ,

wo m an st ri k e s h e r foot by acc i d e n t aga i n st an y

obj ect t h e p a rty m u st re t u rn as b efo re
, .

I t wi ll b e cl ea r fro m t h e fo rego i ng acco u n t t h at

t h e wo m e n p lay t h e p ri nc i p al p a rt i n t h e ri t e s and
act u al o p e rat i on s o f t h e p a o i c u lt u re t h e m e n only
’
,

b e i ng call e d i n to cl ea r t h e g ro u nd and to ass i st i n

so m e o f t h e lat e r stag e s T h e wo m e n s e l ect and
.

k e ep t h e s e ed g ra i n and t h e y a re t h e rep os i to ri e s
,

o f m ost o f t h e lo re conn e ct e d wi t h i t I t s e e m s to
.

b e fe lt t h at t h e y h av e a nat u ral a ffin i ty to t h e

fru i t fu l g ra i n wh i c h t h e y s p eak o f as b eco m i ng
,

re gnant Wo m e n so m e t i m e s S l ee
p o u t i n t h
p . e

i fi e lds wh i l e t h e c ro p i s g ro wi ng p robably fo r
’
p a a ,

t h e p u rp os e o f i nc re as i ng t h e i r o wn fe rt i l i ty o r t h at
of the fi a oi ; b u t t h ey a re v e ry re t i c e nt on t h i s
’

m att e r .

T HE H A RV E S T F E S T I VAL
W h e n t h e c ro p i s all gat h ere d i n t h e h o u s e i s ,

m a l a n to all o u ts i d e rs fo r so m e t e n days d u ri ng ,

wh i c h t h e g ra i n i s t rans p o rt e d fro m t h e fi e lds to t h e

v i llag e and sto re d i n t h e p a a i ba rns W h e n t h i s
’
.

roc e ss i s co m p l e t e d o r we ll advanc e d t h e fe st i val

p ,

b eg i n s wi t h t h e p rep a rat i on o f t h e s eed g ra i n fo r

t h e follo wi ng s eason S o m e o f t h e b e st o f t h e new
.

g ra i n i s c a re fu lly s el e ct ed by t h e wo m e n o f e ac h
roo m ,e n o u g h fo r t h e so wi ng o f t h e n e xt s e ason .

T h i s i s m i x ed wi t h a s m all q u ant i ty o f t h e s eed

g ra i n o f t h e fo rego i ng s e ason s wh i c h h a s b ee n ca re
1 1 2 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
fu lly p re s erv e d fo r t h i s p u rp os e i n a s p e c i al bask e t .

T h e bask e t conta i n s g ra i ns o f fi a a i fro m good

’

h a rv e sts o f m any p re v i o u s y e a rs T h i s i s s u p p os e d .

to h av e b ee n don e fro m t h e e a rl i e st t i m e o f fi a o i ’

p lant i ng so t,
h at t h e bask e t conta i ns so m e o f t h e

o ri g i nal stock o f s eed o r at l e ast t h e v i rt u e o f i t,

l e av en i ng t h e wh ol e T h i s bask e t i s n e v e r e m p t i ed
.
,

b u t a p i nc h o f t h e old fi a o i i s m i x e d i n wi t h t h e
’

new and t h e n a h and fu l o f t h e m i x t u re add e d to

,

t h e old stock T h e i d e a h e re s e e m s to b e t h at t h e
.

old g ra i n p re s erv i ng cont i n u ,

i t yg e n e rat i on a ft erg e n e rat i on

wi t h t h e o ri g i nal s e e d p a o i o f’

m yt h i cal o ri g i n e ns u re s t h e
1
,

r e s e nc e i n t h e g ra i n o f t h e
p
so u l o r s p i ri t o r v i tal p ri nc i p l e
FIG 1 6 .
o ffi a
.
oi
’
W h i l e m i x i ng t h e old
.

wi t h t h e ne w s ee d g ra i n t h e ,

wo m an calls on t h e so u l o f t h e p a o i to ca u s e t h e s e e d
’

to b e fru i t fu l and to g ro w v i go ro u sly and to favo u r ,

h e r o wn fe rt i l i ty F o r t h e wh ol e fe st i val i s a c el e b ra
.

t i on o r c u lt o f t h e p ri nc i p l e o f fert i l i ty and v i tal i ty

—
t h at o f t h e wo m e n n o l e ss t h an t h at o f t h e p a o i ' 2
.

T h e wo m e n wh o h av e b e e n d el i v e re d o f c h i ld re n
d u ri ng t h e p ast y e a r wi ll m ak e a n u m b er o f toys ,

cons i st i ng o f p la i t e d wo rk i n t h e s h ap e s o f va ri o u s,

an i m al s fill ed wi t h bo i l e d ri c e ( F i g T h ese .

t h ey t h ro w to t h e c h i ld re n o f t h e h o u s e wh o ,

sc ra m bl e fo r t h e m i n t h e gall e ry T h i s s ee m s to .

b e o f t h e nat u re o f a t h ank o ffe ri ng -

.

At t h i s t i m e also anot h er c u ri o u s c u sto m i s

obs e rv ed Fo u r wat er b e etl e s O f t h e k i nd t h at
. ,
‘

S kat e s on t h e s u rfac e o f t h e st i ll wat e r a re ca u g h t ,

on t h e ri v e r and p lac e d on wat e r i n a la rg e gong .

S o m e old m a n s p e c i ally wi s e i n t h i s m att e r watc h e s

1
S eeCh p X V I I
a . .

2
T he m sa nn x i n f i d
e co i i llu t r t d by th pr t i
e o o ea s s s a e e ac ce o f t ri l
s e e
w om e n wh d ir
o hi ld r n l pi ng up n th fr hly g th r d r
es e c e s ee o e es a e e ea s i n th e hut s
i n th e fi ld
e s.
1 1 4 PAGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

the s h o u ld ers o f t h e o ne go i ng b efo re h e r and all ,

k eep i ng t i m e to t h e m u s i c o f t h e kel a ri es as t h e y
danc e u p and do wn t h e long gall e ry Al l t h i s i s k e p t
.

w i t h good h u m o u r t h e wh ol e day long I n t h e

u
p .

e v e n i ng m o re ka ro k i s d ru nk and songs a re s u ng ,

t h e wo m e n m i ngl i ng wi t h t h e m e n i nst e ad o f re ,

m a i n i ng i n t h e i r roo m s as on ot h e r fe st i v e occas i ons .

B e fo re m i dn i g h t a good m any o f t h e m e n a re m o re
o r l e ss i nto x i cat e d so m e d ee p ly so ; b u t m ost a re
,

abl e to fi nd t h e i r wa y to b ed abo u t m i dn i g h t and ,

fe w o r n on e b e co m e o ffe ns i v e o r q u a rre lso m e e v e n ,

t h o u g h t h e m e n i nd u lg e i n wre stl i ng and ro u g h

h o rs ep lay wi t h o ne anot h e r . A ft e r an e xc ep t i onally
good h a rv est t h e bo i st ero u s m e rry m ak i ng i s re n e wed
on a s e cond o r ev e n a t h i rd day .

T h e h a rv e st fe st i val i s t h e t i m e at wh i c h danc i ng
i s m ost p ract i s e d . T h e danc es fall i nto t wo c h i e f
class e s na m e ly solo dan c e s and t h os e i n wh i c h
, ,

m any p ersons tak e p a rt . Most o f t h e solo danc e s

tak e t h e fo rm o f co m i c i m i tat i ons o f t h e m ov e m e nts
of an i m als e s p e c i ally t h e b i g m acaq u e m onk ey
,

t h e h o rnb i ll
, and b i g fi s h T h es e danc es
.

s ee m to h av e n o con n e ct i on wi t h m ag i c o r re l i g i on ,

b u t to b e p u re ly aest h et i c e nt erta i n m e nts T he .

an i m als t h at a re rega rd e d wi t h m ost a we a re n ev e r

m i m i ck e d i n t h i s wa y . T h e re a re at l e ast fo u r
d i st i nct g ro u p danc e s p o p u la r a m ong t h e K ayan s .

Bot h m en and wo m e n tak e p a rt t h e wo m e n o ft e n

,

d re ss i ng t h e m s e lv e s as m e n fo r t h e occas i on ( P I .

T h e m ov em e nts and e vol u t i ons a re v e ry

s i m p l e T h e l afi a re s em bl e s t h e danc e on re t u rn
.

fro m wa r d e sc ri b e d i n C h ap X . I n t h e kayo
.
,

a S i m i la r danc e t h e danc ers a re l ed by a wo m an

,

h old i ng o ne o f t h e d ri ed h e ads wh i c h i s tak e n do wn

fo r t h e p u rp os e ; t h e wo m e n d ress e d i n wa rco a t s
, ,

re t e nd i ng to tak e t h e h e ad fro m an e n e m y T h e
p .

l a kekni i s a m u s i cal d ri ll i n wh i c h t h e danc ers sta m p

on t h e p lanks o f t h e floo r i n t i m e to t h e m u s i c .
H. AG R I C U L T U R E 1 1 5

T h e l afi a k i s a k i nd o f slo w p olka . I n n on e o f
t h e s e do t h e danc e rs fall i nto co u p l e s A fi ft h
.

danc e t h e danc e o f t h e d ep a rt u re o f t h e s p i ri t i s a
, ,

d ra m at i c rep re s e nt a t I o n by t h ree p e rsons o f t h e

d e at h o f o ne o f t h em and o f h i s re sto rat i on to l i fe
,

by m e ans o f t h e wat er o f l ife (t h i s i s s u p p os e d to

b e b ro u g h t fro m t h e co u nt ry wh i c h i s t rav e rs e d on
t h e j o u rn e y to t h e lan d o f s h ad e s.
) T h i s danc e is

so m e t i m e s g i v e n wi t h so m u c h d ra m at i c e ffect as
to m ov e t h e onlook e rs to t e a rs .
 C H APT E R VI I

T HE D AI L Y LI FE OF A K AYA N LO NG H O U S E

A L I T T LE b e fo re da wn t h e cocks roost i ng b e n e at h
t h e h o u s e a wak e n t h e h o u s eh old by t h e i r c ro wi ng
and t h e flap p i ng o f t h e i r wi ngs T h e p i gs b eg i n to
.

g ru nt and sq u e al and t h e dogs b eg i n to t rot to and

,

fro i n t h e gall e ry .B efo re t h e fi rst st re aks o f day

l i g h t ap p e a r t h e wo m en l i g h t t h e fi re s i n t h e p ri vat e
,

roo m s o r blo w u p t h e s m o u ld e ri ng e m b ers ; t h e n

m ost o f t h e m d e sc e nd fro m t h e h o u s e e ac h ca rry i ng ,

i n a bask e t sl u ng on h er back s e v e ral ba m boo wat e r

V e ss els to b e fill e d fro m t h e ri v e r M any o f t h e m
.

bat h e at t h i s t i m e i n t h e s h allo w wat e r b e s i d e t h e

bank wh i l e t h e to i l e t o f ot h e rs cons i sts i n das h i ng
,

wat e r ov e r t h e i r fac e s was h i ng t h e i r m o u t h s wi t h

,

wat e r and ru bb i ng t h e i r t e e t h wi t h t h e fo re fing e r

, .

R e t u rn i ng to t h e h o u s e wi t h t h e i r loads o f wat e r ( P I .

t h ey bo i l ri c e fo r t h e h o u s eh old b re ak fasts and

fo r t h e d i n n e r o f t h os e wh o a re to s p e nd t h e day i n
t h e p a di fi e ld o r t h e j u ngl e T h e bo i l e d ri c e i nt e nd e d
.

fo r t h e latt e r u s e i s m ad e u p i n p ack e ts wrap p e d I n

g ree n l e av e s e ac h conta i n i ng s u ffic i ent fo r a m e al
,

fo r o ne p e rson . Abo u t h al f p ast S i x wh e n t h e day

-
,

l i g h t i s fu lly co m e t h e p i gs e xp e ctant o f t h ei r m e al
,

a re cla m o u ri ng lo u dly fo r i t T h e wo m e n d e sc e nd
.

to t h e m by ladd ers l ead i ng fro m t h e p ri vat e roo m s ,

and e ac h g i v e s to t h e p i gs o f h er h o u s eh old t h e
l e av i ngs o f t h e m e als o f t h e p re v i o u s day A bo u t .

t h e sa m e t i m e t h e m e n b e g i n to b e st i r t h e m s e lv e s
1 16
C H AP . V I I D A I LY L I F E I I 7

sl u gg i s h ly ; so m e d e sc e nd to bat h e wh i l e ot h e rs ,

s m ok e t h e fa g e nds o f t h e c i ga re tt e s t h at we re u n
fin i s h e d wh e n t h e y fe ll asl eep T h e n t h e m e n .

b re ak fast i n t h e i r roo m s and not u nt i l t h e y a re sat i s

,

fi e d do t h e wo m e n and c h i ld re n s i t do wn to t h e i r
m e al . D u ri ng all t h i s t i m e t h e c h ron i cally h u ng ry
dogs att ract e d by t h e odo u rs o f food m ak e p ers i st e n t
, ,

e ffo rts to e t i nto t h e i r o wn e r s roo m s S u cc ess i n

’

g .

t h i s m an oeu v re i s a l m o s t l y al ways follo we d by t h e i r

s u dd e n and no i sy reap p ea ran c e i n t h e gall e ry ,

ca u s ed by a s m a rt blo w wi t h a st i ck I n t h e b u sy .

fa rm i ng s e ason p a rt i es o f m e n wo m e n and c h i ld re n , ,

wi ll s e t o ff i n boats fo r t h e p a o i fi e lds tak i ng t h e i r ’

b re ak fasts wi t h t h em .

Aft er b re ak fast t h e m e n d i s p ers e to t h e i r va ri o u s

tasks D u ri ng so m e t h re e o r fo u r m ont h s o f t h e
.

y e a r al l abl e bod i e d p e rsons rep a i r da i ly to t h e p o o/i

-

fi elds b u t d u ri ng t h e re st o f t h e y e a r t h e i r e m p loy
,

m e n ts a re m o re va ri e d T h e old wo m e n and
.

i nval i ds re m a i n all day long i n t h e roo m s ; t h e old

m e n lo u ng e all day i n t h e gall e ry s m ok i ng m any ,

h o m e m ad e c i ga re tt es and p erh ap s do i ng a b i t o f
-
,

ca rv i ng o r ot h e r l i g h t wo rk and k eep i ng an e ye
on t h e c h i ld ren T h e yo u ng c h i ld re n p lay i n and
.

o u t an d abo u t t h e h o u s e c h as i ng t h e a ni m als and

, ,

dabbl i n g a m ong t h e boats m oo re d at t h e ban k .

A fe w o f t h e abl e bod i e d m e n em p loy t h e m s e lv e s

-

i n o r abo u t t h e h o u s e m ak i ng boats fo rg i ng s wo rds

, , ,

s p ea r h e ads i ron h o e s and ax es rep a i ri ng we a p on s

-
, , ,

o r i m l e m e n ts Ot h r s go i n s m all a rt i s to t h
p . e
p e e

j u ngl e to h u nt d eer and p i g o r to gat h er j u ngl e ,

p r od u ce —
fr u i ts ru bb
, e r rattans o r, ba m boos o r,
—

s p e nd t h e day i n fis h i ng i n t h e ri v er D u ri ng t h e .

m ont h s o f D e c e m b er and jan u a ry t h e j u ngl e fru i ts

—
t h e d u ri an ra m b u tan m angost e e n lansat m ango
, , , , ,

and n u m ero u s s m all so u r fru i ts ( P l 65) a re m u c h .

—

m o re ab u ndant t h an at ot h e r t i m es ; and d u ri ng
t h es e m ont h s all ot h e r wo rk i s n egl e ct ed wh i l e t h e ,
1 1 8 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

o l e d evot e t h e m s elv e s to gat h eri ng t h e f r u it

p p
e

wh i c h fo rm s fo r a t i m e al m ost t h e i r only food .

E xc ep t d u ri ng t h e b u sy p a o i s e ason t h e wo rk ’

o f t h e wo m e n i s wh olly wi t h i n t h e h o u s e T he .

h e av i e st p a rt o f t h e i r h o u s eh old labo u r i s t h e p re
p a ra t i o n o f t h e ri c e . A f t e r b re ak fast t h e y
p r oc ee d
to s p re ad o u t f a o i on m ats on t h e o p e n p lat fo rm s
’

adj o i n i ng t h e gall ery W h i l e t h e p a a i i s b e i ng

.
’

d ri ed by t h e e xp os u re to s u n and wi nd on t h e s e
p lat fo rm s i,t m u st b e
p rot e ct e d fr o m t h e do m e st i c

fo wls by a g u a rd i an wh o S i tt i ng i n t h e gall e ry , ,

d ri v es t h e m a way by m e ans o f a long ba m boo sl u ng

by a co rd abov e t h e p lat fo rm O t h e rs fill t h e t i m e .

b e t wee n b re ak fast and t h e noonday d i n n e r by

bat h i ng t h em s elv e s and t h e c h i ld re n i n t h e ri v er ,

m ak i ng and rep a i ri ng clot h i ng m ats and bask e ts , , ,

fe tc h i ng m o re wat e r cl e an i ng t h e roo m s and p re

,

p a ri ng d i n n e r
. T h i s m e al cons i sts o f bo i l e d ri c e

wi t h p e rh a p s a p i e c e o f fi s h p o rk o r fo wl and , , , ,

l i k e b re ak fast and s u pp e r i s e at e n i n t h e p ri vat e

,

roo m s .

A s soon as d i nn e r i s ov e r t h e p o u nd i ng o f t h e p a o i ’

b eg i ns ( F ront i s p i e c e Vol , . E ac h m o rta r u s u ally

cons i sts o f a m ass i v e log o f t i m b er ro u g h ly S h ap ed ,

and h av i ng s u nk i n i t s u p p er s u rfac e wh i c h i s a ,

l i ttl e h ollo we d a p i t abo u t fi v e i nc h es i n d i a m e t e r

,

an d n i n e i nc h e s i n d ep t h I nto t h i s p i t abo u t a
.

q u art e r o f a b u s h e l o f p a o i i s p u t T wo wo m e n ’
.

stand on t h e m o rta r fac i ng o ne anot h e r on e i t h er

s i d e o f t h e p i t e ach h old i ng by t h e m i ddl e a la rg e
,

wood e n p e stl e . T hi s i s a sol i d b a r o f h a rd wood

abo u t s ev e n fe e t long abo u t t wo i nc h e s i n d i a m e t e r
,

i n t h e m i ddl e t h i rd and so m e t h re e o r fo u r i nc h e s
,

i n d i a m e t e r i n t h e re st o f i t s l e ngt h T h e t wo .

e nds a re ro u nd e d and ol i s h ed by E ac h
p u se .

wo m an ra i s e s h er p e stl e to t h e fu ll h e i g h t o f h e r
re ac h and b ri ngs i t s m a rtly do wn u on t h g ra i n i n
, p e

t h e p i t t h e t wo wo m e n st ri k i ng alt e rnat e ly wi t h a
,
 D A I LY L I F E 1 1 9

re g u la r rh yt h m As e ac h o ne l i fts h e r p estl e s h e
.
,

d e ftly s weep s back i n to t h e p i t wi t h h er foot t h e

g ra i n scatt e red by h e r st rok e .

A ft e r p o u nd i ng t h e p a o i fo r so m e m i n u t e s wi t h
’

o u t i n t e rru
p t i on o ne w o m an tak
, e s a w i n no w i ng p a n ,

a m a t m ad e i n t h e S h a p e o f an E ngl i s h h o u s e m a i d s ’

d u st p an b u t rat h e r la rg e r t h an t h i s a rt i cl e and
, ,

re c e i v e s i n i t t h e p o u nd e d g ra i n wh i c h t h e ot h e r
t h ro ws o u t o f t h e p i t wi t h h e r foot .

B ot h wo m e n t h e n kn e e l u p on a la rg e m a t la i d
b es i d e t h e m o rta r t h e o ne h old i ng t h e wi nno wi ng
p a n k e e p s t h ro wi ng t h e g ra i n i n to t h e a i r w i t h a
m ov e m e n t wh i c h ca u s e s t h e h e av i er g ra i n to fall to
t h e back o f t h e p a n wh i l e t h e c h a ff and d u st i s
,

t h ro wn fo rwa rd on to t h e m a t H e r co m p an i on .

s ep a rat e s t h e ri c e d u st fro m t h e c h a ff by s ift i ng i t

t h ro u g h a s i e v e A cons i d erabl e q u ant i ty o f t h e
.

d u st o r fin e ly b rok e n ri c e i s fo rm e d by t h e p o u nd i ng
i n t h e m o rta r and t hi s i s t h e p ri nc i p al food g i v e n t o
,

t h e p i gs . T h e wi nno we d g ra i n i s u s u ally re t u rn e d
to t h e m o rta r to b e p u t t h ro u g h t h e wh ol e p roc e ss a
s e cond t i m e T h e cl ean ri c e t h u s p re p a re d i s ready
.

fo r t h e cook i ng p o t -
.

T h e wi n no wi ng and s i ft i ng i s o ft e n don e by old

wo m e n wh i l e t h e yo u ng e r wo m e n con t i n u e t h e
,

s e v ere r task o f p ly i ng t h e p estl e I n t h e K ayan .

h o u s e s t h e m o rta rs a re i n m any cas e s do u bl e t h at ,

i s to say t h e re a re t wo p i ts i n t h e o ne block o f
,

t i m b e r and t wo p a i rs o f wo m e n wo rk S i m u ltan e o u sly

, .

I n t h e m i ddl e o f t h e a ft e rn oon t h e wh ol e h o u s e re
so u nds wi t h t h e v i go ro u s blo ws o f t h e p e stl es fo r ,

t h ro u g h o u t t h e l e ngt h o f t h e gall ery t wo o r m o re

wo m e n a re at wo rk b es i d e e ac h roo m h u sk i ng t h e ,

day s s u p p ly o f ri c e fo r e ac h fa m i ly
’
.

F o r t h e wo m e n o f all t h e p e o p l e s e xc e p t t h e ,

P u nans t h e h u sk i ng o f t h ep a o i i s a p ri nc i p al fe at u re
,
’

o f t h e day s wo rk and i s e rfo rm e d i n m u c h t h e

’

p ,

sa m e fas h i on by all T h e K e nya h s alon e do t h e i r

.
 1 20 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O RN E O C HAP .

wo rk ou t of doo rs b es i d e t h e p a o i ba rns so m e t i m e s ’
,

u nd e r ru d e l e an to s h e lt e rs
-
.

W h e n t h i s task i s co m p l e t e d t h e wo m e n a re
cov ere d wi t h d u st t h ey d e sc e nd aga i n to t h e ri v er ,

and bat h e t h em s e lv e s and t h e ch i ld re n onc e m o re .

T h e y m a y gat h e r so m e o f t h e scanty v eg e tabl e s

g ro wn i n s m all e nclos u re s n e a r m ost o f t h e
h o u s e s and t h e n p roc eed to p rep a re s u pp e r wi t h
,

t h e i r ri c e and wh at e v er food t h e m e n m a y h av e
b ro u g h t h o m e fro m t h e j u ngl e F o r no w abo u t an .
,

h o u r b e fo re s u n do wn t h e m e n re t u rn fro m e x p e d i
,

t i ons i n t h e j u ngl e o ft e n b ri ng i ng a wi ld p i g a
, ,

m onk e y a p o rc u p i n e o r so m e j u ngl e fru i t o r yo u ng

, , ,

s h oots o f ba m boo as t h e i r cont ri b u t i on to t h e s u p p er

,

tabl e ; ot h ers re t u rn fro m fis hi ng o r fro m t h e p a o i ’

fi elds and d u ri ng t h e s u ns e t h o u r at a la rg e v i llag e

,

a constant st re a m o f boats a rri v e s at t h e land i ng

p lac e b e fo r e t h e h o u s e M ost o f t
. h e h o m e co m e rs -

bat h e i n t h e ri v er b e fo re asc end i ng to t h e h o u s e .

T h i s e v e n i ng bat h i s tak e n i n m o re l ei s u re ly fas h i on

t h an t h e m o rn i ng di p A m a n wi ll st ri p o ff h i s.

wa i st clot h and ru s h i nto t h e wat e r fall i ng flat on h i s

-
,

c h e st wi t h a g re at S p las h T h e n stand i ng wi t h t h e .

wat e r u p to h i s wa i st h e wi ll so u s e h i s h ead and fac e ,

t h e n p erh ap s s wi m a fe w do u bl e ov erh and st rok es ,

h i s h e ad go i ng u nd e r at e ac h st rok e Aft e r ru bb i ng .

h i m s e l f do wn wi t h a s m oot h p e bbl e h e re t u rn s to ,

t h e bank and h av i ng re s u m e d h i s wa i st clot h h e

,
-
,

sq u eez e s t h e wat e r fro m h i s h a i r p i cks u p h i s ,

p addl e s
, p e a r h a t, and ot,h e r b e long i ngs and asc e nds ,

to t h e gall ery T h ere h e h angs u p h i s s p e a r by

.

j abb i ng i t s p o i nt i nto a roo f b ea m b es i d e t h e doo r o f -

h i s c h a m b e r and s i ts do wn to s m ok e a c i ga re tt e and
,

to re lat e t h e e v e nts o f h i s day wh i l e s u pp eri s p rep a r

i ng . As da rkn e ss falls h e go e s to h i s roo m to s u p
, .

By t h e t i m e t h e wo m e n also h av e s u pp ed t h e ,

t ro p i cal n i g h t h a s fall e n and t h e h o u s e i s l i t by t h e

,

fi res and by res i n to rch e s and no wadays by a few ,

VI I D A I LY L I F E I 2I

k eros e n e la m p s T h e m e n gat h e r ro u n d t h e fi re
.

lac s i n t h e gall e ry and d i sc u ss p ol i t i cs t h e e v e nts

p e ,

o f t h e day t h e stat e o f t h e c ro p s and we at h e r t h e

, ,

n e ws obta i n ed by m e e t i ngs wi t h t h e p e o p l e o f
n e i g h bo u ri ng h o u s es and re lat e m yt h s and l eg e nds
, ,

folk tal e s and an i m al sto ri e s

- T h e wo m e n h av i ng
.
,

u t t h e c h i ld re n to b ed v i s i t o ne anot h e r s roo m s
’

p ,

fo r fri e ndly goss i p ; and yo u ng m e n d ro p i n to j o i n

t h e i r p a rt i e s acc ep t t h e p ro ffere d c i ga re tt e and
, ,

d i sco u rs e t h e s wee t m u s i c o f t h e kel a ri t h e nos e ,

1

fl u t e an d t h e je w s h a rp ( F i gs 1 7 1 8
,
’
Or
.
, ,

Ro m eo fi rst st ri k es u p h i s p la i n t i v e t u n e o u ts i d e
t h e roo m i n wh i c h j u l i e t s i ts wi t h t h e wo m e n folk .

u l i et m a e s ond wi t h a fe w not e s o f h e r g u i ta r
j
2
y r p
( g
F i . t h u s e nco u rag i ng Ro m e o to e n t e r and

to tak e h i s p lac e i n t h e g ro u p b es i d e h e r wh ere ,

h e j o i ns i n t h e conv e rsat i on o r re n e ws h i s m u s i cal

e ffo rts Abo u t n i n e O clock all re t i re to b ed sav e
’
.
,

a few old m e n wh o s i t s m ok i ng ov e r t h e fi re s
fa r i nto t h e n i g h t T h e dogs a ft e r so m e fin al
.
,

sk i rm i s h e s and y e l p i n g s s u bs i d e a m ong t h e wa rm
,

as h e s o f t h e fi rep lac e s t h e p i gs em i t a final sq u e al

and g ru n t ; and wi t h i n t h e h o u s e q u i e tn ess re i gns .

N o w t h e ru s h i ng o f t h e ri v e r m ak e s i ts e l f h ea rd i n
t h e h o u s e m i ngl e d wi t h t h e c h i rp i ng o f i nnu m e r
,

abl e i ns e cts and t h e c roak i ng o f a m y ri ad frogs

bo rn e I n fro m t h e s u rro u nd i ng fo re st T h e V i llag ers .

sl e ep so u ndly t i ll cock c ro w ; b u t t h e E u ro p ean

g u est ly i ng I n t h e p lac e o f h on o u r al m ost b e n e at h
,

t h e ro w o f h u m an h e ads whi c h ado rns t h e gall e ry 1 3 , ,

i f u n u s e d to sl e e p i n g i n a Bo rne an long h o u s e a p t ,

to b e wak e n e d fro m t i m e to t i m e t h ro u g h o u t t h e
n i g h t by an o u tb u rst o f d re ad fu l y e l p i ngs fro m t h e
dogs sq u abbl i ng fo r t h e b e st p lac e s a m ong t h e as h e s ,

by t h e p rolong e d fit o f co u g h i ng o f an old m a n by ,

an old c ron e m ak i ng u p t h e fi re by t h e goats sq u eal ,

i ng and sca m p eri ng ov e r t h e boats b e n e at h t h e

S Ch p X V I I I
1 ee a . . S Ch p V 2
ee a . .
C H AP . V I I D A I LY L I F E 1 23

hou s e o r by so m e we i rd c ry fro m t h e d e p t h s o f t h e
,

j u ngl e .

I n t h e old days t h e p e ac e o f t h e n i g h t wa s
occas i onally b rok e n an h o u r b e fo re t h e da wn by t h e
y e lls o f an attack i ng fo rc e and by t h e fla m e s roa r
,

i ng u p fro m b u ndl e s o f s h av i ngs t h ro wn b e n e at h

the hou se B u t h ap p i ly attacks o f t h i s k i nd a re no
.

long e r m ad e sav e i n so m e fe w re m ot e r p a rts o f

,

t h e i n t e ri o r wh e re t h e E u ro p e an gov e rn m e nts h av e
n ot yet fu lly e stabl i s h e d t h e i r a u t h o ri ty .

T h e ev e n t e no r o f t h e l i fe o f a v i llag e I s I nt e r
ru p t e d fro m t i m e to t i m e by c e rta i n fe st i vals o r
ot h e r i n c i d e nts t h e h a rv e st fe st i val ; t h e m a rri ag e
—

o r t h e na m i ng o f a c h i e f s son o r da u g h t e r ;
’
the
a rri val o f i m p o rtant g u e sts (o ne o r m o re c h i efs
wi t h bands o f follo wers co m i ng t o m ak e p e ac e o r ,

no wadays t h e re s i d e nt m ag i st rat e o f t h e d i st ri ct ) ;
t h e fu n e ral o f a c h i e f ; t h e p re p a rat i on s fo r wa r o r
fo r a long j o u rn e y to t h e d i stant bazaa r o f C h i n e s e
t rad ers I n t h e lo we r p a rt o f t h e ri v e r ; t h e n e c e ss i ty
o f re m ov i ng to a ne w s i t e ; an e p i d e m i c o f d i s e as e ;

t h e ri t e s o f fo rm ally con s u lt i ng t h e o m e ns o r ot h e r
,

wi s e co m m u n i cat i ng wi t h and p ro p i t i at i ng t h e gods ;

t h e o p erat i ons o f t h e so u l catc h e r
-
. T h e m o re i m
o rtan t f t h e s e i nc i d e nts wi ll b e d e sc ri b e d i n lat e r
p o

c h ap t ers H e re we n e ed only g i v e a b ri e f acco u nt

.

o f t h e wa y i n wh i c h so m e o f t h e m a ffe ct t h e da i ly

ro u n d o f l i fe i n t h e long h o u s e .

A v i s i t i ng c h i e f wi ll re m a i n s eat e d i n h i s boat ,

wh i l e a follo we r an no u nc e s h i s a rri val and asc e rta i ns

t h at t h e re I s no 7na l a n (l a oa ) u p on t h e h o u s e wh i c h
wo u ld m ak e t h e p re s e nc e o f v i s i to rs u n we lco m e .

S u c h m a l a n a ffe ct i n g t h e wh ol e h o u s e o r v i llag e
obta i n s d u ri ng t h e sto ri ng o f t h e fi a o i fo r t e n’

cons e c u t i v e days d u ri ng ep i d e m i cs o f s i ckn e ss i n

,

ne i g h bo u ri ng v i llag e s and at t h e t i m e wh e n t h e
,

r e a rat i on o f t h e fa rm land b eg i ns I f a favo u rabl e

p p .

ans wer i s re t u rn e d t h e v i s i to r re m a i n s s eat ed i n h i s

,
1 24 P AG A N T R I B E S OF BORN EO C HHH

boat so m e fe w m i n u t e s long er and t h e n m ak e s h i s ,

wa y i nto t h e gall e ry follo we d by m ost o f h i s m e n

, ,

wh o l e av e t h e i r s p ea rs and s h i e lds I n t h e boats If .

t h e v i s i to r i s an i nt i m at e fri e nd t h e c h i e f o f t h e ,

h o u s e wi ll s e nd a son o r b rot h e r to we lco m e h i m ,

o r wi ll e v e n go h i m s e l f Arri v e d i n t h e gall e ry
.
,

t h e v i s i to r advanc e s to t h e c e nt ral p lat fo rm wh e re

t h e c h i e f o f t h e h o u s e a wa i ts h i m u nst ri ngs h i s ,

s wo rd fro m h i s wa i st h angs i t u p on any conv e n i e nt

,

h ook and s i ts do wn b e s i d e h i s h ost ; wh i l e h i s

,

m e n follo wi ng h i s e xa m p l e s e at t h e m s e lv e s wi t h
, ,

t h e m e n o f t h e h o u s e i n a s e m i c i rcl e fac i ng t h e
t wo c h i e fs T h e follo we rs m a y g re et and e v e n
.
,

e m b rac e o r g ras p by t h e fo re a rm
,
t h e i r p e rsonal ,

fri e nds ; b u t t h e d e m eano u r o f t h e c h i e fs i s m o re

fo rm al .N e i t h e r o ne u tt e rs a wo rd o r glanc e s at
t h e ot h e r fo r so m e few m i n u t e s ; t h e h ost re m a i n s
s e at e d fi dg et i ng wi t h a c i ga rett e a nd ga z i ng u p on
,

t h e floo r ; t h e v i s i to r s i tt i ng b e s i d e h i m looks
stol i dly ov er t h e h eads o f h i s follo we rs and p e rh ap s ,

cl e a rs h i s t h roat o r co u g h s P re s e ntly a wo m an.

t h ru sts i nto t h e s e m i c i rcl e a t ray o f fre s h ly m ad e

c i ga rett es O ne o f t h e m e n O f t h e h o u s e p u s h e s
.

i t fo rwa rd to wa rds t h e p ri nc i p al v i s i to r wh o m ak e s ,

a S i gn o f acc e p tan c e by l i g h tly to u c h i ng t h e t ray ;

t h e ot h e r c ro u c h i ng on h i s h e e ls l i g h ts a c i ga re tt e
, ,

wi t h an e m b er fro m t h e fi re blo wi ng i t i nto a glo w

,

as h e waddl e s u p to p res e nt i t to t h e v i s i t i ng c h i ef .

T h e latt e r tak e s i t b u t u s u ally allo ws i t to go o u t

, .

B y t h i s t i m e t h e c h i e f o f t h e h o u s e i s re ady to op e n
t h e conv e rsat i on and a ft e r cl e a ri ng h i s t h roat
, , ,
“
s u dd e nly t h ro ws o u t a q u e st i on u s u ally W h ere , ,
”
did yo u sta rt fro m to day ? T h e e m ba rrass i ng
S i l e nc e t h u s b rok e n q u e st i on and ans we r a re fre e y
,
l
e xc h ang e d t h e c i ga re tt e o f t h e v i s i to r i s aga i n
,

l i g h t e d at t h e fi re by a m em b e r o f t h e h o u s e h old ,

and conv ersat i on b eco m e s g e n eral N ot i nfre .

q u e ntly t h e h ost b eco m i ng m o re and m o re fri e ndly

, ,
HH D A I LY L I F E 1 25

t h ro ws an a rm ac ross h i s g u e st s s h o u ld ers o r ’

st rok e s h i m e nd e a ri ngly wi t h t h e p al m o f h i s h and .

I n t h e m e ant i m e t h e wo m e n a re b u sy p rep a ri ng
a m e al a p i g h av i ng b e e n k i ll e d and h ast i ly c u t u p
, .

W h e n i t i s re ady t h e v i s i to rs i f old fri e n ds a re

, , ,

i nv i t ed to p a rtak e o f i t i n t h e c h i e f s roo m Bu t
’
.

i f t h ey a re not fa m i l i a r acq u a i ntanc e s t h e m e al i s ,

s p re ad fo r t h e m i n t h e gall e ry on p latt e rs p lac e d

i n a lon g ro w o ne fo r e ac h g u e st ; e ac h p latt e r
,

conta i n i ng m any c u b e s o f h o t bo i l e d p o rk and t wo

p ack e ts o f h o t bo i l e d ri c e w r a pp e d i n l e av e s T h e .

s p ac e i s s u rro u nd e d wi t h a sl i g h t ba m boo fe nc e
to k eep a way t h e dogs I n e i t h er cas e t h e v i s i to rs
.

ea t alon e t h e i r h osts ret i ri ng u n t i l t h e m e al i s

,

fin i s h e d As t h e c h i ef s wi fe re t i re s s h e says E at
.
’

, ,

S lo wly m c h i ld re n o u r food i s oo r st u ff T h e re i s
, y , p .

n o p o rk n o fi s h n ot h i ng t h at i s good
, , B efo re .

wi t h d ra wi ng o ne o f t h e p e o p l e o f t h e h o u s e p o u rs
,

a l i ttl e wat er fro m a ba m boo v e ss el on t h e ri g h t

h and o f t h e V i s i t i ng c h i e f wh o t h e n p ass e s on t h e
,

v e ss e l to h i s follo we rs W i t h t h e h and t h u s cl eans e d

.

e ac h g u e st conv e ys t h e food to h i s m o u t h d i i ng
pp ,

h i s p i e c e s o f p o rk i n coa rs e salt p lac e d i n a l e a f

b es i d e h i s p latt e r ; and wh e n h e h a s fin i s h e d e at i ng ,

h e d ri nks wat e r fro m a ba m boo v e ss e l T h e ch i e f .

,

and p e rh ap s also o ne o r m o re o f h i s u pp e r class -

co m p an i on s l e av e s a l i ttl e o f t h e p o rk and a l i ttl e

,

ri c e on t h e p latt e r to S h o w t h at h e i s not g re e dy
o r rav e no u s ; and h i s good b re e d i ng p ro m p ts h i m

to p rov e h i s sat i s fact i on wi t h t h e m e al by b e lc h i ng

p a q u ant i t o f w i nd w i t h a lo u d and
p r olong ed
y
u

no i s e wh i c h i s e c h o ed by h i s follo we rs to t h e b est
,

o f t h e i r ab i l i ty A ft er t h u s p u bl i cly e x p re ss i ng
.

h i s a p p re c i at i on o f h i s h ost s h os p i tal i ty h e ri ns e s
’

o u t h i s m o u t h sq u i rt i ng o u t t h e wat e r to wa rds t h e
,

n e a re st g a p b e t we e n t h e floo r boa rds ru bs h i s ,

t ee t h wi t h h i s fo re fing e r aga i n ri n s e s h i s m o u t h
, ,

and was h es h i s h and T h e n re l i g h t i ng h i s c i ga re tt e

.
,
1 26 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

wh i c h h e h a s k e p t b eh i nd h i s e a r o r t h ru st t h ro u g h
t h e h ol e i n i t s s h e ll h e rej o i ns h i s h ost wh o a wa i ts
, ,

h i m on t h e da i s .

On s u c h an occas i on and i n fact on any ot h er

,

occas i on s u gg est i v e o f fe st i v i ty t h e e v e n i ng i s ,

e nl i v e n e d wi t h o rato ry song and d ri nk

, , Aft e r .

s u pp e r t h e m e n gat h er tog e t h e r abo u t t h e c h i e fs ,

s i tt i ng i n clos e s e t ranks on and b efo re t h e da i s

-
.

A t a h i nt fro m t h e c h i e f a j a r Of o a ra k
( ri c e s p i ri t
) -

i s b ro u g h t i nto t h e c i rcl e . T h i s m a y b e t h e p ro p e rty

o f t h e c h i e f o r o f any o ne o f t h e
p ri nc i p al m e n w h o , ,

by vol u nta ri ly cont ri b u t i ng i n t h i s wa y to wa rds t h e

e nt e rta i n m e nt o f t h e g u e sts m a i nta i ns t h e h ono u r
,

o f t h e h o u s e and o f i t s c h i e f A l i ttl e i s p o u re d
.

i nto a cu p and h and e d to t h e h o u s e c h i e f wh o fi rst -

,

m ak e s a l i bat i on to t h e o m e n b i rds and to all t h e-

ot h e r fri e ndly s p i ri t u al p o we rs by p o u ri ng a l i ttl e

,

on to t h e g ro u nd t h ro u g h so m e c re v i c e o f t h e floo r ,

o r by t h ro wi ng a fe w d ro p s o u t u nd e r t h e e av e s ,
”
say i ng as h e do e s so H o all yo u fri e ndly s p i ri ts
, , , .

T h e n h e d ri nks a l i ttl e and h ands back t h e cu p to

t h e yo u ng m a n wh o h a s tak e n c h a rg e o f t h e j ar

o f s p i ri t T h e latt e r re m a i n i ng c ro u c h e d u p on h i s
.
,

h ee ls ladl e s o u t anot h e r c u p fu l o f S p i ri t and o ffe rs

,

i t i n bot h h an ds to t h e p ri nc i p al g u est wh o d ri nks ,

i t o ff and e x p re ss e s by a g ru n t an d a s m ack o f t h e
,

l i p s and p e rh ap s a s h i v e r h i s app re c i at i on o f i t s
, ,

q u al i ty T h e cu p i s h and ed i n s i m i la r fo rm al fas h i on
.

to e ac h o f t h e p ri nc i p al g u ests i n t u rn ; and t h e n
m o re c u p s a re b ro u g h t i nto u s e and t h e c i rc u lat i on ,

o f the d ri nk b eco m e s m o re rap i d and i n fo rm al .

A s soon as e ac h m a n h a s h a d a d ri nk t h e h o u s e ,

c h i e f ri s e s to h i s fe e t and add re ss i ng h i m s el f to
,

h i s g u est e x p at i at es u p on h i s ad m i rabl e q u al i t i e s
, ,

and e x p re ss e s e loq u e n t ly t h e p l e as u re fe lt by h i m
s e l f and h i s p eo p l e at t h i s V i s i t T h e n s p eak i ng i n
.

p a rabl e s and i n i nd i re ct fas h i on cla i m i ng p e,rh a p s

i nd u lg e n c e on t h e g ro u nd t h at h e i s m ere ly talk i ng
P L AT E 68
. A K AY AN PA RT Y SIT T I NG IN T HE G AL L E RY OF A L ON G

H O U SE .
1 28 PAGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

h ost and ot h e r o f t h e p ri nc i p al m e n p re s e nt T h en .

h e m ak e s ackno wl edg m e nt o f t h e k i nd and flatt e ri ng

re c ep t i on acco rd e d h i m and h i s p l e as u re at find i ng
,

t hi s o pp o rt u n i ty o f i m p rov i ng t h e u nd e rstand i ng
“
b e t wee n h i m s e l f and h i s h osts T h e v i e ws so
.

e loq u e ntly e x p re ss e d by m y fri e nd ( na m i ng h i m

and u s i ng so m e co m p l i m e nta ry t i tl e e g b rot h er o r , . .

fat h e r) a re no do u bt co rre ct I nd e ed , h o w co u ld
.

i t b e ot h e rwi s e ? B u t I h av e b e e n told so and so ,

and p e rh a p s i t m a y b e ,
and so h e go es on
to stat e h i s o wn V i ews tak i ng ca re to S h i ft t h e
,

re s p ons i b i l i ty fo r any re m a i n i ng d i ss e ns i on on to t h e
s h o u ld ers o f so m e d i s t an t t hi rd p arty H e con .

g rat u lat e s all p a rt i e s on t h i s free d i sc u ss i on o f

m att e rs o f co m m on i nt e re st and wi t h fre e g est i c u la
,

t i on e x h o rts t h e m to t u rn a d e a f ea r to vag u e
ru m o u rs and to m a i nta i n fri e ndly re lat i ons T h en .
,
“
d ro p p i ng do wn b e s i d e h i s h ost h e says Tak e no ,
”
not i c e o f wh at I h av e sa i d I a m d ru nk
,
Gany m ed e .

aga i n ap p roac h es h i m wi t h a b u m p er c u p and t h e n ,

ri s i ng to h i s fee t and call i ng on h i s m e n h e add re ss e s ,

h i s h ost i n co m p l i m e nta ry song and c h o ru s u s i ng ,

t h e g e st u re s and e x p re ss i on s p e c u l i a r to h i s o wn

p peo l e . T h e song c u l m i nat e s as b e fo re I n a g e n e ral

c h o ru s long d ra wn o u t wh i l e t h e h o u s e ch i ef d ra i ns
, ,
-

t h e cu p .

T h e c u p s t h e n c i rc u lat e fre e ly and t h e s m ok i ng ,

o f c i ga re tt e s i s g e n e ral ; ot h er S h o rt e r s p eec h es
m a y b e m ad e , p e rh a p s by t h e sons o r b rot h e rs o f
t h e c h i e fs . A s t h e e v e n i ng we a rs a way bot h g u e sts ,

and h osts b eco m e i nc re as i ngly bo i st e ro u s an d

a ffe ct i onat e ; b u t few o r non e on an occas i on o f t h i s
so rt b e co m e i n tox i cat e d o r q u a rrelso m e I f a m a n .

b e co m e s a l i ttl e too bo i st e ro u s h e i s l e d a way to

,

o ne o f t h e sl e e i ng p lat fo rm s i n t h e gall e ry and

p ,

k ep t t h ere u nt i l h e falls asl ee p .

D u ri ng an e v e n i ng o f t hi s so rt t h e wo m e n con
g g re a t e i n t h e adj ac e nt r oo m s w h e re t h ey can
,
69
. E NT E R T AI N I N G G U E ST S IN T HE G AL L E RY OF A K L E M AN T AN

( B A R AW AN ) HO USE .
1 3 0 P AG AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AR VII

cla m o ro u sly i nv i t e t h e g u e sts to s i t do wn b e fo re

t h e i r c h a m b er T h e g u e sts t h u s b eco m e scatt e red
.

t h ro u g h t h e h o u s e F i rst t h e y a re o ffere d b et e l
.

nu t and s i rih l e a f s m ea re d wi t h l i m e to c h ew fo r ,

a m ong t h e S ea Dayaks t h i s ch e wi ng tak es t h e

lac e o f t h e s m ok i ng o f c i ga re tt e s wh i c h i s co m m on
p
to all t h e ot h e rs ; and t h e y a re t h e n fed and e nt e r
t a i ne d i nd i v i d u ally o r by t wos and t h ree s i n va ri o u s
, ,

roo m s . N o p i g i s k i ll ed o r ri c e s p i ri t o ffe red t h o u g h

-
,

oss i bly a toast e d bat o r b i t o f salt ed wi ld i w i ll

p pg
b e s e rv ed as a re l i s h .

At g re at fe asts t h e S e a Dayaks d ri nk m o re
free ly t h an t h e ot h e r p e0 p 1es e xc e p t t h e M u ru ts
, .

Men and wo m e n al i k e d ri nk d eep ly and m any ,

b e co m e i ntox i cat e d T h e m e n tak e p ri d e i n d ri nk

.

i ng t h e la rg est p oss i bl e q u ant i ty ; and wh e n t h e

sto m ach i s fill ed wi ll vo m i t u p la rg e q u ant i t i e s and
, ,

t h e n at onc e d ri nk m o re t h e wo m e n p ress i ng i t
,

u p on t h e m . T h e Dayaks and M u ru ts alon e t h u s

s i nk i n t h e m att e r o f d ri nk to t h e l ev el o f t h os e
h i g h ly c u lt u re d E u ro p e ans a m ong wh o m a s i m i la r
h ab i t obta i ns :wh i l e a m ong all t h e ot h e r t ri b e s
st rong d ri nk i s s e ldo m o r n e v e r ab u s ed b u t rat h e r ,

i s p u t only to i t s p ro p er u s e t h e p ro m ot i on o f good
,

fe llo ws h i p and soc i al ga i e ty .

1 3 2 PAGAN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

i m p oss i bl e to re ac h t h e d es i re d p o i nt by boat , o r
i f t h e wat e rway i s v ery c i rc u i to u s O n t h e lo we r
.

and d eep er reac h e s o f t h e ri v e rs t h e p addl e i s t h e

u n i v e rsal i nst ru m e nt o f p ro p u ls i on I t i s u sed
.

wi t h o u t any k i nd o f ro wl ock t h e o ne h and g ras p —

,

i ng t h e h andl e a l i ttl e abov e t h e blad e , d ra ws t h e

blad e back wa rds t h ro u g h t h e wat er t h e ot h e r h and ,

ras p i ng t h e T s h a p e d u pp er e nd, t h ru sts i t fo rwa rd

g
-
.

T h e lo we r h and t h u s s e rv e s as a fu lc ru m fo r t h e
o t h er .

A s m all boat m a y b e p ro p ell e d by a S i ngl e ro wer ,

wh o s i tt i ng at t h e st e rn u s es t h e p addl e on o ne
, ,

s i d e only and k e e s t h e boat st ra i g h t by t u rn i ng

, p
t h e p addl e as h e fin i s h e s h i s st rok e I n a boat o f
.

m e d i u m s i z e o ne m a n s eat e d at t h e st ern d evot es

h i m s e l f to st ee ri ng wi t h hi s p addl e alt h o u g h h ere ,

a nd t h e re a m ong t h e coast o l e a fix e d ru dd e r i s
p p
e -

u s ed I n a wa r boat o f t h e la rg est S i z e, t h e t wo
.

m e n occ u p y i ng t h e b o w b e nc h an d t h e fo u r m e n on
-

t h e t wo st e rn m ost b e nc h e s a re re s p ons i bl e fo r t h e
s t e e ri ng ; t h e fo rm e r u ll t h e b o w ov e r o r l e v e r i t
p ,
-

i n t h e o pp os i t e d i re ct i on .

D u ri ng a day s j o u rn ey t h e c rew o f a boat wi ll

’

fro m t i m e to t i m e l i g h t e n t h e i r labo u r wi t h song ,

o ne m a n S i ng i ng , t h e ot h e rs j o i n i ng i n t h e c h o ru s ;

a nd i f s e v e ral boats a re t rav e ll i ng i n co m any t h e

p
c re ws wi ll fro m t i m e to t i m e s u rt and st ri v e to
p
p ass o ne anot h e r i n good h u m o u re d ri val ry
-
A t .

s u c h t i m e s e ac h c re w m a b r ak u t i nto a d eep
y e o

i tc h d and m u s i cal roa r t h e t ri u m h al c h o ru s o f a

p e , p
v i cto ri o u s wa r p a rty .

I n t h e u p p e r re ac h es o f t h e ri v e rs t h e re a re
n u m e ro u s rap i ds and h ere and t h e re act u al falls
, .

T h e boat i s u s u ally p ro p ell e d u p a rap i d by p ol i ng .

E ac h m em b e r o f t h e c re w h a s b es i d e h i m a sto u t
p ol e so m e e i g h t o r n i n e fe e t long ; and wh e n t h e

boat app roac h e s a rap i d , t h e c rew at a s h o u t fro m

t h e cap ta i n , u s u ally t h e st eers m an , s p ri ng to t h e i r
 I B AN S P R E P AR I N G A B OAT F OR A L ON G JOU RN E Y .

P L AT E 7 1 . K AY AN W AR -
B OAT ON T HE L OW E R BA RAM .
 LI F E O N T H E R IVE RS
fe e t , d ro pp i ng t h e i r p addl es and s e i z i ng t h ei r p ol e s .

T h ru st i ng t h e s e aga i n st t h e stony botto m i n p e rfe ct

u n i son t h e c re w s wi ngs t h e boat u t h r o u gh t h e
, p
ru s hi ng wat e r wi t h a v ery p l e asan t m ot i on I f the
.

c u rre n t p rov es too st rong and t h e boat m ak e s n o

rog r ss o r i f t h e wat e r i s too s h allo w t h re e o r
p e , ,

fo u r m en o r i f n e c e ssa ry t h e wh ol e c re w s p ri n g
, , , ,

i nto t h e wat e r and s ei z i ng t h e boat by t h e g u n wal e

, ,

d rag i t u p st re a m t i ll q u i et e r wat e r i s re ac h e d I t .

i s n ec e ssa ry fo r a m a n o r boy to bal e o u t t h e wat e r

t h at constan tly e nt e rs ov e r t h e g u n wal e wh i l e t h e
boat m ak e s t h e p assag e o f a rap i d Al l t h ro u g h .

t h e s e exc i t i ng Op e rat i on s t h e cap ta i n d i re cts and

ad m on i s h e s h i s m e n u n re m i tt i ngly h u rl i ng at t h e m
,

e x re ss i ons o f a st re ngt h t h at wo u ld aston i s h a c re w

p
on t h e wat e rs o f t h e C a m o r I s i s “
:M at e i t a dji n
s el i n (m a y yo u di e t h e m ost a wfu l d e at h ) i s o ne
of th e favo u ri t e p h ras e s . T h e s e p rovok e no
res e n t m e nt b u t m e re ly st i m u lat e t h e c re w to g re at e r
,

e x ert i ons .

S o m e t i m e s wh e n m u c h wat er i s co m i ng do wn
,

a ft er h e avy ra i ns t h e c u rrent i s so s wi ft i n d eep

,

p lac e s t h at n e i t h e r p addl i ng p ol
, i ng ,
n o r w ad i ng i s

p oss i bl e. T h e n t h re e o r fo u r m e n a re land e d 0 11

t h e bank o r on t h e bo u g h s o f t h e t re e s and h a u l on
, ,

t h e boat wi t h lon g rattans sc ra m bl i ng ov er rocks

,

and t h ro u g h t h e j u n g l e as b est t h e y can .

T h e p assag e do wn st rea m i n t h e u pp e r reac h e s

o f a ri v e r i s e v e n m o re e xc i t i ng an d l e as u rabl e
p .

T h e c re w p addl es s u ffic i e ntly to k eep good st e e rag e

wa y on t h e boat as i t gl i d e s s wi ftly b et we e n t h e
,

rocks and s h allo ws ; as i t s h oots ov e r t h e ra p i ds ,

t h e st e e rs m an stands u p to c h oos e h i s p at h the ,

wat er s p las h e s and g u rgl e s and l e a p s ov e r t h e

g u n wal e and t h e m en b reak o u t i nto song T h e
, .

s m al l e r wat e rfalls do not c h eck i t s on wa rd ru sh ;

as t h e boat a pp roach e s a fall s e v e ral m en n e ar t h e
,

b o w stand u p to s ee i f t h e re i s s u ffic i e nt wat e r t h e n ,

1 34 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

as th ey re s u m e t h e i r s eats all p addl e wi t h m i g h t

,

and m a i n u nt i l t h e boat tak e s t h e l e ap Occas i onally .

a boat i s u p s e t d u ri ng s u c h an att em p t and ra re ly ,

o ne o r t wo o f t h e c re w a re lost t h ro u g h b e i ng h u rl e d

aga i nst rocks and d ro wn e d wh i l e st u nn ed .

I n m ak i n g a long jo u rn ey t h e n i g h ts a re p ass e d
i f p oss i bl e i n fri e ndly v i llag e s W h e n no s u c h
.

v i llag e can b e reach ed th e n i g h t i s p ass ed ei t her i n

,

t h e boats m oo re d to t h e bank o r on t h e ri v er bank -

.

I n th e fo rm er cas e t h e l e a f m ats o f wh i c h e ach m a n

,

ca rri es at l east o ne i n h i s bask e t a re u s ed to roo f

,

t h e boat ; i n t h e latt er cas e a ru d e b u t i s q u i ckly

b u i lt a fra m ewo rk o f sap l i ngs las h e d tog et h e r roo fe d
, ,

wi th t h e m ats and floo re d at a l e v e l o f so m e fee t

,

abov e t h e g ro u nd wi t h ba m boos o r sl e nd er sapl i ngs .

On ca m p i ng i n t h e ev en i ng and b efo re start i ng i n

t h e m o rn i ng ri c e i s cook e d and e at e n ; and abo u t
,

m id day t h e jo u rn e y i s i nt e rru p t e d fo r abo u t an h o u r

wh i l e t h e p a rty lands on t h e bank o r i f p oss i bl e on
, , ,

a b ed o f p e bbl e s to rest and to cook and e a t t he m id

,

day m e al .

F I S H I NG
F i s h a re ca u g h t i n t h e ri v ers i n s ev e ral ways ,

and fo rm an i m p o rtant p a rt o f t h e d i et o f m ost o f

t h e p e0 p 1es . P erh ap s t h e cast net i s m ost co m m only
u sed . T h i s i s a net wh i c h wh e n fu lly e xt e nd ed I n
,

t h e wat e r cov e rs a c i rc u la r p atc h abo u t s i x ya rds I n

,

d i a m et er wh i l e i ts c e nt ral p a rt ri s es i n a st eep con e

, ,

to t h e p eak o f wh i ch a st rong co rd i s t i e d T h e .

m a i n st rands ru n rad i ally fro m t h i s c e nt ral p o i nt ,

i nc re as i n g i n n u m b er to wa rds t h e p e ri ph ery T h ey .

a re c ross e d by conc e nt ri c st rands T h e p e ri p h ery

.

i s we i g h t e d wi t h b i ts o f m e tal o r ston e T hi s net i s

.

u s e d bot h i n d ee
p and i n s h allo w w at e r I II t h e .

fo rm er cas e o ne m a n st ee rs and p addl e s a boat ,

wh i l e t h e ot h e r stands at t h e p ro w wi t h t h e co rd o f
t h e ne t wo u nd abo u t t h e ri g h t h and T h e b u lk o f
.
 1 3 6 PAG AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

r ap i ds ,
t u rn i ng u p ston e s t h e oth er catchi ng i n
o ne ,

t h e ne t t h e fi s h t h at da rt fro m b en e at h t h e m .

Yet anot h e r m od e o f n ett i ng fi s h i s to s u s p e nd a

sq u are o f net attac h e d by i t s co rn ers to t h e e nds o f
t wo c ross e d and do wn wa rd b e nd i ng st i cks T he .

net i s s u s p e nd e d by co rds fro m i t s co rn ers to t h e e nd

o f a long ba m boo wh i c h re sts u p on a p ost abo u t i t s
,

m i ddl e T h e fis h e rm an lo wers t h e ne t i nto t h e

.

wat er by ra i s i ng t h e land wa rd e nd o f t h e ba m boo

l ev er and wh en h e s e e s fi s h s wi m m i ng abov e i t
, ,

att ract e d by a ba i t h e s u dd e nly d ep ress e s h i s end

,

o f t h e ba m boo so as to b ri ng t h e ne t q u i ckly abov e

,

t h e s u rfac e O n t h e coast d rag n e ts a re u s ed

. .

T h e sel o neko i s u s e d i n s m all st re a m s wh e re fi s h

a re ab u ndant A fe nc e o f u p ri g h t ba m boos i s b u i lt
.

o u t fro m e i t h e r bank sta rt i ng at o pp os i t e p o i nts

,

and conv e rg i ng do wn S t rea m to t wo p o i nts n e a r t h e

m i ddl e o f t h e st re a m and abo u t s e v e n fe e t a p a rt ;
wh e re e ac h t e rm i nate s a sto u t p ol e i s d ri v e n fi rm ly
i nto t h e b e d o f t h e ri v e r T h es e t wo p ol e s a re con
.

ne c t ed by a sto u t c ross p i e c e las h e d to t h e m a l i ttl e

-

abov e t h e l e v e l o f t h e wat er T h e c ross p i e c e fo rm s.

-

a fu lc ru m fo r a p a i r o f long p ol es j o i n ed tog e t h er
wi t h c ross p i e c e s i n s u c h a wa y t h at t h e i r do wn
-
,

st re a m e nds al m ost m e et wh i l e u p st re a m t h e y ,

d i v erg e wi d e ly T h e y re st u p on t h e fu lc ru m at a
.

o i nt abo u t o ne t h i rd o f t h e i r l e ngt h fro m t h e i r do wn

p
-

st rea m e nds B et wee n t h e wi d ely d i v e rg e nt p a rts

.

u
p st re a m fro m t h e fu lc ru m a ne t i s loos e ly S t re tc h e d .

T h e ne t l i e s s u b m e rg e d u nt i l fi s h co m i ng do wn
st re a m a re d i rect e d on to t h e ne t by t h e conv e rg e nt
fe nc e s .T h e fis h erm an stands on a ru d e p lat fo rm
g ras p i ng t h e h andl e e nd and fe e l i ng t h e contacts o f
-
, ,

t h e fis h e s wi t h t h e ne t t h ro ws h i s we i g h t u p on t h e
,

h andl e so b ri ng i ng t h e ne t q u i ckly abov e t h e s u rfac e

, .

B es i d e h i m h e h a s a la rg e cag e o f ba m boo stand i ng

i n t h e wat e r i nto whi c h t h e fi s h a re allo we d to S l i d e
,

fro m t h e e l evat e d ne t .
H H LI FE ON T H E R I V E RS 1 37

A ro d and l i n e and ba i t e d h ook a re also i n

co m m on u s e T h e Kayans m ak e a h ook o f sto u t
.

b rass wi re c u tt i ng a s i ngl e ba rb
, T h e K e nya h s
.

u s e a h ook m ad e o f rattan t h o rns A st ri p i s c u t

.

fro m t h e s u rfac e o f a rattan b e a ri ng t wo t h o rns

abo u t an i nch ap a rt ; t h i s i s b e nt at i t s m i ddl e 3 0 '

t h at t h e cu t s u rfac es o f t h e t wo h alv e s a re b ro u g h t
i nto o pp o s i t i on and t h e t h o rns fac i ng o u t wa rd
, ,

o pp os i t e o ne anot h er fo rm t h e ba rbs
, T he line.

i s t i e d to t h e b e nd and t h e ba i t i s p lac e d ov e r t h e
,

t i p p roj e ct i n g b e yond t h e t h o rns W hen t h e fis h

.

tak e s t h e h ook i nto hi s m o u t h and s wallo ws t h e

ba i t t h e ba rbs b ei ng rel e as e d s p ri n g o u t wa rd and
,

s ec u re t h e fi s h .

A ro u g h k i nd o f s p oon ba i t 1 5 also u s e d wi t h ro d
and l i n e.

F i s h a re tak e n also i n t rap s T h e m ost g e n e rally

.

u s ed i s t h e oa oa T h i s va ri es i n l e ngt h fro m
.

e i g h t ee n i nc h e s to e i g h t fe e t o r e v e n m o re T he .

body o f t h e t ra p i s a con i cal cag e o f ba m boo F ro m .

t h e wi d e m o u t h o f t h e con e a s e cond s m all e r flatt e r

con e p ass e s u p wa rds wi t h i n t h e o u t er o ne ; t h e
sl e nd er ba m boo S t ri p s o f wh i c h i t i s m ad e co m e
al m ost tog et h e r i n t h e c e nt re t h ei r i nn e r e nds b e i ng
,

free an d p l i abl e T h i s i s fi x e d b e s i d e t h e bank i t s

.
,

m o u t h t u rn e d do wn st re a m and a fe w stak e s a re
,

d ri v e n i nto t h e b ed o f t h e ri v er to g u i d e t h e fi s h
i nto t h e m o u t h ; o r i t m a y b e la i d i n s h allo w wat e r ,

t wo ba rri e rs o f ston e s conv e rg i ng to i t s m o u t h .

T h e fi s h wo rk i ng u p st rea m p ass i n at t h e m o u t h ,

and wh e n t h ey h av e p ass ed t h e i nn e r l i p s cannot

, ,

e as i ly p ass o u t a g a i n .

A st i ll S i m p l e r t rap cons i sts m e rely o f a long

sl e nd e r con e o f ba m boo st ri p s T h e fi s h e nt e ri ng
.

t h e m o u t h an d p ass i n g u p to t h e confin e d s p ac e o f
t h e ot h e r e nd b e co m e wedg e d fast I n i t .

A S ea D a y ak t ra p fo u nd i n t h e so u t h we st o f
Bo rn eo I s a cyl i nd ri cal cag e o f ba m boo attac h ed to
1 3 8 P AG A N T R I B E S O N B O R N E O
a p ol e d ri v e n v ert i cally i nto t h e b ed o f t h e ri v e r .

( g
F i . A t o ne s i d e o f t h e cag e i s a c i rc u la r
ap e rt u re I n t o t hi s fits a s e ct i on o f ba m boo t h e
.
,

e nd o f wh i c h wi t h i n t h e cag e i s c u t i nto long i t u d i nal

st ri p s t h at a re m ad e to conv e rg e fo rm i ng a con e
, ,

t h ro u g h t h e ap e x o f wh i c h t h e fi s h can p u s h hi s
wa y i nto t h e cag e b u t wh i ch p rev e n ts h i s re t u rn
, .

I t i s an ap p l i cat i on o f t h e sa m e valv e p ri nc i p l e as
t h at u s ed i n t h e t ra p
fi rst d e sc ri b ed abov e .

A la rg e r t rap i s t h e
ki l ong whi c h i s u s ed i n
,

t h e lo we r re ac h e s o f t h e
ri v e rs and also on t h e
coast I t cons i sts o f a
.

fe nc e o f stak e s ru nn i ng
o u t fro m t h e bank o r

s h o re i nto wat er so m e
t wo fat h o m s i n d ep t h .

T h e free e nd o f t h e
fe nc e i s wo u nd i n a
s p i ral o f abo u t t wo
t u rns . O ne o r t wo
gat e s a re m ad e b et wee n
t h e o u t e r and t h e i nn e r
c h a m b ers o f t h e s p i ral
on t h e S i d e n e a rest to
FIG 21
t h e bank o r s h o re and
.

a re l e ft o p e n wh en t h e t rap i s s et . T he fis h ,

find i n g t h e m s e lv es confin ed by t h e fe nc e m ak e ,

fo r d e ep er wat e r and e nt e ri ng t h e c e nt ral c h a m b e r

, , ,

do not read i ly re t u rn T h e fis h e rm an t h e n clos e s

.

t h e gat e and tak e s o u t t h e fi s h wi t h a land i ng ne t .

A p ra wn t ra p cons i sts o f a cyl i nd e r o f h e avy

ba rk One e nd i s clos e d wi t h a con i cal v a l v e o f
.

ba m boo st ri p s l i k e t h at o f t h e t wo t rap s d esc ri b ed

abov e ; t h e ot h e r flatt e n ed e nd i s h i ng ed to Op e n
fo r t h e e xt ract i on o f t h e catc h . T h e t ra p i s ba i t e d
1 40 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

t h e i r ag i l i ty to avo i d t h e s p i k e s wi t h wh i c h so m e o f
t h e fi s h a re a rm ed La rg e q u ant i t i e s o f fi s h a re
.

so m e t i m es tak e n i n t h i s wa y ; wh at cannot b e e at e n
fres h a re d ri e d and s m ok ed ov e r t h e fi re s i n t h e
hou se .

W h i l e t h e i noa fis h i ng i s b ei ng a rrang ed and t h e

r ep a rat i ons a re go i ng fo rwa rd g re at ca re i s tak e n
p ,

to avo i d m e nt i on i ng t h e wo rd l a oa and all re fe re nc e s ,

to t h e fi s h a re m ad e i n obl i q u e p h ras es s u c h as ,
“
T h e l e av e s (i e t h e fis h e s ) can t float ov e r t h i s
’
. .

fe nc e . T h i s p re ca u t i on i s obs e rv ed b e ca u s e i t i s
b e l i ev ed t h at t h e b i rds and t h e bats can u nd erstand
h u m an s p e ec h and m a y i f t h e y ov e rh e a r re m a rks
, ,

abo u t t h e p rep a rat i ons g i v e wa rn i ng to t h e i r fri e nds ,

t h e fi s h wh os e m ag i c i an ( a bony fi s h call e d o el i ro
)
1
, ,

wi ll t h e n m ak e ra i n and by t h u s s we ll i ng t h e , ,

ri v e r p re v e nt t h e s u cc e ss fu l p o i son i ng o f t h e wat er
, .

T i ckl i ng i s also p ract i s ed wi t h s u cc e ss t h e m e n ,

stand i ng i n t h e e dg e o f a lak e a m ong t h e g rass and

s e dg e s wh ere t h e fi s h s eek cool er wat er i n t h e h e at
,

o f t h e day .

Al l t h e m e t h ods o f tak i ng fi s h d e sc ri b ed abov e

a re
p ract i s ed by m ost o f t h e
p p
e o l e s e xc e p t o f ,

co u rs e t h e u s e o f t h e d rag net i n t h e s ea -
.

T h e c rocod i l e s wh i c h a re n u m e ro u s i n t h e
,

lo we r reach e s o f t h e ri v ers a re n ot h u nt e d o r ,

attack e d sav e on p rovocat i on by any o f t h e p e o p l e s

, ,

o f Bo rn e o e x cep t t h e M alays Occas i onally a 2

.

bat h e r i s s e i z e d by o ne o f t h e m wh i l e i n t h e
wat er o r stand i ng on a log float i ng i n d e ep wat e r ;
and m o re rare ly a p erson i s d ragg ed o u t o f a
s m all boat wh i l e d ri ft i ng q u i e tly on d eep wat e r
,

at e v e ni ng I f m e n and boats a re at h and t h e y

.

t u rn o u t p ro m p tly to attack t h e c rocod i l e i f i t ,

ri s e s to t h e s u rfac e ; b u t t h e re i s s m all c h anc e

o f re sc u e I f t h e v i ct i m h a s s u ffic i e nt p re s e nc e
.

o f m i nd and st re ngt h to t h ru st h i s t h u m bs aga i nst

S Ch p XV I I
1
ee a . S Ch p X V
.
1
ee a . .
 LI FE ON T HE R I V E RS 1 4 1

t he e e y s o f t h e rep t i l e i t m a y rel e as e h i m e scap e ,

i n t h i s wa y i s not u nkno wn I n t h e cas e o f

.

a fatal i ss u e t h e m e n o f t h e V i llag e t u rn o u t to
,

av e ng e t h e o u t rag e and i n t h e cas e o f t h e s e i z u re

, ,

of an i m p o rtant p e rson t h os e o f n e i g h bo u ri ng
,

V i llag e s wi ll j o i n t h e m All ava i labl e boats a re

.

m ann e d by m e n a rm e d wi t h s p ea rs so m e o f wh i c h ,

a re las h e d to t h e e nds o f long p ol e s C ong re gat i ng

.

i n t h e i r boats n e a r t h e sc e n e o f t h e d i sast er t he ,

m e n p rod th e b ed o f t h e ri v e r wi t h t h e i r s p e a rs ,

wo rk i ng syst e m at i cally u p and do wn ri v e r and u p

t h e s m all s i d e st re a m s I n t h i s wa y t h ey s u cc ee d
.

i n stabb i ng so m e o f t h e rep t i l e s ; and i n t h i s cas e ,

t h o u g h t h e y u s u ally do not ri s e to t h e s u rfac e t h e i r ,

bod i e s a re fo u nd a ft e r so m e days i n t h e c reeks ,

d eat h h av i ng e n s u e d fro m t h e i nfla m m at i on s e t u p i n

t h e wo u nds T h e wo u nd ca u s e d by a s p e a r t h ru st
.
-

wo u ld s e ldo m b e fatal to t h e c rocod i l e b u t t h at t h e ,

wo u nd i s l i abl e to t h e p e rp et u al assa u lts o f s m all e r

c reat u res fi s h wh i l e h e i s i n t h e wat er fl i es wh e n
—
,

h e l i e s on t h e bank T h es e i rri tat e and e xt e nd t h e

.

wo u nd T h e sto m ac h s o f t h os e c rocod i l es t h at a re
.

cap t u re d a re o p e n e d i n s e a rch o f t rac e s o f t h e p erson

tak en t rac es wh i c h u s u ally re m a i n t h ere fo r so m e
,

t i m e i n t h e s h ap e o f h a i r o r o rna m e nts I f no t rac e .

i s fo u nd t h e p e o p l e s v e ng e anc e i s not sat i sfi e d and ,

t h ey s et ba i t ed h ooks o r p a y M alays to do so
, ,

a rtly b e ca u s e t h e M alays a re e x e rts and cla i m to

p p
h av e p ot e nt c h a rm s to b ri ng t h e o ffe nd e r to t h e
h ook p a rtly b e cau s e a K ayan do e s n ot ca re to
,

tak e u p on h i m s e l f t h e i nd i v i d u al re s p ons i b i l i ty o f
catc h i ng a c rocod i l e t h o u g h h e do e s n ot s h ri nk
,

fro m t h e coll e ct i v e p u rs u i t T h e d e cay i ng body o f

.

a fo wl m onk e y o r ot h e r an i m al ( M alays so m e t i m es
, ,

u s e a l i v i ng dog
) i s bo u nd to a st rong b a r o f h a rd

wood s h a rp e n e d a t bot h e nds and so m e fi ft e e n i nc h e s

,

i n l e ngt h A n u m b e r o f s m all rattans a re t i e d to

.

t h e b a r abo u t i t s m i ddl e t h e i r ot h e r e nds b e i ng

,
1 4 2 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP . VI I I

m ad e fast to a log T h i s a rrang e m e nt i s allo wed

.

to float do wn ri v e r ; i f i t do es not float free ly t h e ,

c rocod i l e wi ll not tak e t h e ba i t W h e n a c rocod i l e

.

ri s e s to t h e ba i t and s wallo ws i t t h e b a r g ets fix e d

,

c ross W I s e I n h i s g u ll e t as h e p u lls on t h e rattans

-
.

T h e h u nt e rs h av i ng k ep t t h e log i n s i g h t t h e n
, ,

attac h t h e e nds o f t h e rattans to t h e boat t o w t h e

,

re p t i l e to t h e bank and h a u l h i m u p on dry land

, .

T h e y s ec u re h i s ta i l and fe et wi t h noos e s wh i c h
,

t h e y las h to a p ol e la i d along h i s back and las h h i s

,

j aws tog e t h e r T h ro u g h o u t t h es e o p e rat i ons t h e

.

c rocod i l e i s add ress e d d e fe re nt i ally as L a ki (g rand

fat h e r) .H e i s t h e n l e ft e x p os ed to t h e s u n wh e n
,

h e soon d i e s ; i n t h i s wa y t h e p e o p l e avo i d t h e
ri sks attac h i ng to S lay i ng t h e c rocod i l e wi t h t h ei r
o wn h ands .
 C HAPT E R IX

LI FE IN T HE J U NG LE

AL L th ep p o lee s o f B o rn e o s u
pp o rt t h e m s e lv e s i n
a rt by h u nt i ng and t ra p p i ng t h e wi ld c re at u re s o f
p
t h e j u n g l e b u t fo r t h e P u nans alon e i s t h e c h as e
,

t h e p ri nc i p al so u rc e o f food s u p p ly ; t h e va ri o u s
nat u ral p rod u cts o f t h e j u n g l e a re wi t h t h e e x cep ,

t i on o f c u lt i vat e d sag o i n so m e fe w reg i on s t h e i r ,

only m a rk etabl e co m m od i t i e s .

H UN T I NG
T h e wi ld p i g ( S a s oa réo i a s ) i s t h e p ri np a l
1

obj e ct o f t h e c h as e b u t d e er o f s ev eral s p ec i e s a re
,

also h u nt ed and t rapp ed T h e la rg e st o f t h e s e .

( C erva s eg a i na s
) i s rat h e r b i gg e r t h an t h e E n g l i s h

fallo w d ee r ; t h e s m all e st i s p l o no ok o r m o u s e d e e r
’
,

( T r a a /a s nap a
g and T j a oa ni ea s
) stand
. i ng on ly ,

abo u t e i g h t i nc h es at t h e s h o u ld er ; i nt e rm ed i at e
i n s i z e i s t h e m u ntj ac ( C erv u l u s m a nlf o e) T h e re .

a re also s m all h e rds o f wi ld cattl e (B ox s ono a i ea s

)
’
,

a s m all rh i n oc eros (R s a nea tra na s ) la rg e l i za rds

.
,

( V a ra na s
) va, ri o u s a p e s and m onk e ys and a la rg e ,

p o rc u
p i n e
( H es l ri x C ra ss i sfi i na s
) and s e v e ral s m all ,

m a m m als , s u c h as ott e rs (L a i ra ) b ea r cats ,

( A r cti cti s ) and c i v e t cats ( P a ra a oa a ra s ) o f va ri o u s

,
'

s p e c i e s a l l o f wh i c h a re h u nt ed fo r t h e i r fl es h as
, ,

1 hr
T e e a re sa id to b e t wo o th r l
e ess co m m o n s p i ec es o f wi ld pig bu t
,

pr b bly th r
o a e e 1 5 on ly o ne o th re .
1 44 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

we ll as s ev eral b i rds T h e t i g er cat (F el i s neon/08a )

.
-

and t h e b e a r ( Urs a s M a l aya na s ) a re h u nt e d fo r

t h ei r sk i ns and t e e t h and t h e d ri e d gall bladd er o f
,
-

t h e b e a r i s sold fo r m e d i c i n e .

T h e p i g and d ee r a re m ost co mm only h u nt e d on

foot by a p a rty o f s ev e ral m e n wi t h a p ack o f fo u r
o r fi v e dogs . T h e dogs h av i ng fo u nd t h e t ra i l
, ,

c h as e t h e p i g u nt i l h e t u rns on t h e m T h e dogs .

t h e n s u rro u nd t h e p i g ba rk i ng and y e l p i ng and

, ,

k e ep i t at bay t i ll t h e m en ru n u p a nd d e s p atc h i t
wi t h t h e i r s p ea rs . B ot h m e n and dogs so m et i m es
e t s e v e re ly b i tt e n a nd to rn by t h e t u sks D u ri ng
g .

t h e fru i t s e ason t h e p i gs m i g rat e i n la rg e h e rds and

c ross t h e ri v ers at c erta i n p lac es wel l kno wn to t h e
h u nt e rs. T h e p e o p l e l i e i n wa i t fo r t h e m i n l i ttl e
h u ts b u i lt on t h e banks and k i ll t h e m fro m t h e i r
,

boats as t h e y s wi m ac ross .

K e nya h s and K l e m a nt a ns so m e t i m e s catc h d e er

by d ri v i ng t h e m i nto a f a ri ng T hi s cons i sts o f a
.

st rong rop e o f p la i t e d rattans st re tc h e d i n a S t ra i g h t

l i n e ac ross t h e j u ngl e fro m t re e to t re e so m e fi v e
, ,

fee t abov e t h e g ro u nd I t i s g e n e rally la i d so as

.

to co m p l e t e t h e e nclos u re o f an a re a t h at i s al m ost
s u rro u nd e d by t h e ri v e r D ep e nd ent fro m t h e
.

wh ol e l e ngt h o f t h e rattan ro p e i s a s e ri e s o f ru nn i ng
noos e s also o f rattan e ach o f whi c h ov e rlap p i ng i t s
, ,

n e i g h bo u rs on bot h s i d es fo rm s a loo p a bo u t t wo
,

fee t i n d i a m e t er . Me n a rm e d wi t h s p ea rs a re
stat i on e d along t h e ja ri ng at s h o rt i nt e rvals and ,

t h e re st o f t h e p a rty wi t h t h e dogs b e at t h e j u ngl e ,

d ri v i ng any d e e r i n t h e e nclos e d s p ac e h eadlong

to wa rds t h e ja ri ng .S o m e O f t h e d e e r m a y e scap e ,

b u t so m e wi ll u s u ally ru n t h e i r h e ads i nto t h e

noos es and fall v i ct i m s to t h e s p e a rs o f t h e watc h ers .

Bot h p i g and d eer a re so m e t i m es b ro u g h t do wn

wi t h t h e blo w p i p e e s pe c i ally by t h e P u nans wh os e
-
, ,

favo u ri t e we a p on i t i s .

T h e wi ld cattl e a re v e ry wa ry and dang ero u s to

 CC LI FE I N T HE J U NGLE 1 45

attack T h e y so m e t i m e s tak e to t h e wat er and a re

.

t h e n e as i ly s ec u red P u n ans wh o h u n t wi t h o u t
.
,

dogs ( wh i c h i n fact t h ey do not p oss ess ) wi ll l i e i n

wa i t fo r t h e rhi noc e ros b e s i d e t h e t rack by wh i c h
h e co m e s to hi s da i ly m u d bat h and d ri v e a s p e a r
-
,

i nto h i s flank o r s h o u ld e r ; t h en a ft e r h ast i ly ,

ret i ri ng t h ey t rack h i m t hro u g h t h e ju ngl e u n t i l

, ,

t h e y co m e u p on h i m ag a i n and find an o pp o rt u n i ty
,

o f d ri v i ng i n anot h e r s e a r o r a o i son d da rt
p p e

t h ro u g h so me we ak s p ot o f h i s a rm o u r .

B i rds and m onk eys a re c h i e fly k i ll ed wi t h t h e

blo w p i p e
-
.

T RAP S
T rap s o f m any v a ri et i es m ad e F o r p i g and
a re .

d ee r a t rap i s la i d at a g a p i n t h e fe nc e abo u t t h e
p a d i fi e ld I t cons
. i sts o f a ba m boo s p e a r o f w h i c h
t h e e nd i s s h a rp e n e d and h a rd e n e d i n t h e fi re .

T h i s i s la i d h o ri zontally a bo u t t wo fee t fro m t h e

g ro u nd rest i n g on g u i d es I ts b u tt e nd i s las h ed
, .

to o ne end o f a s p ri n g y g ree n p ol e at ri g h t angl es

to i t s l e n g t h t h e p ol e i s la i d h o ri zon tally o ne e nd ,

o f i t b e i n g fi rm ly fix e d to a t re e , and t h e ot h e r

( t h at ca rry i n g t h e s p e a r) b e n t fo rc i bly back w a rds

and h e ld back by a loop o f rattan T hi s s p ri ng i s .

s e t by m e an s o f an i n g e n i o u s t ri gg e r i n s u c h a wa y ,

t h at an an i m al p ass i ng t h ro u g h t h e g a p m u st p u s h
ag a i nst a st ri n g attac h ed to t h e t ri gg er and so ,

re l e as e t h e s p ri n g , wh i c h t h e n d ri v e s t h e ba m boo
s p e a r ac ross t h e g a p wi t h g re at fo rc e ( T h e .

d ra wi ng ( F i g 2 2 ) wi ll m a k e cl ea r t h e nat u re o f
.

t h e t ri g g e r ) .

I n o ne va ri ety o f t hi s t rap t h e s p ri n g i s s et
v ert i cally T he t ra p i s v a ri e d i n oth er ways A
. .

c u ri o u s p ract i c e o f t h e I bans on s e tt i ng s u ch a t ra p
i s to m eas u re t h e a p p ro p ri at e h e i g h t o f t h e s p e a r by
m e ans o f a ro d s u rm o u nt e d wi t h a ca rv i n g o f a
h u m an fi g u re ( F i g .

VOL . 1
1 4 6 P A G AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
. C H AP .

O f m any i ng e ni o u s t ra p s fo r
s m all an i m als th e f era l i s t h e
m ost wi d e ly u s e d ( s e e F i g 2 4 .

and P I . A ru d e fe nc e so m e
h u nd re ds o f ya rds ,
i n so m e
cas es as m u ch as a m i l e i n ’

l ength i s m ad e by fill i ng u p
,

wi t h st i cks and b ru s h wood t h e

s p ac e s b e t wee n t h e t ree s and
u nd e rg ro wt h o f t h e j u ngl e At.

i nt e rvals o f te n o r t we n ty ya rds
n a rro w ga p s a re l eft and I n e ac h
,

o f t h es e a era l i s s e t to catc h
f
the s m all c reat u re s t h at i n ,
1 4 8 PAG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
b et wee n t he t ri gg er and t h e c ross st ic k T h e co rd .

i s p rolong e d b e yond t h e t ri gg e r i n a sl i p noos e

wh i c h l i e s o p e n on t h e p lat fo rm co m p l e t e ly ac ross
t h e g a p so t h at any s m all an i m al e nt e ri ng t h e g a p
, ,

and st ep p i ng u p on t h e p lat fo rm n e c e ssari ly p lac es ,

i t s fe e t wi t h i n t h e noos e A fe w l e av e s a re la i d
.

on t h e p lat fo rm an d co rd to d i s g u i s e t h em W h en .
,

t h e n a p h easan t o r ot h e r c reat u re o f ap p ro p ri at e
,

s i z e and wei gh t st ep s on t h e p lat fo rm i t s we i gh t ,

ca u s e s t h e c ross st i ck to sl i p do wn fro m t h e h old

-

o f t h e t ri gg er and t h i s b e i ng re l e as ed i s V i ol e ntly
, , ,

j e rk e d wi t h t h e noos e i nto t h e a i r by t h e e last i c

re act i on o f t h e b e nt p ol e ; i n a la rg e p ro p o rt i on o f
cas es t h e noos e catch e s t h e v i ct i m s fee t and j erks ’

h i m i nto t h e a i r wh e re h e dang e by t h e fee t t i ll

,
l s -
t h e a rri val o f t h e t rap p er wh o V i s i ts h i s t rap s t wi c e
o

a day .

Anot h er v ery c u ri o u s and st ri k i ngly S i m p l e p lan

i s em p loy e d by t h e S ea D ayaks fo r catc h i ng t h e
Arg u s ph e asant wh os e b e a u t i fu l wi ng feat h e rs a re
,

h i g h ly val u ed T h e cock b i rds cong re gat e at

.
-

c erta i n s p ots i n t h e j u ngl e wh ere t h e y d i s p lay t h e i r

,

feat h ers and fig h t tog e t h er T h e s e s p ots t h e y.

cl ea r o f all obstacl es p u ll i n g and p u s h i n g away

,

st i cks and l e av e s wi t h t h e i r h eads and n e cks as ,

we ll as sc ratc h i n g wi t h t h e i r fe e t T h e Dayaks .
,

tak i ng advan tag e o f t h i s h ab i t t h ru st v ert i cally ,

i nto t h e g ro u nd sl i p s o f ba m boo t h e edg e s o f ,

wh i c h a re h a rd en ed i n t h e fi re and re nd e red v e ry
s h a rp .I n t h e co u rs e o f t h ei r effo rts to re m ov e
t h es e obst ru ct i ons t h e b i rds n ot i n fre q u e ntly
,

i nfl i ct s eri o u s wo u nd s abo u t t h e i r n e cks and ,

weak e n ed by loss o f blood a re fo u nd by t h e ,

Dayaks at no g reat d i stanc e fro m th e fig h t i n g

g ro u nd .

T rap s o f m any ot h e r k i nds a re m ad e fo r an i m als

bot h la rg e and s m all e sp ec i ally by t h e S ea Dayaks
, ,

wh o u s e t ra p s m o re fre q u e ntly t h an t h e ot h er
I B AN S SE T T I NG T R AP S F OR P H E AS AN T S AN D S M AL L M AMMAL S .

P L AT E 85. P H N AN S AT H OM E .
1 50 P AGAN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

in add i t i on to t h e ed i bl e f i ts a re g u tta p erch a ru ,

—
,

ru bb e r ca m p h o r ,
va ri o u s rattans b ee s wax and
, ,

h on ey v eg e tabl e tallo w wi ld sago da m a r res i n

, , ,
-

fro m va ri o u s t ree s and t h e e d i bl e b i rds n e sts

’
.
,

S m all p a rt i e s o f m e n and boys go o u t i nto t h e

j u ngl e i n s ea rc h o f t h e s e t h i ngs so m e t i m e s t rav el ,

l i ng m any days u p ri v er b e fo re st ri k i ng i nto t h e

j u ngl e ; fo r i t i s only i n t h e d ri e r u p land fo re sts t h at
s u c h e x p e d i t i ons can b e u nd ertak e n wi t h advantag e .

T h e p a rty m a y re m a i n s e v eral we e ks o r m ont h s

fro m h o m e T h e y c a rry wi t h t h e m a s u pp ly o f ri c e
.
,

salt and tobacco cook i ng p ots and m atc h e s a

, ,
-
,

c h ang e o f ra i m e n t s p ea rs s wo rds s h i elds blo w

, , , ,

p p i e s and
, p e rh a p s t w o o r t h re e dogs O n st ri k i ng .

i n to t h e j u ngl e t h e y d rag t h ei r boat on to t h e ban k

,

and l eav e i t h i dd e n i n t h i ck u nd e rg ro wt h W h i l e .

i n t h e j u ngl e t h e y ca m p i n ru d e s h elt ers roo fe d wi t h

t h e i r l ea f m ats an d wi t h p al m l eav e s m ov i ng cam p
fro m t i m e to t i m e T h e y va ry t h e I r labo u rs and
.

s u p p l e m e nt t h e i r food s u pp ly by h u n t i ng and t ra p
-

p i ng . S u c h an e x e d i t i on i s g e n e rally re ga rd ed as
p
h i g h ly e nj oyabl e as we ll as p rofitabl e As i n ca m p .

i ng p a rt i e s i n ot h e r p a rts O f t h e wo rld t h e cook i n g

-
,

i s g e n erally rega rd e d as a n u i sanc e to b e s h i rk e d

i f p oss i bl e T h e S ea Dayaks i nd u lg e i n t h e s e
.

e x p e d i t i ons m o re fre q u e ntly t h an ot h e rs and s u c h ,

p a rt i e s o f t h e m m a
y o ft e n b e fo u nd at g r e at
d i stanc e s fro m t h e i r h o m e s I n t h e co u rs e o f s u c h.

long e xc u rs i ons t h e y not i n freq u e ntly p en et rat e

i nto t h e re g i ons i n h ab i t e d by ot h er t ri b e s and ,

m any t ro u bl e s h av e h a d t h e i r o ri g i n i n t h e t ru c u l e n t
b eh av i o u r o f s u ch p a rt i e s S u c h p a rt i es o f S ea
.

Dayaks h av e b ee n kno wn to acc ep t t h e h os p i tal i ty

o f u ns u s p e ct i ng and i no ffe ns i v e K l e m a nt a ns and ,

to o u t rag e e v e ry l a w o f d e c ency by tak i ng t h e

h eads o f O l d m e n wo m e n and c h i ld re n d u ri ng t h e
, ,

abs enc e o f t h e i r nat u ral d e fe nd ers .

Val u abl e va ri e t i e s o f g u tta p e rch a a re obta i n ed -

 1 52 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

i s roll ed u p wh i l e h o t i nto s p h eri cal l u m p s e ac h ,

o f wh i c h i s p i e rc ed wi t h a h ol e fo r conv e n i e n t
t rans p o rtat i on .

Ca mp h o r i s fo rm ed i n t he c rev i c e s o f t h e st em s
o f old t re e s o f t h e s p ec i e s D r y o o a l a nop s a rom a t i ea ,

wh e n t h e h e a rt i s d ecay e d l e av i ng a c e nt ral h ollo w .

T h e t ree i s cu t do wn , t h e st e m s p l i t u p and t h e ,

c rystall i n e scal e s o f p u re ca mp h o r a re s h ak e n o u t
on to m ats I t i s t h e n m ad e u p i n l i ttl e b u ndl e s
.

wrap p ed i n p al m l eav e s T h e la rg e fla ked ca m p h o r .

-

fetc h es as m u c h as £ 6 a p o u nd i n t h e C hi n e s e
bazaa r S p ec i al p reca u t i ons a re obs erv ed by m e n
.

i n s e a rc h o f ca mp h o r A p a rty o f K ayans s ett i ng .

,

o u t to s e ek ca m p h o r co m m only g e ts t h e h e l f
p o ,

P u nans wh o a re ackno wl e dg e d e xp erts i n t h i s

,

b u s i n ess O m e ns a re tak e n b e fo re s e tt i ng o u t and

.
,

t h e p a rty wi ll not sta rt u nt i l favo u rabl e o m e ns h av e

b een obs e rv ed T h e p a rty i s l a l i fro m t h e t i m e
.

o f b eg i nn i ng t h e s e o p erat i ons T h ey wi ll s p eak .

to no o ne o u ts i d e t h e p a rty and wi ll s p eak no wo rd ,

o f M alay to o ne anot h e r ; and i t i s cons i d ere d t h at

t h ey a re m o re l i k ely to b e s u cc ess fu l i f t h e y confin e

t h e m s e lv e s to th e u s e o f a p e c u l i a r lang u ag e wh i c h
s eem s to b e a conv e nt i onal p erv e rs i on o f t h e P u nan
s p eec h .

O n e nt e ri ng a s m all ri v er t h e p a rty st re tc h es
a rattan ac ross i t s m o u t h ; and wh e re t h e y l eav e ,

t h e ri v e r t h e y e rect on t h e bank a p ol e o r fray e d

,

st i ck l
Ot h er p ersons s ee i ng s u c h st i cks s et u p wi ll
.

u nd e rstand and re s e ct t h e p a rty s d e s i re fo r vacy ’

p p ri .

T h e y t h e n m a rc h t h ro u g h t h e j u ngl e to t h e p lac e
wh e re t h e y e xp ect to find a g ro u p o f ca m p h o r t ree s ,

m a rk i ng t h e i r p at h by b end i ng t h e e nds o f t wi gs
at c erta i n i nt ervals i n t h e d i rect i on i n wh i c h t h e
p a rty i s m ov i ng H av i ng fo u nd a l i k e ly t ree t h e y
.

1
At i k f th i k i nd i u d n m ny ri t
s c o It
s s se I a es . is pr p r d by wh i tt l i ng
e a e

s h v i ng fr m t i k nd l vi ng th m tt h d t
a s o a s c a ea e a ac e a o ne nde
°
th t r i
so a a se es

o f th h v ing pr j t l ng n i d f th t i k
e s a s o ec s a o o e s e o e s c .
1x LI FE I N TH E J U N GLE 1 53

ou t i nto t h e st e m wi t h a s m all lon g -blad e d a x e ,

m ak i ng a d eep s m all h ol e A n e x p e rt , g e n e rally .

a P u nan t h e n s m e lls t h e h ol e and g i v e s an o p i n i on

,

as to t h e c h anc e s o f find i ng ca mp h o r wi t h i n i t I f .

h e g i v es a favo u rabl e Op i n i on t h e t ree i s c u t do wn ,

and b rok en i n p i e c e s as d e sc ri b ed abov e On .

c u tt i ng do wn t h e t ree an o i l wh i c h s m e lls st ron g ly

,

o f ca m h o r so m e t i m e s o u rs o u t and i s coll e ct e d
p p .

T h e p a rty re m a i ns l a l i u nt i l t h e coll ect i on o f t h e

ca mp h o r i s co m p l e t e d no st rang e r m a y e nt e r t h e i r
h u t o r s p eak wi t h t h e m T h e p ract i c e o f coll e ct i ng
.

ca m p h o r i n t h i s wa y i s p robably a v ery anc i e nt o ne ] l

wh e reas t h e coll e ct i on o f g u tta and ru bb e r h a s b e e n

u nd e rtak e n only i n re c e nt y e a rs i n re s ons e to t h e
p
de m ands o f t h e E u ro p ean m a rk e t .

M any va ri et i es o f t h e rattan p al m g ro w l u x u ri antly

i n t h e fo re sts o f Bo rn eo so m e atta i n i ng a l e n g t h ,

o f 1 50 to 2 0 0 fe e t I t i s a c re ep er whi c h m ak e s
.

i t s wa y to wa rds t h e l i g h t s u s p e nd i ng i ts e l f to ,

b ranc h e s and t wi gs by m e ans o f t h e c u rv e d S p i n es

wh i c h p rolong t h e m i d ri bs o f t h e l e av e s T h e can e .

i s coll e ct e d by c u tt i ng t h ro u g h t h e st e m n ea r i t s
root , and h a u l i ng on i t s ev e ral m en co m b i n i ng ,

t h e i r e ffo rts T h e p i e c e c u t do wn i s d rag g e d

.

t h ro u g h t h e j u ngl e to t h e ri v e r bank T h ere i t -

.

i s c u t i nto l e ngt h s o f fi ft ee n fee t i e t wo and a h al f , . .

s p ans and d ri e d i n t h e s u n I f t h e s a p i s t h o ro u g h ly
, .

d ri e d o u t t h e can e ass u m es a p erm an e nt y e llo w

,

colo u r ; b u t i f an y i s l e ft t h e can e da rk e ns wh e n ,

soak ed i n wat er W h e n a la rg e n u m b e r o f b u ndl e s

.

h a s b ee n coll e ct e d t h ey a re bo u n d tog e t h e r to fo rm
,

a ra ft O n t h i s a h u t i s e rect ed and t wo o r t h ree

.
,

m e n wi ll nav i gat e t h e ra ft do wn ri v e r to t h e C h i n e s e
bazaa r wh i c h i s to b e fo u nd i n t h e lo wer p a rt o f
,

e v e ry la rg e ri v e r .

T h e s m all y e llo w fru i t o f t h e rattan i s gat h ere d

i n la rg e q u ant i t i e s and s u bj ect ed to p rolong e d bo i l i ng .

1
A s i m il r pr t i pr v i l
a ac ce e a s i n th e Ma l a y P ni n u l
e s a.
1
54 P A G A N T R I B E S OF B O R N E O
T h e fl u i d b e co m e s o f a b ri g h t c ri m son colo u r ; t h i s ,

bo i l ed do wn t i ll i t h a s t h e cons i st e ncy o f b ee s wax ,

1s kn o wn as d ragon s blood an d i s u s ed by t h e
’

o l as a co l o u rI n m att and also x o t d

’

p pe e g e r e
p r e

fo r t h e sa m e p u rp os e .

H on e y and b e e s wax a re fo u nd i n n ests wh i c h

a re s u s e nd e d by t h e wi ld b e e fro m h i g h b ranc h e s
p
o f the n ei n ri s
( C zp a ss i a
) g ( A oa ri a
)
’

g oon and l ap a n r o
t re es so m e t i m es m any n e sts on o ne t ree To re ach
, .

t h e n e st t h e m e n cl i m b t h e t re e by t h e a id o f a
ladd er so m ewh at i n t h e fas h i on o f a st eep l e j ack -
.

A la rg e n u m b e r o f s h a rp en e d p egs o f i ron wood a re

d ri v e n i nto t h e so ft er o u t e r lay e rs o f t h e st e m i n
a v e rt i cal ro w abo u t t wo feet ap a rt and ba m boos ,

a re las h e d i n a s i ngl e v e rt i cal ro w to t h e gs and

p e

to o ne anot h er and to t h e lo wer b ranc h e s T he

.

ladd e r i s b u i lt u p u nt i l at so m e s i xty o r e i g h ty fee t

fro m t h e g ro u nd i t re ac h e s a b ra nc h b e a ri ng a n e st .

T h e tak i ng o f t h e n e sts i s u s u ally acco m p l i s h e d

a ft e r n i g h t fall A m a n asc e nds t h e ladd er ca rry i ng
.

i n o ne h and a b u rn i ng to rc h o f ba rk wh i c h g i v e s ,

O ff a p u ng e nt s m ok e and on h i s back a la rg e h ollo w

,

con e o f ba rk St raddl i ng o u t along t h e bo u g h , h e

.

h angs h i s con e o f ba rk b e n e at h t h e n est s m ok e s ,

ou t t h e b ee s and c u ts a way t h e n e st fro m t h e

,

bo u g h wi t h h i s s wo rd so t h at i t falls i nto t h e con e

,

o f ba rk . T h e n c h oos i ng a p i e c e o f co m b con ta i n i ng
,

g ru bs h e m u nc h es i t wi t h g u sto d esc ri b i ng fro m

, ,

h i s p os i t i on o f advantag e to h i s e nv i o u s fri e nds t h e

d e l i c i o u s q u al i ty o f t h e g ru bs Aft e r t h u s gat h e ri ng
.

t wo o r t h re e n e sts h e l e ts do wn t h e con e wi t h a
co rd to h i s eag erly ex p e ctant co m rad e s wh o t h en ,

feast u p on t h e re m a i n i ng g ru bs and sq u ee z e o u t
t h e h on e y i nto j a rs . T h e t re e h av i ng b e e n cl ea re d
o f n e sts i n t h i s wa y t h e wa x , i s m e lt e d i n an i ron
p o t and m o u ld e d i n balls . T h e h on e y i s e at e n
i n t h e h o u s e s ; t h e wa x i s sold to t h e C h i n es e
t rad e rs at abo u t a s hi ll i ng a p o u nd .
 LI FE I N T HE J U NGLE 1 55

V eg e tabl e tallo w i s p roc u re d fro m t h e s ee ds

o f t h e en g kao on t re T h s e ds a re
g e e e

c ru s h ed and t h e tallo w m elt e d o u t and gat h ere d

i n ba m boos I t i s u s e d as a food g e n e rally
.
,

s m ea re d on h o t ri c e I t i s so m e t i m e s a p ri nc i p al
.

fe at u re o f t h e P u nan s d i e t fo r cons i d e rabl e p eri ods

’
.

W i ld sago i s ab u ndant an d i s m u c h u s ed by
P u nans and occas i onally by m ost o f t h e ot h e r
,

e o p l e s wh e n t h e i r s u ly f /i i s s h o rt T h
p pp o f o o e .

sago t ree i s cu t do wn and i t s st e m i s s p l i t i nto

s e v eral p i ec e s wi t h wedg es T h e p i t h i s knock ed .

o u t wi t h a ba m boo m all e t T h e sago i s p re p a re d

.

fro m t h e p i t h by t h e wo m e n wh o sta m p i t ,

on coa rs e m ats p o u ri n g wat er u p on i t

, T he .

fi ne g ra i ns o f sag o a re ca rri e d t h ro u g h on to a
t ro u g h b elo w I t i s t h e n was h e d and bo i l e d i n
.

wat er wh e n i t fo rm s a v i sc i d m ass ; t h i s i s e at e n
,

wi t h a s p oon o r wi t h a st ri p o f ba m boo b e n t do u bl e ,

t h e t wo e nds o f wh i c h a re t u rn e d ro u nd i n t h e
sag o and wi t h d ra wn wi t h a st i cky m ass ad h eren t ;
t h i s i s p l u ng e d i n t h e g ravy o f p o rk and ca rri e d to
t he m o u th .I t i s g e n erally cons i d ere d a d e l i cacy .

M any va ri e t i e s o f t h e fo re st t re e s e x u d e re s i ns ,

wh i c h a re coll ect ed and u s e d fo r to rc h e s and fo r

re p a i ri ng boats as we ll as b ro u g h t to t h e bazaa rs
, ,

wh ere t h e b est k i nds fetc h v ery good p ri c es .

S o m e t i m e s t h e res i n i s fo u nd i n la rg e m ass es on
t h e g ro u nd wh ere i t h a s d ri p p e d fro m t h e t re e s .

A c u ri o u s and val u abl e nat u ral p rod u ct i s t h e

b ezoa r ston e T h es e ston es a re fo u nd I n t h e gall
.

bladd er and i n t e st i n e s o f t h e long ta i l e d m onk ey

S em nojfii i keea s ( m ost freq u e ntly o f S H osoi a no S .
’
.

ra oi ea na a s ) T h ey a re fo rm e d o f conc e nt ri c lay ers

'
.

o f a h a rd b ri ttl e ol i v e g re e n s u bstanc e v e ry b i tt e r
, ,
-
,

to t h e tast e A so ft b ro wn va ri e ty i s fo u nd i n t h e
.

p o rc u
p i n e . B ot h k i nds a re h i g h ly val u ed by t h e

C hi n e s e as m ed i c i n e T h e m onk eys and p o rc u p i n es

.

a re h u nt e d fo r t h e sak e o f t h e s e ston e s A s i m i la r
.
1 56 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
s u bstanc e also h i g h ly val u ed as a m ed i c i n e by t h e
,

C h i n e s e i s so m e t i m e s fo u nd as an acc re t i on fo rm e d
,

abo u t t h e e nd o f a da rt wh i ch h a s b ee n b rok e n o ff i n
t h e fl e s h o f S H asei and h a s rem a i n e d t h e re fo r
.

so m e long p eri od .

T h e m ost i m p o rtant o f t h e nat u ral p rod u cts

gat h ered by t h e p eo p l e a re t h e e d i bl e n e sts o f t h ree
s p e c i es o f s wi ft C ol l oca l i a f a eijbkag a wh os e n est i s ,

wh i t e ; C L owi i wh os e n e st i s black i s h ; and C

.
, .

L i ne/i i i wh os e n est conta i ns st ra w and m oss as

,

we ll as g e lat i n e Al l t h ree k i nds a re coll e ct ed b u t

.
,

t h os e o f t h e fi rst k i nd a re m u ch m o re val u abl e t h an

t h e ot h e rs T h e n e st wh i c h i s s h ap e d l i k e t h at o f
.
,

o u r s wallo w cons i sts wh olly o f a to u g h

,
g elat i no u s , ,

t ransl u c e nt s u bstanc e wh i c h e x u d es fro m t h e b i ll

,

o f t h e b i rd as i t b u i lds We do not u nd erstand t h e

.

p h ys i ology o f t h i s p roc e ss T h e
p p
e o l.e g e n e rally
b el i ev e t h at t h e s u bstanc e o f t h e n e st i s d ri e d s e a
foa m wh i c h t h e b i rds b ri ng fro m t h e s ea on re t u rn
i ng fro m t h ei r ann u al m i g rat i on .

T h e n e sts a re b u i lt al ways on t h e roo fs and

walls o f la rg e cav e s : t h e wh i t e n e sts i n l o w roo fe d -

cav es g en erally i n sandston e rock ; t h e black i n t h e

,

i m m e ns e lo fty cav e s fo rm ed i n t h e l i m e ston e rocks .

T h e latt er a re reac h e d by m ean s o f tall sca ffold i ngs

o f st rong p ol e s o f ba m boo o ft e n m o re t h an a h u nd re d
,

fee t i n h e i g h t T h e n ests a re s we p t fro m t h e rock

.

wi t h a p ol e t erm i nat i ng i n a s m all i ron s p at u la and ,

ca rry i ng n ea r t h e e xt rem i ty a wa x candl e ; fall i ng

to t h e g ro u nd wh i c h i s floo re d wi t h g u ano s ev e ral
,

fe et t h i ck t h e y a re gat h e re d u p i n bask e ts
, T he .

whi t e n e sts a re gat h e red t h re e t i m e s i n t h e y e a r

at i nt ervals o f abo u t a m ont h t h e black n ests u s u ally ,

only t wi c e ; as m any as t h ree tons o f black n ests

a re so m e t i m e s tak e n fro m o ne bi cav e i n t h e co u rs e
g
o f t h e ann u al gat h e ri ng E ach cav e o r i n t h e cas e
.
, ,

o f la rg e cav e s e ac h ,nat u ral s u bd i v i s i on o f i t i s ,

cla i m e d as t h e p rop e rty o f so m e i nd i v i d u al wh o ,

H. LIFE IN T HE J U NGLE 1 57

h olds i t d u ri ng hi s l ifet i m e and t rans m i ts i t to hi s

h e i rs
. D u ri ng t h e g at h eri ng o f t h e n e sts o f a la rg e
cav e t h e p e o p l e l i v e I n roofl ess h u ts b u i lt i ns i d e i t
, .

T h e n e sts a re sold to C hi n e s e t rad ers t h e black

—

n e sts fo r abo u t a h u nd re d dolla rs a h u nd red wei g h t ,

and t h e whi t e n ests fo r as m u c h as t hi rty o r fo rty

s h i ll i ngs p e r p o u nd
.
 C HAPTE R X

WAR

T HE K ayans a re e rh
a s l ss agg r ss i v t h an any
p p e e e

ot h e r o f t h e i n t e ri o r p eo p l e s wi t h t h e exc ep t i on o f
t h e P u nans . N e v e rt h e l ess p ro we ss i n wa r h a s m ad e
t h e m re s p e ct ed o r fea re d by all t h e p eo p l e s ; and
d u ri ng t h e last c e nt u ry t h e y e stabl i s h e d t h em s elv es
i n t h e m i ddl e p a rts o f t h e bas i ns o f all t h e g re at
ri v e rs d ri v i ng o u t m any o f t h e K l e m a nt a n co m
,

m u ni t i e s p a rtly by act u al wa rfa re p a rtly by t h e

, ,

e q u ally e ffe ct i v e m e t h od o f a p ro ri at i ng to t h e i r
p p
o wn u s e t h e t racts o f j u ngl e m ost s u i tabl e fo r t h e

c u lt i vat i on o f fi a o i
’
.

T h e fig h t i ng q u al i ty o f t h e i nd i v i d u al K ayan t h e
,

loyalty and ob e d i e nc e o f e ach h o u s eh old to i t s

c h i e f t h e c u sto m o f cong regat i ng s e v eral lon g
,

h o u s e s to fo rm a p o p u lo u s V i llag e u p on so m e s p ot
ca re fu lly c h os en fo r I t s tact i cal advan tag e s (g e n e rally
a p e n i ns u la fo rm ed by a d e ep b end o f t h e ri v e r) ,

and t h e st rong co h e s i on b e t wee n t h e K ayans o f

d i ffe re nt and ev e n wi d ely s ep a rat e d V i llag e s all ,
—

t h es e facto rs co m b i n e to re nd e r t h e K ayans co m
a ra t i v e l s e c u re and t h e i r v i llag e s i m m u n e fro m
p y
attack . B u t t h o u g h a K ayan v i llag e i s s e ldo m
attack e d and t h o u g h t h e K ayans do not wantonly
,

e ngag e i n bloods h e d e t t h e y wi ll al ways sto u tly

y,

ass e rt t h e i r ri g h ts and wi ll not allo w an y i nj u ry

,

don e to any m e m b er o f t h e t ri b e to go u nav e ng ed .

T h e av e ng i ng o f i nj u ri e s and t h e n ec ess i ty o f
1 58
C H AP . x WA R 1 59

oss e ss i ng h e ads fo r u s e i n t h e fu n e ral ri t e s a re fo r

p
t h em t h e p ri nc i p al g ro u nds o f wa rfa re ; and t h es e
a re g e n e rally co m b i n e d t h e av e ng i ng o f i nj u ri e s
,

b e i ng g en erally p ost p on e d so m e t i m e s fo r m an y ,

y ea rs u nt i l t h e n ee d fo r ne w h eads a ri s es T h o u g h
, .

an old d ri e d h ead wi ll s e rv e all t h e p u rp os e s o f t h e

ri t es p e rfo rm e d to t e rm i nat e a p e ri od o f m o u rn i n g ,

y e t i t i s fe lt t h at a fre s h h e ad
(o r h e ads
) i s m o re

d e s i rabl e e s p e c i ally I n t h e cas e o f m o u rn i ng fo r an

,

i mp o rtant c h i e f .

W h e n an old h ea d i s u s e d i n t h e s e ri t e s i t i s
r

c u sto m a ry to bo rro w i t fro m anot h er h o u s e o r

v i llag e an d i t i s b ro u g h t to t h e h o u s e by a p a rty o f
,

wa rri o rs i n t h e fu ll p ano p ly o f wa r wh o b eh av e ,

bot h on s ett i ng o u t and re t u rn i n g as t h o u g h act u ally

on t h e wa r p at h -
.

I t m a y b e sa i d g en erally t h at K ayan s s eldo m o r

n e v er wag e wa r on K ayan s and s e ldo m attack ,

ot h e rs m ere ly to s ecu re h e ads o r i n s h eer va i n

glo ry as t h e I bans not i n fre q u e ntly do N o r do
, .

t h ey attack ot h ers m e re ly i n o rd er to s u sta i n t h e i r

r e st i g e as i s so m e t i m e s don e by t h e K e n a h s
p , y ,

wh o I n t hi s re s p e ct ca rry to an e xt re m e t h e p ri nc i p l e
t h at attack 15 t h e m ost e ffe ct i v e m od e o f d efenc e .

Wa r i s g en e rally u nd ertak en by t h e K ayan s

v ery d e l i b erat ely a ft er m u ch p rep a rat i on and i n
,

la rg e well o rgan i s e d p a rt i es rang i ng i n n u m b e rs

-
,

fro m fi fty to a t h o u sand o r m o re wa rri o rs m ad e u p ,

i n m any cas e s fro m s e v e ral n e i g h bo u ri ng V i llag e s ,

and u nd e r t h e s u p re m e co mm an d o f o ne c h i e f o f
ackno wl edg ed e m i n e nc e .

T h e we a p ons and wa r d re ss a re s i m i la r a m ong all

-

t h e p e o p l e s T h e p ri nc i p al wea p o ni s t h e s wo rd kn o wn
.

as fi a ra ng i l a ng o r m a l a l a h e avy blad e ( P I 9 1 )
, , .

o f st e e l m o u nt e d i n a h andl e o f h o rn o r h a rd wood .

T h e blad e abo u t t we nty t wo i nc h e s i n l e ngt h h a s

,
-
,

t h e c u tt i ng e dg e sl i g h tly bo wed and t h e bl u n t back

e d g e sl i g h tly h ollo we d T h e edg e s d i v erg e sl i g h tly
.
 1 60 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

fro m t h e h andl e u p to a p o i nt abo u t fi v e i nc h es

fro m t h e t i p wh e re t h e blad e atta i ns i t s m ax i m u m
,

wi dt h o f n e a rly t wo i nc h e s At t h i s p o i n t t h e back
.

e dg e b e nds s h a rp ly fo rwa rd to m e e t t h e c u tt i ng

e dg e at t h e t i p A v ery p e c u l i a r fe at u re o f t h e
.

blad e i s t h at i t i s sl i g h tly h ollo we d on t h e i nn er

s u rfac e (i e t h e t h u m b s i d e o r l e ft s i d e i n th e cas e
. .

o f t h e p a ra n o f a ri g h t h and e d m a n, t h e ri g h t s i d e
g
-

i n cas e o f o ne m ad e fo r a l e t h and e d m a n) and i s

f -
,

conv e x i n t ransv e rs e s e ct i on to a co rre s p ond i ng

d eg ree on t h e ot h e r s u rfac e T h i s p e c u l i a r s h ap e.

o f t h e blad e i s sa i d to rend er t h e fa ra ng m o re
e ffi c i e n t i n s i nk i ng i nto o r t h ro u g h e i t h e r l i m bs o r

wood and i s m o re e as i ly wi t h d ra wn a ft er a s u cc e ss fu l
,

blo w T h i s we ap on i s ca rri ed i n a wood en s h eat h

.

s u s p end ed by a p lai t ed wa i st -st rap and i s t h e ,

constant co m p an i on o f e v ery m a n ; fo r i t i s u s ed not

only i n wa rfare b u t also fo r a va ri ety o f p u rp os e s ,
,

s u c h as t h e h e wi ng do wn o f j u n g l e u nd erg rowt h ,

c u tt i ng rattans and ba m boos t h e ro u g h s h ap i ng o f ,

wood e n i m p l e m e nts .

T h e wea p on s econd i n i mp o rtanc e i s t h e s p ea r

o f a flat st ee l blad e abo u t o ne
( P I. I t cons i sts ,

foot i n l engt h o f wh i c h t h e wi d est p a rt ( b e t wee n o ne

,

and t wo i nc h es ) i s abo u t fo u r i nch es fro m t h e t i p .

T h e t i p and lat e ral e dg e s o f t h e blad e a re s h a rp and ,

i t s h a ft i s las h ed wi t h st ri p s o f rattan t o t h e e nd o f
a wood e n s h a ft T h e e xt rem i ty o f t h e h a ft i s b ent
.

o u t wa rds fro m t h e s h a ft to p rev e nt i t s b e i ng ,

d rag g ed o ff fro m th e latt er T h e s h a ft i s o f to u g h.

wood and abo u t s ev e n fe e t i n l engt h ; i t s b u tt e nd

i s u s u ally s h od wi t h i ron T h e s p e a r i s u s e d not
.

only fo r t h ru st i ng b u t also as a j av e l i n and as a

,

a r ry i n g st i ck fo r wa rd i ng o ff t h e s p e a rs h u rl ed by
p
t h e fo e I t i s al ways ca rri ed i n t h e boat wh e n
.

t rav e ll i ng on th e ri v e r o r i n t h e h and d u ri ng
,

e xc u rs i ons i n t h e j u ngl e .

T h e blo w p i p e wh i c h p roj e ct s a p o i son ed da rt

-
, ,
 WA R 1 61

i s u s e d by m any o f t h e K ayan s i n h u nt i ng b u t i s ,

h a rdly rega rd e d as a wea p on fo r s e ri o u s u s e i n

wa rfa re .

B e s i d e t h e p ri nc i p al s p e a r t wo o r t h ree s h o rt ,

s p ea rs o r j av el i n s so m e t i m e s m ere ly p o i nt e d ba rs
,

o f h a rd wood a re u s u ally ca rri e d

, i n t h e l e ft h and
wh e n an attack i s b e i ng m ad e .

B e s i d e t h e s wo rd and t h e s p e a rs t h e only
we ap ons co m m only u s e d a re h e avy ba rs o f i ron
wood s h a rp e n e d at bot h e nds and fl u ng so as to
,

t wi rl rap i dly i n t h e a i r T h e y a re c h i e fly u s e d i n
.

d e fe nd i ng h o u s e s fro m attack a sto re o f t h em b e i ng ,

k ep t i n t h e h o u s e F o r t h e d e fe nc e o f a h o u s e
.

aga i nst an e x p e ct e d attack s h o rt s h a rp stak e s o f ,

s p l i t ba m boo a re t h ru st slant i ngly i n to t h e g ro u nd ,

so as to p re s e nt t h e fi re h a rd en ed t i p to wa rds t h e -

fe e t o f t h e onco m i ng fo e .

T h e i nt eri o r p e op l e s h av e long p oss ess ed a

c e rta i n n u m b er o f E u ro p e an m ad e m u sk e ts (m ostly -

fl i nt locks ) and s m all B ru n i m ad e b rass cannon

- -
,

obta i n e d fro m t h e M alay and C h i n es e t rad e rs .

T h e latt e r were c h i e fly val u e d fo r t h e d e fe nc e o f

t h e h ou se b u t were so m e t i m e s m o u nt e d i n t h e
,

bo ws o f t h e wa r boats T h e d i ffic u l ty o f obta i n i n g

-
.

s u p p l i es o f g u n p o wd er h a s al ways re st ri ct ed g re atly
the u se of fi re a rm s and i n re c e nt y e a rs t h e
,

E u ro p e an gov ern m e nts h av e st ri ctly l i m i t e d t h e

sal e o f g u n p o wd e r an d fi rea rm s ; and e v e n at t h e
p re s e nt day any w a r p a rty co-
m m i ss i on e d by o n e o f
t h e gov e rn m e nts to e x e c u t e any p ol i c e m e as u re ,

s u c h as app reh en d i ng o r b u rn i ng t h e h o u s e o f
, ,

e o l e wh o h av w antonly k i ll d ot h rs h to
p p e e e , a s

re ly I n t h e m a i n on i t s nat i v e we a p ons .

T h e e q u i p m e nt o f t h e fi g h t i ng -m a n cons i sts i n ,

add i t i on to h i s we ap ons o f a wa r-ca p and wa r-coat

,

and s h i e ld ( P I 93 and F i g
. T h e fo rm e r i s a
.

ro u nd clos e ly fitt i ng c a p wov e n o f sto u t rattan s s l i t

p
i n h alv es long i t u d i nally I t a ffo rds good prot e ct i on
.

VOL . 1 M
1 62 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

to the sk u ll aga i nst the st rok e o f t h e s wo rd I t

.

is ado rn e d wi t h t wo of t h e long black and whi t e

- -

S u va R Ll k e h e

FI G . 26
.

fe at h e rs o f t h e h o rnb i ll s ta i l i n t h e cas e o f
’
ba rre d
an
y m a n w h o h a s e a rn e d t h i s d i st i nct i on by tak i n
g
a rt i n s u cc e ss fu l e x e d i t i ons
p p .
 WA R 1 63

T h e wa r coat i s m ad e o f t h e sk i n o f t h e goat t h e
-
,

b ea r o r ( i n cas e o f d i st i n g u i s h e d c h i e fs ) o f t h e t i g er
,

ca t . T h e wh ol e o f t h e sk i n i n o ne p i e c e i s u s ed ,

ex c e p t t h at t h e sk i n o f t h e b e lly and o f t h e lo we r

a rts o f t h e fo re l i m bs a re cu t a way A h ol e fo r t h e
p .

wa rri o r s h e ad i s m ad e i n t h e m i d- do rsal l i n e a l i ttl e

’

b eh i nd t h e sk i n o f t h e h ead wh i c h i s flatt e n e d o u t
,

and h angs ov e r t h e c h est d esc e nd i ng to t h e l ev el o f

,

t h e nav e l ; wh i l e t h e sk i n o f t h e back flanks and , ,

h i nd l i m bs i n o ne la rg e fla p cov e rs t h e back and ,

b i nd p a rts o f t h e wa rri o r as fa r as t h e b e nd o f t h e
kn ees . A la rg e p e a rly s h ell u s u ally ado rns t h e
l o wer e nd o f t h e an t e ri o r fla p T h e warri o r s a rm s .
’

a re t h u s l e ft fre e b u t u n p rot e ct e d
, I n t h e fin e st .

c oats t h e re i s a p atc h o f b ri g h tly colo u re d b e ad

wo rk at t h e nap e o f t h e n e ck an d t h e back fla p i s ,
-

ado rn ed wi t h ro ws o f loos e ly dangl i ng h o rnb i lls ’

fe at h e rs ; b u t t h e s e aga i n a re cons i d ere d a p p ro p ri

a t e only to t h e coats o f wa rri o rs o f p rov e d valo u r .

T h e K ayan s h i e ld i s an O blong p lat e cu t fro m a

s i ngl e
p i e c e o f so ft w ood I ts e nds a re
.
p o i nt e d
m o re o r l e ss ac u t e ly ; t h e l e ngt h b e t wee n t h e p o i nts
i s abo u t fo u r fe e t .T h e i n n e r s u rfac e fo rm s a flat
h ollo w ; t h e o u t e r i s fo rm e d by t wo flat s u rfac e s
m ee t i ng i n a flat obt u s e angl e o r ri dg e e xt e nd i ng
fro m p o i nt to p o i nt T h e g ra i n o f t h e wood ru n s
.

long i t u d i nally and a do wn wa rd fall i ng f a ra ng i s

,

l i abl e to s p l i t t h e wood and b eco m e we dg e d fast i n

it. I n o rd e r to p re v e nt t h e s h i e ld b e co m i ng d i v i d e d
i n t h i s wa y and to h old fast t h e blad e o f t h e s wo rd
, ,

i t i s bo u nd ac ross wi t h s e v e ral sto u t st ri p s o f rattan

wh i c h a re lac e d clos e ly to t h e wood wi t h fin e r st ri p s .

T h e h andl e ca rv e d o u t o f t h e sa m e sol i d block o f

,

wood as t h e body o f t h e s h i e ld i s i n t h e m i ddl e o f ,

t h e concav e s u rfac e ; i t i s a s i m p l e v e rt i cal b a r fo r

t h e g ras p o f t h e l e ft h and T h e K ayan s h i e ld i s
.

co m m only sta i n e d red wi t h i ron ox i d e an d to u c h e d ,

u
p w i t h black p i g m e nt b u t not ot h e rwi s e d e co rat e d
, .
 1 64 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HAP .

Wood e n s h i e lds of t h i s k i nd a re u s e d by al m ost

all the t ri b es , bu t so m e of t h e m d eco rat e t h ei r

 WA R 1 65

s h i elds e labo rat ely T h e t wo s u rfac e s o f al m ost all

.

K e nyah s h i e lds ( F i g 2 7 ) a re cov ered wi t h e labo rat e

.

d e s i g ns p i ck ed o u t i n colo u rs c hi e fly red an d black

, .

T h e d e s i gns a re sk e tc h e d o u t on t h e wood wi t h t h e
o i nt f a kn i fe and t h e i g m n t i a l i e d wi t h t h e
p o , p e s
pp
fing er and a c h i s el edg e d st i ck T h e p ri nc i p al feat u re
- .

o f t h e d e s i g n s on t h e o u t e r s u rfac e i s i n all cas e s a

l a rg e conv e nt i onal i s e d o u tl i n e o f a fac e wi t h la rg e

e y e s i nd i cat e d by conc e nt ri c c i rcl e s i n re d an d black
, ,

and a do u bl e ro w o f t ee t h wi t h t wo p a i rs o f can i n e s
p roj e ct i n g l i k e h u g e t u sks . T h i s fac e s e e m s to b e

h u m an fo r alt h o u g h i n so m e s h i e lds t h e re i s not h i ng

, ,

to i nd i cat e t h i s i n t erp re tat i on i n ot h e rs t h e la rg e

,

fac e s u rm o u nts t h e h i g h ly conv e nt i onal i s e d o u t

l i n e o f a d i m i n u t i v e h u m an body t h e l i m bs o f wh i c h
,

a re d i sto rt e d and wov e n i nto a m o re o r l es s i nt ri

cat e d e s i gn E ac h e xt re m i ty o f t h e o u t er s u rfac e i s
.

cov e re d by a s i m i la rly conv e nt i onal i s ed fac e p att e rn -

o n a s m all e r sca l e . O n t h e i n n e r s i d e e ac h long i

t u di na l h al f i s cov e re d wi t h an e labo rat e sc roll

p att e rn , g e n e r ally sy m m e t ri cal i n t h e t w o h alv e s ;

t h e c e nt re o f t h i s p att e rn i s g e n e rally a h u m an
fi g u re m o re o r l e ss e as i ly re cogn i sabl e ; t h e t wo
h alv es so m et i m e s b e a r m al e and fe m al e fig u re s
res p e ct i v e ly .

T h e s h i e lds m ost p ri z e d by t h e K e nya h s a re

fu rt h er d e co rat ed wi t h t u fts o f h u m an h a i r tak e n
fro m t h e h eads o f sla i n e n e m i e s I t i s p u t on i n
.

m any ro ws wh i c h ro u g h ly fra m e t h e la rg e fac e wi t h

locks t h ree o r fo u r i nc h e s i n l e n g t h on scal p c h eeks , ,

c h i n and u p p e r l i p ; and t h e s m all e r fac e s at t h e

,

e nds a re s i m i la rly s u rro u nd e d wi t h s h o rt er h a i r .

T h e h a i r i s attac h e d by fo rc i ng t h e e nds o f t h e t u fts

i nto n a rro w sl i ts i n t h e so ft wood and s e c u ri n g i t
wi t h fres h re s i n .

T h e K l e m a nt a n s h i e lds a re i n t h e m a i n va ri a
, ,

t i ons on t h e K e nyah p att erns T h e M u ru t s h i elds

.

c los e ly re s e m bl e t h os e o f t h e K ayans t h o u g h th e
,
1 66 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O emu »
.

D u s u ns wh o h av e t h e do m e st i cat e d b u ffalo u s e a
, ,

s h i e ld o f b u ffalo h i d e attac h ed to t h e fo re a rm by a
-

st rap a fe at u re u nkno wn i n all t h e ot h er ty p e s ,

—

wh i c h a re bo rn e by t h e h andl e only T h e S ea
.

Dayaks no wadays m ak e a g re at er va ri e ty o f s h i e lds ,

co p y i ng t h os e o f t h e ot h er t ri b es wi t h va ri at i ons o f
t h ei r o wn T h e s h i el d
.

o ri g i nally u s e d by t h em
b e fo re co m i ng i nto con
tact wi t h m any ot h e r .

t ri b e s ,
bu t no w di s
ca rd ed wa s m ad e o f
,

st ri p s o f ba m boo p la i t e d
tog e t h er and st i ffe n e d
wi t h a long i t u d i nal st ri p .

o f wood
( g
F i I t .

wa s o f t wo s h a p e s bot h ,

o b l o n g o ne w i t h,
‘

ro u nd ed t h e ot h e r wi t h
,

p o i nt e d e nds .

T h e Land Day a ks st i ll
u se a s h i e ld o f to u g h
ba rk ( F i g and i t i s
.

not i m p robabl e t h at t h e s e
were u s e d by ot h e r t ri b es
at no d i stant dat e .

E v ery K ayan h o u s e
h old p oss e ss e s b e s i d e t h e ,

Fm . 8
2 .
m any s m all e r boats o ne ,

o r m o re boats e s ec i all
p y
d es i gn ed fo r u s e i n wa r A typ i cal wa r boat i s
.
- -

abo u t 1 0 0 fee t i n l engt h fro m s i x to s ev e n fe et

,

wi d e i n i t s m i ddl e p a rt and tap e rs to a wi dt h o f

,

abo u t t h re e and a h al f fee t at b o w and st ern I n .

so m e cas e s t h e l e ngt h o f t h e wa r boat wh i c h i s-

,

al ways m ad e fro m a s i ngl e log i s as m u ch as ,

1 4 5 fe e t i n l e ngt h
( P I. b u t so la rg e a boat i s .

u n wi e ldy i n u s e and i t s const ru ct i on costs an e x ce s

,
 WA R
i v e a m o u nt o f labo u r T h e o rd i na ry wa r boat .
-

a rri e s fro m s i xty to s ev e nty m en s e at e d t wo ab reast

n t h e c ross b e nch e s I t i s st e ered by t h e p addl e s
-
.

f t h e t wo b o w-m e n and t h e fo u r n e xt t h e st e rn .

ne t h e s e wa r b oats , m ann ed by s i xty o r s e v e n ty

of -

a ddl e rs can m a i nta i n a ac e abo u t e q u al to t h at o f

,
p
u r U n i v e rs i ty rac i ng e i g h ts ?
l

1
On o ne i wh i h r b t w n t w nty tw f th w b t
o cc a s o n o n c a a ce e ee e -
o o ese a r- oa s
r w d t M ru d n th B r m riv r w t i m d th wi nni ng b t v r
va s o e a a 1 o e a a e , e e e -
oa o e

h d wn t r m
e o ur f f ur nd h l f m i l T h t i m w t w nty tw
-
s ea co se o o a a es . e e as e - o
mut th ir t n nd
es ee s eco s.
1 68 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

Wa r i s only u nd ertak e n a ft e r fo rm al cons u ltat i on

and m any d i sc u ss i ons b et wee n t h e ch i e f o r c h i e fs
and all t h e l e ad i ng m e n I f t h e v i llag e p ri m a ri ly
.

conc ern ed do e s not fee l i ts e l f st rong e no u g h to

ac hi e v e i t s e nds i t wi ll s e e k t h e h el p o f so m e
,

n ei g h bo u ri ng v i llag e u s u ally b u t not al ways o ne

, ,

o f i t s o wn t ri b e . T h e d i sc u ss i on m a y b e re n e wed
day a ft er day fo r so m e l i ttl e t i m e b e fo re t h e ,

d ec i s i on to fig h t i s tak e n an d t h e t i m e fo r t h e
e x p e d i t i on i s fix e d .

T h e n ext st e p i s to s e e k favo u rabl e o m e ns an d ,

t wo m e n a re told o ff fo r t h i s wo rk T h e y rep a i r .

to so m e s p ot i n t h e j u ngl e o r m o re co m m only on ,

t h e bank o f t h e ri v e r wh e re t h e y b u i ld a s m all
,

h u t ; t h ey ado rn i t by fray i ng t h e p ol e s o f i t s fra m e

wo rk and so s e c u re t h e m s elv es aga i nst i nt e rru p t i ons
,

by p ass i ng acq u a i n tanc e s T h e s i g h t o r so u nd o f

.

c erta i n b i rds and b easts i s favo u rabl e o f ot h ers ,

u n favo u rabl e ; b u t t h e favo u rabl e c re at u re s m u st

b e obs e rv e d i n a c erta i n o rd e r i f t h e o m e ns a re ,

to b e e nt i re ly sat i s facto ry I f v e ry bad o m e ns a re

.

obs erv e d t h e m en re t u rn h o m e to rep o rt t h e fact

, ,

and wi ll m ak e anot h er att e m p t a ft er a fe w days .

I f t h e o m e ns a re o f m i x ed c h a ract e r t h e y wi ll ,

e rs i s t fo r so m e t i m e h o i ng to t a s ffic i e nt
p p , g e u

n u m b er o f good o m e ns to co u nt e ract o r n u ll i fy t h e
bad W h e n s eek i ng fo r t h ei r p lac e o f obs ervat i on
.
,

t h e i r c h o i c e i s d e t erm i n e d by s e ei ng a s p i d er
h u nt e r (A m e/ motéem ) fly i ng ac ross t h e ri v e r c h i rp ,

i ng as i t fl i e s . W h e n t h i s i s s ee n t h e y sto p t h e
boat call i ng o u t to t h e b i rd O fri e nd 1 522 p rot e ct
, , ,

u s and g i v e u s s u cc e ss O ne o f t h e m e n lands on
.

t h e bank h e ws o u t a p ol e abo u t e i g h t fee t long

, ,

c u ts u p on i t b u nc h e s o f s h av i ngs wi t h o u t d e tach i ng
( P I.
97 ) t h e m fr o m t h e p ol e and t h ru sts o n e
, e n d
o f i t i nto t h e g ro u nd so t h at i t re m a i ns slo p i ng

to wa rds t h e abod e o f t h e fo e W h i l e t h i s i s b ei ng .

don e on t h e bank fi re o f so m e so rt (i f only a

,
 WA R 1 69

c i g a re tt e) i s l i g h t e d i n t h e boat and t h e p os i t i on i s
,

e x p la i n ed m o re fu lly to t h e b i rd b u t wi t h o u t an y
,

m e n t i on o f t h e na m e o f t h e e n e m y T h e obs erv e rs .

t h e n ere ct a h u t n e a r t h e o m e n p ol e fo r t h ei r -

s h e lt e r and p ass
,
t h e n i g h t t h e re b e fo re look i ng
o u t fo r t h e o m e n b i rd n e xt d e s i re d
-
This i s the .

t rogan (H a fi a ctes wh i c h h a s a p e c u l i a r
s o ft t ri ll i ng n ot e and a b ri ll i ant re d c h est Wh en .

t h i s b i rd a pp e a rs i t i s add re ss e d i n t h e sa m e wa y
,

a s t h e s i d er h u nt e r ; and t h i s s e cond st e
- o f t h
p p e

r oc e ss i s also m a rk e d by a fe at h e re d st i ck t h ru st 1 nto
p
t h e g ro u nd b efo re t h e h u t T h en t h e y s p en d
.

anot h er n i g h t i n t h e h u t h 0 p i ng fo r s i gn i fican t
dre a m s . To d rea m o f ab u ndanc e o f fru i t (whi c h
sy m bol i s e s h eads ) i s favo u rabl e ; any d rea m o f a
di sag re e abl e o r fe a rfu l s i t u a t i o xi i s u n favo u rabl e .

Aft e r a favo u rabl e d re a m co m e s t h e m ost i m p o rtan t

s tag e o f t h e b u s i n e ss t h e obs e rvat i on o f t h e h a wks
, .

T h e y look fo r L a éz N eéo fro m t h e doo r o f t h e i r

'

h u t abo u t n i n e o clock i n t h e m o rn i ng A s soon as

’
.

a h a wk l s s ee n t h e y l i g h t a fi re and call on h i m to
,

g o to t h e l e ft w av i
,
ng a fe at h ere d st i ck i n t h at

d i re ct i on and s h o u t i ng at t h e t o p o f h i s vo i c e o ne
, , ,

o f t h e m p o u rs o u t a to rre n t o f wo rds add re ss e d to

t h e h a wk I f h e go es o u t o f s i g h t to wa rds t h e
.

ri g h t t h e y con sol e t h e m s e lv e s by re m a rk i ng t h at
,

h e i s o ne o f l o w d e g ree and t h ey s i t do wn to wa i t
,

fo r anot h e r I f t wo h a wks a re s e e n to fig h t i n t h e
.

a i r t h at fo re t e lls m u c h bloods h e d
, T h e y a re not .

s at i sfi e d u nt i l t h e y s ee a h a wk sa i l fa r a way o u t o f

s i g h t to wa rds t h e l eft T h e n a b re ak i s m ad e a ft e r
.

wh i c h t h e y obs e rv e t h e h awks aga i n u nt i l t h e y s ee ,

o ne sa i l o u t o f s i g h t to wa rds t h e ri gh t I f all .

t h i s i s acco m p l i s h e d wi t h o u t t h e i n t erv e n t i on o f
u n favo u rabl e o m e ns t h e y re t u rn h o m e to rep o rt
,

p r o g re ss ; b u t i mm e d i at e ly re t u rn to t h e b u t an d

re m a i n t h e re T h e n fo r o ne t wo o r ev e n t h ree
.
, ,

days all t h e m e n o f t h e h o u s e stay at h o m e q u i etly

, ,
1 7 0 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O cm .

b u sy i ng t h em s e lv e s i n p rep ari ng boats and we ap ons .

T h e c h i e f o r so m e d ep u ty t h e n p erform s t h e ri t es
, ,

b efo re t h e alta r p ost o f t h e wa r god t h at stands - -

b efo re t h e h o u s e i n t h e wa y d esc ri b e d i n C h ap XV . .

T h e o m e ns g i v e n by t h e h a wks on t h i s occas i o n
a re g u a rant e e s fo r t h e sa fe ty o f t h e h o u s e and t h os e

l eft i n i t and aga i nst acc i d e nts and s i ckn e s s

,

i nc i d e ntal to t h e j o u rn e y ; t h e y h av e no re fe re nc e
to t h e act u al fi g h t i ng Al l t h e m e n o f t h e wa r .
1

a r ty t h en roc e d i n t h e i r wa r boats to t h e s o t
p p e p
-

wh e re t h e wa r o m en s h av e b ee n obs e rv e d an d -
,

ca m p ro u nd abo u t i t i n ro u g h ly b u i lt h u ts H ere .

t h e y wi ll re m a i n at l e ast t wo days e stabl i s h i n g ,

t h e i r conn ect i on wi t h t h e favo u rabl e o m e n b i rds -

.

F ro m t h i s e nca m p m e n t t h ey m a y not ret u rn to t h e

h o u s e and i f t h e y a re e x p e ct i ng a p a rty o f all i es
, , ,

t h ey m a y awa i t t h e m h ere B y t h i s t i m e t h e wa r .

fev er i s rag i ng a m ong t h em and ru m o u rs o f t h e ,

p pr e a rat i ons o f t h e e n e m y a r e c i rc u lat i ng S p i e s .

o r sco u ts m a y b e s e nt o u t to s eek i n fo rm at i on
abo u t t h e e n e m y ; b u t u s u ally s u ch i n fo rm at i on i s
so u g h t fro m t h e l i v e r o f a p i g wi t h t h e c u sto m a ry
c erem ony A s h a rp ri dg e on t h e l i v e r d i v i d i ng
.

t h e i r o wn reg i on fro m t h at o f t h e e n e m y i s
u n favo u rabl e a l o w so ft ri dg e i s favo u rabl e , .

F ro m t h e m o m e nt o f l eav i ng t h e v i llag e t h e m e n
o f t h e wa r p a rty m u st obs erv e m any tab u s -
u nt i l

t h ei r re t u rn h o m e T h ey m a y n ot e a t t h e h ead o f
a fi s h t h e y m u st u s e only t h ei r h o m e m ad e e a rt h e n -

Th r i n r
1
nt
e e upp th t th K y n u gur h v n t m p l t
s o ea so o s os e a e a a a s a e o co e e
f i th i n th
a igni fi n f th m n nd i n th r l i t y f th pr t t i n
e s ca ce o e o e s, a e ea o e o ec o

a ff r d d by th f v ur bl
o e m n b ir d e w h i h th y p k f uph ld ing
a o a e o e -
s, c e s ea o as o

th m N v r th l th r n b n d u b t th t th tr ng f i th f th p p l
e . e e e ess , e e ca e o o a e s o a o e eo e
i n th m n b ir d
e o nd th e w i n pir d by th m i v ry f v ur bl t th
-
s, a e a e s e e , s e a o a e o e
m i nt n n
a f d i ip l i n
e a ce nd b d i n
o t th h i f nd th t th i f t i
sc e a o e e ce o e c e s, a a s ac s

a ppr i t d by th hi f T h u l t f th m n b ir d w h i h h m p r th
ec a e e c e s . e c o e o e - s, c a e s e

und r t k i ng f th p p l t lm t v r y turn nd w hi h m ight m t

e a s o ese eo es a a os e e , a c see o

b w h lly f l i h nd d t ri m nt l th u b ri ng t w g r t pr t i l d v nt g
e o oo s a e e a , s s o ea ac ca a a a es
n m ly i t i n pir
a e , nfid n nd i t pr m t
s es cod i ip l i n nd tr ng n e c e, a o o es sc e a a s o se se

o f ll t iv u ni ty nd r p n i b i l i ty I t i n t i m pr b bl th n th t th
co ec e a es o s . s o o a e, e ,
a e

a dv nt g f th i m i ngly n l u l t u t w i gh i t dr wb k w h i h i n
a a es o s s ee se s e ess c o e s a ac s, c
th h p f ndl d l y nd h ng f pl n
e s a e o e ess by n m n m ll
e a s a c a es o a s a re o ea s s a .
 WA R 1 7 1

p ots ; fi re m u st b e m ad e only by fri ct i on ( s ee P I .

t h ey m u st not s m ok e ; boys m a y not l i e do wn ,

b u t m u st sl e ep s i tt i ng T h e p eo p l e wh o re m a i n
.

at h o m e a re not e x p e ct ed to obs erv e t h e s e tab u s ;

t h ey m a y go to t h e fa rm s b u t m u st k ee p q u i e t and
, ,

u nd e rtak e not h i ng o u ts i d e t h e o rd i na ry ro u t i n e .

I f t h e obj e ct o f t h e attack i s a v i llag e i n t h e i r

o wn ri v e r t h e e x p e d i t i on p addl e s st e ad i ly day a ft e r
,

day u nt i l i t re ac h e s t h e m o u t h o f so m e s m all
st rea m at a d i stanc e o f so m e m i l e s fro m t h e e n e m y s ’

v i llag e Fo rc i ng t h e i r boats so m e t wo o r t h ree

.

m i l e s u p t h i s st re a m t h e y m ak e a ca m p H e re .

t wo sol i d p lat fo rm s a re b u i lt abo u t t we nty fe e t

a p a rt and a la rg e b e a m i s la i d fro m o ne to t h e
,

ot h e r T h e c h i e fs an d p ri nc i p al m e n tak e t h ei r
.

s e ats on t h e p lat fo rm s and t h e n ev ery m a n o f t h e

,

p a rty i n t u rn a pp roac h e s t h i s b e a m t h e fig h t i n g
,

l e ad e r wh o i s u s u ally not o ne o f t h e c h i e fs co m i ng
, ,

fi rst I f h e i s wi ll i ng to go t h ro u g h wi t h t h e b u s i n e ss
.
,

i e to tak e p a rt i n t h e attack h e slas h e s a c h i p

. .
,

fro m t h e b ea m wi t h h i s fi a m ng and p ass e s u n d er i t .

O n t h e fa r s i d e o f t h e b e a m stands a c h i e f h old i ng
a la rg e frond o f fe rn and as e ac h m a n p ass e s u nd er
, , ,

h e g i v e s h i m a bi t o f t h e l ea f, wh i l e an ass i stan t c u ts
a notc h on a tally st i ck fo r e ac h vol u n t eer I f fo r
-
.

any re ason any m a n i s re l u ctant to go fa rt h e r h e ,

stat e s h i s e xc u s e p erh a p s a bad d re a m o r i lln e ss

, ,

o r so re fe e t and re t u rns to t h e boats a m i d t h e

, ,

j eers o f t h os e wh o h av e p ass e d t h e o rd e al to fo rm ,

o ne o f a p a rty to b e l e ft i n c h a rg e o f t h e ca m p an d

boats .

N e xt all t h e l e ft h and e d m e n a re so rt e d o u t to
,
-

fo rm a p a rty wh os e s p e c i al d u ty i s to a m b u s h t h e
e n e m y i f p oss i bl e at so m e favo u rabl e s p ot
, ,
T h es e .

a re kno wn as t h e h o rn e ts w
( g )
sm a t I f any s a m p y .

g ro u nd o r ot h er obst ru ct i on i nt erv e n e s b e t we e n
t h e i r ca m p and t h e e n em y s v i llag e a p at h i s ’

m ad e t h ro u g h o r ov e r i t to fac i l i tat e ret re at to t h e

1 7 2 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

boats A p ass wo rd i s ag re ed u p on wh i c h s erv es

.
,

as a m eans o f m ak i ng m e m b e rs o f t h e p a rty kno wn

to o ne anot h er u p on any c h anc e m ee t i ng i n t h e
dark .

S co u ts a re s ent o u t at d u sk and i f t h e i r rep o rts ,

a re favo u rabl e t h e attack i s m ad e j u st b e fo re

,

da wn Abo u t h al f t h e wa rri o rs a re p rov i d ed wi t h

.

la rg e b u ndl e s o f dry s h av i ngs and so m e wi ll ca rry

,

to rc h e s W h e n t h e attack i ng p a rty h a s q u i etly

.

s u rro u nd ed t h e h o u s e o r h o u s e s t h e b u ndl e s o f ,

s h av i ngs a re i gn i t ed and t h ei r b ea rers ru n i n and

,

t h ro w t h e m u nd er t h e h o u s e a m ong t h e t i m b ers on
wh i c h i t i s s u p p o rt ed T h e n e ns u e s a sc e n e o f W i ld
.

con fu s i on T h e cal m st i lln e ss o f t h e t ro p i cal da wn

.

i s b rok e n by t h e d e e p wa r c h o ru s o f t h e attack i ng
-

p a r ty by, t h e s h o u ts and sc re a m s o f t h e
p p
e o l e o f
t h e h o u s e s u dd e nly ro u s e d fro m sl e e p by t h e c ri e s ,

and sq u eals o f t h e fri g h t e n ed an i m als b en e at h t h e

h o u s e and t h e b eat i ng o f t h e ala rm s i gnal on t h e
,

za wa k I f t h e h o u s e i s i gn i t e d t h e e nc i rcl i ng
.
,

assa i lants st ri v e to i nt erc ep t t h e fl ee i ng i n h ab i tants .

T h e s e i f t h e fla m es do not d ri v e t h em o u t b efo re
,

t h ey h av e t i m e to tak e any conc e rt ed m e as u re s ,

wi ll h u rl t h e i r j av el i ns and d i sc h a rg e t h e i r fi re a rm s
h e i r assa i lants ; t h e n t h e y wi ll
( if t h e y h av e any
) at t
d esc e nd b ri ng i ng t h e wo m e n and c h i ld re n wi t h
,

t h em and m ak e a d e s p e rat e att em p t to c u t t h e i r

,

wa y t h ro u g h and e scap e to t h e j u ngl e o r so m e t i m es , ,

to t h e i r boats K ayans cond u ct i ng a s u cc e ss fu l

.

attack o f t h i s k i nd wi ll m ak e as m any p ri son ers

as p oss i bl e and wi ll as a ru l e k i ll only t h os e m en
,

wh o m ak e d es p e rat e re s i stanc e t h o u g h occas i onally

,

ot h ers e v e n wo m e n and c h i ld re n m a y b e wantonly

, ,

k i ll ed i n t h e e xc i t e m e nt o f t h e m o m e nt I t i s not .

u n u s u al i n t h e cas e o f an abl e bod i e d m a n wh o h a s

-

s u rre nd ered b u t s h o wn s i gns o f att e m p t i ng to

,

e sca p e o r o f re n e wi ng h i s re s i stanc e to d e al h i m ,

a h e avy blo w on t h e kn ee ca p and so re nd er hi m -

,
 WA R 1 73

la m e fo r so m e t i m e I t u s u ally h ap p en s t h at t h e
.

g re at er p a rt o f th e fu g i t i v e s e scap e i nto t h e j u ngl e ;

and t h ey a re not p u rs u e d fa r i f t h e v i cto rs h av e
,

s e c u re d a few h e ads and a few p ri son e rs T h e .

h e ad i s h ack e d o ff at onc e fro m t h e body o f any o ne

o f t h e fo e wh o falls i n t h e fig h t ; t h e t ru nk i s l e ft

ly i ng wh ere i t fell I f any o f t h e assa i lants a re

.

k i ll e d i n t h e co u rs e o f t h e fray t h e i r h eads a re n ot
,

tak e n by t h e i r fri e nds and t h ei r co rp s es a re l e ft

,

on t h fi e ld cov ere d wi t h bo u g h s o r at m ost i n

u
p e , ,

t h e cas e o f c h i e fs a re d rag g e d i nto t h e j u ngl e and

,

cov e red u p wi t h bo u g h s and t wi gs i n o rd er to ,

p re v e nt t h e i r h e ads b e i ng tak e n by t h e e n e m y I f .

any o f t h e e n em y rem a i n so badly wo u nd ed t h at

t h e y a re not l i k ely to re cov er t h ei r h eads a re tak e n
,

and i f no ot h e r h e ads h av e b ee n s e c u re d t h e h e ad ,

o f o ne o f t h e m o re s e ri o u sly wo u nd e d ca p t i v e s i s

tak e n o r o f o ne wh o i s d e fo rm e d o r i ncap ac i tat e d

,

i n any wa y . I f a cap t i v e d i es o f h i s wo u nds h i s

h e ad i s tak e n ; b u t i t i s a ra re e xc ep t i on fo r K ayan s
to k i ll any o f t h e i r cap t i v e s a ft er t h e s h o rt e xc i t e
m e nt o f t h e battl e i s ov e r . T h e attack i ng p a rty ,

e v e n t h o u g h i t h a s ga i n e d a d e c i s i v e v i cto ry u s u ally
,

re t u rn s wi t h all s p ee d b u t i n g ood o rd e r to i t s
, ,

boats ca rry i ng wi t h i t t h ro u g h t h e j u ngl e all t h e

,

loot t h at i s not too c u m b e rso m e fo r rap i d p o rtag e ,

e s e c i ally
p old b e ads , gongs and
, b rass w a
-
re ; fo r
t h ey a re al ways i n dang er o f b ei ng c u t o ff by a
a r ty o f t h i r e n em i es rall i e d and re i n fo rc e d by
p e ,

a r t i e s f ro m n e i g h bo u ri ng fri e ndly v i llag e s S t i ll

p .

m o re a re t h ey l i abl e to b e p u rs u e d and c u t o ff i f ,

t h e attack on t h e v i llag e h a s fa i l e d t h ro u g h t h e
d efe nd ers h av i ng b ee n wa rn e d ; fo r an attack u p on
a st rong h o u s e o r v i llag e h a s l i ttl e c h an c e o f
s u cc ess if t h e d e fe nd e rs a re p rep a re d fo r and
e x p e ct i ng i t . T h e p u rs u i t o f t h e ret re at i ng p a rty
m a y b e k ep t u p t h ro u g h o u t o ne o r t wo days and , ,

i f t h e p u rs u ers co m e u p wi t h t h e m a b ri sk and ,
1 74 P A G A N T R I B E S O F B O RN E O C H AP .

bloody battl e i s t h e nat u ral o u tco m e ; and i t i s

u nd e r t h e s e c i rc u m stanc e s t h at t h e m ost s e v e re
fig h t i ng tak es p lac e B u t h ere aga i n i t i s s e ldo m
.

t h at any la rg e p ro p o rt i on o f e i t h e r p a rty i s sla i n ;

fo r t h e d e ns e j u ngl e ev e ry wh e re o ffers ab u ndan t
O p p o rt u n i t i e s o f conc e al m e nt to t h os e wh o con
d e sc e nd to s e e k i t s s h e lt e r and t h e re a re few e v e n
, ,

a m ong t h e Kayans and K e nya h s wh o wi ll fig h t to ,

t h e b i tt e r e nd i f t h e alt ern at i v e o f fl i g h t i s o p e n to
,

t h em .

A s u cc ess fu l wa r p a rty re t u rn i ng h o m e m ak e s
-

no s e c re t o f i t s s u cc e ss T h e boats a re d eco rat ed

.

wi t h p al m l e av e s (da mn z s a ng ) and a t ri u m p h al
'

c h o ru s i s ra i s e d fro m t i m e to t i m e e s p e c i ally on ,

p ass i ng v i llag es . A s t h e v i llag e rs co m e o u t to

gaz e on t h e m t h os e wh o h av e tak e n h e ads stand

,

u
p i n t h e boats . T h e h e ads sl i g h tly roast e d , a re ,

wra p p e d u p i n p al m l e av e s and p lac e d i n bask e ts

i n t h e st e rn o f t h e boat I f t h e re t u rn h o m e i nvolv e s
.

a j o u rn e y o f s ev e ral days t h e v i cto rs wi ll i f p oss i bl e

, , ,

ass t h e n i g h ts i n t h e h o u s e s o f fri e ndly v i llag e s

p ,

wh e re t h e y a re m ad e m u c h o f e s p e c i ally t h os e ,

wh o h av e tak e n h e ads ; and on t h e s e occas i on s t h e

gla m o u r o f v i cto ry i s a p t to t u rn t h e h e ads o f so m e
o f t h e wo m e n and to b re ak do wn t h e re s e rv e t h at

m od e sty no rm ally i m p os e s u p on t h em .

O n a p p roach i ng t h e i r o wn v i llag e wh i t h er t h e ,

ru m o u r o f t h e i r s u cc e ss u s u ally p re c e d e s t h e m ,

t h e wa r p a rty i s re c e i v e d wi t h lo u d accla m at i ons

-
,

t h e p e o p l e co m i ng do wn to t h e ri v e rs i d e to re c e i v e
t h em B e fo re t h e y asc e nd to t h e h o u s e t h e h eads
.
,

h av e to b e sa fe ly lodg e d i n a s m all h u t s p e c i ally

b u i lt fo r t h e i r re c ep t i on ; and t h e yo u ng boys a re
b ro u g h t do wn to go t h ro u g h t h e i r fi rst i n i t i at i on
i n t h e a rts o f wa r . Eac h c h i ld i s m ad e to h old
a s wo rd and wi t h t h e ass i stanc e o f so m e ag ed
,

wa rri o r to st ri k e a blo w at o ne o f t h e n e wly ca p t u red

,

h e ads . T h e old e r boys so m e n i n e o r t e n y e a rs

,
 WAR 1 75

of a
g wh o a re ri p e fo r t h e i r s e cond
e,
p a rt i c i p at i on
i n m ock wa rfa re also st ri k e at a h e ad i n a s i m i la r ,

wa y b u t e ngag e also i n m i m i c battl e s wi t h o ne

,

anot h e r u s i ng wood e n s wo rds and s p e a rs and

, , ,

c u ri o u sly e no u g h s m all ro u g h ly m ad e bo ws an d ,

a rro ws 1
I t i s c u sto m a ry fo r t h e v i cto ri o u s wa rri o rs
.

to s p e nd t h e fi rst n i g h t a ft e r t h e i r re t u rn e nca m p ed
b e fo re t h e h o u s e A st ri p o f g ree n dam n zs cmg .

i s t i e d abo u t t h e l eft wri st o f e ac h m a n wh o h a s

tak e n p a rt i n t h e e x p e d i t i on and also o f e ac h o f t h e ,

yo u ng boys T h os e wh o h av e tak e n h e ads ado rn .

also t h e i r wa r cap s wi t h t h e sa m e l e a f and wi t h -

fe at h e re d st i cks On t h e follo wi ng day a tall p ost o f .

ba m boo (éa l a wi ng ) i s ere ct e d n e a r t h e fig u re o f t h e

wa r god I t i s cov e re d wi t h fray e d p al m l e av e s (dam n
-
.

f
’

z sa n
g) an d r o m i
,
t s ti
p a s i ngl e h e ad also wra
pp e d ,

i n l e av e s i s s u s p e nd e d by a long co rd ( P I
, .

B e fo re t h e alta r p ost o f t h e wa r god s ev e ral s h o rt e r - -

t h i ck e r p osts a re e re ct e d and to e ac h o f t h e s e t wo ,

o r t h re e s m all p i e c e s o f h u m an fl e s h b ro u g h t h o m e ,

fro m t h e co rp s e s o f t h e sla i n e n e m i e s fo r t h i s
u r os e a re fast e n e d wi t h sk e we rs T h s i c s
p p , e e p e e .

o f fl e s h s e e m to b e t h ank o ffe ri ngs to t h e h a wks -

to wh o m t h e s u cc e ss i s la rg ely att ri b u t e d T h es e .

b i ts o f fl e s h a re d ri e d ov e r a fi re at t h e fi rst o p p o r
t u ni t y on t h e re t u rn j o u rn e y i n o rd e r to p re s erv e ,

th em .
2

S f 1
w k n w th i i th
o ar as nly w y i n w h i h th b w nd rr w
e o s s e o a c e o a a o

i u d i n B rn
s se l th u gh th pri n ip l f th b w i fr q u nt ly pp l i d
o eo , a o e c e o e o s e e a e

i n m k i ng t r p
a I t i p r h p w r th y f r m r k th t t h d n
a s. hr tr f
s e a s o o e a a e e se c a ac e o
th j ung l i pr b bly m r f v ur bl t
e e s o f th bl w pip th n t th t
a o e a o a e o u se o e o -
e a o a

o f th b w nd rr w
e o a a o .

I t i pr b bl th t th
2
s b rv t i n f th i pr t i by E ur p n h
o a e a e o se a o o s ac ce o ea s as

g i v n ri t th fr q u nt ly pu bl i h d t t m nt th t th t ri b f th i nt ri r
e se o e e e s e s a e e s a e es o e e o
a re ca nni b l W ffi r m wi th m a s . nfid n th t n n f th p p l f
e a so e co e ce a o e o e eo es o

B r n v r n u m h u m n fl h f d I t i t ru th t K y n K ny h
o eo e e co s e a es as oo . s e a a a s, e a s,
a nd Kl m nt n wi ll e i n lly n u m n th p t t i ny pi
a a s f th
o cc a s o a co s e o e s o a ece o e
fl h f l i n n m y f th purp
es o a s a f uri ng d i r d r
e e p i lly h r nior e o se o c so e s, es ec a c o c

co u gh nd dy nt ry ; nd th t I b n m n w m n d uri ng th m d
a se e a a a s, e or o e , e a

r j i i ng v r p t ur d h d wi ll
e o c s o e i n lly b i t h d
ca v n bit
e ea s o cca s o a e a ea ,
or e e e a

pi f fl h fr m i t
ece o A th ir d pr t i i nv l v i ng th n u m pt i n f h u m n
es o . ac ce o e co s o o a

fl h w f r m r ly b rv d m ng th J i ng k ng ( K l m nt n f D u t h
es as o e o se e a o e a s e a a s o c

B rn ) w h n
o eo n w, ri u ly i ll nd th ff r t f th m d i i n m n
e a so as se o s a e e o s o e e c e e
1 7 6 P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

soon as t h e n ews o f t h e tak i ng o f h e ad s

As
re ac h e s t h e h o u s e t h e p eo p l e go o u t o f m o u rn i n g
, ,

i e t h e y s h av e t h e p a rts o f t h e scal p s u rro u nd i ng

. .

t h e c ro wn and p u ll o u t e y eb ro ws and e y e las h e s

w e b e e n allo we d to g ro w d u ri ng m o u rn i ng ;
( h i c h h av )
t h e y p u t o ff t h ei r ba rk clot h ga rm e n ts and re s u m e
t h ei r cotton clot h s and o rna m e nts .

I f as i s u s u ally th e cas e on t h e re t u rn o f a wa r
,

a rty m o u rn i n g fo r a c h i e f 1 s to b e t e rm i nat e d o ne
p , ,

o f t h e h e ads is ca rri ed do wn ri v e r to h i s to m b ,

follo we d by m ost o f t h e m e n wh i l e t h e wo m e n wa i l ,

i n t h e h ou s e T h e h e ad i s fi rst b ro u g h t b e fo re t h e
.

h o u s e b u t not i nto i t
, A n old m a n s h oots a da rt .

i nto t h e a i r i n t h e d i re ct i on o f t h e e n e m y and t h e n , ,

att eri ng o u t a long fo rm u la i n t h e u s u al wa h

p y e ,

sla u g h t e rs a fo wl and p u ts a p a rt o f t h e ca rcas e u p on

a s h o rt st i ck t h ru st i nto t h e e a rt h T h e m e n o f t h e .

a rty t h e n m a rc h ast e ac h to u c h i ng t h e ca rcas e wi t h

p p ,
“
h i s kne e a nd say i ng as h e do e s so
, Cast o u t s i ckn e ss , ,

m ak e m e st rong an d h e alt h y exalt m e abov e m y ,

e n e m i e s et c etc B e s i d e t h e to m b a tall p ol e i s
, . .
.

s e t u p and t h e h e ad d re ss e d i n l e av e s i s s u s p e nd e d
,

by a co rd fro m i t s u pp er e nd A n u m b e r o f p i g s .

wi ll al re ady h av e b e e n sla i n i n p rep a rat i on fo r t h e

feast and t h e i r lo we r j aws a re h u ng abo u t t h e
,

to m b on p ol e s T h e d ee p wa r ch o ru s i s s h o u t ed
.
-

by t h e p a rty as i t t rav e ls to and fro m t h e to m b .

I n re t u rn i ng t h e wh ol e p a rty bat h e s i n t h e ri v e r ,

and wh i l e t h ey a re i n t h e wat er an old m a n wav es

ov e r t h e m so m e o f t h e i s c mg l e av e s wi t h wh i c h t h e
h e ad h a s b e e n d e co rat ed wi s h i ng t h em h ealt h a nd ,

long l i fe .

A few days (not l ess t h an fo u r) a ft er t h e ret u rn

o f t h e wa r a rty t h e h e ads a re b ro u g h t i nto t h e
p
-
,

h o u s e wi t h m u c h rej o i c i ng and c e re m ony E v ery .

pr v d i n ff t i v n i nf nt i t r
o e e ec e, a a s s e of p t i nt w k i ll d nd m ll pi
th e a e as e a a s a ece
of th fl h g i v n t th p t i nt t
e es e o e a e o ea t .I t w u ld w th i nk b gr
o , ly unf ir
e , e os s a

t d
o ri b ny f th p p l
esc e a o es e eo es a s ca nni b l n
a s o unt f th pr t i
a cco o es e ac ces .
 WA R 1 77

fa m i ly k i lls a p i g and roasts i t s fl e s h b ri ngs o u t ,

1

sto re s o f ri c e s p i ri t an d p rep a re s cak e s o f ri c e flo u r

-
,
-
.

T h e p i gs l i v e rs a re e xa m i n e d and t h e i r blood i s
’

s m e a re d u p on t h e alta r p ost o f t h e wa r god wi t h a - -

so rt o f b ru s h (pl at ) m ad e by fray i ng t h e e nd o f a
st i ck i n a m o re t h an u s u ally elabo rat e m an n e r .

E ac h h e ad ado rn e d wi t h a la rg e b u nc h o f daw n
,

i sa ng i s ca rri e d by an e ld e rly m a n o r wo m an i nto

,

t h e h o u s e follo we d by all t h e p e o p l e o f t h e h o u s e
,

m en wo m e n and c h i ld re n
, i n long p roc e ss i on T h e
,
—
.

p r oc e ss i on m a rc h e s u
p and do wn t h e w h ol e l e ngt h
o f t h e gall e ry m any t i m e s t h e p e o p l e s h o u t i ng s i ng , ,

i ng sta m p i ng and p o u nd i ng on t h e floo r wi t h p a di

, ,

e stl e s o r lay i ng t h e ée/m z T h i s i s follo we d by

p p
’
.
,

a g e n eral fe ast and d ri nk i ng bo u t e ach fa m i ly p re ,

a r i ng i t s fe ast l n i t s o wn c h a m b er and e nt e rt a i n i ng
p ,

fri e nds and n e i g h bo u rs wh o co m e to tak e p a rt i n

t h e g e n e ral rej o i c i ng I n t h e co u rs e o f t h e fe ast i ng
.

t h e wo m e n u s u ally tak e t e m p o ra ry p oss e ss i on o f

t h e h e ads and p e rfo rm wi t h t h e m a wi ld u n co u t h
, ,

danc e wav i ng t h e h e ads to and fro and c h an t i ng

, ,

i n i m i tat i on o f t h e m e n s wa r so ng ( P l T he
’
-
.

p r oc e ss i on m a
y b e r e s u m e d at i nt e rvals u n t i l t h e

h e ads a re finally s u s p e nd e d b es i d e t h e old on e s ov e r

t h e p ri nc i p al h e a rt h o f t h e gall e ry T h e h e ad s .

h av e u s u ally b e e n p rep a re d by re m oval o f t h e b ra i n

t h ro u g h t h e g re at fo ra m e n by d ry i ng ov e r a fi re , ,

and by las h i ng on t h e lo we r ja w wi t h st ri p s o f
rattan T h e s u s p en s i on o f t h e h e ad i s e ffe ct ed by
.

i e rc i n g a r o u nd h ol e i n t h e c ro wn and p ass i ng
p ,

t h ro u g h i t fro m b e lo w by wa y o f t h e g re at fo ra m e n , ,

a rattan knott e d at t h e e nd T h e fre e e nd o f t h e .

rattan i s p ass e d t h ro u g h an d t i e d i n a h ol e 1 n t h e
lo wer e dg e o f a long b ea m s u s p end e d p a rall e l to
t h e l e ngt h o f t h e gall e ry fro m t h e b ea m s o f t h e
roo f ( P I T h e K enya h s s u s p e nd t h e h ead s
.

i n t h e sa m e wa y as t h e Kayans b u t m ost o f t h e ,

1
At n u h f o t i ghty fi pig nd fifty i f w l w r l u ght r d
e s c ea s e - ve s a -
s x o s e e s a e e .

V OL . I
1 7 8 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

K l em a nt a ns and I bans u s e i n p lac e o f t h e long

b e a m a st rong bask e t -wo rk i n t h e s h ap e o f a con e ,

t h e a p e x b e i ng attac h ed to t h e roo f b e a m s and t h e ,

h e ads t i e d i n t wo o r t h ree t i e rs i n t h e wall o f t h e

con e I n e i t h er cas e t h e h e ads h ang so m e fi v e o r
.

s ix fe e t abov e t h e floo r, wh e re t h e y a re o u t o f
re ac h o f t h e dogs .

D E F E NC E

S i nc e e v e ry Bo rn e an long h o u s e i s o r u nt i l
-
,

re c e ntly wa s l i abl e at al m ost any t i m e to a n i g h t

,

attack o f t h e k i nd d esc ri b ed abov e t h e s i t u at i on o f

,

t h e h o u s e i s c h os e n wi t h an e ye to d e fe nc e T he
.

s i t e c h os e n i s i n n e a rly all cas e s on t h e bank o f a

ri v e r o r st re a m la rg e e no u g h fo r t h e n av i gat i on o f
s m all boats ; a h i g h an d st e e p ri v e r bank i s co m m only
-

p r e ferre d and s p i ts o f land b e t wee n t wo conv e r g i ng

st re a m s o r p e n i n s u las fo rm ed by s h a rp b e nds o f t h e
ri v e rs a re favo u re d s p ots .

B e s i d e t h e nat u ral s i t u at i on t h e p ri m e d efe nc e

,

o f t h e h o u s e i s i t s e l e vat i on so m e 1 0 to 3 0 fee t

abov e t h e l ev e l o f t h e g ro u nd j o i n e d wi t h t h e di ffi
,

c u lty o f acc ess to t h e h o u s e by m e an s o f na rro w

ladd ers eas i ly d ra wn u p o r t h ro wn do wn .This
e l e vat i on o f t h e h o u s e s erv es also to s e c u re i t s
cont e nts aga i nst s u dd e n ri s i ngs o f t h e ri v e r and ,

also aga i nst t h e i nvas i on o f e v i l odo u rs fro m t h e

re fu s e wh i c h acc u m u lat e s b e lo w i t ; b u t i t s p ri m a ry

p pu r os e i s u ndo u bt e dly d e fe nc e aga i nst h u m an

e n em ies . T h e i nt e rval b e t we e n t h e l o w o u t e r wall

o f t h e gall e ry and t h e lo we r e dg e o f t h e roo f i s

t h e only a p e rt u re t h ro u g h wh i c h m i ss i l e s can b e
h u rl e d i n to t h e h o u s e and t h i s i s so na rro w as to
,

re nd e r t h e e nt ry o f any m i ss i l e s we ll n i g h i m p oss i bl e
-
.

W h e n a h o u s eh old g ets wi nd o f an i nt e nd ed
a ttack ,
t h e y g en e rally p u t t h e h o u s e i nto a stat e
o f d e fe nc e by e re ct i ng a fe nc e o f v e rt i cal stak e s

a ro u nd i t s o m e t h ree ya rds o u ts i d e t h e p osts on wh i c h

,
 WA R 1 79

i t i s s u pp o rt e d and so m e s i x to e i g h t feet i n h e i g h t .

T h i s fe nc e i s re nd e re d u ncl i m babl e by a fri ez e

c ons i st i ng o f a m u lt i t u d e o f sl i p s o f ba m boo ; e ac h

o f t h e s e i s s h a rp e n e d at bot h e nds b e nt u p on i ts e l f
, ,

a nd t h ru st b et we e n t h e p ol e s o f t h e p al i sad e so

t h at i t s s h a rp p o i nts ( P l 1 0 0 ) a re d i re ct e d o u t
.

wa rds T h i s d e ns e j u ngl e o f loos e ly attac h e d s p i k e s

.

c onst i t u t e s an obstacl e not e as i ly ov e rco m e by t h e

e n em y ; fo r t h e loos e ly fi tt i ng ba m boo sl i p s can

n e i t h er b e h ack ed a way no r re m ov ed i nd i v i d u ally
wi t h o u t cons i d e rabl e ex p e nd i t u re o f t i m e d u ri ng ,

wh i c h t h e attack e rs a re e x p os e d to a s h o we r o f
m i ss i l e s fro m t h e h o u s e A do u bl e ladd e r i n t h e
.

fo rm o f a st i l e i s p lac e d ac ross t h e fe nc e to p e rm i t
t h e p assag e o f t h e p e o p l e o f t h e h o u s e I f t h e re .

i s any d e fin i t e p at h way l e ad i ng to t h e h o u s e a log ,

i s so m e t i m e s s u s p e n d e d abov e i t by a rattan p ass i ng

o v e r a b ranc h o f a t re e and ca rri e d to t h e h o u s e .

T h i s can b e allo we d to fall u p on t h e a pp roac h i ng

e n e m y by s e v e ri ng t h e rattan wh e re i t i s t i e d wi t h i n

t h e h o u s e ( K l e m a nt a n) .

A fu rt h e r p re ca u t i on i s to st i ck i nto t h e g ro u nd
ro u n d abo u t t h e h o u s e a la rg e n u m b e r o f sl i p s o f
ba m boo E ac h sl i p i s so m e s i x i nc h e s i n l e ngt h
.
,

a nd i t s s h a rp fi re h a rd e n e d p o i nt p roj e cts u p wa rds

,
-

a nd a l i ttl e o u t wa rds .

I f t h e attack i ng p a rty i s l i k e ly to a pp roac h by

t h e ri v e r a t ra p m a y b e a rrang e d at so m e p o i nt
,

wh ere by re ason o f ra p i ds o r rocks t h e boats a re

, ,

l i k e ly to b e d elay e d H ere a la rg e t ree ov erh ang i ng

.

t h e ri v e r i s c h os e n fo r t h e t rap S to u t rattans a re
.

m ad e fast to i t s b ranc h es b ro u g h t ov er t h e b ranc h es

,

o f a n e i g h bo u ri n g t re e and m ad e fast i n so m e s p ot
,

wi t h i n re ac h o f a h i dd en watc h e r T h e st em o f .

t h e ov e rh ang i ng t re e i s t h e n cu t al m ost t h ro u g h so ,

t h at a few blo ws o f a s wo rd s ev e ri ng t h e s u p p o rt i ng
,

rattans m a ca u s e t h e t ree to fall u p on t h e p ass i ng

, y
boat .
1 80 PAGAN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

When a h ost i l e wa r p a rty e nt ers a s e ct i on o f a

-

ri v er i n wh i c h t h e re i s a n u m b e r o f v i llag e s o f o ne
t ri b e o r o f fri e ndly t ri b e s i t s ap p roac h m a y b e
,

s i gnall e d t h ro u g h o u t t h e d i st ri ct by t h e b eat i ng
o f t h e t a wa é .T h e sa m e p e c u l i a r rh yt h m i s u s ed
fo r t h i s p u rp os e by all t h e t ri b e s t h o u g h i t p robably
,

h a s b ee n co p i e d fro m t h e K ayans by all t h e ot h ers .

I t cons i sts i n a rap i d s eri e s o f st rok e s o f 1 ncre a s i ng

rat e u p on t h e boss follo we d by o ne long d e ep n ot e
, ,

and t wo s h o rt e r on e s st ru ck u p on t h e bod y an d
onc e rep e at ed W h e n ev e r t h i s wa r alarm i s h ea rd
.
-

i n a v i llag e i t i s rep e at e d an d so p ass e d on fro m

, ,

v i llag e to v i llag e T h e p eo p l e wo rk i ng i n t h e
.

fa rm s o r i n t h e j u ngl e o r t rav ell i ng on t h e ri v e r

, ,

ret u rn at onc e to t h e i r v i llag e s on h e a ri ng t h e ala rm ,

and t h e h o u s e s a re p rep are d fo r defe nce f W h e n

t h e n ews o f t h e a p p roac h o f a h ost i l e p a rty h a s
b e e n s p read i n t h i s wa y t h ro u g h o u t t h e ri v e r i t ,

h a s l i ttl e c h anc e o f s u cc e ss fu l ly attack i ng a h o u s e

o r v i llag e and i t wi ll u nl e ss v ery n u m e ro u s cont e n t
, , ,

i ts e l f wi t h att e m p t i ng to cu t o ff so m e o f t h e p eo p l e
re t u rn i ng h o m e fro m t h e fa rm s I f t h e i nvad i ng
.

a r ty i s v e ry st rong i t m a s u rro u nd a h o u s e wh os e
p y ,

d e fend ers h av e b e e n wa rn ed o f t h e i r co m i ng an d ,

att em p t to sta rv e t h em i n to s u b m i ss i on I n t h e .

old days i t wa s not u nco m m on fo r a st rong p a rty

o f K ayans to d e sc e n d u p on a s e ttl e m e n t o f t h e

m o re p eac e abl e coast wi s e p e o p l e and to e xto rt fro m ,

t h em a la rg e p ay m e nt o f b rass wa re as t h e p ri c e -

of t h e i r sa fe ty I f t h e u n fo rt u nat e h o u s eh old
.

s u b m i tt e d to t h i s e xto rt i on t h e K ayans wo u ld k eep

,

fa i t h wi t h t h e m and wo u ld rat i fy a t re aty o f p e ac e

,

by m ak i ng t h e h e ad m an o f t h e v i llag e blood b rot h er

o f t h ei r c h i ef .

So m e feat u re s o f t h e tact i cs ado p t ed by t h e

Kayans a re wo rt h y o f m o re d e ta i l e d d e sc ri p t i on
I f a st rong p a rty d e t e rm i n e s to attack a h o u s e i n
fac e o f an al e rt d e fe nc e t h e y m a y att em p t to sto rm
,
 WA R 1 81

i t i n b road dayl i g h t by fo rm i n g s ev e ral co m p act

bod i e s o f abo u t t we nty - fi v e m en E ac h body
.

r ot e cts i ts e l f wi t h a r oo f f s h i lds h ld clos ly

p o e e e

to g e t h er and t h e s ev e ral p a rt i e s m ov e q u i ckl y i n

,

u
p on t h e h o u s e s i m u ltan e o u sly fro m d i ffe re nt
p o i nts ,

a nd att e m p t to ca rry i t by assa u lt T h e d e fe nd ers

.

o f t h e h o u s e wo u ld att e m p t to rep e l s u c h an attack

by h u rl i ng h e avy ba rs o f i ron wood s h a rp e n e d at -

,

bot h e nds i n s u c h a wa y t h at t h e b a r t wi rls i n t h e

,

a i r as i t h u rtl e s t h ro u g h i t ; and t h i s i s o ne o f t h e

fe w occas i on s on wh i c h t h e blo w p i p e i s u s ed as a -

we ap on o f d e fe nc e .

A v i llag e t h at h a s b e e n wa rn ed o f t h e ap p roac h
o f t h e fo e m a y s e n d o u t a p a rty to att e m p t to

a m b u s h t h e attack ers at so m e d i ffic u lt p assag e o f

t h e ri v e r o r t h e j u n g l e S co u ts a re s ent o u t to
.

locat e t h e e n e m y S o m e cl i m b to t h e to p s o f tal l
.

t ree s to look fo r t h e s m ok e o f t h e e n em y s fi re s ’
.

H av i ng locat e d t h e e n em y t h e sco u ts ap p roac h so

,

clos ely as to b e abl e to co u nt t h e i r n u m b ers and

o bs e rv e all t h e i r m ov e m e nts ; and , k e ep i ng i n to u c h

wi t h t h e p a rty t h e y s e n d m e ssag e s to t h e i r c hi e f
, .

I f t h e d e fe nd e rs s u cc e e d i n a m b u s h i ng t h e attack ers
and i n k i ll i ng s ev e ral o f t h em , t h e latt er u s u ally
wi t h d ra w d i sco u rag ed an d m a y fo r t h e t i m e g i v e u p
,

t h e att e m p t . I f t h e d e fe nd i ng p a rty s h o u ld co m e
u p on t h e e n em y st ru g g l i n g aga i nst a ra p i d an d ,

e s p e c i ally i f t h e e n e m y i s i n d i ffi c u lt i e s t h ro u g h t h e

s e tt i ng o f so m e o f t h e i r boats o r i n any ot h e r
u
p ,

wa y, t h e y m a y fall u p on t h e m i n t h e Op e n b ed o f
t h e ri v e r and t h e n e n s u e s t h e co m p a rat i v e ly ra re
,

e v e nt a stand u p fig h t 1 n t h e o p e n
,
-
T h i s re solv es
.

i ts e l f 1 n t h e m a i n i nto h and to h and d u e ls b et we e n

p a i rs o f co m batants as i
,
n t h e h e ro i c a g e T h.e

wa rri o rs s e l e ct t h e i r o pp on ents and a pp roac h wa ri ly

t h e y call u p on o ne anot h er by na m e , h u rl i ng ta u nts
and s wagg e ri ng boast fu lly i n t h e h ero i c styl e .

E ach ab u s e s t h e oth e r s p a re nts , an d t h re at ens to

’
 1 82 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O e mu »
.

u se h is o pp on ent s sk i n as a wa r coat o r h i s scrot u m

’
-
,

as a tobacco p o u c h to tak e h i s h e ad an d to u s e h i s
-
,

h a i r as an o rna m e nt fo r a p a w ng h andl e ; o r do u bt —

as to t h e o pp on e n t s s ex m a yb e i ns i n u at ed W h i l e
’
.

t h i s e xc h a ng e o f co m p l i m e nts go es on t h e wa rri o rs ,

a re m an oeu v ri ng fo r favo u rabl e p os i t i ons e ac h

c ro u c h e s t h ru st i ng fo rwa rd h i s l e ft l eg cov eri ng

, ,

h i m s e l f as co m p l e t ely as p oss i bl e wi t h h i s lon g

s h i e ld an d dodg i ng to an d fro cont i n u ally T h e
, .

s h o rt j av e l i n s and s p ea rs a re fi rst h u rl ed and sk i l ,

fu lly p a rri e d wi t h s p e a r and s h i eld W h en a m a n

.

h a s ex p e nd ed h i s stock o f j av e l i n s and h a s h u rl e d
h i s s p e a r h e clos e s i n wi t h h i s p a w ng
, H i s en em y .

s ee ks to rec e i v e t h e blo w o f t h e fi a m ng on h i s s h i e ld
i n s u c h a wa y t h at t h e p o i nt e nt e ri n g t h e wood , ,

m a y b e h e ld fast by i t F e i nt i ng and dodg i ng a re

.

ract i s ed n m n t h r sts u t h i s l e ft l e to t em t
p o e a u o
g p
t h e ot h er to st ri k e at i t and to ex p os e h i s h e ad i n
do i ng so I f o ne s u cc ee ds i n catc h i ng h i s e n e m y s
.
’

fi a m n g i n h i s s hi e ld h e t h,
ro w s do w n t h e s h i e ld an d
das h e s u p on h i s no w we ap onl e ss fo e wh o tak e s t o ,

h i s h e e l s t h ro wi ng a way h i s s h i e ld and rely i ng

,

m e re ly on h i s s wi ftn e ss o f foot W h e n o ne o f a
.

a i r o f co m batants i s st ru ck do wn t h e ot h e r s ri ng s
p , p
u
p on h i m and s e ,i z i ng t h e long h a i r o f t h e scal p
and y e ll i ng i n t ri u m p h s ev ers t h e n eck wi t h o ne o r
,

t wo blo ws o f t h e f a rmtg T h e wa rri o r wh o h a s

/
.

d ra wn fi rst blood o f t h e sla i n fo e clai m s t h e c re d i t

o f h av i ng tak e n h i s h e ad S u ch a fre e fig h t s eldo m
.

lasts m o re t h an a few m i n u t e s U nl e ss o ne p a rty .

q u i t e ov e rwh el m s t h e ot h er i n t h e fi rst fe w m i n u t e s ,

bot h d raw o ff and t h e fig h t i s s eldo m re n ewe d

, .

S i nc e t h e e stabl i s h m e nt o f t h e E u ro p e an gov ern

m en ts i n Bo rn e o p u n i t i v e e x p ed i t i ons h av e b e e n
,

n ec e ssa ry fro m t i m e to t i m e i n o rd er to p u t a stop

to wanton ra i d i ng and k i ll i ng I n t h i s re s p e ct
.

t h e I ban s and so m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a ns h av e b ee n
t h e c h i e f o ffe nd e rs ; wh i l e t h e K ayan s and K e nya h s
 WA R 1 83

h av e s e ldo m g i v e n t ro u bl e a ft e r onc e p lac i ng

,

t h em s e lv e s u nd er t h e e stabl i s h e d gov e rn m e nts I n .

t h e Ba ra m ri v e r i n wh i c h t h e K ayans fo rm p rob
,

ably a la rg e r p ro p o rt i on o f t h e p o p u lat i on t h an i n
any ot h e r no s u c h e x p ed i t i on aga i nst t h e m h a s
,

b e en n e c e ssa ry s i n c e t h e y acc ep t ed t h e gov e rn m e nt

of H H . t h e Raj a h o f S a ra wak n e a rly t we nty -fi v e
.

y e a rs ago .

I n o rgan i s i ng s u ch an ex p ed i t i on t h e E u ro p ean
,

g ov ern m e nts e s p ec i ally t h at o f S a rawak h av e

, ,

u s u ally re l i e d i n t h e m a i n on t h e s e rv i c e s o f loyal

c h i efs and t h ei r follo we rs act i n g u nd er t h e cont rol

,

o f a E u ro p e an m ag i st rat e and s u p p o rt e d u s u ally by

,

a s m all body o f n at i v e p ol i c e o r sold i e rs a rm e d wi t h

ri fl es . T h e re i s u s u ally no d i ffi c u lty i n s e c u ri ng
t h e co o p erat i on o f any d e s i re d n u m b e r o f nat i v e
-

all i e s o r vol u nt ee rs ; fo r i n t h i s wa y alon e can t h e

e
p p o l e n o w find a l e g i t i m at e o u tl e t fo r t h e i r i nnat e

and t rad i t i onal p u gnac i ty S o m e t i m e s t h e p e o p l e

.

to b e p u n i s h ed d e s ert t h e i r v i llag e h i d i ng t h e m ,

s e lv e s i n t h e j u ngl e ; and i n s u c h cas e s th e b u rn i ng

o f t h e i r h o u s e s i s u s u ally d e e m e d s u ffic i e nt p u n i s h

m e nt . I n cas e s o f m o re s eri o u s c ri m e s u c h as ,

rep e at e d wanton bloods h ed and re fu sal to y i e ld to

t h e d e m an ds o f t h e gov e rn m e nt i t b e co m e s n e c e ssa ry
,

to ap p reh e nd t h e p e rson s p ri m a ri ly re s p on s i bl e and , ,

fo r t h i s p u rp os e to p u rs u e t h e fu g i t i v es
,
T h es e
.

so m et i m e s establ i s h t h e m s e lv e s on a h i ll t o p s u r -

ro u nd e d by p re c i p i c es wh i c h can b e scal e d only

by t h e a id o f ladd e rs and t h ere d efy t h e gov e rn
,

m e nt fo rc e s u n t i l t h e h i ll i s ca rri e d by assa u lt o r ,

by s i eg e o r t h e d e fe nd ers a re e nt i c e d to d esc end

,
.

O ne s u c h h i ll i n t h e bas i n o f t h e R ej ang ( S a ra wak ) ,

B u k i t Bat u by na m e cons i sts o f a m ass o f p o rp h y ry

,

so m e 1 50 0 fe e t i n h e i g h t and s ev eral m i l e s i n
,

d i a m et e r wi t h v ery p rec i p i to u s s i d e s
,
Thi s has
.

b ee n u s e d aga i n and aga i n as a p lac e o f refu g e by

re calc i t ran t o ffe nd e rs b e i n g so st rong a nat u ral
,
1 84 PAGAN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

fo rt re ss t h at i t h a s n ev e r b e e n p oss i bl e to ca rry i t
by assa u lt On t h e last occas i on on wh i ch B u k i t
.

Bat u wa s u s e d i n t h i s wa y t wo I ban ch i e fs
,

e stabl i s h e d t h e m s e lv e s on t h e h i ll and d e fi e d t h e

gov ern m e nt o f S a ra wak fo r a p eri od o f fo u r y ea rs ,

d u ri ng wh i c h t h e hi ll b e ca m e a p lac e o f refu g e fo r
all e v i l do e rs and o u tla ws a m ong t h e I ban s o f t h e
-

R ej ang and n e i g h bo u ri ng d i st ri cts wh o b u i lt t h ei r

,

h o u s e s on l edg e s o f t h e m o u nta i n so m e fo u r h u nd re d
fee t abov e t h e l e v e l o f t h e ri v e r .

T h e p u n i t i v e ex p e d i t i on t h at we b ri e fly d e sc ri b e
i n C h a p t e r XX I I wa s b u t a s m all a ffa i r co m p a re d
.

wi t h so m e i n wh i c h as m an y as
, or

m e n h av e m u st e re d u nd er t h e gov e rn m e nt flag .

S o la rg e a n u m b e r i s s eldo m n e c e ssa ry o r d e s i re d
by t h e gov e rn m e n t ; b u t wh e n cont i ng e nts fro m all
t h e l oyal co m m u n i t i e s o f a la rg e d i st ri ct e ag e rly
o ffe r t h e i r s e rv i c e s i t i s d i ffic u lt to d eny any o f
,

t h e m p erm i ss i on to tak e p a rt . K e nya h s and

K ayans wi ll co o p erat e h a rm on i o u sly and also
-
,

K l e m a nt a ns ; b u t t h e fo rm e r d i st ru st t h e S ea
Dayaks and wi ll n ot j o i n fo rc e s wi t h any la rg e
n u m b er o f t h em .

T h e m od es o f wa rfa re o f t h e ot h e r t ri b e s a re
s i m i la r i n m ost re s p e cts to t h at o f t h e K ayan s
d e sc ri b e d abov e ; b u t so m e p e c u l i a ri t i es a re wo rt h y
o f not e .

K e nyah wa rfa re i s v ery s i m i la r to K ayan sav e ,

i n so fa r as t h e i r m o re i m p e t u o u s t e m p e r re nd ers
t h e i r tact i cs m o re das h i ng . W h i l e t h e K ayans
e nd e avo u r to m ak e as m any ca p t i v e s as oss i bl e
p ,

t h e K e nya h s attac h l i ttl e val u e to t h e m Wh i le

.

K ayans n e v e r attack co m m u n i t i e s o f t h e i r o wn
“
t ri b e s u c h c i v i l wa r i s not u nkno wn a m ong t h e
,

K enya h s wh os e t ri bal co h e s i on i s l ess i nt i m at e i n

,

m any re s p e cts . F ro m t h e s e t wo d i ffe re nc es i t

re s u lts t h at t h e K e nya h wa r p a rt i es a re g e n e rally
-

s m all e r t h an t h os e o f t h e K ayans m o re q u i ck ,
 WA R 1 85

m ov i ng and m o re p ron e to attack g ro u p s o f t h e

,

e n e m y e nco u nt e re d on fa rm s o r on t h e ri v e r L i ke .

t h e I bans t h e K e nya h s m ak e p e ac e m o re re ad i ly
,

t h an t h e K ayan s wh o n u rs e t h e i r g ri evanc e s and

,

s eek re d ress a ft er long i n t e rvals o f t i m e .

T h e I bans cond u ct t h e i r wa rfa re l e ss syst e m at i c

ally and wi t h fa r l e ss d i sc i p l i n e t h an t h e K ayan s
,

and K e nya h s An attack u p on a h o u s e o r v i llag e by

.

I bans i s u s u ally m ad e i n v e ry la rg e fo rc e t h e p a rty

i s m o re o f t h e nat u re o f a rabbl e t h an o f an a rm y ;
e ac h m a n acts i nd ep e nd e ntly T h e y s ee k abov e
.

all t h i ngs to tak e h eads to wh i c h t h ey attac h an

,

e xt ravagant val u e u nl i k e t h e K ayans and K e n a h s

, y
wh o s ee k h eads p ri m a ri ly fo r t h e s e rv i c e o f t h e i r
fu n eral ri t e s ; and t h e y not i n fre q u e n tly attack a
h o u s e an d k i ll a la rg e n u m b e r o f i t s i n m at e s i n a
p e rfe ctly w anton m ann e r and fo r n o ot h e r m ot i v e
,

t h at t h e d es i re to obta i n h e ads T h i s p ass i on fo r .

h e ads l e ads t h e m so m et i m e s i nto acts o f g ross

t reac h ery and b ru tal i ty T h e I bans b e i n g g re at
.

wan d e re rs s m all p a rt i e s o f t h e m e ngag e d p e rh ap s

, ,

i n wo rk i ng j u ngl e p rod u c e wi ll s e ttl e fo r so m e ,

we eks i n a h o u s eh old o f K l e m a nt a ns and a ft e r , ,

b e i ng rec e i v e d h os p i tably and so m et i m es e v e n a ft e r

,

cont ract i ng m a rri ag e s wi t h m e m b ers o f t h e h o u s e

h old wi ll s e i z e a n o pp o rt u n i ty wh e n m ost o f t h e
, ,

m e n o f t h e h o u s e a re fro m h o m e to tak e t h e h e a ds ,

o f all t h e m e n wo m e n ,
an d c h i ld re n wh o rem a i n
, ,

and to flee wi t h t h em to t h e i r o wn d i stant h o m e s .

S o st rong i s t h i s m o rb i d d e s i re o f t h e I bans to
obta i n h u m an h eads t h at a wa r-p a rty wi ll so m et i m es
,

ro b t h e to m bs o f t h e v i llag e s o f ot h e r t ri b e s and ,

a ft e r s m ok i ng t h e stol e n h e ads o f t h e co rp s e s wi l l ,

b ri ng t h e m h o m e i n t ri u m p h wi t h glo wi ng acco u nts

o f t h e sto u t re s i stanc e o ffere d by t h e v i ct i m s .

T h e i r att i t u d e i n t h i s m att e r i s we ll e x p re ss e d by a
say i ng c u rre nt a m ong t h e m na m e ly Wh y s h o u ld
“
, ,

we ea t t h e h a rd cak e d ri c e fro m t h e e dg e o f t h e
1 86 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

o twh e n t h e re s p l e n ty o f so ft ri c e i n t h e
’
c e nt re ?
p
T h e I ban wo m e n u rg e on t h e m e n to t h e tak i ng of

FIG .
3 0 .
—
I b an wa r coa
-
t nd w
a a r-c a
p cov r d
e e wi th fi l
sh s ca es
ma i l f th i k ind i b
o s s eco m i ng r r a e.

h e ads ; t h e y m ak e m u c h o f t h os e wh o b ri ng t h em
h o m e and so m e t i m e s a g i rl wi ll tau nt h er s u i to r by
,

say i ng t h at h e h a s n ot b e e n b rav e e no u g h to tak e

 WA R 1 87

a h e ad and i n so m e cas e s o f m u rd er by S ea Dayaks ,

the m u rd e re r h a s n o do u bt b e e n egg e d on i n t h i s
wa y .

N e v e rt h el e ss we rep e at t h at t h e re i s n o g ro u nd
,

fo r t h e o ft re p ri nt e d ass e rt i on t h at t h e tak i ng o f a
-

h e ad i s a n e c e ssa ry p re l u d e to m a rri ag e L i ke .
1

ot h er t ri b e s m en I bans do n ot b ri ng h o m e t h e h e ads
o f t h e i r co m p an i ons wh o h av e fall e n i n battl e ; b u t

wh i l e m e n o f ot h e r t ri b es a re con t e nt to d rag t h e
co rp s es o f t h e i r fall e n fri e nds i n to so m e obsc u re s p ot
and to cov er t h e m wi t h b ranc h e s I ban s freq u e ntly ,

c u t o ff t h e h e ads and b u ry t h e m at a d i stanc e fro m

t h e sc e n e o f battl e i n o rd er to p re v e nt t h e i r b e i n g
,

tak e n by t h e e n em y .

T h e I ban s u s e a rat h e r g re at e r va ri e ty o f we ap on s
t h an t h e K ayans i n t h at t h e y h av e s p e a rs wh os e
,

blad e s b e a r ba rbs wh i c h p rev e nt t h e wi t h d ra wal o f

t h e blad e fro m t h e body o f t h e e n e m y wi t h o u t g re at
v i ol e nc e .

T h e K l e m a nt a n t ri b e s a re on t h e wh ol e fa r l e ss
wa rl i k e t h an K ayan s K e nya h s and I ban s , T h ei r , .

o ffe ns i v e wa rfa re i s u s u ally on a s m all scal e and ,

i s u nd e rtak e n p ri m a ri ly fo r re v e ng e T h ei r wa rl i k e .

a m b i t i on i s e as i ly sat i sfi ed by t h e tak i ng o f a s i ngl e

h e ad o r e v e n by a m e re h ost i l e d e m on st rat i on
,

aga i n st t h e e n e m y s h o u s e N e v ert h e l e ss l i k e all

’
.
,

t h e ot h e r t ri b e s e xc ep t t h e P u nans t h e K l e m a nt a ns
, ,

n ee d a h u m an h e ad to t erm i nat e a p e ri od o f m o u rn i ng .

W e v e n t u re to a p p e nd to t h i s c h ap t e r a fe w s p e cu
l a t i o ns on t h e o ri g i n and h i sto ry o f h ead h u n t i ng -
.

F ro m wh at we h av e sa i d abov e i t i s cl ea r t h at t h e
I ban s a re t h e only t ri b e to wh i c h o ne can ap p ly t h e
e p i t h e t h e ad h u nt e rs wi t h t h e u s u al con notat i on o f
-

t h e wo rd na m e ly t h at h e ad h u n t i ng i s p u rs u e d as
, ,
-

a fo rm o f s p o rt B u t alt h o u g h t h e I bans a re t h e
.

m ost i nv e t e rat e h e ad h u nt e rs i t i s p robabl e t h at

-
,

t h e y adop t e d t h e p ract i c e so m e fe w g e n e rat i on s

S f tn t
1 l i p 76
ee oo o e, v o . .
, . .
 1 88 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .
‘

ago only (p erh ap s a c e nt u ry and a h al f o r e v e n l e ss )

i n i m i tat i on o f K ayans o r ot h e r t ri b e s a m o ng wh o m

i t h a d b e e n e stabl i s h e d fo r a long e r p e ri od . T he
rap i d g ro wt h o f t h e p ract i c e a m ong t h e I bans wa s
n o do u bt la rg e ly du e to t h e i nfl u e nc e o f t h e M alays ,

wh o h a d b e e n ta u g h t by A rabs and ot h e rs t h e a rts

o f p i racy and wi t h wh o m t h e I bans we re assoc i at e d
,

i n t h e p i rat i cal e n t e rp ri s e s t h at g av e t h e wat e rs

a ro u nd B o rn e o a s i n i st e r noto ri e ty d u ri ng t h e
e i g h t e e nt h and fi rst h al f o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e nt u ri e s .

U nt i l t h e m i ddl e o f t h e n i n e t eent h c e nt u ry t h e ,

s e ttl e m e nts o f I bans we re p ract i cally confin e d to t h e

ri v e rs o f t h e so u t h e rn p a rt o f S a ra wak ; and t h e re
t h e M alays o f B ru n i and o f ot h e r coast s e ttl e m e nts
e nl i st e d t h e m as c re ws fo r t h e i r i rat s h i s I n
p e p .

t h e s e p i rat i cal e x p e d i t i ons t h e M alays ass i gn e d t h e

h eads o f t h e i r v i ct i m s as t h e booty o f t h e i r I ban
all i e s wh i l e t h ey k ep t fo r t h em s elv e s t h e fo rm s o f
,

p pro e rty o f g r e at e r cas h val u e . T h e M alays we r e

t h u s i n t ere st e d i n e n co u rag i ng i n t h e I ban s t h e

ass i on fo r h e ad h u nt i ng wh i c h s i nc t h r
p e e s u
pp es
-
,

s i on o f p 1 ra cy h a s fo u nd v e nt i n t h e i rre g u la r
,

wa rfa re and t re ac h e ro u s acts d e sc ri b e d abov e .It

wa s t h ro u g h t h e i r assoc i at i on wi t h t h e M alays i n
t h e s e p i rat i cal e x p ed i t i ons t h at t h e I bans b e ca m e
kno wn to E u ro p eans as t h e S ea Dayaks .

I t s ee m s n ot i m p oss i bl e t h at t h e p ract i c e o f
tak i ng t h e h eads o f fall e n e n e m i es a ros e by
e xt e ns i on o f t h e c u sto m o f tak i ng t h e h a i r fo r t h e

o rna m en tat i on o f t h e s h i eld and s wo rd h i lt -

. It
s e e m s p oss i bl e t h at h u m an h a i r wa s fi rst app l i e d to
s h i e lds i n o rd er to co m p l e t e t h e rep re s e ntat i on o f
a t e rri bl e h u m an fac e wh i c h as we h av e s e e n i s
, , ,

co m m only p a i nt e d on t h e s h i eld and wh i c h i s sa i d

,

to b e val u e d as an a id to con fu s i ng and t e rri fy i ng

t h e fo e . I t i s p e rh a p s a d i ffic u lty i n t h e wa y o f
t h i s v i e w t h at t h e u s e o f h u m an h a i r to o rna m e nt
t h e s h i e ld i s p e c u l i a r to t h e K e nya h s and so m e o f
1 90 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

h e ads and o f t h e t rad i t i on t h at t h e tak i ng o f a h ead

,

i s n e c essa ry fo r t h e t e rm i nat i on o f a p e ri od o f
m o u rn i ng . T hi s s e cond s u gg e st i on i s st rongly
s u p p o rt e d by t h e fact t h at K ayans K e nya h s and
, ,

K l e m a nt a ns occas i onally on re t u rn i ng h o m e fro m a

,

s u cc ess fu l ra i d wi ll ca rry o ne o f t h e n e wly tak e n

,

h e ads to t h e to m b o f t h e c h i e f fo r wh o m t h e y a re
m o u rn i ng and wi ll h ang i t u p on o r d ep os i t i t wi t h i n
, , ,

t h e to m b b e s i d e t h e co ffin T h e h e ad u s e d fo r t hi s
.

u r os e i s t h i ckly cov e re d wi t h l e av e s
( g)
’

p p da z m z s cm

t i e d t i g h tly abo u t i t I t i s p oss i bl e t h at t h i s t h i ck

.

cov eri ng wa s fi rst a p p l i ed i n o rd e r to d i sg u i s e th e

fact t h at t h e h e ad i s t h at o f an e n e m y an d t h at t h e ,

s ac ri fic e o f t h e l i fe o f a do m e st i c slav e o ri g i nally ,

d e m and e d by c u sto m and p i e ty h a s b ee n avo i d ed ,

by t h i s p roc e ss o f s u bst i t u t i on .

We h av e s u gg est e d abov e t wo d i ffe re nt o ri g i ns

o f t h e c u sto m o f tak i ng t h e h e ads o f e n e m i es T h es e .

t wo p oss i b i l i t i e s a re by n o m e an s m u t u ally e xcl u s i v e ,

and we a re i ncl i n e d to t hi nk t h at bot h s u bst i t u t i v e

r oc e ss e s m a y h av e c o o p erat e d i n b ri ng i ng abo u t
p
-

t h i s c u sto m .

I t s ee m s p robabl e t h at t h e tak i ng o f h e ads wa s

i nt rod u c e d to Bo rn e o by K ayans wh e n t h e y e nt ere d
t h e i sland p robably so m e fe w c e nt u ri e s ago and
, ,

t h at t h e K l em a nt a ns and ot h e r t ri b e s l i k e t h e I bans
, ,

h av e ado p t e d t h e c u sto m fro m t h e i r e xa m p l e .

W e wi ll concl u d e t h i s c h ap t e r by q u e st i on i ng
e t anot h e r o f t h e sto ri e s t h e fre q u e nt re e t i t i on
y ,
p
o f wh i c h h a s g i v e n t h e t ri b e s o f t h e i nt e ri o r t h e

rep u tat i on o f b ei ng savag e s o f t h e wo rst ty e

p ,

n a m e ly t h e sto ry t h at i t i s t h e p ract i c e o f Kayans

,

to to rt u re t h e cap t i v e s tak e n i n battl e T h i s e v i l .

re p u t e i s we h av e no do u bt la rg e ly du e to t h e
, ,

fact t h at v ery fe w E u ro p e ans h av e acq u i re d any

i nt i m at e fi rs t h and acq u a i ntanc e wi t h t h e K ayan s
-

o r K e n a h s ; and t h at too o ft e n t h e sto ri e s told by

y
S ea Dayaks h av e b ee n u nc ri t i cally acc ep t e d ; fo r
 WA R 1 9 1

th e S ea D ayaks h av e b ee n b i tt e rly h ost i l e to t h e

K ayans e v er s i nc e t h e t ri b e s h av e b ee n i n contact
and t h e I ban i s a g re at ro m anc e r I t wi ll b e fo u n d
.

t h at m any o f t h e all eg ed i nstanc es o f to rt u re by

K ayan s h av e b ee n d esc ri b e d by S e a D ayaks ; and
we t h i nk t h e re i s good re ason fo r h es i tat i ng to
acc ep t any o f t h es e B u t we wo u ld p o i n t o u t t h at
.
,

i f so m e o f t h e s e acco u n ts h av e b e e n fo u n d e d on
fact t h e S e a D ayak v i c ti m s o r t h e i r co m p an i on s
, , ,

h av e i n all p robab i l i ty p rovok e d t h e K ayans to

s e v ere rep ri sals by t h e i r at roc i o u s b eh av i o u r and ,

m a y b e fa i rly sa i d to h av e d e s e rv ed t h e i r fat e .

I t i s t ru e t h at K ayans h av e b e e n g u i lty o f l e av i ng
a slav e o r ca p t i v e bo u nd u p on a to m b u nt i l h e h a s
d i ed fro m e x p os u re to t h e s u n .W e kn o w also
o f o ne i nstan c e i n wh i c h a M u ru t slav e h av i ng
,

t re ac h e ro u sly m u rd ere d t h e only son o f a g re at

K ayan c h i e f i n t h e B a ra m at t h e i nst i gat i on o f
,

B ru n i M alays wa s k i ll e d by a m u lt i t u d e o f s m all
,

stabs by t h e i n fu ri at e d K ayan wo m e n on b ei ng ,

b ro u g h t cap t i v e to t h e h o u s e .

B u t s u c h occ u rre nc e s as t h e s e by n o m e ans

j u st i fy t h e stat e m e n t t h at i t i s t h e p ract i c e o f K ayan s
to to rt u re t h e i r ca p t i v e s ; an d we h av e h ea rd o f
no we ll att e st e d i nstanc e s t h at g i v e any colo u r to
-

it. A s we h av e sa i d abov e K ayan s co m m only

,

t reat t h e i r cap t i v e s so k i ndly t h at t h e y soon b e co m e

cont e nt to re m a i n i n t h e h o u s eh olds o f t h e i r cap to rs .

T h e K ayan fe el i ng abo u t to rt u re i s we ll i ll u st rat e d

by t h e fact t h at t h e K ayan v i llag e re s p ons i bl e fo r
t h e e x p os u re o f t h e slav e m e nt i on e d abov e wa s
look e d at askanc e by ot h e r K ayans T h e s p ot
.

wa s rega rd e d wi t h h o rro r by t h e m an d t h e y rega rd,

as a con s e q u e nc e o f t h i s act t h e fa i l u re o f t h e l i n e
o f t h e c h i e f o f t h at v i llag e to p e rp e t u at e i ts e l f .

W e h av e to ad m i t t h at so m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a ns
cannot b e so wh ol e h ea rt e dly d e fe nd e d aga i nst t h e
-

c h a rg e o f to rt u ri ng t h ei r cap t i v es B u t we b e l i ev e
.
1 9 2 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
t h at i t i s not reg u la rly p ract i s e d by any K l e m a nt a n
t ri b e b u t rat h e r only on occas i ons wh i c h i n so m e
,

wa y e vok e an e xc ep t i on al d eg re e o f e m ot i onal
e xc i t em e n t T h u s i n o ne i nstanc e kno wn to u s
.
, ,

t h e O rang B u k i t o f t h e B ru n i t e rri to ry h av i ng
,

lost t h e m ost h i g h ly re s p e ct ed o f t h e i r ch i e fs ,

u rc h as e d a sl a v e i n B ru n i to s e rv e as t h e fu n e re al
p
v i ct i m and h av i ng s h u t h i m i n a wi ck e r cag e
, , ,

k i ll e d h i m wi t h a m u lt i t u d e o f stabs so m e e i g h t
,

h u nd re d p e rsons tak i ng p a rt i n t h e act .B u t even

t h i s act wa s i t m u st b e obs erv ed o f t h e nat u re o f
, ,

a p i o u s and re l i g i o u s ri t e rat h er t h an an act o f

wanton c ru e lty .

We can not l e av e t h i s s u bj e ct wi t h o u t t h i s last

wo rd . I f we a re q u i t e frank we s h all h av e t o
,

ad m i t t h at e v e n t h o u g h t h e wo rst acco u nts o f

,

K ayan c ru e lty were s u bstant i ally t ru e s u c h b e ,

h av i o u r wo u ld not i n t h e l e ast j u st i fy t h e b e l i e f
t h at t h e Kayans a re i nnat e ly m o re c ru e l t h an
o u rs e lv e s I f we a re t e m p t e d to tak e t h i s v i e w
.
,

l e t u s rem e m b er t h at a ft e r o u r o wn rac e h a d
,

p r o fe ss e d C h ri st i an i ty fo r m any g e n e rat i ons t h

, e

a u t h o ri ty o f C h u rc h an d Stat e p u bl i cly d e c re e d
and syst em at i cally i n fl i ct e d i n cold blood to rt u re s
fa r m o re h i d e o u s and at roc i o u s t h an any t h e K ayan
i m ag i nat i on h a s e v e r conc e i v e d
.
1 94 P AGAN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

o f th e i nt e ri o r wa s fro m o re fo u nd i n t h e ri v e r b e ds ,

and p oss i bly fro m m ass e s o f m e t eo ri c i ron ; and e v e n

a t t h e p re s e nt day t h e nat i v e o re i s st i ll s m e lt e d i n

t h e fa r i nt e ri o r and s wo rds m ad e fro m i t by t h e

,

K enya h s a re st i ll val u e d abov e all ot h e rs .

S m e lt i ng and fo rg i ng d em and a s p ec i al i s e d sk i ll
wh i ch i s atta i n e d by re lat i v e ly few B u t i n eac h
.

K ayan v i llag e a re to b e fo u nd t wo o r t h re e o r m o re
sk i ll ed s m i t h s wh o wo rk u p fo r a s m all fee t h e m etal
,

b ro u g h t t h e m by t h e i r fri e nds t h e fin i s h i ng to u c h es
,

b ei ng g e n e rally g i v e n by t h e o wn e r o f t h e i m p l em e nt
a cco rd i ng to h i s o wn fancy .

T h e s m e lt i ng i s p erfo rm ed by m i x i ng t h e o re
wi t h c h a rcoal m a clay c ru c i bl e whi c h 1 5 e m b edd e d
,

i n a p i l e o f c h a rcoal T h e c h a rcoal b e i ng i gn i t ed 1s
.

blo wn to a wh i t e h eat by t h e a i d o f fo u r p i ston

b e llo ws E ac h o f t h e b e llo ws cons i sts o f a wood e n
.

cyl i nd e r (g e n erally m ad e fro m t h e st e m o f a wi ld

sago p al m ) abo u t fo u r fee t i n l engt h an d s i x
i nc h e s i n d i a m et e r fix e d v e rt i cally i n a fra m e wo rk
,

ca rry i ng a p lat fo rm on wh i c h t wo m e n s i t to wo rk
,

t h e p i stons ( s e e P l . T h e lo we r e nd o f e ac h
cyl i nd e r i s e m b edd e d i n clay and i nto i t n ea r i t s
,

lo we r e nd i s i n s ert ed a t u b e o f ba m boo wh i ch , ,

ly i ng h o ri z ontally on t h e g ro u nd conv erg e s u p on ,

and j o i ns wi th a s i m i la r t u b e o f a s e cond cyl i nd er .

T h e co m m on t u b e fo rm e d by t h i s j u nct i on i n t u rn
conv e rg e s wi t h t h e t u b e co m m on to t h e ot h e r
p a i r o f cyl i nd e rs and
,
w i t h i t o p e n s by a clay
u nct i on i nto a final co mm on t u b e o f clay , whi c h
j
l e ads to t h e bas e o f t h e fi re .T h e p i ston con
s i sts o f a sto u t st i ck b ea ri ng at i t s lo wer e nd a '

b u nch o f feat h ers la rg e e no u g h to fill t h e bo re o f

t h e cyl i nd e r. W h e n t h e p i ston i s t h ru st do wn wa rds ,

i t d ri v e s t h e a i r b e fo re i t to t h e fu rnac e ; as i t i s
d rawn u p wa rds t h e feat h e rs collap s i ng allo w t h e
,

e nt ranc e o f a i r fro m abov e . T h e u p p er e xt re m i ty

o f e ac h o f t h e p i ston -r
ods i s attac h e d by a co rd to
1 96 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HAP .

ot h e r e nd i s h e at e d i n t h e fu rnac e and g rad u ally

b eat e n o u t u nt i l t h e p e c u l i a r s h ap e o f t h e blad e i s
ac h i e v e d wi t h t h e c h a ract e ri st i c h ollo w on t h e o ne
,

s i d e and conv ex i ty on t h e ot h e r I f t h e blad e i s to

.

b e a s i m p l e and u nado rn e d we a p on t h ere follo w ,

only t h e t e m p e ri ng g ri nd i ng and p ol i s hi ng B u t
, , .

m any blad e s a re o rna m e nt e d wi t h c u rl e d ri dg e s

p roj e ct i ng fro m t h e back e dg e T h.e s e a re c u t and

t u rn e d u p wi t h an i ron c h i s e l wh i l e t h e m e tal i s h o t
and b e fo re t e m p eri ng .

T wo m e t h ods o f t e m p eri ng a re i n u s e O ne i s
.

to h e at t h e blad e i n t h e fi re and to p l u ng e i t at a
d u ll h e at i nto wat e r T h e ot h e r i s to lay t h e cold
.

blad e u p on a flat b a r o f re d h o t i ron T h i s h a s t h e

-
.

advan tag e t h at t h e d eg ree o f t h e e ffect u p on t h e

blad e can b e j u dg e d fro m t h e c h ang e o f i t s colo u r
as i t abso rbs t h e h e at T h e Kayan s m i t h s a re
.

e x p e rt i n j u dg i ng by t h e colo u rs o f t h e s u rfac e t h e

d eg ree and k i nd o f t em p er p rod u c ed T h e y a i m at.

r od u c i ng a v e ry to u g h st e e l fo r t h e m ar / t h a s to
p , a

s e rv e not only i n battl e b u t also fo r h ack i ng a p at h

,

t h ro u g h t h e j u ngl e and fo r m any ot h er p u rp os es

, .

Many s wo rd blad e s a re e labo rat e ly d eco rat ed

-

wi t h sc roll d e s i gns along t h e p ost e ri o r bo rd er and

i nla i d wi t h b rass. T h e i nla i d b rass co m m only tak e s
t h e fo rm o f a n u m b e r o f s m all d i scs l e t i nto t h e m e tal
n e a r t h e t h i ck edg e ; s m all h ol e s a re p u nc h ed t h ro u g h
t h e h o t m e tal and b rass wi re i s p ass ed t h ro u g h e ac h
,

h ol e cu t o ff fl u s h wi t h t h e s u rfac e and h a m m ere d

,

flat T h e d e s i gns a re c h as ed on t h e cold m e tal wi t h

.

a ch i s el and h a m m e r s u pp l e m e n t e d by a fi l e T h e
e n i ng a re don e i n s e v e ral stag e s :
.

p ol i s h i ng and s h a rp
t h e fi rst stag e u s u ally by ru bb i ng t h e blad e u on a
p
block o f sandston e ; t h e s econd stag e by t h e u s e o f
a h on e o f fin er g ra i n ; and t h e h i g h e st p ol i s h i s
atta i n ed by ru bb i ng wi t h a l ea f wh os e s u rfac e i s
h a rd and p robably conta i ns s i l i c i o u s p a rt i cl es At .

t h e p re s e nt t i m e i m p o rt e d fil es a re m u c h u s e d .
FIG .
35.
—
O l d
Br a ss E a r n -
ri g .

Fr o .
33 .

Br a ss T w r
eez e s .

FIG 36
. .
— F ir Pi t
e s on
. FI G 34
. .
 2 00 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

l engt h and fro m t h i s S i d e t h e st e m i s h ollo we d

,
.

Wh e n by ch op p i ng o u t t h e c e nt re t h e t h i ckn e ss
, ,

of t h i s s h ell h a s b ee n red u c e d to a t h i ckn e ss

o f so m e fi v e i nc h e s i t i s b ro u g h t do wn to t h e
,

ri v e r . T h i s i s e ffect e d by lay i ng t h ro u g h t h e j u ngl e

a t rack cons i st i ng o f s m oot h p ol e s la i d ac ross t h e
d i re ct i on o f p rog re ss ; t h e h ollo we d st em i s p u ll e d
e nd wi s e ov e r t h i s t rack wi t h t h e a i d o f rattans ,

e rh a p s a h u nd re d o r m o re m e n co m b i n i ng t h e i r
p
st re ngt h I f t h e st em p rov e s too h eavy to b e
.

m ov e d at any p a rt o f t h e j o u rn e y by t h e i r d i rect
u ll and u sh a ro u g h W i ndlass i s const ru ct e d by
p p ,

fix i ng t h e st em o f a s m all t re e ac ross t wo stand i ng

t re e s and wi nd i ng t h e rattan s u p on t h i s t h e t ri m m e d ,

b ranch e s o f t h e t re e s e rv i ng as t h e a rm s o f t h e
W i ndlass T h e K ayans a re S k i ll e d i n t h i s k i nd o f
.

t ransp o rt o f h e avy t i m b e r ; fo r t h e b u i ld i ng o f t h e i r
h o u s es and o f t h e la rg er to m bs i nvolv e s S i m i la r
d i ffic u lt i e s t h o u g h t h e t i m b ers re q u i re d fo r t h e s e
,

u r os e s a re not so h u g e as t h os e u s ed for the

p p
wa r boats
-
Arri v e d at t h e ri v e r bank t h e h ollo we d
.
,

st e m i s la u nc h e d u p on t h e wat er and to we d do wn
st re a m to t h e v i llag e at a t i m e wh e n t h e wat e r i s
h igh . I t i s m ad e fast to t h e bank b efo re t h e v i llag e
at as h i g h a p o i nt as t h e wat er wi ll allo w so t h at ,

wh e n t h e ri v e r s u bs i d e s i t i s l e ft h i g h and dry A .

l e af s h elt er i s t h e n b u i lt ov er i t to p rot e ct i t and

t h e wo rk e rs fro m t h e s u n T h e S h e ll i s t h e n fu rt h e r
.

h ollo wed p a rtly by fi ri ng i t wi t h s h av i ngs i ns i d e

,

and o u t and by sc rap i ng a way t h e ch a rred s u rfac e s

, .

T h e i ns i d e i s fi red fi rst ; t h e n t h e h ollo w i s fill e d

wi t h wat e r and t h e o u ts i d e i s fi re d
, .

W h e n i n t h i s wa y t h e S h ell h a s b e e n red u c e d to
a t h i ckn e ss o f a few i nch e s i t i s o p e n e d o u t wh i l e
, ,

h o t fro m fi ri ng and st i ll fill e d wi t h wat e r by we dg ,

i ng sto u t st i cks so m e S i x to s e v e n fe e t i n l e ngt h

b e t wee n t h e lat eral walls so t h at t h e h ollo w st e m
,

( w h i c h h i t h e rto h a s h a d t h e fo rm o f a h ollo w cyl i nd e r

20 2 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

Si mi lar block co m p l e t e s t h e S h e ll at t h e st e rn T h e .

ro w i s o ft e n o rna m e nt e d wi t h t h e h e ad o f a c roco
p
d i l e o r t h e conv e nt i onal dog s h e ad ca rv ed i n h a rd
’

wood and p a i nt e d i n re d and black .

T h e wh ol e Op e rat i on l i k e e v e ry ot h e r i m p o rtant
,

u nd e rtak i ng i s p re c e d e d by t h e find i ng o f o m e ns
, ,

and i t i s l i abl e to b e p ost p on e d by t h e obs ervat i on

o f i l l o m e ns by bad d rea m s o r by any m i s fo rt u n e
, ,

s u ch as a d e at h i n t h e h o u s e I n e ac h h o u s e a re
.

c erta i n m e n wh o a re s p e c i ally sk i ll e d i n boat

m ak i ng and by t h e m t h e wo rk i s d i re ct e d and all
,

t h e fin e r p a rt o f t h e wo rk e x e c u t e d I n t h e cas e
.

o f a wa r boat wh i c h i s to b e t h e p ro p e rty o f t h e
-

h o u s eh old t h e s e s p e c i al wo rk e rs a re p a i d a fee o u t
,

o f t h e sto re o f val u abl e s acc u m u lat ed u nd er t h e

ca re o f t h e c h i e f by wa y o f fin e s and co nfi s ca t i o ns .

T h e s m all e r boats rang i ng fro m a s m all can o e

,

s u i tabl e fo r o ne o r t wo p addl ers only to o ne ca p ,

abl e o f ca rry i ng a sco re o r m o re a re g en e rally ,

r i vat e p ro p e rty T h ese l i k e t h e wa r boats a re

p
-
.
, ,

m ad e fro m a s i ngl e st e m T h e la rg e r on e s a re
.

m ad e i n j u st t h e sa m e wa y as t h e wa r boats In -
.

t h e s m all e r on e s t h e b o w i s s h ap ed fro m t h e sol i d

block and i s not o p e n e d o u t as i s t h e re st o f t h e
,

boat T h e c ra fts m an wh o m ak e s a boat fo r anot h er

.

i s h e l p e d by h i s c u sto m e r and i s p a i d by h i m a fe e
,

i n b rass wa re o r dolla rs t h e u s u al fe e b e i ng a ta wa é
-
,

va ry i ng i n s i z e acco rd i ng to t h e s i z e o f t h e boat .

I f Kayans find t h e m s e lv e s fo r any re ason i n

i m m e d i at e n ee d o f a boat wh e n non e i s at h and ,

t h e y so m e t i m es fas h i on o ne v e ry rap i dly by st ri pp i ng

t h e ba rk fro m a b i g t re e .T h e t wo e nds o f t h e s h ee t
o f ba rk a re fold e d and las h e d wi t h rattan to fo rm

b o w and st e rn t h e m i ddl e p a rt i s wedg e d o p e n wi t h

c ross p i e c e s wh i c h s e rv e as b ench es and t h e s h ell
-
,

i s st re ngt h e n e d wi t h t ransv e rs e ri bs and long i t u d i nal

st ri p s A s e rv i c e abl e boat cap abl e o f ca rry i ng s ev e ral
.

m e n and t h e i r baggag e m a y b e co m p l e t e d i n t h e
P L AT E 1 1 1 KAYAN K N I F E AN D AX E S .
20 4 P A GA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
hou s es i n t h e co m p a rat i v e ly fl i m sy styl e ado p t e d by
the I bans and so m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a ns and ev e n ,

occas i onally by K e nya h s T h e m a i n feat u re s o f t h e .

st ru ct u re o f a Kayan long h o u s e h av e b e e n de -

sc ri b e d i n C h a p t e r I V H e re i t re m a i ns only to .

d e sc ri b e so m e o f t h e m o re p e c u l i a r and i m p o rtant
r oc e ss e s o f const ru ct i on
p .

T h e g re at p i l es t h at s u pp o rt t h e h o u s e m a y b e
float ed do wn ri v e r fro m th e old h o u s e to b e u s e d i n
'

t h e const ru ct i on o f t h e ne w ; t h ey a re n ot du g 1

fro m t h e g ro u nd b u t a re fe ll ed by c u tt i ng clos e to ,

t h e s u rfac e o f t h e g ro u nd T h e g re at p lanks o f t h e .

floo r t h e m a i n c ross b e a m s and t h e wood e n S h i ngl es

,
-
,

o f t h e roo f a re also co m m only ca rri e d fro m t h e old

,

h o u s e to t h e ne w I f a h o u s e h a s b ee n p a rt i ally .

d e st roy e d by fi re no p art o f t h e m at eri als o f t h e old ,

h o u s e i s u s e d i n t h e const ru ct i on o f t h e ne w ; fo r i t
i s fe l t t h at i n so m e i nde fi na b l e wa y t h e u s e o f t h e
old m at e ri al wo u ld re nd e r t h e new h o u s e v e ry l i abl e
to t h e sa m e fat e as t h o u g h t h e new h o u s e wo u ld b e ,

i n fe ct e d by t h e m at e ri als wi t h t h e i l l l u ck attac h i ng -

to t h e old h o u s e I n s u c h cas es o r u p on m i g rat i on

.
2
,

to a d i ffere nt ri v e r t h e wh ol e o f t h e t i m b e rs fo r t h e ,

h o u s e h av e to b e p roc u re d fro m t h e j u ngl e and ,

s h ap e d and e re ct e d and t h e p roc ess o f const ru ct i on

,

i s e xt re m e ly labo ri o u s B u t onc e t h e t i m b e r h a s .

b ee n b ro u g h t tog e t h er u p on t h e ch os e n s i t e t h e ,

b u i ld i ng go e s on ra p i dly and t h e wh ol e o f a h o u s e ,

so m e h u nd re ds o f ya rds i n l engt h m a y b e s u b
s t a nt i a l l co m l e t e d wi t h i n a fo rtn i g h t T h m a i n
y p e .

s u p p o rts o f t h e st ru ct u re a re fo u r ro ws o f m ass i v e
1
Th nv ni n f th u fl t i ng th t i m b r i
e co e e ce on r n f th g nr l
s oa e e s o e ea s o or e e e a
t nd n y h wn by K y n t m igr t gr d u lly d wn ri v r
e e c s o a a s o a e a a o e .

2
T hi i n x m pls f v ry
s a m m n t yp
e a f pr t i w h i h i m p l i th
e o a e co o e o ac ce c es e
b l i f th t th ttrib u t f ny bj t wi ll tt h th m l v t ny w h l i nt
e e a e a es o a o ec a ac e se es o a o e o

wh i h th bj t m y b i n rp r t d
c e o ec p r t th u hu nt r wh h h t
a e co o a e as a a s a e o as s o

d d pig d r wi th i ng l bu ll t wi ll t t th bu ll t t m l t i t d w n
ea a or ee a s e e cu ou e e o e o

wi th th r l d nd wi ll m k fr h b t h f b u ll t
o e ea , a l ug fr m th a e a es a c o e s or s s o e
m i xt ur b l i v ing th t th lu ky bu ll t wi ll l v n th wh l l u m p i m p t
e, e e a e c e ea e e o e , or ar
to ll f it
a m th i ng f th t t w h i h i t
o so e u w do C m p r l th
a o c s s cces s as u e. o a e a so e
S i m i l r pr t i i n r g r d t th
a ac d gr i n ( l i p
ce e a o e s ee a vo . .
, .
20 6 PAGAN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

b e en la i d T h e col u m ns o f t h e do u bl e ro w i n t h e
.

m i ddl e l i n e a re abo u t S i x fee t tall e r t h an t h os e o f

t h e front and back ro ws F o r t h e s u p p o rt o f t h e
.

floo r a m ass i v e sq u a re d t ransv ers e t i e i s m o rt i c e d

t h ro u g h e ac h s e t o f fo u r col u m ns at a h e i g h t o f
so m e fi ft e e n to t we nty fee t fro m t h e g ro u nd and ,

s e c u re d by a p i n t h ro u g h each ext re m i ty A sq u a re d .

roo f p lat e st i ll m o re m ass i v e t h an t h e floo r t i e s i s

-
, ,

t h en la i d u p on t h e c ro wns o f t h e col u m ns o f t h e fron t

e T i mb er

F Ioo r ti
-
e

Ma i n C ol u mn Ac ces s o ry
C m ns CC ent re
m ns C es s o ry
ol u m ns
ol u ol u

FIG 38 . .

ro w, along i t s wh ol e
l engt h an d a s e cond o ne u p on ,

the back ro w T h i s i s do we ll e d u p on t h e col u m ns

.

1 e t h e t o p o f t h e col u m n 1 5 c u t to fo rm a p i n wh i c h
(i s l et i nto t h e long i t u d i nal b ea m and t h e b ea m s
. .

);
wh i c h m ak e u p t h e roo f p lat e a re s p l i c ed g e n e rally
-
,

i n s u c h a wa y t h at t h e t o p o f a col u m n s erv e s as
t h e p i n o f t h e sp l i ce E ac h o f t h e s e h e avy b e a m s
.

i s g e n e rally l i ft e d i nto i t s p lac e by t i e rs o f m e n

stand i ng on p ol es las h e d at d i ffere nt h e i g h ts ac ross
t h e col u m ns t h e i r e ffo rts b e i ng s e cond e d by ot h e rs
,

u ll i ng on rattans wh i c h ru n fro m t h e b e a m ov er t h e
p
P L AT E 1 1 3 . K E N YAH S D R I L L I NG A B L OW -
PIPE .
20 8 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O CH AP .

the follo wi ng wa y . A
d eep g roov e i s c u t along o ne
s i d e and we dg e s o f h a rd to u g h wood a re d ri v e n
,

i n wi t h ro u g h h e avy m all e ts . D e ep t ransv e rs e

g roov e s a re t h e n c u t i n t h e ro u nd e d s u rfac e o f e ac h
h al f at i nt e rvals o f t h re e o r fo u r fe e t and t h e i nt e r
v e ni n m ass e s o f wood a re s p l i t o ff I n t h i s w
g . a
y
i t i s wh i ttl ed do wn u nt i l i t i s only s o m e s i x
i nch es t h i ck T h e p lan k i s t h e n t ri m m e d do wn to
.

t h e d e s i re d t h i ckn ess by blo ws o f t h e adz e st ru ck

ac ross t h e d i rect i on o f t h e g ra i n T h e t wo e nds a re
.

g e n e rally l e ft u n t ri m m e d u nt i l t h e p lank h a s b ee n
t rans p o rt e d to t h e s i t e o f t h e h o u s e and h as la i n
t h e re fo r so m e t i m e T h i s p re v e nts i t s s p l i tt i ng
.

d u ri ng t h e j o u rn e y to t h e h o u s e and t h e p eri od o f
s eason i n g .

W h e n t h e floo r h a s b ee n la i d i t only re m a i ns to
,

m ak e t h e m a i n p a rt i t i on wall wh i c h s e p a rat e s t h e
gall ery fro m t h e roo m s along t h e wh ol e l e ngt h
o f th e h o u se and t h e walls b e t wee n t h e s e v e ral
,

roo m s . T h e s e walls a re m ad e only so m e e i g h t o r

n i n e fe et i n h e i g h t T h e wall o f t h e gall e ry i s
.

m ad e o f v ert i cal p lanks las h ed to h o ri zon tal ra i ls

wh os e ex t rem i t i e s a re l e t i nto t h e col u m n s o f t h e
ant e ri o r s e t o f t h e do u bl e m ed i an ro w T h e wall .

t h u s d i v i d es t h e h o u s e i nto a na rro we r front p a rt ,

t h e gall e ry and a b road e r back p a rt ; t h e latt e r i s

,

s u bd i v i d e d by t h e t ran sv e rs e walls i nto t h e s eri e s o f

roo m s e ac h o f wh i c h acco m m odat e s o ne fa m i ly .

T h e wo rk o f const ru ct i on i s ca rri e d on by all t h e

m e n o f t h e h o u s e ; t h e wo m e n and c h i ld re n l e nd
wh at a i d t h e y can i n t h e wa y o f fe tc hi ng and ca rry
i ng and i n p re p a ri ng rattans
, . T h e o wn e rs h i p o f
e ac h s e ct i on i s a rrang e d b e fo re h and ; t h e s e ct i on o f

t h e c h i e f b e i ng g e n e rally i n t h e m i ddl e and t h os e o f

,

h i s n e a r re lat i v e s on e i t h e r s i d e o f i t E ac h m a n
.

ays s c i al att e nt i on to t h e const ru ct i on o f h i s o wn

p p e

s e ct i on and ca rri e s o u t t h e l i g h t er wo rk o f t h at
,

p a r t s
, u c h as lay i ng t h e s h i ngl es w i t,h t h e h e l p o f
210 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n
.

d i v e rs i ty o f p lan i s e x h i b i t e d by t h e h o u s e s o f I bans .

An I ban co m m u n i ty s e ldo m re m a i ns i n t h e sa m e
h o u s e m o re t h an t h re e o r fo u r y ea rs ; i t i s n o ,

do u bt p a rtly on t h i s acco u n t t h at t h e i r h o u s es a re
,

b u i lt i n a l e ss S ol i d styl e t h an t h os e o f m ost ot h er
t ri b e s T h e t i m b e rs u s ed a re l i g h t e r t h e h o u s e i s
.

not ra i s e d so h i g h abov e t h e g ro u nd and t h e floo r ,

i s u s u ally m ad e o f s p l i t ba m boo i n p lac e o f t h e

h e avy p lanks u s e d by K ayans and ot h e rs T he .

p lan o f const ru ct i on i s l e ss re g u la r T h e n u m e ro u s
.

sl i g h t s u pp o rt i ng p i l e s p ass t h ro u g h t h e floo r o f
t h e gall e ry i n all so rts o f odd p os i t i ons t h e only ,

a rt t h at i k e t cl e a r o f t h e m b e i ng a na rro w
p s
p
ga ng way t h at ru n s fro m e nd to e nd o f t h e h o u s e ,

i t adj o i ns t h e p ri vat e c h a m b e rs and i s abo u t fo u r

,

fe e t i n wi dt h ; i t i s call e d temp u c m .

S o m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a ns m ak e h o u s e s v e ry
i n feri o r to t h os e o f t h e K ayans i n re s p e ct to S i z e ,

sol i d i ty and reg u la ri ty o f const ru ct i on ; las h e d

,

ba m boos la rg e ly rep lac e t h e st rongly m o rt i c ed t i m

b e r wo rk o f t h e b e tt e r h o u s e s ; b u t t h e wo rst
-

h o u s e s o f all a re m ad e by t h os e P u n ans wh o h av e
re c e ntly ado p t e d t h e ag ri c u lt u re and s e ttl e d h ab i ts
o f t h e ot h e r p e o p l e s .

O H R K ND S
T E I OF W O OD -
WO R K I NG

T he b u i ld i ng h o u s e s and t h e s h a p i ng o f boats
of

a re by fa r t h e m ost i m o rtant k i nds o f wood wo rk

p
-

i ng ; b u t t h e re a re m any s m all a rt i cl e s o f wood i n

t h e m ak i ng o f wh i c h m u c h S k i ll and i ng e n u i ty a re
di s p lay e d . Am ong t h e s e t h e S h i e lds and p a rang
S h e at h s d e s e rv e s p e c i al m e nt i on T h e fo rm e r h av e
.

b e e n d e sc ri b ed i n C h ap t e r X .

T h e s wo rd S h eat h i s m ad e fro m t wo sl i p s o f
-

h a rd wood c u t to fit tog e t h e r e xactly l e av i ng a

, ,

s p ac e acc u rat e ly S h ap e d fo r t h e lodg m e n t o f t h e

s wo rd -blad e T h e t wo sl i p s a re n e atly las h e d
.
21 2 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

T h e m ost i m p o rtant o f t h e bask e ts ( P I .

a re t h e follo wi ng :
T h e la rg e o ne u s ed fo r ca rry
i ng fi a dz fro m t h e fa rm s to t h e h o u s e ; t h e s m all
'

bask e t h u ng on t h e back by a p a i r o f s h o u ld er
st rap s and al ways ca rri e d by t h e m en on go i ng
,

fa r fro m h o m e ; t h e fi s h bask e ts ; la rg e bask e ts

-

FIG 4 1
. . Ky
—
a an T oo lb k t
-
as e .

p r ov i d e d wi t h l i ds and k ep t i n t h e roo m s fo r
sto ri ng clot h i ng and ot h er p ersonal val u abl es ; t h e
wi nno wi ng t rays and t h e la rg e ro u g h bask e t u s e d
,

fo r ca rry i ng on t h e back wat e r v ess e ls o r any ot h e r

-

h e avy obj e cts ( F i g .

O f t h e m ats (s ee P l t h e p ri nc i p al a re
.

t h e m a t wo rn ro u nd t h e wa i st fo r s i tt i ng u p on ;
t h e la rg e m ats s p re ad fo r s e at i ng s ev eral p e rsons
21 4 P AG AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

by t h e u s e o f a block o f wood g roov ed fo r t h e re c ep

t i on o f t h e st ri p and p i e rc ed wi t h h ol e s Op e n i ng i nto
t h e g roov e at t h e re q u i re d i nt e rvals .

T h e m ost e labo rat e ly d e co rat e d and fin e ly p la i t e d

bask e t wa re i s m ad e by so m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a n s u b
-

t ri b e s e s p e c i ally t h e K a no wi t s and t h e T a njo ng s

, ,

and t h e K a l a b i t s wh o u s e as we ll as t h e black dye

, , ,

a red dye ( P l T h e last i s m ad e by bo i l i ng

.

t h e s e e ds o f t h e rattan i n wat e r and e vap o rat i ng

t h e p rod u ct u nt i l i t h a s t h e cons i st e ncy o f a t h i ck
ast e T h e P u nans also e xc e l i n t h i s c ra ft T h es e
p . .

ad ep ts ba rt e r m u c h o f t h e i r h and i wo rk i n t h i s k i nd
wi t h t h e p eo p l e o f co m m u n i t i e s l e ss sk i ll e d i n i t .

T h i s a ffo rds ye t anot h e r i ll u st rat i on o f t h e fact t h at

t h e va ri o u s s p ec i al i s e d h and i c ra fts a re t rad i t i onal i n
c erta i n t ri b e s and s u b t ri b e s and a re p ract i s e d
-
,

h a rdly at all o r i n an i n fe ri o r m ann e r only by t h e

ot h e r t ri b es wh o s e e m to find i t i m p oss i bl e to
,

ach i ev e an eq u al d eg ree o f m ast e ry o f t h es e c ra fts .

H AT MA K I NG
-

T he la rg e flat c i rc u la r h a t wo rn by t h e K ayan s
fo r p rot e ct i on aga i nst s u n and ra i n i s m ad e by t h e
wo m e n fro m t h e la rg e l eav e s o f a p al m I t i s th e .

only i m p o rtan t h and i c ra ft p ract i s e d by t h e wo m e n

only . T h e h a rd to u g h fl u t e d l e av e s a re p re ss e d
flat and d ri e d wh e n t h e fl u t e s fo rm ri bs d i v e rg i ng
,

fro m t h e st e m T ri ang u la r p i e c e s o f t h e l e ngt h o f

.

t h e rad i u s o f t h e h a t ( i e fro m t we lv e to e i g h t ee n
. .

i nc h e s ) a re cu t and t h e n s e wn tog e t h e r i n a do u bl e
lay er ; t h os e o f t h e u p p e r lay er rad i at e fro m t h e
c e nt re ; t h os e o f t h e u nd e r lay e r a re d i s p os ed i n t h e
rev e rs e d i re ct i on so t h at t h e i r ri bs d i v erg e fro m
,

t h e p e ri p h e ry c ross i ng t h os e o f t h e u p p e r lay e r at an
,

ac u t e angl e T hi s a rrang e m e nt g i v e s g re at ri g i d i ty
.

to t h e wh ol e st ru ct u re T h e t wo lay e rs a re st i tc h ed
.

tog e t h e r by t h reads carri e d ro u nd t h e h a t i n con

21 6 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

i s fix ed v e rt i cally wi t h t h e u p p er end p roj e ct i ng

t h ro u g h t h e p lat fo rm i t s lo we r e nd re st i ng on t h e
,

g ro u nd ( P l . I ts u pp er e nd i s las h e d to t h e
lat fo rm i t s lo we r e nd to a p a i r o f sto u t p ol e s las h e d
p ,

h o ri zontally to t re e s and i t s m i ddl e to anot h e r p a i r

,

o f p ol e s S i m i la rly fix e d .

T h e n e xt o p erat i on t h e bo ri ng o f t h e wood i s
, ,

acco m p l i s h ed by t h e a i d o f a st ra i g h t ro d o f i ron
abo u t n i n e feet long o f sl i g h tly s m all e r d i a m e t er
,

t h an t h e bo re d e s i red fo r t h e p i p e and h av i ng o ne ,

e nd c h i s e l s h a e d and s h a rp e n e d
p
-
O n e m a n stand.

i ng on t h e p lat fo rm h olds t h e i ron ro d v e rt i cally

abov e t h e end o f t h e wood and b ri ngs i t s S h a rp ,

c h i s e l edg e do wn u p on t h e c e nt re o f t h e flat s u rfac e .

L i ft i ng t h e ro d wi t h bot h h ands h e rep eats h i s blo w

aga i n and aga i n sl i g h tly t u rn i ng t h e ro d at e ac h
,

blo w H e i s a i d ed i n k eep i ng t h e ro d t ru ly v ert i

.

cal by t wo o r t h ree fo rk e d st i cks fix ed h o ri zontal ly

at d i ffe re n t l ev e ls abov e t h e p lat fo rm i n s u c h a wa y
t h at t h e v ert i cal ro d sl i d e s u p and do wn i n t h e fo rks ,

wh i c h t h u s s e rv e as g u i d e s T h e ro d soon b i t e s i t s
.

wa y i n to t h e wood An ass i stant sq u att i ng on t h e

.
,

p lat f o rm w i t h a ba rk b u ck e t o f wat e rb e s i d e h i m ladl e s

-
,

wat e r i nto t h e h ol e a ft e r ev ery t wo o r t h re e st rok e s ,

and t h u s ca u s e s t h e c h i p s to float o u t T h i s o p e rat i on .

st ead i ly p u rs u e d fo r abo u t s i x h o u rs co m p l e t e s t h e
bo ri ng I n bo ri ng t h e lo we r p a rt t h e c ra fts m an
.
,

a i m s at p rod u c i ng a sl i g h t c u rvat u re o f t h e t u b e by
v e ry sl i g h tly b end i ng t h e p ol e and lash i ng 1 t 1 n t h e
b e nt p os i t i on t h e p ol e on b e i ng rel eas e d t h e n
st ra i g h t e ns i ts el f and at t h e sa m e t i m e p rod u c e s t h e
,

d e s i red sl i g h t c u rvat u re o f t h e bo re T h i s c u rvat u re .

i s n e c e ssa ry i n o rd e r to allo w fo r t h e b e nd i ng o f t h e
blo w p i p e wh e n I n u s e by t h e we i g h t o f t h e s p e ar
-
, ,

blad e wh i ch i s las h e d on bayon e t fas h i on I f t h e .

d e s i red d eg re e o f c u rvat u re i s not p rod u c ed i n t h i s

wa y t h e wood e n p i p e st i ll i n t h e ro u g h stat e as
, ,

rega rds i t s o u t e r s u rfac e i s s u s p e nd e d h o ri zontally

,
21 8 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

and fro wi t h i n i t a long p i e c e o f clos ely fitt i ng

rattan t h at o f t h e o u t er s u rfac e by ru bb i ng i t fi rst
,

wi t h t h e sk i n o f a st i ng ray ( wh i ch alt h o u g h a ,

m a ri n e fi s h so m e t i m e s asc e nds to t h e u p p e r reac h e s

,

e rwa rds wi t h t h e l e a f em l a s
o f t h e ri v e rs
), and a ft ( p )
wh i c h i s t h e local s u bst i t u t e fo r e m e ry p ap e r .

T h e s h a ft o f t h e p o i son ed da rt i s m ad e fro m t h e
wood o f t h e 222é022g and wi ld sago p al m s
°

I t is .

abou t n i n e i nch e s i n l e ngt h and o ne S i xt ee nt h to -

o ne e i g h t h o f an i nc h i n d i a m e t e r P l
-
( 1 On
. to
o ne e nd o f t h i s i s fitt e d a s m all ta eri ng cyl i nd e r
p
o f to u g h i t h abo u t o ne i nc h i n l e ngt h i t s g re at e st
p , ,

d i a m e t e r at i t s b u tt e nd b e i ng e xactly e q u al to t h e
bo re o f t h e p i p e . T h e p i t h i s s h av e d to t h e
re q u i re d d i a m e t e r by t h e a i d o f a s m all wood e n
cyl i nd e r o f t h e standa rd s i z e ( F i g 4 2 ) t h i s i s p ro .

long ed i n a p i n o f t h e sa m e d i a m e t e r as t h e S h a ft
o f t h e da rt . A p i e c e o f p i t h t ransfix e d by t h e p i n
i s s h av e d wi t h a S h a rp kn i fe u nt i l i t s s u rfac e i s fl u s h
wi t h t h at o f t h e wood e n ga u g e .

T h e p o i son i s p rep a re d fro m t h e s a p o f t h e [f ab

t ree A ntz a ms 7 01 522227 c T h e m i lky s a p ru n s o u t
1

. .
,

wh e n t h e ba rk i s i nc i s e d and i s coll ect e d i n a

,

ba m boo c u p ( P I . I t i s t h e n h eat e d S lo wly

ov e r a fi re i n a t ro u g h m ad e fro m t h e l e a f st e m
o f a p al m u nt i l i t b e co m e s a t h i ck ast e o f da rk
, p
u r l e b ro wn colo u r P l
p p ( . W h e n t h e p o i son
i s to b e app l i e d to t h e da rts i t i s wo rk e d i nto ,

a t h i nn e r p ast e on a p al e tt e wi t h a s p at u la A .

c i rc u la r g roov e i s cu t ro u nd t h e s h a ft o f t h e da rt
abo u t t wo i nch e s fro m i t s t i p and t h e p art so ,

m a rk e d o ff i s roll e d i n t h e p ast e and t h e n d ri ed

b e fo re a fi re . F o r u s e aga i nst la rg e ga m e p i g , ,

d e e r o r h u m an b e i ngs a la rg er dos e o f p o i son

, ,

i s re q u i red t h an can b e ca rri ed on t h e t i p o f t h e

S h a ft . A s m all t ri ang u la r p i e c e o f m etal i s a ffix e d
by s p l i tt i ng t h e t i p o f t h e s h a ft t h ru st i ng i n t h e bas e
,

o f t h e t ri ang u la r lat e and s e c u ri ng i t wi t h a fi ne

p ,
2 20 PAG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

i n ba m boos T h e e a rt h e n wa re cook i ng p o t i s a
.

s i m p l e eg g s h ap e d v e ss e l o ne e nd o f wh i c h i s o p e n
-
,

and s u rro u nd e d by a l o w ev e rt e d l i p o r colla r

( g
F i . 8
, p.

T h e clay i s kn e ad e d wi t h wat er on a boa rd u nt i l

i t h a s t h e d e s i re d cons i st e ncy T h e v e ss e l i s t h e n
.

b u i lt u p on a h ollo we d bas e by sq u eez i ng t h e clay

b e t wee n a s m oot h ro u nd e d ston e h e ld by o ne h and
wi t h i n t h e v e ss e l and a flat p i e c e o f wood wi t h ,

wh i c h t h e clay i s b eat e n fro m wi t h o u t T h e ro u g h ly

.

s h ap ed v e ss e l i s allo we d to dry i n t h e s u n and bak ed

i n t h e fi re . I n so m e cas e s t h e s u rfac e i s s m oot h e d
and glaz ed by ru bb i ng re s i n ov er i t s s u rfac e wh i l e h o t .

P ots o f t h i s o ne s h ap e on ly a re m ad e, b u t o f
s e v e ral S i z es T h e co m m on e st s i z e h olds abo u t a
.

q u a rt t h e la rg est abo u t t wo gallons A p o t o f t h i s .

s o rt i s ca rri e d i n a bask e t m ad e o f fi ne u ns p l i t rattan s

loos ely wov e n i n t h e fo rm o f i nt e rlac i ng ri ngs .

T HE M AN U F AC T U R E OF B A R K C LOT H
-

T he nat i v e clot h wh i c h wa s i n u n i v ersal u s e

,

a m ong t h e t ri b es o f t h e i n t eri o r u nt i l la rg e ly s u p
p lant e d i n r e c e nt y e a rs by i m p o rt e d clot h i s m ad e
,

fro m t h e ba rk o f t re e s o f s e v e ral s p e c i e s (p ri nc i p ally

t he t h e 27502 and t h e wi ld fig
, ) T h e m at e ri al
.

u s e d i s t h e fib ro u s lay e r b e n e at h t h e o u t e r ba rk .

A la rg e S h e e t o f i t i s la i d on a wood e n block and

b eat e n wi t h a h e avy wood e n cl u b i n o rd e r to re nd e r
i t so ft and p l i abl e A p i e c e o f t h e re q u i re d s i z e and
.

S h a e i s c u t fro m t h e s h ee t and s e wn ac ross t h e

p ,

d i re ct i on o f t h e fib re s wi t h n eedl e and t h read at

i nt e rvals o f abo u t an i nc h T h i s p rev en ts t h e
.

m at e ri al S p l i tt i ng along t h e d i re ct i on o f t h e fib re s .

B e fo re E u ro p ean n eedl e s were i nt rod u c ed t h e st i tc h ,

i ng wa s don e by p i erc i ng h ol e s wi t h a s m all a wl and

u s h i ng t h e t h re ad t h ro u g h t h e h ol e a ft e r wi t h d ra w
p
i ng t h e a wl ( P l 1 .
222 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
t i g h tly abo u t t h e wh ol e b u ndl e at e ach e nd T h e .

we b t h u s p rep a red i s soak e d i n t h e dye fo r so m e

t wo o r t h re e days and t h e n d ri e d m a s h ady s p ot
,
.

T h e wrapp i ngs u p on t h e t h re ads a re wat e rp roo f

a nd p rot e ct t h e wra p p ed p a rts fro m t h e dye . Wh en ,

a ft er t h e dy e i ng t h e web i s st re tc h e d u p on t h e
,

loo m i t p re s e nts t h e d e s i re d p att e rn i n colo u r u p on

,

t h e u ndy e d g ro u nd . T h e u ndy e d we ft i s t h e n
wov e n ac ross t h e web i n t h e u s u al wa y A nd s i nc e
.

t h e t h re ads o f t h e we ft do not ap p e a r on t h e
s u rfac e t h e dy e d p a rts o f t h e web p re s e nt a
,

u n i fo rm ly colo u re d s u rfac e l
( P .

I n m ost clot h s t wo colo u rs as we ll as t h e

,

nat u ral colo u r o f t h e t h re ad app ea r on t h e s u rfac e

,

t h e co m m on e st colo u r b ei ng a wa rm b ri ck
re d ( obta i n e d fro m t h e ba rk o f t h e s a m a é t re e )
and a da rk p u rp l e (obta i n e d fro m t h e l e av e s o f
t h e 2227 22222 p lan t ) . L i m e and gy p s u m a re so m e
t i m es m i x ed wi t h t h e wat e ry e x t racts as m o r
da u nts b u t t h es e a re p robably m od e rn re fin em ents
,
.

W h e n t wo colo u rs a re to a pp e a r t h os e p a rts o f
,

t h e we b wh i c h a re to b e o f o ne colo u r ( say p u rp l e )
a re wra ed u d u ri ng t h e i m m e rs i on i n t h e r d
pp p e

dye tog e t h e r wi t h t h e p a rts t h at a re to a p p e a r u n

colo u red W h e n t h i s fi rst dy e i ng i s co m p l e t e d
.

t h e web i s p rep a re d fo r t h e p u rp l e dye by u ncov e r

,

i ng t h e u ndy e d p a rts wh i c h a re to b e p u rp l e and ,

wra p p i ng u p i n b u ndl e s t h e t h re ads wh i c h h av e

al re ady b e en dy e d re d Aft er b e i ng soak e d i n t h e
.

u r l e d e and d ri e d all t h e wra i ngs a re re m ov e d

p p y , pp
fro m t h e we b an d t h e d e s i re d p att e rn i n t h re e
,

colo u rs app e a rs u p on i t wh e n i t i s st re tc h ed .

P e rh ap s t h e m ost not e wo rt h y fe at u re o f t h e op e ra
t i on o f dy e i ng i s t h at t h e wo m an g e n erally wra p s
u p t h e t h re ads i n t h e wa r e q u i re d to r od c t h
y p u e e

att e rn wi t h o u t any g u i danc e j u dg i ng t h e l e ngt h

p ,

and n u m b er o f t h e t h re ads to b e i ncl u d e d i n e ac h

b u ndl e p u re ly by m e m o ry o f t h e d e s i gn a i m ed at .
 C H A P T E R XI I

D E C O RAT I V E AR T

A LL th e t ri b es o f Bo rn e o p ract i s e a n u m b e r o f
d e co rat i v e a rts S o m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a ns notably
.
,

t h e Ma l a na u s e xc e l all ot h e r t ri b es i n t h at t h e y
, ,

atta i n a h i g h l ev e l o f ach i e v e m e nt i n a g re at va ri e ty
o f s u c h a rts b u t e ac h t ri b e and s u b t ri b e p re s e rv e s
-

t h e t rad i t i on o f so m e o ne o r t wo d e co rat i v e a rts

i n whi ch t h ey a re e s p ec i ally sk i ll e d T h u s so m e o f
.

t h e K l e m a nt a n t ri b e s s p e c i ally e xc e l i n t h e fin er
k i nds o f wood carv i n g (eg t h e d e co rat i on o f p addl e s ) ;
- .

t h e K ayans i n tat u i ng and i n c h as i ng d e s i gns on

st ee l ; t h e K enya h s i n t h e p a i nt i ng o f S h i elds and
i n t h e p rod u ct i on o f la rg e d es i gns ca rv e d i n l o w
re l i e f on wood and u s e d fo r ado rn i ng h o u s e s and
to m bs ; bot h K ayans an d K e nya h s e xc e l i n t h e
ca rv i ng o f s wo rd h andl e s i n d e er s h o rn ; t h e
-
’

B a ra wa ns and S e b o p s i n b e ad wo rk ; t h e K a l a b i t s
and I bans i n t rac i ng d es i gns on t h e s u rfac e o f
ba m boo ; P u nans i n t h e d eco rat i v e m a t wo rk ; -

K a no wi t s and T a nj o n s i n bask e t wo rk
g
-
.

V o o d ca rv i ng i s t h e m ost g e n e rally p ract i s e d

V -

and on t h e wh ol e t h e m ost i m p o rtant o f t h e d e co ra

t i v e a rts M u c h o f i t i s don e on v e ry h a rd wood ;
.

and t h e p ri nc i p al tool s a re t h e s wo rd t h e s m all ,

kn i fe ca rri e d i n t h e s wo rd s h eat h and adz e s and

-
,

ax e s o f va ri o u s s i z e s T h e blad e o f t h e kn i fe i s so m e
.

t h ree i nc h e s i n l engt h re s em bl i ng i n g e n eral s h ap e

,

t h e blad e o f t h e s wo rd i t i s wi d er i n p ro p o rt i on
°

,
C H AP . x 11 D E C O R AT I VE AR T 2 25

b u t h a s t h e sa m e p e c u l i a r conv e x i ty o f t h e o ne
s i d e and con cav i ty o f t h e ot h er i n t ransv ers e s ect i on .

T h e s h a ft i s s u nk i n to t h e e nd o f a ro d o f h a rd
wood and s e c u re d wi t h g u tta and fi ne rattan las h i ng .

T h e h andl e o f h a rd wood i s abo u t a foot i n l e ngt h ,

h al f an i n c h i n d i a m e t e r ,

and sl i g h tly bo we d i nt h e
p lan e o f t h e blad e t,
h e

conv ex i ty b ei ng i n t h e
d i re ct i on o f t h e c u tt i ng
e dg e o f t h e blad e T he
.

b u tt e nd o f t h e h andl e i s
c u nn i ngly ca rv e d i n t h e
s h ap e o f a c rocod i l e s h e ad , o r p rolong e d i n a p i e c e
’

o f ca rv e d d e e r s h o rn T h e blad e o f t h e kn i fe i s
’
.

h el d b e t we e n t h e t h u m b and fing e r o f t h e ri g h t
h an d, t h e c u tt i ng e dg e d i re ct e d fo rwa rds , an d t h e
lon g h andl e i s g ri pp ed b e t wee n t h e fo rea rm an d t h e
lo we r ri bs ; t h e wei g h t o f t h e body can t h u s b e
b ro u g h t to t h e ass i stan c e o f t h e
a rm i n c u tt i ng h a rd m at e ri al W i th
.

t h i s kn ife m ost o f t h e fin e r ca rv i ng
i s don e t h e adz e an d s wo rd b e i ng
,

u s e d c h i e fly fo r ro u g h s h a p i ng .

T h e adz e cons i sts o f a flat blad e

o f st ee l i n t h e S h a p e o f a hi g h ly

ac u t e angl e d t ri angl e ( P l
-
.

T h e sl i g h tly conv e x bas e i s t h e

F I G 46 K a y a n B u tt o n
—
c u tt i ng e dg e T h .e u
pp e r h al f o f
(
. .

fo r S w o r d b el t ca r v ed t h e t ri angl e W l l IC h m a 1 ma
‘ ‘
-

y 0 y
i n h a r d w o o d o r su b
s t a n ce o f th e h o r n
not b e m a rk e d by a s h o u ld e r I S
)
b i ll s b ea k
’
. b u ri e d i n t h e las h i ngs by wh i c h i t i s
attac h e d to t h e wood e n h a ft T h e .

h a ft i s a s m all bo u g h o f to u g h s p ri ngy wood cu t , ,

fro m a t ree , tog e t h e r wi t h a s m all block o f t h e wood

o f t h e st e m t h e latt e r i s S h av e d do wn u n t i l i t fo rm s
an oblong block cont i n u o u s wi t h t h e h a ft an d at
°
an angl to t o f 7 0 8o
e i - T h e u p p er h al f o f t h e
°
.

VOL . 1 Q
2 26 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

m e tal blad e i s la i d u p on t h e d i stal s u rfac e o f t h i s

block and las h e d fi rm ly to i t wi t h fi ne st ri p s o f rattan .

A p i e c e o f sk i n i s o ft e n p lac e d b e t we e n t h e m e tal
and t h e las h i ngs ; t h i s fac i l i tat e s t h e re m oval o f t h e
blad e and e nabl e s t h e c ra fts m an to alt er t h e angl e
,

b e t we e n t h e c u tt i ng e dg e and t h e h a ft Co mm only
.

t h e blad e i s la i d i n t h e p lan e o f t h e h a ft and t h e ,

i m p l e m e n t i s t h e n wh at we s h o u ld call a s m all a x e
on t u rn i ng t h e blad e t h ro u g h i t i s conv e rt e d
to a s m all adz e ; and not i n fre q u e ntly t h e blad e
i s t u rn ed t h ro u g h a s m all e r angl e so t h at i t s p lan e
,

fo rm s an ac u t e an g l e wi t h t h at o f t h e h a ft .

Ca rv ed wood wo rk i s co m m on ly p a i nt e d wi t h
black and red p a i nt p rep a re d re s p e ct i v ely fro m
,

soot and I ron ox i d e m i x e d wi t h s u ga r can e j u i c e

-

o r wi t h l i m e t h e m o i st p i g m e n t i s a p p l i e d wi t h t h e
fing e r on la rg e r s u rfac es and t h e fin er l i n e s and
,

e dg e s a re m a rk e d o u t wi t h t h e a i d o f a c h i s e l
e dg e d st i ck o f wood .

B E AD WO R K
Old b e ads a re m u c h val u e d and so u g h t a ft er by
all t h e t ri b e s e xc ep t I ban s e s p e ci ally by t h e
,

K ayans T h ere a re fe w fa m i l i e s o f t h e u pp er class

.

t h at do not p oss e ss a c e rta i n n u m b e r o f t h e m .

M any va ri e t i es a re we ll kno wn and so m e o f t h e

,

Kayan wo m en a re v e ry exp ert i n recogn i s i ng t h e

g e n u i n e old s p e c i m ens and i n d i st i ng u i s h i ng t h e s e
,

va ri et i e s fro m o ne anot h e r and fro m m od e rn

1 m 1 t a t 1 0 ns .

Fo rm e rly t h e s e old b eads we re o ne o f t h e

ri nc i al fo rm s o f c u rre ncy and t h e y st i ll const i t u t e
p p ,

an i m p o rtant p a rt o f t h e wealt h o f m any fa m i l i e s .

M ost o f t h e s e val u abl e old b eads a re o f fo re i gn

m an u fact u re t h o u g h a fe w m ad e fro m S h e ll a nd
,

agat e a re o f t h e co u nt ry T h e old fo re i gn m ad e
.
-

b eads were p robably i mp o rt e d by Arab and

x 11 D E CO R AT I V E A R T 227

C hi n e s e t rad ers at va ri o u s dat e s S o m e o f t h e m .

a re p robably o f C h i n e s e m an u fact u re ot h e rs p rob ,

ably ca m e fro m t h e n e a r E ast an d e v e n fro m V e n i c e .

So m e a re o f glass c u ri o u sly m a rk e d and colo u re d ,

ot h ers o f ston e i nla i d wi t h b i ts o f d i ffe re nt colo u rs ,

ot h e rs o f so m e h a rd s u bstanc e wh os e co m p os i t i on
d e fi e s d e sc ri p t i on C e rta i n ra re k i nds a re e s p ec i ally
.

val u ed and can h a rdly b e bo u g h t at any p ri c e ;

t h e y a re re ckon e d to b e wo rt h at l e ast 1 0 0 dolla rs
ap i e c e T h e m ost val u abl e o f a l l i s kno wn as
.

th e seéa /a ; t h e o wn e rs h i p o f e ac h s u c h b e ad

i s as acc u rat e ly kno wn t h ro u g h o u t a larg e d i st ri ct

as t h e o wn e rs h i p o f t h e m ast e rp i e c e s o f anc i e nt a rt
i n o u r o wn co u nt ry T h e wi fe o f a ri c h c h i e f m a y
.

p oss e ss old b e ads to t h e val u e o f t h o u sands o f

p o u nds , and w i ll w e a r a la rg e p a rt o f t h e m on any

occas i on o f d i s p lay ( P l . T h e s e old b eads a re
wo rn t h re ad ed tog e t h er to fo rm n e cklac e s an d
g i rdl e s b e i ng a rrang e d wi t h so m e refere nc e to
,

h a rm ony o f s i z e and colo u r and to val u e t h e m ost ,

val u abl e b e i ng p lac ed i n t h e m i ddl e wh ere t h e y wi ll

b e S h o wn to b e st advantag e . A s i ngl e ra re b e ad
i s so m e t i m e s wo rn on t h e wri st .

A wo m an wh o p oss e ss e s a good stock o f s u c h

b eads wi ll s e ldo m b e s een wi t h o u t so m e o f t h em on
h e r p e rson . S h e wi ll occas i onally e xc h ang e a fe w
fo r ot h e r va ri et i e s and i s g e n e rally e ag e r to add to
,

h e r coll e ct i on s h e m a y occas i onally m ak e a p re s e nt

o f o ne o r t wo to so m e h i g h ly e st ee m e d fri e nd o r

re lat i v e an d wi ll g e n e rally ass i gn t h e m b u t wi t h o u t

, ,

h and i ng t h e m ov e r to v a ri o u s fe m al e re lat i v e s
,

b efo re h e r d e at h .

B e s i d e s t h e s e val u abl e old b eads t h ere a re i n

u s e a m ong all t h e t ri b e s m any s m all glass b e ads o f

m od ern E u ro p ean m an u fact u re T h e s e a re t h re ad ed

.

to fo rm a va ri ety o f d es i gns g e n e rally i n t wo ,

colo u rs t h e co m b i nat i on o f black and y e llo w b ei ng

,

t h e m ost co m m only p re fe rre d T h e s e st ri p s o f b e ad

.
2 28 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n .

wo rk a re to m any
t d eco rat i v e u s e s :t h e y a re
p u

app l i e d to t h e wo m e n s h e ad bands to t h e c e nt re o f
’
-
,

t h e s u n h a t to s wo rd s h e at h s to c i ga re tt e box es
-
, , ,

to t h e wa r coat at t h e na p e o f t h e n e ck and by
-
, ,

so m e K l e m a nt a ns to t h e j ack e ts o f t h e wo m e n
, .

T h e d e s i gns wo rk e d i n t h i s wa y a re b u t fe w and ,

m ost o f t h em a re co m m on to all t h e t ri b e s T he .

t h read u s e d i s p rep ared by roll i ng on t h e t h i g h

fib res d ra wn fro m t h e l e a f o f t h e p i n e ap p l e ; i t i s -

v ery st rong and d u rabl e T h e d e s i gn to b e re p ro

.

du ced i s d ra wn o r ca rv e d i n l o w re l i e f on a boa rd .

A t h read i s fix e d ac ross t h e e nd o f t h e boa rd and

ot h ers a re t i ed to i t at s h o rt i n t ervals ; on t h es e t h e
b eads a re t h re ad ed n e i g h bo u ri ng t h re ads b ei ng
,

t i ed tog e t h e r at s h o rt i n t e rvals ; and t h e colo u rs o f

t h e b e ads a re s e l e ct ed acco rd i ng to t h e d e m ands o f
t h e p att e rn ov e r wh i c h t h e y a re wo rk e d .

B es i d e s t h es e d e s i gns on t h e flat tass els g i rdl es , , ,

n ecklac e s e a r ri ngs and c i ga re tt e ri ngs a re also

,
-
,

m ad e o f t h e s e b eads T h e m od ern i m p o rt e d b e ads

.

u s e d fo r t h e s e u r os e s a re so m e t i m e s i m rov e d
p p p
by b ei ng g ro u nd flat on t h e t wo s u rfac es t h at
adj o i n t h e i r n e i g h bo u rs ; t h i s i s don e by fix i ng a
n u m b e r o f t h e m i nto t h e cu t e nd o f a p i e c e o f
s u ga r can e and ru bb i ng t h i s aga i nst a s m oot h ston e
-
.

T h i s t re at m e nt o f t h e b e ads g i v e s to t h e a rt i cl e s
m ad e o f t h e m a v e ry n e at and h i g h ly fin i s h e d
ap p e a ranc e .

B AMB OO D E C O R AT I O N S
T h e wo rk i ng o f d es i gn s on t h e s u rfac e o f p i ec es
o f ba m boo i s don e v e ry s i m ly b u t non e t h e l e ss
p ,

e ffe ct i v e ly Am ong t h e ba m boo a rt i cl e s g e n e rally

.

d e co rat ed i n t h e wa y to b e d e sc ri b ed a re t h e nat i v e
d ri nk i ng c u p t h e tobacco box and t u b e s fo r ca rry i ng
-
,
-
,

fl i n t and st ee l and all so rts o f odds and e nds .

T h e p att ern to b e p rod u c e d i s o u tl i n e d wi t h t h e

x 11 D E C O R AT I V E A R T 229

o i nt o f t h e kn i fe u p on t h e s u rfac e o f t h e ba m boo
p ,

t h e a rt i st wo rk i n g fro m m e m o ry o f t h e d e s i re d

p att e rn and ada p t i ng i t to

t h e p ro p o rt i ons o f t h e s u rfac e
to b e cov ered . T h e I ban
wo rks m o re free ly t h an
ot h e rs wo rk i ng o u t t h e
,

p att e rn and m od i fy i ng i t to
m e e t t h e e x i g e nc i e s o f h i s
m at e ri al s e ct i on by s e ct i on
, ,

as h e g o e s along Ot h e rs
.

lan u t t h e d e s i gn fo r t h e
p o

wh ol e s u rfac e b e fo re wo rk
i ng o u t any p a rt i n d e ta i l .

I t i s p robabl e t h at i n no
cas e do e s a m a n s i t do wn
and p rod u c e a ne w p att ern
b u t t h e fre er m od e o f wo rk
i ng o f t h e I ban l e ads h i m
on to g reat e r m od i ficat i ons
o f t h e t rad i t i onal d e s i gns ;
and i t i s p robably p a rtly fo r
t h i s reason t h at a m u ch
la rg er va ri ety o f d e s i gns i s
a p p l i e d i n t h i s wa y by t h e m
t h an by t h e ot h er t ri b e s ,

a m ong wh o m t h e y a re v e ry
l i m i t e d i n n u m b er B u t t h e
.

g re at er va ri e ty o f d e s i gns
wo rk e d by t h e I ban s i s du e
also to t h e re ad i n e ss wi t h
wh i c h h e co p i e s and ado p ts
as h i s o wn t h e p att erns u s e d
by ot h er t ri b es T h e K ayan s
.
F
I G. 47
.

an d K e nya h s u s e al m ost e x
cl u s i v e l va ri e t i e s o f t h e dog p att ern and o f t h e
y
h ook a nd c i rcl e ( s ee F i g .

T h e d e s i gn o u tl i n ed by t h e p o i nt o f t h e kn i fe
23 0 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

i s m ad e to stand o u t boldly fro m t h e g ro u nd by

da rk e n i ng t h e latt er T h i s i s ac h i e v ed i n t wo ways
.

e g ro u nd i s cov e re d wi t h p a rall e l clos e s e t

( )I t h -

sc ratc h e s not ru nn i ng cont i n u o u sly t h ro u g h o u t t h e

,

la rg e r a re as o f t h e g ro u nd b u t g ro u p ed i n s e ts
,

of a rall e l l i n e s so m e fe w m i ll i m e t re s i n l e ngt h t h e
p ,

va ri o u s s e ts m ee t i ng at angl e s o f all d eg ree s ; ( 2 )

t h e h a rd s u rfac e o f t h e ba m boo i s wh olly sc ra p e d
a way fro m t h e g ro u nd a reas to a d ep t h o f abo u t
h al f a m i ll i m e t re . I n e i t h e r cas e t h e black o r red
a i nt i s t h e n s m a r d ov r t h w h ol e s u rfac e wi t h
p e e e e

t h e fi ng e r, and wh e n i t h a s b e co m e d ri e d t h e
s u rfac e i s ru bb ed wi t h a p i e c e o f clot h ( Kayan ) , o r
sc rap e d l i g h tly wi t h a kn i fe ( I ban ) T h e p i g m e nt
.

i s t h u s re m ov e d fro m t h e i ntact p a rts and re m a i n s

ad h e re nt to t h e l i n e s and a re as fro m wh i c h t h e
h a rd s u rfac e lay er h a s b e e n re m ov e d . T h e d e s i gn
i s t h u s l e ft i n v e ry l o w re l i e f and i s o f t h e nat u ral
,

colo u r o f t h e ba m boo u p on a black o r da rk - red

g ro u nd o r on a g ro u nd m e rely da rk e n ed by t h e
,

p a r all e l sc ratc h e s ( P l s
. 1 2
, 6

L AS H I NG
Las h i ng wi t h st ri p s o f rattan and wi t h coa rs e
fib re s fro m t h e l ea f st e m o f so m e o f t h e p al m s and
-

fe rns i s app l i e d to a g re at va ri e ty o f p u rp os es and ,

la rg e ly tak es t h e p lac e o f o u r na i l i ng and sc rewi ng

an d ri v et i ng I t i s ca rri e d o u t ext rem ely n eatly
.

and co m m only h a s a d e co rat i v e e ffect This .

e ffe ct i s i n so m e cas es e n h anc e d by co m b i n i ng

black e n e d t h reads wi t h t h os e o f t h e nat u ral p al e
y ello w colo u r ; and t h e fin e r va ri e t i e s o f t h i s wo rk
d es e rv e to b e class ed wi t h t h e d e co rat i v e a rts .

T h e fin e st las h i ng wo rk i s don e by t h e K a l a b i t s
-
,

wh o cov er s m all ba m boo box es wi t h a lay e r o f

clos e s et las hi n g p rod u c i ng p l e as i ng g e o m e t ri cal
-
,

d es i g ns by t h e co m b i nat i on o f y e llo w and black

x 11 D E CO R AT I V E A R T 23 1

t h re ads T h e s u rfac e o f t h e ba m boo to whi ch t h e

.

las h i ng i s a p p l i e d i s g e n erally sc rap ed a way to a

d e p t h o f abo u t o ne s i xt ee nt h o f an i nc h ; i t i s t h u s
-

re nd e re d l e ss sl i pp e ry t h an t h e nat u ral s u rfac e and ,

i s t h ere fo re g ri pp ed m o re fi rm ly by t h e las h i ng ,

and t h e s u rfac e o f t h e las hi ng i s b ro u g h t fl u s h wi t h

t h e u nlas h e d n at u ral s u rfac e T h e e ffe ct i s not
.

only a h i g h ly o rna m e n tal a p p e a ranc e b u t also a ,

g reatly i nc re as e d d u rab i l i ty o f t h e box t h e nat u ral ,

t e nd e ncy o f t h e ba m boo to s p l i t long i t u d i nally b e i ng

v ery e ffe ct i v e ly co u nt e ract ed .

S i m i la r fi ne d e co rat i v e las h i ng i s u s e d by all

t h e t ri b e s fo r b i nd i ng tog e t h e r t h e t wo h alv e s o f
t h e s wo rd S h e at h an d fo r b i nd i ng t h e h a ft o f kn i fe
,

o r s wo rd wh e re i t g ri p s t h e m e tal blad e t h o u gh ,

b rass wi re i s so m e t i m e s u s e d fo r t h i s p u rp os e .

Clos ely all i ed to t h i s las h i ng i s t h e p rod u ct i on

o f d e co rat i v e knots A cons i d erabl e va ri e ty o f
.

knots a re i n co mm on u s e ; t h e y a re al ways we l l
t i e d and p ract i cally e ffect i v e b u t so m e a re e labo rat e d
,

fo r d eco rat i v e p u rp os e s to fo rm ros e tt e s es p e c i ally ,

by K ayans i n m ak i ng t h e i r s wo rd s h eat h s .

P AI N T I NG
We h av e stat ed abov e t h at ca rv e d wood wo rk
the
i s o ft e n p a i nt e d wi t h black re d and wh i t e p i g m e nts
, , .

I t m u st b e add e d t h at wood e n s u rfac e s a re o ft e n

p a i nt ed on t h e flat
, e s p e c i ally S h i e lds t h e o u t er ,

s u rfac e s o f walls o f p a a z h u ts and to m bs also g rav e

'
’
, ,

h ats and t h e g u n wal e s o f boats and d e co rat i v e ,

p lanks i n t h e i n n e r w alls o f t h e long gall e ry of the

h ou se . T h e K e nya h s and so m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a ns ,

e s p e c i ally t h e S ka a ns and B a ra wa ns a re m ost

p ,

S k i ll e d i n and m ak e m ost u s e o f t h i s fo rm o f
, ,

d e co rat i on ; b u t i t i s p robably p ract i s ed i n so m e

d eg ree by all t h e p eo p l e s .

T h e t h ree p i g m e nts m e nt i on e d abov e black re d —

, ,
 23 2 P AG A N T R I B E S OF BORN E O
and wh i t e m ad e re s p e ct i v e ly fro m soot i ron ox i d e
, , ,

and l i m e a re so fa r as we kno w t h e only nat i v e

—
, ,

va ri e t i es ; b u t at t h e p res e nt day t h e s e a re so m e t i m e s
s u p p l e m e nt e d wi t h i nd i go and y e llo w p i g m en ts
obta i n e d fro m t h e bazaa rs T h e p i g m e nt i s g e n er .

ally la i d on free h and wi t h t h e fi ng e r t i p a fe w

- -
,

g u i d i ng p o i nts only b e i ng p u t i n .

I t m a y b e m e nt i on ed h ere t h at i nd i v i d u als o f all

t h e t ri b e s wi ll occas i onally a m u s e t h e m s e lv e s by
m ak i ng ru d e d ra wi ngs wi t h c h a rcoal on t h e p lank
wall o f t h e gall e ry T h e d rawi ngs u s u ally d e p i ct
.

h u m an and an i m al fig u re s and sc en e s fro m t h e ,

l i fe o f t h e p eo p l e and t h e y g e n erally i ll u st rat e t h e

,

a r t i c u la r fo rm o f o cc u
p
p a t i o n i n wh i c h t h e

h o u s e h old i s e m p loy e d
at t h e t i m e e g sc e n e s , . .

fro m t h e pa di fi e lds a ,

g ro u p o f p e op l e weed
i ng t h e re t u rn o f a wa r ,

a r t t h e C OIl C C t Il O f
F
I G. 4 8 —
K y n C
a r dl
a r n m nt da
p e o
y a e e
’

h on e y t h e ca p t u re O f a
.

with fl t t p f n h ll
a o s o co e s e s. ,

la rg e fi s h T h e s e d ra w .

i ngs a re i nva ri ably v ery c ru d e t h e i r nat u re i s

s u ffic i e ntly i nd i cat e d by P l 1 2 8 T h e re s e e m to . .

b e no not e wo rt h y d i ffere nc es i n t h i s re s p e ct b e t we e n
t h e d i ffe re n t p e o p l e s .

T h e P u nans h av i ng no h o u s e s and t h ere fo re n o

,

walls on wh i c h to d ra w p i ct u re s h av e l i ttl e Opp o r ,

t u ni t y to i nd u lg e any s u c h t e nd e ncy ; b u t we h av e
s ee n ru d e h u nt i ng sc en e s d ep i ct e d by t h e m on t h e
walls o f s h allo w cav e s ; t h e t e c h n i q u e con s i st e d i n
sc ratc h i ng a way t h e so ft rott e d s u rfac e o f t h e l i m e
ston e rock to p rod u c e o u tl i n e s o f t h e fig u res d ep i ct ed .

T h e Ma l a na u s wh o l i v e i n t h e la rg e l i m e ston e
,

cav es d u ri ng t h e t i m e o f h a rv e st i ng t h e ed i bl e n e sts
o f t h e s wi ft so m et i m e s m ak e ru d e d ra wi ngs wi t h
,

c h a rcoal on t h e walls o f t h e cav e .

234 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O er m .

o rnat e doo rs to t h e roo m s Al l t h e s e ap p l i cat i ons

.

i nvolv e t h e cov eri ng o f flat o r c u rv ed s u rfac es wi t h

att rns e i t h e r i n l o w re l i e f only o r wi t h o u t re l i e f ;
p e

and m any o f t h e d es i gns a re a pp l i e d i n all t h e s e

d i ffe re n t ways and all o f t h em tog e t h e r fo rm a nat u ral
,

g ro u p B e s i d e s t h e s e s u rfac e d e s i gns a cons i d e r

.
,

abl e va ri e ty o f d e s i gns i s u s ed i n g i v i ng d eco rat i v e

fo rm to sol i d obj e cts s u c h as t h e h andl e s o f s wo rds
and p addl e s t h e e nds o f m a i n roo f b ea m s i n t h e
,
-

h o u s e s p osts u s ed i n va ri o u s ri t es and i n t h e con

,

st ru ct i on o f to m bs t h e fi g u re h e ads o f wa r boats
,
- -
.

T h e s e wi t h t h e e xc ep t i on o f t h os e u s e d i n ca rv i ng
,

t h e s wo rd h andl e s wh i c h a re h i g h ly p e c u l i a r fo rm
, ,

anot h e r g ro u p o f relat i v e s T h e d e s i gns c h as e d

.

on t h e blad e s o f t h e s wo rds const i t u t e a fo u rt h

u
p
nat u ral g ro u p d i st i nct fro m t h e ot h er t wo g ro u p s .

A fi ft h s m al l g ro u p o f d e s i gns i s ca rv e d i n t h e fo rm
o f fre t wo rk We p ro pos e to say a fe w wo rds abo u t
.

t h e d e s i gns o f e ac h o f t h e s e fi v e g ro u p s .

I ) T h e d e s i gns o f t h e fi rst g ro u p a re t h e m ost

(
n u m e ro u s and m ost wi d ely ap p l i ed A la rg e p ro .

p o r t i on o f t h e m obv i o u sly a re conv e nt i onal i s e d

d eri vat i v e s fro m an i m al fo rm s O f t h e s e an i m al
.

fo rm s t h e h u m an fig u re t h e dog and t h e p ra wn
, ,

h av e b e e n t h e o ri g i nals o f t h e la rg e st n u m b e r o f
att e rns ; t h e m acaq u e m onk e y and t h e la rg e l i za rd
p
( V a m nu s
) a re also t rac e abl e S o m e. d e s i gn s
vag u ely s u gg e st a d e ri vat i on fro m so m e an i m al
fo rm b u t cannot confid e ntly b e ass i gn e d to any o ne
,

o r1 1 n.
g
A fe w s ee m e d to b e d e ri v e d fro m v eg e tabl e
fo rm s ; wh i l e so m e fe w fo r e xa m p l e, t h e h ook
att e rn s ee m to b e d e ri v e d fro m no an i m al r
p , o

v eg e tabl e fo rm T h e h ook p att e rn s e em s to b e

.
-

sy m bol i cal o f conj u nct i on and acq u i s i t i on i n va ri o u s

s p h ere s .

O f all t h e d e s i gns t h e d e ri vat i v es fro m o r va ri ants

o f t h e do g a re t h e m ost n u m ero u s and t h e m ost
P L AT E 1 26
. A K E N Y AH P AT T E R N CA RV E D ON A B AM B OO T OB A CC O
BOX .
23 6 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C HAP .

ot h er nat u ral fo rm s P robably a few wh o h av e

.

s p e c i ally i nt erest e d t h e m s elv es i n t h e d e s i gns h av e

t rac e d o u t t h ei r con n ect i ons p re tty fu lly b u t t h i s I s ,

c erta i nly q u i t e e xc ep t i onal Most o f t h e c ra fts m e n

.

s i m p ly co p y t h e c u rre nt fo rm s i nt rod u c i ng p erh ap s

,

no w and t h e n an add i t i onal sc roll o r so m e ot h e r ,

S l i g h t m od i ficat i on .

So m e m e n a re we ll kno wn as ex p e rts i n t h e
r od u ct i on o f d e s i gns and s u c h a m a n can p rod u c e
p ,

a wond erfu l va ri e ty all o r m ost b ei ng we ll kno wn

,
-

conv en t i on s T h ei r m od e o f wo rk i ng fre q u e ntly

.

i m p l i es t h at t h e a rt i st i s wo rk i ng to a p att e rn ,

m e ntally fix e d and cl ea rly v i s u al i s e d rat h e r t h an ,

wo rk i ng o u t any new d es i gn F o r h e wi ll wo rk
.

fi rst on o ne p a rt o f t h e s u rfac e t h e n on anot h e r , ,

r od u c i ng d i sconn e ct e d frag m e nts o f t h e p att e rn

p ,

and u n i t i ng t h em lat e r Alt h o u g h t h e wo m e n u s e

.

t h e s e p att e rn s i n b ead wo rk and i n tat u i ng t h ey ,

rely i n t h e m a i n on t h e m en fo r t h e p a tt e rn s wh i c h
t h e y C o p y ; t h es e b e i ng d ra wn on wood o r clot h
fo r b ead wo rk o r ca rv e d i n l o w re l i e f fo r tat u i ng
, .

A K ayan e x p e rt m a y ca rry i n m i nd a g re at va ri e ty
o f d e s i gns . O ne s u c h e x p e rt p rod u c e d fo r o u r
b e n e fit d u ri ng a t e n days h alt o f an ex p e d i t i on
,
’

fo rty o ne p att e rn s dra wn wi t h p e nc i l on p ap er ;

-
,

m ost o f t h es e a re o f cons i d erabl e co m p l e x i ty and

e labo rat i on .

2 ) T h e d e s i gns ca rv e d i n t h e sol i d o r i n h i g h
(
re l i e f a re fo r t h e m ost p a rt conv e nt i onal i s e d co p i e s
o f h u m an and an i m al fo rm s ; b u t t h e c o nv e nt i o na l i s i

i ng i s not ca rri e d so fa r as i n t h os e o f t h e fi rst class ,

so t h at t h e ca rv i ng g e n erally const i t u t e s an u n
m i stakabl e rep re s e ntat i on o f t h e o ri g i nal T he
p osts s et u
p as alta rs to t h e gods a re g e n e rally
ca rv ed i n t h e h u m an fo rm and t h e d e g ree o f ,

e labo rat i on va ri e s wi d e ly fro m t h e ru d e st oss i bl e

p
i nd i cat i on o f t h e h e ad and l i m bs to a co m p l et e
rep re s e ntat i on o f all t h e p a rts B u t i n n o cas e
. .
 23 8 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O cm .

fi a l em éa ni ca ) and , t h at t h e only tools u s e d a re t h e

a x e s wo rd and kn i fe
, ,
T h e an i m als m ost fre q u e ntly
.

re p re s e nt e d a re t h e dog c rocod i l e m onk e y h o rn

, , ,

b i ll an d b e a r ( P l s 1 2 2 1 2 5 F i gs 4 5 4 6 54
,
.
, , .
, ,

Ca rv e d dogs co mp a rat i v e ly l i ttl e conv e nt i onal i s ed

, ,

a re so m e t i m e s u s e d as t h e s u pp o rts o f l o w lat
p
fo rm s u p on wh i ch t h e c h i e fs m a y S i t on c ere m on i o u s
occas i ons .

3) T h e h andl e s o f t h e s w o rds g e,n e r ally o f d e e r s ’

antl ers b u t so m e t i m e s o f wood ex h i b i t a g ro u p

, ,

o f h i g h ly p e c u l i a r clos e ly all i e d d e s i gns Al l t h es e.

s ee m to b e d e ri v ed fro m t h e h u m an fo rm alt h o u g h ,

i n m any cas e s t h i s can only b e t rac e d i n t h e

l i g h t o f fo rm s i nt erm e d i at e b e t wee n t h e l ess and
t h e m o re h i g h ly conv e n t i onal i s e d
( P l s 1 29 .
,

I n e xa m p l es i n wh i ch t h e h u m an fo rm i s m ost
obv i o u s i t h a s t h e follo wi ng p os i t i on and c h a ract er
,

T h e b u tt e nd o f t h e blad e i s s u n k i n a p i e c e
( abo u t s ix i nc h e s i n l e ngt h
) o f t h e m a i n S h a ft o f

t h e an tl e r at i t s d i stal o r u p p e r e nd T h is p i ece
.

const i t u t e s t h e g ri p o f t h e h andl e o r h i lt T h e .

rox i m al o r lo we st p o i nt o f t h e antl e r roj ct i ng

p p e

at an angl e o f so m e 7 0 fro m t h e g ri p i s c u t do wn
°

to a l e ngt h o f so m e fo u r i nc h es fo rm i ng a s p u r ,

stand i ng i n t h e p lan e o f t h e blad e and to wa rds

i t s c u tt i ng e dg e T h e g ri p i s las h e d wi t h fi ne
.

st ri p s o f rattan T h e s p u r and t h e t h i ck e nd i n
.

whi c h t h e s p u r and t h e g ri p u n i t e a re e labo rat e ly

ca rv e d . I f t h e s wo rd i s h e ld h o ri zontally i t s ,

o i nt d i re ct e d fo rwa rds and i t s c u tt i ng edg e u w a ds

p p r ,

t h e b u tt e nd i s p re s e nt e d wi t h t h e s u r v e rt i cally
p
b efo re t h e fac e o f t h e obs e rv er I t wi ll t h e n b e
.

s e en t h at t h e s u rfac e t u rn e d to t h e obs erv e r p res ents

t h e p ri nc i p al fe at u re s o f t h e h u m an fig u re stand ,

i ng wi t h a rm s ak i m bo fac e to fac e wi t h t h e o b
s erv er T h e ke y to t h e p u zzl e i s t h e do u bl e ro w
.

o f t e et h .Abov e t h i s a re t h e t wo e y e s B e lo w t h e
.

l ev e l o f t h e m o u t h t h e e lbo ws p roj ect lat e rally and ,

 P L AT E 1 2 8. C H A R C OA L D R AW I N G S
h e fi rs t dep l c t s wo m e n a t wo rk on p a dz m o rt a rs t h nd h
e s ec o t e fee di ng of pl g s a nd

fo wl s t h e t l u rd t h e l a ym g of a c o rp s e I n th e to m b
2 40 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

s wo rd h i lts all obv i o u s t rac e o f t h e h u m an fig u re i s

lost i n a p ro fu s i on o f d eta i l wh i ch h o we v er i s o f , , ,

t h e sa m e g e n e ral c h a ract er as t h at o f t h e e xa m p l e s
d esc ri b ed abov e and s e e m s to cons i st o f t h e va ri o u s
,

fe at u re s o f t h e h u m an and an i m al p att ern co m b i n ed

i n wi ld p ro fu s i on wi t h rega rd only to d e co rat i v e
e ffe ct and not at all to t h e rep rod u ct i on o f t h e
,

a re nt fo rm s
p .

W i t h t h e d eco rat i v e d es i gns o f t h e h i lt o f t h e

s wo rd m u st b e class e d t h os e o f i t s S h eat h T h e .

S h e at h cons i sts o f t wo sl i p s o f t ap cm
g wood fi r m ly
las h ed tog e t h e r wi th fin e ly p la i t ed rattan st ri p s ,

bot h st ri p s b ei ng h ollo we d so t h at t h e y fit clos e ly to

t h e blad e I t i s p rov i d ed wi t h a p la i t ed co rd
.
,

wh i c h b u ckl es abo u t t h e wa i st T h e i n n e r p i ec e
.

o f t h e s h e at h 1 S s m oot h i ns i d e and o u t T h e o u t er .

s u rfac e o f t h e o u t er p i e c e i s o ft e n elabo rat e ly

d e co rat ed T h e d e co rat i on cons i sts i n t h e m a i n
.

o f d e s i gns ca rv e d 1 n re l i e f and t h es e a re co m p os e d
,

o f t h e sa m e e l e m e nts as t h e d e s i g n u p on t h e s wo rd

h i lt na m e ly h ooks s i ngl e and i nt e rlock i n g e lbo ws

, , , , ,

t ee t h e t c all wov en abo u t wi t h a sc roll d es i g n o f

, .
,

rel i e v e d l i n e s .

(4 ) T h e d e s i gns r e
p rod u c e d i n fre t wo rk a re i n
t h e m a i n ada p tat i ons o f so m e o f t h os e u s e d i n
d e co rat i ng s u rfac e s e s p ec i ally o f t h e dog p att ern ;
,

b u t t h e y a re al ways conv e nt i onal i s e d i n a h i g h

d eg re e ( s ee P l T h e h ook p att e rn i s fre
.

q u e ntly i nt rod u c e d to fill u p odd co rn ers T h e .

h u m an fo rm i s s e ldo m o r n ev e r t rac eabl e i n wo rk

o f t h i s k i nd F re t wo rk i s c hi e fly u s e d to ado rn t h e
.

to m bs o f c h i e fs .

( 5) T h e d e s i gn s c h as e d on t h e s u rfac e s o f t h e

blad e s o f s wo rds and kn i v e s and s p ea r h eads fo rm -

a d i st i nct i v e g ro u p T h e y a re flo wi ng sc roll p att e rn s

.

conta i n i ng m any s p i ral and S s h ap ed c u rv e s i n -

wh i c h no an i m al o r p lant fo rm s can b e c e rta i nly

t rac ed t h o u g h s u gg e st i ons o f t h e éa l cmg
, may
x 11 D E CO R AT I V E A R T 24 1

be fo und T h e lack o f a ffin i ty b e t wee n t h e s e

.

p att e rn s and t h os e a pp l i e d to ot h e r s u rfac e s s u g g e sts

t h at t h e y m a y h av e b e e n tak e n ov e r fro m so m e
ot h er p e op l e to g et h er wi t h t h e c ra ft o f t h e s m i t h ;
b u t p oss i bly t h e d i st i nct i v e c h a ract e r i s du e on ly
to t h e e x i g e nc i e s o f t h e m at eri al S o m e o f t h e .

d e s i gns p a i nt ed on h ats and S h i e lds e x h i b i t p erh a p s

so m e a ffin i ty wi t h t h e s e T h i s wo rk i s al m ost
.

confin e d to t h e K ayans .

I t i s wo rt h y o f re m a rk t h at t h e a rt wo rk o f t h e
K ayan s i s i n t h e m a i n o f a p u bl i c c h a ract er ; fo r
e xa m l e
p t h e d e co rat i v e ca rv i ng abo u t t h e h o u s e
,

i s don e by vol u nta ry and co o p e rat i v e e ffo rt i n t h e

-

p u bl i c gall e ry an d h a rdly at all i n t h e

p ri vat e

roo m s ; and o rna m e nt e d h ats and s h i e lds a re h u ng

i n t h e gall ery rat h e r t h an i n t h e p ri vat e roo m s ;
aga i n t h e wa r boats wh i c h a re t h e co m m on p ro p e rty
,
-
,

o f t h e h o u s e h old a re d e co rat e d m o re e labo rat e ly

,
,

t h an t h os e wh i c h a re p ri vat e p ro p erty .

Al l t h e s e fo rm s o f a rt wo rk a re t h e p rod u cts o f
d i st i nctly a m at eu r e ffo rt ; t h at i s to say t h at alt h o u g h ,

c e rta i n i nd i v i d u als atta i n s p e c i al sk i ll and rep u tat i on

i n p a rt i c u la r fo rm s o f a rt t h e y do not m ak e t h e i r
,

l i v i ng by t h e p ract i c e o f t h e m b u t rat h e r l i k e e v e ry
, ,

o ne e ls e re ly i n t h e m a i n u on t h e c u lt i vat i on o f
, p
2 22222 fo r t h e fa m i ly s u
pp o rt ; t h e y w i ll e xc h ang e

s erv i c e s o f t h i s k i nd and d e fin i t e p ay m e nts a re

,

so m et i m e s ag re e d u p on bu t a la rg e a m o u nt o f s u c h
,

wo rk i s don e fo r o ne anot h e r wi t h o u t any m at e ri al

rewa rd .

T HE K E N YAH S K L E MAN T AN S
, , AN D I B AN S
T h e K e nya h s m ak e u s e o f all o r m ost o f t h e , ,

p att e rn s fo u nd a m ong t h e K ayans and t h e re ,

i s

l i ttl e o r not h i ng t h at d i st i ng u i s h e s t h e d e co rat i v e

a rt o f t h e o ne t ri b e fro m t h at o f t h e ot h e r T h ey .

u se the att rns bas e d on t h e m onk e y rat h e r mo re

p e

VOL . 1 R
24 2 P AGAN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
t h an t h e Kayans and a d e co rat i on co m m only fo u nd
i n t h e i r h o u s e s i s a fri e z e ru n n i ng along t h e t o p
o f t h e m a i n p a rt i t i on wall o f t h e h o u s e b ea ri ng ,

i n l o w re l i e f an an i m al d e s i gn p a i nt e d i n re d and
,

black wh i c h i s call e d B er/2 S u ng ez (2 6 wat er S p i ri t )

,
. .

o r N aga T h e latt e r na m e i s kno wn to all t h e

.

t ri b e s and i s p robably o f fo re i gn o ri g i n ; and i t

,

s ee m s p oss i bl e t h at t h e d e s i gn and t h i s n a m e a re
d eri v e d fro m t h e d ragon fo rm s so co m m only u s ed
i n C h i n e s e d e co rat i v e a rt .

T h e va ri o u s K l e m a nt a n t ri b e s m ak e u s e o f
m any d e co rat i v e d e s i gns v e ry s i m i la r to t h os e o f
t h e K ayan s D i ffe re nt an i m al fo rm s p redo m i nan t
.

a m ong t h e d i ffere nt t ri b es e g a m ong t h e L ong

, . .

FIG .
58 . FIG .
59 . F I G 60
. .

P oku ns t h e fo rm o f t h e g i bbon and o f t h e sac re d a p e

em i nop z téecu s H as ei
( ) h i i h
'

S a re c e fly u s e d n o u se

d e co rat i on Am ong t h e S eb o p s and B a ra wa ns t h e

.

h u m an fig u re p redo m i nat e s ; t h e Ma l a na u s m ak e
e s p e c i ally e labo rat e c rocod i l e i m ag e s i n sol i d wood .

T h e to m bs o f so m e o f t h e K l e m a nt a ns a re v e ry
m ass i v e and e labo rat e ly d eco rat ed T h e T a nj on s
g .

and K a no wi t s and K a l a bi t s wh o e xc e l i n bask e t

,

wo rk i nt rod u c e a va ri e ty o f p att e rns i n black re d

, , ,

and wh i t e T h e m aj o ri ty o f t h e s e a re S i m p l e
.

g e o m e t ri cal d e s i gns wh i c h a ri s e nat u rally o u t o f t h e

nat u re o f t h e m at e ri al ; o f m o re e labo rat e d e s i gns
s p ec i ally co m m on a re t h e h ook -p att e rn ( F i g .

t h e p i g e on s e ye ( F i g and t h e cat e rp i lla r

’
.

( g
F i .

I n we alt h o f d eco rat i v e d es i gns t h e I ba ns

x 11 D E CO R AT I V E A R T 24 3

s u rp ass all t h e ot h e r t ri b e s T h e s e d e s i gn s a re
.

d i s p lay ed m ost ab u ndantly i n t h e d e co rat i on o f

ba m boo s u rfac e s and i n t h e dy ei ng o f clot h s T h e
.

F I G. 61 .

d e s i gn s on ba m boo s u rfac e s a re la rg ely fol i at e

sc rolls e s p ec i ally t h e ya m l ea f b u t also occas i onally
,
-
,

a ni m a l d e ri vat i v e s
.

T h e d e s i gns dy e d u p o n t h e clot h s ( F i g 61 )
.
2 44 PAG AN T R I B E S 0 F B O R N E O 02 1 2 .

a re la rg e ly an i m al d eri vat i v e s ; b u t t h e a rt i sts

t h e m s e lv e s s eldo m a re a wa re o f t h e d eri vat i on ,

e v e n wh e n t h e p att e rn b e a rs t h e na m e o f i t s an i m al

o ri g i n and as to t h e na m e s o f all e xc ep t t h e m ost

,

obv i o u s an i m al d e ri vat i v es e v e n e xp erts wi ll d iffe r

, .

T h e frog t h e yo u ng b i rd t h e h u m an fo rm and t h e
, , ,

l i za rd a re t h e o ri g i nals m ost freq u e n tly cla i m ed .

P a rts o f t h e an i m al s u c h as t h e h ead o r eye a re

, ,

co mm only rep eat e d i n s eri al fas h i on d e tac h e d fro m

t h e re st o f i t s fo rm And i n m any cas e s i t i s o f
.
,

co u rs e i m p oss i bl e to i d e nt i fy t h e p a rts o f t h e p att e rn

, ,

alt h o u g h i t m a y s h o w a g e n e ral a ffin i ty wi t h u n

m i stakabl e an i m al p att e rns O ne s u c h p att ern v e ry
.

co m m only u s ed i n dy e i ng i s n a m e d a ft e r Ag z é22/2222
’

t h e la rg e s h re w ( Gym nu m ) b u t we h av e not b ee n
abl e to t rac e t h e sl i g h t e st re s e m blanc e to t h e
an i m al i n any o f t h e va ri o u s exa m p l e s we h av e
s ee n ( P l s 1 3 1.
,

We a re i ncl i n e d to s u p p os e t h at t h e I ban s h av e
cop i e d m any o f t h e i r clot h p att e rn s fro m t h e M alays
-

tog e t h er wi t h t h e c ra fts o f dy e i ng and we av i ng .

F o r t h e i r t e c h n i q u e i s S i m i la r to t h at o f t h e M alays
all ov e r t h e p e n i ns u la and t h e sa m e i s t ru e o f so m e
,

o f t h e i r d e s i gns O nly i n t h i s wa y we t h i nk can

.
, ,

we acco u nt fo r t h e i r p oss ess i on o f t h e s e c ra fts ,

wh i c h a re p ract i s e d by b u t v e ry fe w o f t h e ot h e r
i nland p e o p l e s . T h e fact t h at p lant d eri vat i v e s
p re do m i nat e g re atly ov e r an i m als i n t h e i r d e s i gns ,

wh e re as t h e re v e rs e i s t ru e o f al m ost all ot h e r
t ri b e s b e a rs o u t t h i s s u p p OS I t 1o n fo r t h e M alays
, ,

a re fo rb i dd e n by t h e i r re l i g i on to re re s e nt an i m al
p
fo rm s and m ak e u s e la rg e ly o f p lan t fo rm s
, .

T AT U
Tat u i ng i s e xt en s i v e ly p ract i s e d a m ong t h e
t ri b e s o f Bo rn e o A g re at va ri e ty o f p att e rn s a re
.

u s e d and t h e y a re a l i e d to m any d i ffe re nt a rts o f

, pp p
 P L AT E 1 3 0 . OLD B E AD S W ORN BY K AYAN S

L UK UT V l u f r m r ly n h l th y du l t m l l v
S E K AL A .
— a e o e o e ea a a e s a
‘

pr nt v l u fr m £ t £ 5
es e a e, o 1 0 o 1 .

B . L AB AN G P AG A NG V l u 5 t 5 U d h i fly t m r ri g .
-
a e 5 . o 1 5 . se c e a a a e

r m ny K y n v l u n b r w r n g ng
ce e o . a a a e I a ss a e, o e o .

C V u r in br w r m ll t w k
‘

.
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D K E L AM W TH V l u 5 t 3 r i n br w r 2t w k
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w h i h m ur fr m th b
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es o e ase o e oss o e o e e

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a s a e ee e s e a e so c

u d i n m rri g r m ny
se a a e ce e o .

E . K E L AM B U A N G V l u b t mu h u ght ft r nd w r n
—
a e a ou I c so a e a o

n og ir dl b y K y n g ir l T h b r b d
a e a a s . e ea ea .

F . K E L AM B U AN G B U T T E L AWA T h n m m n th b r IT .
-
e a e ea s e ea

b d wi th pi d r b lly V l u b u t 5
ea s e
’
s e . a e a o I 5 .

G . K AJ A O B I N G V l u 5 t 5 .
—
a e 1 s . o 2 5 .

H . K E LAM S O N G V l u fr m £4 t £6 r n du l t f m l l v —
a e o o o o e a e a e S a e.

1 .
'

K E L A M ; K ny h V l u b u t 5
.
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e a . a e a o 1 5 .

LU K UT K ny h V l u b u t
.
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e r g ng ; v l u b dt
a . a e a o o a o a e a o

fi ft n i ng n f gj r b ut 7 b u h l
’
'

t n t e o ee a s o a a z, o a o s e s .

LU K U MU KT A b d u d b y th R I M uri k t ri b
.
—
V lu ea se e e . a e

b ut a o 1 05 .

L . I N O K AL A B I T A K l bit n kl V l u b u t £5 ; 11 an
.
—
a a ec a c e. a e a o (

du l t b u ff l
a a o .

M . A i ng l b l u b d fr m th n k l
s e e
“ L ea o e ec a ce .

y ll w b d i n th n k l
T he e r kn wno L AB AN G nd t h
ea s e ec a ce a e o as , a e

bl u n B U N A U T h b d i n th n k l
e o es a s r l l v ry l d n . e ea s e ec a ce a e a e o o es .

Th b d A t H r h i fly th u gh n t x l u i v ly f u nd m ng
e ea s o a e c e ,
o o e c s e ,
o a o

K y n I nd J m ng K ny h K m ng M ri k ( K l m nt n )
a a s a a o e a s a o u s e a a s

and th n k l L m ng K l b i t ( M uru t )
e ec a ce a o a a s .
P L AT E 1 30 OL D B E AD S WO RN BY Y AN S
KA
240 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B 0 R NE 0 0 221 2 .

Ma l a na u .

M i ri .

Da li .

N a ro m .

S i g a l a ng

T u to ng
Si du an
.
} ( d o wn ri v er t
-
ri b e s o f U k i t s to c k ) .

Ba lait .

B ek i a u (tra ces o f a fo rm er p ra c t i ce o f t a t u
o c ca s i o na lly fo u nd ) .

B i s a ya .

K a d a y a ns .

T h e p a t t erns o nce e m p l o y ed by t h e t ri b es i nc l u d ed i n
t h e s eco nd s ect i o n o f t h i s l i s t m o s t o f wh i ch h a ve a d o p t e d ,

Ma l a y d ress a nd t o s o m e ex tent Ma l a y c u s to m s a re l o s t ,

b eyo nd reca ll T h e L a nd D a y a k s d i s p l a y a b s o l u t e
.

i g no ra nc e o f t a t u a nd a ver t h a t t h ey never i nd u l ged i n

,

t h e p ra c t i c e Ma l o h a nd P u na n m en o rna m ented wi th
.

K a y a n t a tu des I g ns we h a ve o ften enco u nt ered ; b u t th ey

h a ve no d es i g ns o f t h ei r o wn a nd a t t a c h no s p ec i a l ,

s i g ni fi c a nc e t o t h ei r b o rro we d d es i g ns
1
.

We m a y no te h ere t h a t t h e o rna m ent a t i o n o f t h e b o dy

b y m ea ns o f ra i s ed s ca rs a nd k el o i d s i s no t k no wn i n
B o rneo B o th m en a nd wo m en o f s evera l t ri b es wi ll tes t
.

t h ei r b ra very a nd i nd i fference t o p a i n by s et t i ng fi re t o a
ro w o f s m a ll p i ec es o f t i nd er p l a ce d a l o ng th e fo rea rm a nd ,

t h e s c a rs ca u s ed by t h es e b u rns a re o ften p erm a nent b u t ,

s h o u ld no t b e m i s t a k e n fo r d eco ra t i ve d es i g ns C a rl B o c k .

P 1 fi g s o m e P u na n wo m en wi t h o ws o f
( 2 ,
. u res r
k el o i d s o n th e fo rea rm s b u t s ta tes ( p 7 1 ) th a t th es e a re , .

du e t o a fo rm o f va c c i na t i o n p ra ct i s ed by t h es e p eo p l e .

T h e K a y a ns a re wi t h o ne o r t wo ex cep t i o ns t h e m o s t
, ,

t a t u ed ra ce i n B o rneo a nd p erh a p s t h e b es t t a t u ed fro m a n

,

a rt i s t i c p o i nt o f Vi ew t h e d es i g ns u sed i n th e t a t u o f t h e
m en h a ve b een wi d ely i m i t a t ed a nd m u ch cerem o ni a l i s ,

c o nnec t ed wi t h t h e t a t u o f t h e wo m en a n a cc o u nt o f wh i c h ,

we g i ve b el o w G enera lly s p ea k i ng t h e t ru e K l em a nt a n
.
,

d es i g ns a re q u i te S i m p l e a nd i t i s no tewo rth y th a t ,

a l t h o u g h t h e K e ny a h t ri b es m o s t nea rly a k i n t o K a y a ns h a v e

1
Ni eu wenh u i s th t m n i n th ur f th ir tr v l
l
a so no t es ( 9, p .
4 51 ) a e e co se o e a e s
am ng t th r t ri b
o sp r m i t th m l v t b t tu d wi th th p tt rn i n v gu
o e es e e se es o e a e e a e s o e
wi th th ir h t e o s s.

Th
‘
1
fi gur r f r t th b i bl i gr phy pri nt d t th nd f th i h pt r
ese es e e -o e o a e a e e o s c a e ,

vol i p 8
. .
, . 2 0.
P L AT E 1 3 1 . B L AN K E T ( P U A ) W OV E N B Y I B AN W OMAN
248 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O ca n »
.

t
s op ; t h a t i s wh y t h e c o u ca bl a c k h ea d
l to t h i s da y h a s a

a nd nec k wi th at a n co l o u red b o dy N i eu wenh u i s

-
.

[9 p 4 5 ] 6 r e l a t e s s u b s t a nt i a lly t h e s a m e s t o ry t h e c ro w
:
, .
,

( C o m m m a n or/2 7 22 223 )225 h o w e v e r b e i n

2 g s u b s t i t u te d fo r t h e
, ,

c o u ca l a nd t h e i nc i d ent o f t h e bo wl o f 5 22222 2 t a n o m i t t ed 2 .

A m o ng K a ya ns i s o l a t ed d es i g ns a re fo u nd o n th e
fo ll o wi ng p a rt s o f t h e b o d i es o f t h e m en T h e o u ts i d e —

o f t h e wri s t t h e flex o r s u rfa ce o f t h e fo rea rm h i g h u p

, ,

o n t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e th i g h o n t h e b rea s t s a nd o n t h e ,

o i nt o f t h e s h o u ld ers a nd a s a l rea dy s t a ted i n t h e c a s e

p s , , ,

o f wa rri o rs o n t h e b a c k s o f t h e h a nd s a nd fi ng ers Bu t .

no t a l l t h e m en a re t a t u e d o n a l l t h es e p a rts o f th e b o dy .

T h e d es i g n t a t u ed o n t h e wri s t ( P l 1 3 9 F i g s 8 1 0 ) i s .
, .
-

t erm ed 12212222 t h e na m e o f a n a nt i q u e b ea d m u ch va l u e d
,

by K a ya ns ; t h e S i g ni fi ca nce o f th i s d es i g n i s o f s o m e
i nt eres t W h en a m a n i s i l l i t i s s u pp o s ed th a t h i s so u l
.
,

h a s es ca p ed fro m h i s b o dy ; a nd wh en h e recovers i t i s
su o s ed t h a t h i s s o u l h a s ret u rned t o h i m ; t o r v e n t
pp p e

i t s d ep a rt u re o n s o m e fu t u re o c ca s i o n t h e m a n wi ll ti e i t
i n b y fa s t eni ng ro u nd h i s wri s t a p i ec e o f s t ri ng o n wh i ch
i s t h rea d ed a 12213222 o r a nt i q u e b ea d s o m e m a g i c a p p a rent ly
1
2
,

b ei ng c o ns i d ered to res i d e i n t h e b ea d H o wever t h e .

,

s t ri ng ca n g et b ro k en a nd t h e b ea d l o s t wh erefo re i t s ee m s ,

s a fer t o t a t u a rep res ent a t i o n o f t h e b ea d o n t h e a rt o f th e

p
wri s t wh i ch i t wo u ld co ver i f a c tu a lly wo rn I t i s o f .

i nt eres t a l s o t o no te t h a t t h e 12222 2 fro m h a vi ng b een a ,

c h a rm t o p revent t h e s eco nd es c a p e o f t h e s o u l h a s co m e ,

t o b e reg a rd e d a s a ch a rm t o wa rd o ff a l l d i s ea s e a nd t h e
S a me a
pp l i es t o i t s t a t u e d r e p r e s e nt a t i o n .

A d e s i g n j u s t b el o w t h e b i cep s o f a P u na n t a t u ed i n t h e
K a y a n m a nner i s s h o wn o n P l 1 4 2 F i g 1 0 a nd we .
, .
,

were i nfo rm ed by t h e P u na n t h a t t h i s a l so wa s a an
e x cell ent e x a m l e o f t h e i nd i ffere nc e i d t t h i n i
p p a o e s
g
fi ca nce o f d es i g n by p eo p l e wi t h wh o m s u ch d es i g n i s no t
i nd i g eno u s .

O n t h e fo rea rm a nd th i g h t h e u dok 225 22 o r do g p a t tern

i s t a t u ed a nd fo u r t y p i ca l ex a m p l es a re S h o wn o n P l
, .

1 3 6 F i gs 1 2 5 6
, .
, N i eu wenh u i s h a s fi g u red a s eri es o f
, , .

t h es e d es i g ns [ 9 PI S h o wi ng a t ra ns i t i o n fro m a
, .

1
Th S e D y k
ea ft n m p l y f
a a th
s o m r
e e n rp l b n f th
o or e sa e ea s o a ca a o e o e
m u o d r T g l )
s e- ee ra u u s .

2
S ee l H dd n (4 F i g
a so a o nd N i w nh i ( 8 P I
,
. XXV nd a eu e u s , S. . a
th d ign fi gur d i n th l tt r w r k
e es s e n t v ry y te a e o a re o e eas o

i nt rpr t th l w r f th t w r tt fi gur l k
e e , e o e o e if it w
o d ri v d fr m
o se e es oo s as as e e o
f ur h d
o ea f d g fu d t g th r
s o o s S se l L i ng R th ( 7 p 8
o e e . ee a s o o , .
P L AT E 1 3 2. B L AN KE T (P U A) W OV E N B Y I B AN W O MAN
2 50 P A G A N T R I B E S O F B O RN E O C HAP .

p ro b a bl e d eri ved fro m t h e eye i n t h e

t h a t t h e ro s et t e i s
do g p a t t ern a nd i t i s co ns eq u ent ly o f s o m e i nt eres t t o fi nd
,

t h a t t h e na m e no w g i ven t o t h e ro s et t e p a t t ern i s t h a t o f
t h e fru i t o f a p l a nt wh i c h wa s i nt ro d u ce d i nt o B o rneo
c ert a i nly wi t h i n t h e l a s t fi fty o r S i x t y y ea rs T h e p l a nt i s .

[ 12222222222 202 22222 1 222 o ne o f t h e E u p h o rb i a cea e a nd i t i s

9
2 2 , ,

c u l t i va t e d a s a v e g et a bl e ; i t s K a y a n na m e i s 2
7 21222 2 W e .

h a v e h ere a g o o d e x a m p l e o f t h e g ra d u a l d eg ra d a t i o n o f a
d es i g n l ea d i ng t o a l o s s o f i ts o ri g i na l s i g ni fi ca nce a nd even
o f i t s na m e a no th er na m e wh i c h o ri g i na t e d p ro b a b ly fro m
, ,

so me fa nc i ed rese m bl a nc e b et ween p a tt ern a nd o bj ec t ,

b ei ng a p p l i ed a t a s u b s eq u ent d a te [222 012222 2e o p en .

, . .
,

fru i t o f a s p ec i e s o f M a ng zf em i s a no t h er na m e o c ca s i o n
'

a lly a p l i ed t o t h e ro s et t e p a t t ern b u t 22122222 i s i n m o re

p 7 ,

F I G 63 . . F I G 64. .

Pl Pl
;Pl
enera c f.
( F ig 4, Fig 7, a nd Pl
gg
u se . 1 40 , . . 14 1, . . 1 4 2,
1 .
9
On F i g 1 , i s s h o wn a h a nd t a t u ed i n t h e
. 141 , .

K a y a n m a nner ; t h e fi g u res o n t h e p h a l a ng es a re k no wn
a s t eg u h m } re res ent a t i o ns o f h u m a n fi g u res o r a s 5 2 l ong ,
p
fa c es , a nd t h ey a re evi d ent ly a nt h ro p o m o r h i c d eri va t i ves
p .

T h e t ri a ng l es o n t h e ca rp a l k nu c k l es a re t erm ed 5 022
g
m b o o , a nd t h e z i g z a g l i nes a re
'

z ra n , S h o o t s o f b
g a -

l i nes .

1
i t d y w h n g r t K y n K l m nt n h i f bui l t n w
In a nc en a s e a ea a a or e a a c e a e
h u th fi r t p t f i t w d riv n thr u gh th b dy f l v ; th i ri fi
o s e, e s os o as e o e o o a s a e s sa c ce
to a t u t l ry d i t y i n l ng r ff r d bu t hu m n fi gur i fr q u nt ly rv d
e a e s o o e o e e , a a e s e e ca e
o n th p t f e h u nd m y b r l i f th l d u t m ; th fi gur i
os o a o se a a e a e c o e o c s o e e s
ca ll d t g l n S D y k nthr p m rph
e e a a . t rm d m g k m b nd
ea a a a o o o s a re e e ra a a
a
pp r i n l th
ea nd b d w r k d i gn
c o l
s a n r v i ng n b u nd
eary m r k -
o es s , a so I ca s o o a a s,
W it h d t r b k t
’
c -
oc o t s as e s , e c.
P L AT E 1 33 . T AT U P AT T E RNS ON T H I G HS OF K AYAN W OM E N
2 52 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
a cco r d i ng t o N i eu wenh u i s ( 9 p ,
a wo m a n c a nno t b e
.

t a t u ed d u ri ng s ee d t i m e no r i f a d ea d p ers o n i s ly i ng
u nb u ri ed i n t h e h o u s e s i nc e i t i s [
,
2212 t o l et bl o o d a t s u c h

t i m es ; b a d d rea m s s u c h a s a d rea m o f fl o o d s fo ret ell i ng

, ,

m u ch b l o o d l ett i ng wi ll a l s o i nt erru p t t h e wo rk
-
,
A t a t u ed .

wo m a n m a y no t ea t t h e fl es h o f t h e m o ni t o r l i z a rd
17 2 2 222225 f h s c a ly m a ni s (M 2 2 2 n d
( 2
) o r o t e 5 a

h er h u s b a nd a l s o i s i nc l u d ed i n t h e t a b u u nt i l t h e p a i r
h a ve a m a l e a nd a fem a l e c h i ld I f t h ey h a ve a d a u g h t e r
.

o nly t h ey m a y no t ea t t h e fl es h o f t h e m o ni t o r u nt i l t h ei r

c h i ld h a s b een t a t u ed i f t h ey h a ve a s o n o nly t h ey ca nno t

ea t t h e m o ni t o r u nt i l t h ey b eco m e g ra nd p a rent s S h o u ld .

a g i rl h a ve b ro t h ers b u t no S i s t ers so m e o f h er t a t u l i nes

, ,

m u s t no t b e j o i ned t o get h er b u t i f S h e h a s b ro t h ers a nd

,

s i s t ers o r s i s t ers o nly a l l t h e l i nes c a n b e j o i ned

, ,
.

T a t u a m o ng s t K a ya n wo m en i s u ni vers a l ; th ey b el i eve
t h a t t h e d es i g ns a c t a s t o rch es i n t h e ne x t wo rld a nd t h a t ,

wi t h o u t t h ese t o l i g h t t h em t h ey wo u ld rem a i n fo r ever i n

t o t a l d a rk nes s o ne wo m a n t o ld D r N i e u wenh u i s t h a t a ft e r.

d ea th S h e wo u ld b e reco g ni sed by t h e i m p reg na t i o n o f h e r

bo nes wi t h t h e t a t u p i g m ent T h e o p era t i o n o f t a t u i ng.

a m o ng s t K a y a ns i s p erfo rm e d by wo m en never by m en a nd , ,

i t i s a l wa y s t h e wo m en wh o a re t h e e x p ert s o n t h e s i g ni fi
c a nce a nd q u a l i t y o f t a t u d es i g ns th o u g h t h e m en a c t u a lly ,

ca rve t h e d e s i g ns o n t h e t a t u bl o c k s N i eu wenh u i s s t a t es
.

( p 5)
9, .
4 2 t h a t t h e o f fi c e o f t a t u e r i s t o a cert a i n e x t en t
h ered i t a ry a nd t h a t t h e a rt i s t s l i k e s m i th s a nd c a rvers a re
, , ,

u nd er t h e p ro t ec t i o n o f a t u te l a ry s p i ri t wh o m u s t b e r o
p,

p i t i a t e d w i t h s a c ri fi c es b e fo re ea c h o p er a t i o n A s l o n g a s
.

t h e ch i ld ren o f t h e a rt i s t a re o f t end er a g e s h e i s d eb a rred

fro m t h e p ra c t i ce o f h er p ro fes s i o n T h e g rea t er t h e
.

nu m b er o f s a cri fi ces o ffered o r i n o t h er wo rd s t h e g rea t er

, ,

th e ex p eri ence o f t h e a rt i s t t h e h i g h er i s t h e fee d em a nd ed

, .

S h e i s a l s o d eb a rred fro m ea t i ng c erta i n fo o d It is .

s u pp o s ed t h a t i f a n a rt i s t d i s reg a rd s t h e p ro h i b i t i o ns
i m p o s ed u p o n h er p ro fes s i o n th e d es i g ns t h a t s h e t a t u s
,

wi ll no t a p p ea r c l ea rly a nd S h e h erse l f m a y s i c k en a nd
,

di e .

T h e t o o l s u s e d by a t a t u a rt i s t a re s i m p l e, c o ns i s t i ng o f
1

t wo o r t h ree p ri c k ers , u l a ng o r u l a ng bra ng , a nd a n i ro n

s t ri k er, 22222222 o r
22
2 2 2,
w h i c h a r e k e
p t i n a wo o d e n c a s e ,

bu ng a n T h e p ri c k er i s a wo o d en ro d wi t h a s h o rt p o i nt ed
.

h ea d p ro j ec t i ng a t ri g h t a ng l es a t o ne end t o t h e p o i nt o f
1
Cf L n
. i g R th ( 7 p
o , .
3 4) a nd N i eu wenh u i s (9, P I .
P L AT E 1 34 . T AT U P AT T E RNS ON A K AL AB I T W O M AN .
 2 54 P AG AN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O CH AP .

p re s en t t a k es t h e fo rm o f fo u r a nt i q u e b ea d s o r o f s o m e ,

o t h er O bj ec t wo rt h a b o u t o ne d o ll a r i t i s t erm ed 1 25 22 222 222 2 2 22 ,

fo r i t i s s u p p o s ed t h a t i f i t were o m i t t e d t h e a rt i s t wo u ld g o
bl i nd a nd s o m e m i s fo rtu ne wo u ld h a p p en t o t h e p a rent s
,

a nd re l a t i o ns o f t h e g i rl u nd erg o i ng t h e O p era t i o n o f t a t u .

W h en t h e h a l f o f o ne 2202 h a s b een co m p l eted th e t a tu er 2

s t o p s a nd a s k s fo r 5 22 27222 ; t h i s i s a p res ent o f a few b ea d s ,

well t o do p eo p l e p a y i ng ei g h t y e ll o w b ea d s o f t h e va ri et y
- -

k no wn a s l a v ng va l u ed a t o ne d o ll a r a p i ece wh i l s t p o o r
a , ,

e o l e g i ve t wo b ea d s I t i s s u p p o s e d t h a t i f 5 212 71 2 2 wa
p p . s

no t p a i d t h e a rt i s t wo u ld b e wo rri ed b y th e d o g s a nd fo wl s
t h a t a l wa y s ro a m a b o u t a K a y a n h o u s e s o t h a t t h e wo rk ,

wo u ld no t b e s a t i s fa c t o ri ly d o ne ; h o wever t o m a k e a s s u r ,

a nc e d o u bly s u re a c u rt a i n i s h u ng ro u nd t h e O p era t o r a nd
,

h er s u bj ec t t o k eep o ff u nwe l c o m e i nt ru d ers A ft er 5 21271 22 .

h a s b een p a i d a c i g a rett e i s s m o k ed a nd t h en wo rk reco m ,

m ences i n ea rnes t t h ere b ei ng no fu rt h er i nt erru p t i o ns fo r

,

t h e re s t o f t h e da y e x cep t fo r t h e p u rp o se o f t a k i ng fo o d .

T h e fo o d o f t h e a rt i s t m u s t b e co o k e d a nd b ro u g h t t o h er ,

a s s h e m u s t no t s t o t o d o o t h e r w o rk t h a n t a t u i ng a nd
p ,

h er t o o l s a re o nly l a i d a s i d e fo r a few m i nu t es wh i l e s h e
c o ns u m es a h u rri e d m ea l F o wl s o r a p i g a re k i ll ed fo r t h e
.

a rt i s t by t h e p a rent s o f t h e g i rl wh o i s b ei ng t a t u ed T he .

fees p a i d t o t h e a rt i s t a re m o re o r l es s fi ed fo r t h e fo re x

a rm s a g o ng wo rt h fro m ei g h t t o t went y d o ll a rs a cc o rd i ng
, ,

t o t h e wo rk m a ns h i p re q u i re d fo r t h e t h i g h s a l a rg e 2 220 2 2 2 2 2
,

wo rt h a s m u ch a s s i t y d o ll a rs i f t h e very b es t wo rk m a n
x

s h i p i s d em a nd ed fro m S i ,
t o t went y d o ll a rs i f o nly i nferi o r
x

wo rk m a ns h i p i s req u i red F o r t a t u i ng t h e fi ng ers t h e

.
1

o p era t o r rec ei ves a 222221 22 o r s h o rt s wo rd 2 N i eu wenh u i s .

( p8
,
. 2 3 6) s t a t es t h a t i t i s s u
pp o s e d t h a t t h e a rt i s t w i ll di e
wi t h i n a y ea r i f h er ch a rges a re e c es s i ve b u t we h a ve no t x

m et wi th t h i s b el i e f a m o ng s t t h e K a y a ns o f t h e R ej a ng a nd
B a ra m ri ve rs .

T h e k nee ca p i s t h e l a s t p a rt t o b e t a t u ed a nd b efo re
-
,

t h i s i s t o u c h e d t h e a rt i s t m u s t b e p a i d a s t h i s p a rt o f t h e

d es i g n i s t h e k ey s to ne a s i t were o f t h e wh o l e t h e req u i red

, , ,

fee i s a l wa y s fo rt h co m i ng A na rr w s t ri p d o wn t h e b a c k
. o

o f t h e t h i g h i s a l wa y s l eft u nta t u ed i t i s s u p p o sed t h a t

m o rt i fi ca t i o n o f t h e l eg s wo u ld ensu e i f t h i s s t ri p wa s no t
l eft O p en .

1
pri i n th B r m riv r
T he cesm u h h i gh r th n i n th M nd l m
e a a e a re c e a e e a a ,

wh r g ng n nly b d m nd d by n rt i t f t w nt y y r x p ri n
e e a o ca o e e a e a a s o e ea s
’
e e e ce
l x p ri n d r t i t h v t b nt nt wi th b d nd l th (9 p
es s e e e ce a s s a e o e co e ea s a c o , .
P L AT E 1 35
. KAL AB I T T AT U ( W O MAN ) .
2 56 P AGA N T R I B E S OF BORN E O C H AP .

term ed ée/z1 22g 2221 222 o r fu l l m o o ns ; a t ri a ng l e ( B) ea ch

' '

2 2 ,

l i m b fo rm ed b y s evera l p a ra ll el l i nes 21221 22g k roé t h e ,

22 a ,

b o ws o f a b o a t ; S p i ra l s ( CC ) 22122 2 22g g a 22g t h e h ea d o f t h e

'

2 ,

h o rnb i ll O n t h e s u p i na t o r s u rfa c e é21 12 g 5221 222 a nd 22122

° °

. 2 22 2

2
'

2 22 gg 2222g o c c u r a g a i n b u t i ns t ea d o f 1221 222g h a w k t h ere a re

,
2 2 ,

t wo o t h er e l em ent s a b o ld t ra nsverse z i g z a g k no wn a s
,

221 22222 20 2 ( D) ra t t a n l ea ves a nd a t t h e p ro x i m a l end o f t h e

, ,

t t rn a n i n t erl a c i ng d es i g n 2225 k2222 2222 2 ( E ) b u ndl e s of 2

p a e

t u b a ro o t (0 222 2:
, ,

T h e fi ng ers a re very s i m p ly
t a t u e d wi t h a z i g z a g o n t h e c a rp a l k nu c k l es a nd t ra ns vers e
l i ne s a cro s s th e j o i nts t h e t h u m b i s d eco ra ted i n a s l i g h t ly
d i fferent wa y I n D r Ni eu wenh u i s d es i g ns c i ted a b ove
. .
’

we fi nd m u c h t h e sa m e el e m ent s ; i n o ne o f t h em t h e
bal di ng 62212222 a re m o re nu m ero u s a nd m o re c l o s ely s et
to g eth er so th a t t h e co ncentri c ci rc l es o f o ne set h a ve ru n
,

i nt o t h o se o f t h e nex t a dj o i ni ng ; t h e 222 9122272 p a t t e rn

i s t erm ed 2oes oeng e i d ent ly t h e s a m e a s 2225 52222 ; t h e
,
v

s i ra l s a re m u c h d eg ra d e d i n o ne e x a m p l e a nd a re c a ll ed
p
é row t o r h o o k s wh i l s t i n t h e m o re el a b o ra t e ex a m p l e
'

z , ,

t h ey a re k no wn a s m a nok wa k o r eyes o f t h e 5 202s o wl ; ,

t h e 22211 2” p a t t ern i s a n a dd i t i o n b u t t h e m ea ni ng o f t h e ,

wo rd i s no t k no wn ; t h e p a t t ern o n t h e fi ngers i s m u c h
m o re co m p l ex t h a n i n t h e U m a P l i a u ex a m p l e a nd i s ,

er h a s a d eg ra d ed h o rnb i ll d es i g n
p p .

N i eu wenh u i s [ 8 P l X X I V ] fi g u res t h e h a nd o f a
, . .

l o w c l a s s wo m a n t a t u e d wi t h t ri a ng u l a r a nd q u a d ra ng u l a r
-

bl o tch es a nd wi th so m e ru d e d es i g ns th a t a p p ea r t o h a ve
,

b een wo rk ed i n free h a nd -
.

O n P l 1 4 0 F i g 1 i s s h o wn th e d es i g n o n th e fo rea rm
.
,
.
,

o f a h i g h c l a s s wo m a n o f t h e U m a L e k a n K a y a ns o f t h e
-

B a t a ng K a ya n ri ver D u t ch B o rneo ; i n o u r O p i ni o n t h ese

,

e l eg a nt d es i g ns a re q u i te i n t h e fro nt ra nk o f t h e t a t u

d es i g ns o f t h e wo rld I n s p i te o f t h e e l a b o ra ti o n i t i s
.
,

q u i t e p o s s i bl e t o d i s t i ng u i sh i n t h ese t h e s a m e el em ents
as i n t h e U m a P l i a u s p ec i m en, v i z b2121222g bu l a n 22122 . : ° °

2222 gg g
2222 21222222 20 2 a nd 222 9k2222 b u t t h e du l a ng fla w/e
.

i s a s ent , a nd t h e s z 1022g o r fa ce p a t t ern a p p ea rs

b '

Ni eu wenh u i s [9, P 1 93 , b ] fi g u res t h e a rm t a t u ( s u p i

.
-

na to r s u rfa ce o nly ) o f a K a y a n wo m a n o f t h e B l u u ri ver, -

a t ri b u ta ry o f t h e U p p er Ma h a k k a m t h e m a i n d es i g n
i s evi d ent ly a h o rnb i ll d eri va t i ve, t h e k nu c k l es a re t a t u e d
wi t h q u a d ra ng u l a r a nd rec ta ng u l a r bl o t c h es T h e h o rn .

b i ll p l a y s a n i m p o rta nt p a rt i n t h e d eco ra t i ve a rt o f t h e
L o ng G l a t , a K l em a nt a n t ri b e o f t h e Ma h a kka m ri ver,
x u D E C O R AT I V E A R T 2
57
a nd we s u s p ec t th a t , i f t h es e B l u -
u K a ya ns a re o f t ru e
K a ya n s to c k t h ey h a ve b o rro we d t h e
,
h o rnb i ll d es i g n fro m
t h ei r nei gh b o u rs .

W i th reg a rd t o t h e th i gh p a t t erns i t i s u su a l t o fi nd t h e ,

b a c k o f t h e th i gh o ccu p i ed wi th t wo s tri p s o f a n i nter

s ec t i ng l i ne d es i g n o r so m e m o d i fi ca t i o n th ereo f ; th e
,

s i m p l es t fo rm i s s h o wn o n P I I 3 8 F ig I ; i t i s k no wn .
,
.

as 2 212 2210 t h e t h ree l i ne a t t ern a nd i s u s ed by s l a ves

-
a
, p ,

m o re e l a b o ra t e ex a m p l e fro m t h e R ej a ng ri v er i s s h o wn i n
F i g 3 a nd i s u sed b o t h by s l a ves a nd free wo m e n
.
, Pl -
. .

I 38 Fig ,
2 a nd P ]
. I 39 F ig
,
6 a re t erm ed 22122 2222 t h e
.
, .
, ,

fo u r l i ne p a t t ern a nd a re fo r free wo m en no t fo r s l a v es
-
,
-
,
.

T h e l a t t er fi g u re i s a c o m b i na t i o n o f 2212 2222 a nd z a 2z 2210 ’

'

T h e wi ves a nd d a u g h t ers o f ch i efs wo u ld em p l o y s i m i l a r

d es i g ns wi t h t h e a dd i t i o n o f a no t h er l i ne wh en t h ey a re ,

t erm e d 22122 122 222 t h e fi v e l i ne p a t t ern o r e l s e a d es i g n

,
-
, ,

k no wn a s 22122 2222222g t h e u nd ers i d e p a t t ern t wo ex a m p l es

, ,

o f wh i c h a re g i v en o n P l 1 3 9 F i gs I a nd 2 I f t h es e
.
, . .

t wo l a t t er d es i g ns a re co m p a red wi th t h e h o rnb i ll d es i g n o f
t h e L o ng G l a t a fi g u re o f wh i ch t a k e n fro m N i eu wenh u i s
, ,

[ 9 ,
P I 86 ]. i s g i v e n ( P l I 3 9 F i g 3 ) a cer t a i.n s i m i l a ri t
,
y .

i n t h e 2220 22f o f t h e d es i g ns ca n b e reco g ni s e d I t m u st b e .

rem e m b ere d t h a t t h e L o ng G l a t d es i g n i s t a t u ed i n ro ws
d o wn t h e fro nt a nd s i d es o f t h e t h i g h wh i l s t t h ese K a y a n ,

d es i g ns h a ve been m o d i fi ed t o fo rm m o re o r l es s o f a
s i nu o u s l i ne d es i g n fo r t h e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h ; o r i n o t h er ,

wo rd s t h e h o rnb i ll e l e m ent s i n t h e L o ng G l a t d es i g n
, ,

t h o u g h t h ey a re s eri a lly rep ea ted a re q u i te s ep a ra te a nd ,

d i s t i nct o ne fro m t h e o th er wh i l s t i n t h e K a y a n d es i g ns ,

t h e h o rnb i ll e l e m ent s a re fu s ed a nd m o d i fi ed t o p ro d u c e
t h e s i nu o u s l i ne p a t t ern t h a t i n o ne fo rm o r a no th er i s
g e n e ra lly e m p l o y e d f o r t h e d e c o r a t i o n o f t h e b a c k o f t h e
t h i gh I n t h i s c o nnec t i o n P l I 3 9 F i g 5 i s i ns t ru c t i ve ;
. .
, .
,

i t i s t a k en fro m a t a t u bl o c k wh i ch t o g et h er wi t h th o s e ,

fro m wh i ch F i g s I a nd 2 a re t a k e n wa s c o ll ecte d m a ny
.
,

y ea rs a g o by Mr B ro o k e L o w a m o ng s t t h e K a ya ns o f t h e
.
,

U p p er Rej a ng i t a l so a p p ea rs t o b e a do g d eri va t i ve a nd ,

no d o u b t wa s u se d fo r t h e t a t u o f t h e fro nt o f a wo m a n s
’

t h i gh b ei ng s eri a lly rep ea ted i n t h ree o r fo u r ro ws a s wi t h

1
,

1
T h w d n bl k i
e oo er fu lly t q u r nd th d ign upi th
oc s ca e cu s a e, a e es o cc es e

w h l f n urf ; th i i h r t ri t i f th bl k f f m l d ig n
o e o o e s a ce s s c a ac e s c o e oc s o e a e es s,
w h r d i gn f r m l t t u r rv d n v ry r u gh ly h p d bl k nd
e ea s es s o a e a a e ca e o e o s a e oc s a
d n t lw y
o o a upy th wh l f n urf
a s o cc e S i n th f m l d i g n h v
o e o o e s a c e. ce e e a e es s a e
t b
o ri lly r p t d i t i i m p r t nt th t th bl k h u ld b f th x t
e se a e ea e s o a a e oc s s o e o e e ac
r q uir d i
e e th rwi th pr j t i ng p r t f th u n r v d w d w u l d
s z e, o e se e o ec a s o e ca e oo o

V OL . I S
2 58 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

t h e L o ng G l at Y et i t w
.
n no w n a s a t a t u d es
asi g nu t ok
some K y
a a ns o f t h e ara m ri er t o w h o m Bi t w a s s h ow n
v
recen ly tt h e y i nfo rm e d u s t h a t t h e na m e o f t h e d es i g n
;

F I G 69
. .

FIG .
70 .

FIG .
72 .

FIG .
71 .

w as 2222222g 022720225; p a t t ern o f do g wi th o u t t a i l , a nd th e y

d r th x t j u xt p i t i n f th
ren e e e ac a os o o e se ri lly r p t d i m pr i n v ry d iffi u l t
a e ea e ess o s e c ,

w h i l t th i l t d m l d i g n
s e so a e a e es s ca n b i m pr
e d n th k i n i n m r
es s e o e s a o e or

l h ph rd w y
ess a az a a .
x u D E CO R AT I V E A R T 2 59

t t d
s a e th a t a so m e wh a t si m i a r l d es i g n wa s en ra g ved by
t h em on s wo rd 3 9, F bl a d es
i g 4 ,
i s t a .k e n f Pl
ro m . a I .

t a t u bl o c k o f u ncert a i n o ri g i n, a nd t h e s a m e na m e wa s a l s o
-

a p p l i e d t o t h i s by t h e B a ra m K a y a ns , t h o u gh wi t h s o m e

h es i ta t i o n a nd u ncert a i nt y t h e h o rnb i ll i s h ere q u i t e

o b vi o u s .

We h a ve s ta ted t h a t a n i nterl a ci ng l i ne d es i g n i s
g enera lly em p l o y ed fo r th e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h ; we fi g u re,
h o wever, a rem a rk a bl e ex c ep t i o n fro m t h e B a l o i ri ver
( P l 1 4.0 ,
F i g t h i s i s k n o
. w n a s 2 22 10 225
2 2 0 20 22 ,
h o o k
a t t ern ; A i s a rep res ent a t i o n o f a n a nt i q u e b ea d , 0221221222
p
B i s k no wn a s 12020 22, h o o k s B etween t h e two s tri p s .

o f l i ne d es i g n a t t h e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h ru ns a na rro w l i ne o f

u nt a t u ed s k i n, t h e s u p p o s ed o bj ec t o f wh i c h h a s b een

d es cri b ed a bove T h e fro nt a nd s i d es o f t h e th i g h i n h i g h

.

c l a s s wo m en wi ll b e co v ere d wi t h t h ree o r m o re s t ri s o f
p
a t t ern s u c h a s a re s h o wn o n P ] I 3 8 F i g s 4 a n d 5;
p ,
. .

i n t h e l a tt er 222x 222” 2222222, 212212222g 2212 2222 2222 a nd

°

gg g
62121222g 52212222 ca n a g a i n b e reco g ni s ed t h e 22122 2222 2222 i n gg g
t h i s ex a m p l e a re l ess c o nvent i o na l i s ed t h a n i n t h e s p i ra l s o f
t h e fo rea rm p a t t ern, a nd a s p i ra l fo rm o f 22 3 22222 222722 i s
s h o wn i n a dd i t i o n t o t h e a ng u l a r fo rm T h e o t h er e x a m p l e .

e x h i bi t s 2 d22 1222222, 2223 22222 2222 221 010 222, e i nt erl o c k i ng

( t h
S p i ra l s
) a nd 22122 2222g g a 22g A l l t h es e s t ri p s o f p a t t ern a re
'

s ep a ra t ed by t h e 2 1202 T h e k nee-c a p i s t h e l a s t p a rt o f t h e
2
.

l eg t o b e t a t u ed , a nd t h e d es i g n c overi ng i t i s ca ll ed t h e
k a l ong 2za 22g , th e i m p o rt a nt p a t t ern, g o o d ex a m p l es o f
wh i c h a re s h o wn i n F i g s 7 0 , 7 1 ; F i g 7 2 rep resent s t h e . .

d es i g n o n t h e fro nt a nd s i d es o f t h e t h i gh o f a n U m a
S em u k a K a y a n o f t h e s l a ve c l a s s , wh i ch a l so i s term ed
222 922222 2222 2 .

T h e a d m i ra bl e U m a ek a n p a t t erns ( P l L
1 40 , F i g 2) . .

rep res ent o n t h e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h ( AA ) 021212 22g 02 12222, o n

'

t h e fro nt a nd s i d es ( BB ) r21a2zg , fa ces o r s z 1022g 12j 2222, t i g ers

’
’

fa ces t h e l a tt er i s evi d ent ly a n a nt h ro p o m o rp h t h e k nee

c a p d es i g n i s p a rt i c u l a rly wo rt h y o f no t i c e i eu wenh u i s
1
. N
[ 9 ,
P I 8 3 ,. a n d 8,
P l X X V I I ] fi g u r e s t h e. t h i g h t a t u o f .

a M en d a l a m wo m a n o f t h e 2a 22j2 2
2 o r fr ee -
wo m a n c l a s s ;
t h e b a c k o f th e t h i gh i s o ccu p i ed by t wo s t ri p s o f t h e fo u r
1
d r wing i t k n fr m ru bb ing f m d l r v d by n U m
T he a s a e o a o a o e ca e a a

L ke th i wi ll
an ; u nt f th ym m t ry n t i bl v r y h r nd th r
s a cco or e as e o cea e e e e e a e e
t hr u gh u t th
o d ign A pri nt fr m n t u l t t u bl k i h wn i n P I
o e es . o a ac a a - oc s s o .

I 3 9 F i g 7 th i w u ld b r p t d
, . ri lly i n r w d wn th fr nt nd i d
s o e e ea e se a o s o e o a s es
o f th th i ghe th t b l u t u ni f rm i ty w u ld b tt i n d th rv r f th
, so a a so e o o e a a e e ca e o e
m d l whi h w
o e , b u t n i xth l if i h n t b n bl t k p th
c as a o o e -s e s z e, as o ee a e o ee e
l m nt f h i d ign q ui t u ni f r m
e e e s o s es e o .
2 60 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

l i ne p a tt ern h ere t erm ed 12220223; 2222, a nd a so m ewh a t cru d e

,

a nt h ro p o m o rp h i c d es i g n, k no wn a s éokon g 2 2 12 22 22 22 2 ,
h u m a n
h ea d , co vers t h e fro nt a nd s i d es o f t h e t h i g h ( t ex t F i g 69) .

t h e c ent e o f t h e k
r n ee -
ca p i s o c c u p i e d by a very s i m i l a r

a nt h ro o m o rp h ,
p k n o w n h o w e v er as 222222g k 1 2 22g 2,
'

t h e
i m p o rt a nt d es i g n, a nd ex t end i ng i n a s em i c i rc l e ro u nd t h e
u pp er p a rt o f i t i s a d es i g n m a d e u p o f i nt ers ec t i ng z i g z a g s

a nd k no wn a s 6 221222212 22 2
2
g 2 22,
t h e s n a k e d es i g n ; b e l o w t h e
k nee-ca p i s a tra ns v ers e b a nd o f h o u r g l a s s sh a p ed fi g u res
t erm ed 2 2092220 Ni eu wenh u i s a l s o fi g u res [ P I 84 t h e
.
9, ].

t h i gh p a t t ern o f a c h i e f s d a u g h t er fro m t h e s a m e ri ver ;

’

th i s o nly d i ffers fro m t h e p reced i ng ex a m p l e i n t h e grea t er

el a b o ra t i o n o f t h e kokon g 2 2122222222 t h e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h i s

c o vere d by a fo rm o f t h e 2 2122 2222 p a t t ern no t by t h e 2 212

1222222 p a t t ern . S o m e o f th e t a t u bl o c k s em p l o y ed by t h e
-

Mend a l a m K a y a n wo m en a re fi g u red i n t h e s a m e work s

[ 9 ,
P 1 . 8 2 ,
a nd 8 ,
P l .

A co m p a ri s o n o f t h e fi g u res h ere g i ven l end s s t ro ng

s u pp o rt t o t h e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e t u b a ro o t p a t t ern i s -

m ere ly a d eg ra d ed a nth ro p o m o rp h F i g 69 i s a reco g ni s a bl e

. .

a nt h ro o m o r h s u c h a s i s t a t u ed i n ro ws o n t h e t h i g h , a nd
p p
s o m e s u ch na m e a s 22g z212222, s 21022g , o r kokoflg i s a p p l i ed t o
'

it . F i g 7 0 i s a k nee c a p d es i g n, evi d ent ly a nt h ro p o m o rp h i c

.
-

i n na t u re, b u t t erm ed 222222g 2122257 2, t h e i m p o rt a nt d es i g n,

s i nc e i t i s t h e l a s t rt f a l l t o b e t a t u ed F i 7 1 i t r m d
p a o g . s .e e

22 522222 22 722 , b u t a d i s t i nc t fa ce i s vi s i bl e i n t h e c ent re o f

t h e p a tt ern t h e g enera l s i m i l a ri t y b et ween t h i s l a s t d es i g n
a nd t h e e x a m p l es o f 2223 22 22 2222222 s h o wn i n t h e d es i g ns

on P l . 1 3 8, F i g s 4 a nd 5, i s q u i t e o bvi o u s ; t h e l o wer of
.

t h e t wo 2225 2222 2222 22 d es i g ns i n F i g 5, P l . 1 3 ,8 .i s c om

o s ed o f a ng u l a r l i nes , t h u s revert i ng t o t h e a ng u l a ri t y
p
o f t h e l i nes i n t e x t , F i g 69 ; a t E , F i g
.
3 , P l 1 4
. 0 ,
t .h e l i n es
a re a rt ly a ng u l a r, a rt ly cu rved , a nd t h e b i l a t era l s y m m et ry
p p
i s ent i rely l o s t ; fi na lly , i n F i g 7 2 , t h e rel a t i o ns h i p o f t h e
.

22 512222 2227222 d es i g n t o a n a nt h ro p o m o rp h i s ent i re ly l o s t .

A t y p i ca l fo rm o f t a t u o n t h e fo o t o f a l o w cl a s s wo m a n -

i s s h o wn o n P 1 I 3 8, F i g 6 ; a c h i ef s d a u g h t er wo u ld
’
. .

h a ve s o m e m o d i fi c a t i o n o f t h e p ri nci p a l el em ent o f t h e
th i gh d es i g n t a t u ed o n t h i s p a rt .

1 1. T 22222
.

T h e cu l t u re o f t h e S a ra wa k K enya h s i s c l o s ely a ll i ed t o
t h a t o f t h e K a y a ns , a nd t h ei r t a t u m a y b e co ns i d ered
 X11 D E C O R AT I V E A R T 2 61

s ep a ra t e fro m t h a t o f t h e K eny a h K l em a nt a n t ri b es
ly -

wh o s e t a t u i s m u ch m o re o ri g i na l i n d es i g n .

T h e m en o f s u ch K e ny a h t ri b es a s t h e L ep u J a l a n,
L ep u T a u , Lep u Ap o ng , etc , i f t a t u ed a t a l l , a re t a t u ed .

i n t h e K a y a n m a nner, t h a t i s , wi t h s o m e fo rm o f do g d es i g n
o n t h e fo rea rm s a nd t h i g h s , a nd wi t h ro s et t es o r s t a rs o n t h e

s h o u ld ers a nd b rea s t s T h e do g d es i g n i s u s u a lly k no wn

.

a s u sa n g 0 2 0 22 , t h e
g p ra w n p a tt e rn ; t h e t ee t h o f t h e d o g
a re h eld t o rep resent t h e no t c h e d b o rd er o f t h e p ro m i nent

ro s t ru m c h a ra c t eri s t i c o f t h e p ra wns o f t h e g enu s P 0 12 2220 22,

th a t o cc u r s o p l ent i fu lly i n t h e fres h wa t er s trea m s o f -

B o rneo A n ex trem e m o d i fi c a t i o n o f t h e do g d es i g n to
.

fo rm a p ra wn i s s h o wn i n P l 1 3 7 , F i g 9 ; P l 1 3 6, F i g 4 , . . . .

i s a do g d es i g n, a nd i s s o t erm ed P l 1 3 6, F i g 1 0 , i s . . .

k no wn a s 203222, a c ra b ; A i s t h e m o u t h , 00 ; B t h e c l a w,
02222 2; C t h e b a c k ,
120 222 ; D t h e t a i l ,
20 0 2
2 5 2 P l 1 3 6, F i g 9, . . .

i s t erm ed 12 2 0 2
2 0 0 2 2
2 ,
j a w s o f t h e c e n t i p e d e A l l t h es e .

a re t a t u ed o n t h e flex o r s u rfa ce o f t h e fo rea rm o r o n

t h e o u t si d e o f t h e th i gh 1
A n ex a m p l e o f a s t a r d es i g n
.

t erm ed 223 02252 2120 22, d u ri a n p a t t ern, i s s h o wn i n P l 1 4 1 , .

Fig 7 . T h e wo m e n o f t h es e t ri b es t a t u i n t h e s a m e wa y,
.

a nd e m l o y t h e s a m e d es i g ns a s t h e K a y a ns , e x c e t t h a t
p p
t h ey never t a t u o n t h e t h i g h s A m o ng s t t h e B a ra m .

K enya h s t h ere a p p ea rs t o b e Very l i tt l e cerem o ni a l co n

nect ed wi t h t h e p ro c ess o f t a t u i ng .

iii . K 222y0 0 K 122220 2220 22

- 2
T 0 222 .

A m o ng s t t h i s h et ero g eneo u s a ss em bl a g e o f t ri b es
ra t h er
c o ns i d era bl e d i vers i t y o f t a t u d es i g n i s fo u nd T h e m en .

a re s eld o m t a t u ed , b u t wh en t h ey a re i t i s i n t h e K a y a n

m a nner T h e P eng o r P ni h i ng o f t h e K o t i b a s i n h a ve a n
.

e l a b o ra t e s y s t em o f m a l e t a t u , b u t i t s eem s t o b e dy i ng o u t

t h e o nly e x a m p l es t h a t we h a ve m et a re s h o wn o n P l 1 4 1 , .

Fi gs 2 a nd 3 T h es e rep res ent th e a rm s o f P eng m en ;

. .

u nfo rt u na t ely we h a ve no i nfo rm a t i o n a s t o t h e s i g ni fi ca nc e

o f t h e d es i g ns T h e o nly o t h er P eng d es i g n t h a t we a re
.

a c q u a i nt ed wi t h i s a l a rg e d i s c t a t u ed o n t h e ca l f o f t h e l eg .

D r Ni eu wenh u i s s ta tes th a t P eng wo m en a re t a t u ed wi t h

.

i s o l a t ed do g d es i g ns o n t h e a rm s a nd l eg s l i k e t h e m en o f
K a ya n t ri b es [9, p .

1
th r x m p l f m d i fi d
F or o e d i gn m pl y d by K ny h t ri b
e a es o o e es s e o e e a es ,
s ee E BH dd n (4 pp 7
. . a o , . 1 1 ,
2
By th i n m w d n t th K ny h t ri b wh i h t nd n r t t th
s a e e e o e o se e a es c s a ea es o e
K l m nt n
e a nd fur th t fr m th
a s K y n in r p t f u t m C f
a es o e a a s es ec o c s o s. .

Ch p XX I
a . .
2 62 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O
‘

cHAP .

T he K eny a h wo m en of th e B a ra m d i s tri ct ex h i bi t a
very p ri m i ti ve s tyl e o f ta tu o n t h e a rm s a nd h a nd s ( P l .

1 4 1 , Fig . a b ro a d b a nd enci rc l es t h e m i ddl e o f t h e

fo rea rm , a nd a na rro w b a nd a n i nch o r s o di s t a nt o f t h i s

a l s o s u rro u nd s t h e a rm ; fro m t h i s na rro w b a nd t h ere ru n

o ver t h e m et a c a r a l s t o t h e b a se o f t h e fi ng ers ei g h t na rro w

p
l i nes , th e o u term o s t o n t h e ra d i a l si d e b i fu rca t i ng ; t h e
d es i g n i s k no wn a s 02220 0 112 o r l i ne t a t u N o o t h er p a rt
.

o f t h e b o dy i s t a t u ed .

Ni eu wenh u i s fi g u res [ 9, P.I 95] a s o m e w h a t s i m i l a r

d esi g n em p l o y ed by t h e ep u T a u wo m en o f th e B a ta ng
L
K a y a n ; b u t i n th i s ca se, i ns t ea d o f ei gh t l o ng i tu d i na l l i nes
s t o p p i ng s h o rt a t t h e k nu c k l es , t h ere a re fi v e b ro a d b a nd s

ru nni ng t o t h e fi ng er na i l s , i nt erru p t ed a t t h e k nu c k l es by
a 2 c m b ro a d s t ri
.
-
p o f u nt a t u ed s k i n M
. o r e o ver, wi th t h es e

eo l t h f ro nt a nd s i d es o f t h e t h i g h a nd t h e s h i n a re
p p e e

t a tu ed wi th p ri m i t i ve- l o o k i ng d es i g ns m a d e u p o f s eri es
o f s h o rt t ra nsvers e l i nes , c u rved l i nes , a nd b ro a d b a nd s ;

t h e na m es o f t h e d es i g ns a re no t g i ven ; t h ese d esi g ns a re

s a i d to b e c h a ra c t e s t i c o f t h e s l a ve c l a s s , t h e
ri -
h i g e cl a ss
h r -

wo m en co p y i ng t h e m o re el a b o ra t e d es i g ns o f t h e U m a
L ek a n .

A m o ng s t t h e B a t a ng K a y a n K e nya h s t a t u i ng ca nno t
b e ex ecu t ed i n t h e c o m m u na l h o u s e, b u t o nly i n a h u t
b u i l t fo r t h e p u rp o s e T h e m a l es o f t h e fa m i ly , t o wh i ch
.

t h e g i rl u nd erg o i ng t h e o p era t i o n b el o ng s , m u s t d ress i n

b a rk -c l o t h , a nd a re c o nfi ned t o t h e h o u se u nt i l t h e t a t u i s

c o m l et ed ; s h o u ld a n o f t h m l m m b e rs b e t ra ve ll i ng
p y e a e e

i n o th er p a rt s o f t h e i s l a nd t a t u ca nno t b e c o m m enced
u nt i l t h ey ret u rn . A m o ng s t t h e U m a T o w ( o r L ep u

T a u ) t h e d a u g h t er o f a ch i ef m u s t b e t a t u e d b efo re a ny
o f t h e o t h er fem a l es o f t h e h o u s e ; s h o u ld t h e ch i ef s
’

d a u gh t er (o r d a u g h t ers ) di e b efo re s h e h a s b een t a tu ed , a l l

t h e o t h er wo m en o f th e h o u s e a re d eb a rred fro m t h i s em
b el l i s h m ent ( Ni eu wenh u i s [ 9, p p 4 53 ,
.

N i eu wenh u i s , i n h i s g rea t wo rk o n B o rneo , wh i ch we

h ave c i t ed s o o ft en, g i ves a g o o d a cc o u nt o f t h e t a t u o f t h e
‘

L o ng G l a t . A cc o rd i ng t o t h i s a u th o ri t y, g i rl s wh en o nly
ei gh t y ea rs o l d h a v e t h e b a ck s o f t h e fi ng ers t a t u ed , a t t h e

c o m m enc em ent o f m ens t ru a t i o n t h e t a t u o f t h e fi ng ers i s

co m p l et ed , a nd i n t h e c o u rs e o f t h e fo ll o wi ng y ea r t h e t a t u

i s ca rri ed o ver t h e b a c k s o f t h e h a nd t o th e wri s t ; th e feet

a re t a t u ed s y nch ro no u s ly wi th t h e h a nd s . At th e a g e o f
ei g h t een t o t went y t h e fro nt o f t h e t h i g h i s t a t u ed , a nd
 x 11 D E C O R AT I V E A R T 2 63

l a ter o n i n l i fe th e ba ck th e th i h ; u n i e th e
of lk g
a K y a ns
i t i s no t nec es s a ry t t t g
t h a t th e a u o f t h e h i h s s h o u ld b e
fi ni sh ed b efo re c h i ld b ea ri ng A Lo ng G l a t wo m a n o n
-
.

ea c h da y t h a t s h e i s t a t u e d m u s t k i ll a b l a c k fo wl a s fo o d

fo r t h e a rt i s t . T h ey bel i eve t h a t a fter d ea t h t h e co m p l etel y

t a tu ed wo m en wi ll b e a ll o wed t o b a th e i n t h e m y t h i ca l
ri ver T e l a ng J u l a n a nd t h a t c o nseq u ent ly t h ey wi ll b e a bl e
,

t o p i c k u p t h e p ea rl s t h a t a re fo u nd i n i t s b ed i nco m p l et el y
ta t u ed wo m en ca n o nly s ta nd o n th e ri ver b a nk wh i l s t th e ,

u nta t u ed wi ll no t b e a ll o wed t o a p ro a c h i t s s h o re s a t a l l
p .

T h i s b el i ef a p p ea rs t o b e u nivers a l a m o ng s t t h e K enya h
K l em a nt a n o f t h e U p p er Ma h a k a m a nd B a t a ng K a y a n .

On P I 86 o f N i eu wenh u i s b o o k [
.
’
9] i s fi g u r ed t h e t h i g h

t a t u o f a L o ng G l a t wo m a n ; th e fro nt o f th e t h i gh i s
o c c u p i ed wi t h t wo ro ws o f t h e h o rnb i ll 222022 f t o wh i ch
referenc e h a s a l rea dy b een m a d e T h e s i d es o f t h e t h i g h
.

a re t a t u ed wi t h a b ea u t i fu l d es i g n o f c i rc l es a nd s cro ll s

t erm ed 022 2 2 0 20 2 fl i,
g h t fe a t h e r s o f t h e A r g u s
p h e a s a n t ,

a nd o n t h e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h i s a s c ro ll d es i g n b o rro wed

fro m t h e d ec o ra t i o n o f a g ra ve a nd k no wn a s 00 10 222 s ong r

,

$ 222 2 l
. T h e k nee i s l eft u nt a t u ed S o m e o t h er ex a m p l es
.

o f t h e 022 2 2 0 20 2 d e s i g n a re g i v e n o n P l 9 0 a n d o .f t h e ,

s on 5 222
g 2 o n P I 91 . s o m e o f t h e s on g $2 2
2 2 d e s i g n s re ca ll
t h e 00 10 22g 0020 22 d es i g ns o f t h e B a l o i K a y a ns I ns t ea d o f .

t
“

a h o rnb i ll 222a t 2 f a ,
d o g s h e
’
a d 22 0 222 i s so m e t i m e s t a u e d
o n t h e t h i gh a n e x a m p l e o f wh i c h i s fi g u re d o n P I 87
,
.
,

F i g 22 ; i t a p p ea rs t o b e a co m p o s i t i o n o f fo u r h ea d s a nd
.
,

i n a p p ea ra nce i s no t u nl i k e 5 21022g 122 0 22 o f t h e U m a L e k a n ,

fi g u red by u s I n t h e Lo ng G l a t th i g h t a t u t h e b a nd s o f
.
-

p a tt er n a re n o t s e p a ra t e d by l i n es o f 2 002 a s w i t h t h,
e

K a ya ns Ro u nd t h e a nk l es t h e Lo ng G l a t t a t u s i x teen
.

l i nes 3 m m b ro a d k no wn a s 22210 0 0 02222; t h e fo o t i s t a t u ed

, .
,

m u c h a ft er th e m a nner s h o wn i n o u r F i g 6 P l 1 4 3 . T he
, . .

s u p i na t o r s u rfa c e o f t h e fo rea rm a nd t h e b a c k s o f t h e h a nd s

a re a l s o t a t u e d b u t t h e d es i g n d o es no t ex t end s o fa r u p
,

t h e a rm a s wi t h t h e K a y a ns [ 9 P l 9 ]2 ,
t h .e fo r e a r m d e s i g n
i s m a d e u p o f a h o rnb i ll b u t t h a t s h o wn i n F i g 22 .

o f t h e p l a t e i s t erm ed 0222 0 02212 l eo p a rd p a t t ern a nd i s

, ,

s u p p o s ed t o b e a rep res e nt a t i o n o f t h e s p o t s o n t h e l eo p a rd s
’

ski n i t i s s t a t ed t o b e t a k en fro m a L o ng T ep a i t a t u bl o c k -

t h e k nu c k l es a re t a t u e d wi t h a d o u bl e ro w o f wed g es t h e ,

fi nger j o i nt s wi th q u a d ra ng l es .

T h e U m a L u h a t s ee m t o h a ve b o rro wed t h ei r t a t u a nd
1
Th n m e a f th d i g n
es o e es giv n i n K y n
s a re e a a .
2 64 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

d esi g ns very l a rgely i f no t ent i rely fro m t h e L o ng G l a t

wi th th em t h e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h i s t a t u ed b efo re t h e fro nt ,

wh i ch i s e x cep t i o na l H a l f o f t h e k nee i s t a t u ed T h ei r
. .

d es i g ns a re m o d i fi ca t i o ns o f t h e h o rnb i ll a nd d o g s h ea d ’

d es i g ns o f th e L o ng G l a t Ni eu wenh u i s fi g u res severa l .

e x a m p l es [9 P I 8 7 F i g 0
,
P l a t e 88
. P I 8 9 P I 93 , .
, , .
, .
,

F ig 0 P I
.
,
wh i ch s h o u ld b e co nsu l t ed a s t h ey a re
.
,

O f t h e g rea t es t i nt eres t .

T h e L o ng Wa i s eem t o t a t u i n m u ch t h e s a m e wa y a s
th e U m a L u h a t [ 2 Pl p 1 89 a n d 7 p ,
.
,
.
,
.

iv . T 0 222 of M u ru ts 0 2221 K 1e2220 2z 2a 22s .

A nu m b er o f b es h a ve a d o p t ed m o re o r l es s t h e t a t u
t ri
o f t h e K a y a ns T h u s t h e m en o f t h e fo ll o wi ng S a ra wa k
.

t ri b es S i b 0 p s L i ro ng s T a nj
, ,
o ng s L o ng K i p u t s B a ra wa ns , , , ,

a nd K a no wi t s a re o ft en t h o u g h no t u ni v e rsa lly t a t u ed l i k e
, , ,

K a ya ns T h e sh o u ld er p a t tern o f t h e B a ra wa ns i s di s t i nc
.

t i ve i n t h a t t h e ro s et t e nea rly a l wa y s b ea rs a s c ro ll a tt a ch ed
,

t o i t a rel i c o f t h e do g 220227 fro m wh i ch t h e d es i g n i s

, ,

d eri ved ( P l 1 3 8 F i g . E B H a dd o n [
, 4 . F i g 1 7] . .
,
.

fi g u res a no th er fo rm O f t h e do g 222022 f w h i c h i s t a t u ed o n ,

t h e t h i g h o r fo rea rm a nd L i ng R o t h [ 7 p 8 6
, ] fi g u res t h r e e , .

ro s et t e d e s i g ns fo r t h e b rea s t ; we fi g u re t wo m o d i fi ca t i o ns
o f t h e do g d es i g n o n P l 1 3 7 F i g s 7 a nd 8 T h e wo m en .
, . .

O f t h ese t ri b es very ra rely t a t u ; we h a ve seen a T a nj o ng

wo ma n wi t h a c i rc l e O f s t a r s h a p ed fi g u res ro u nd h er wri s t -

a nd o ne o n t h e t h u m b T h e T ri ng wo m en O f D u t c h B o rneo.

a re t a t u ed o n t h e h a nd s a nd t h i g h s l i k e K a y a ns C a rl B o c k
{ 2 ,
P l p .1 8,7 ] g i.v e s s o m e fi g u res o f t h e m I n o u r O p i n i o n .

a l l o f t h ese t ri b es o we t h ei r t a t u ent i re ly t o fo re i g n i nflu

e nc es fo r we h a ve fa i l e d t o fi nd a s i ng l e ex a m p l e o f a n
o ri g i na l d es i g n t h e p ra c t i ce i s by no m ea ns u ni vers a l a nd ,

grea t ca t h o l i ci t y o f t a s t e i s s h o wn b y th o s e wh o do t a t u .

T h e m en m o reo ver do no t t a t u a s a s i g n o f b ra very i n

, ,

b a tt l e o r a dvent u re b u t m erely fro m a d es i re t o C o p y t h e

,

m o re wa rl i k e K a y a n .

We s h a ll no w t rea t O f t h o se tri b es th a t h a ve a d i st i nc t i ve
a nd o ri g i na l t a t u b u t i t i s well t o b ea r i n m i nd th a t
, ,

a m o ng s t m a ny o f t h es e l l s o t h e K a y a n d es i g ns a re
p p
e o e a

c o m i ng i nt o vo g u e m o re a nd m o re o u s t i ng t h e o l d d es i g ns , .

NO t a t u bl o ck s a re em p l o yed fo r t h e i nd i geno u s p a tterns

-
,

a l l t h e wo rk b ei ng d o ne free h a nd -
.

( )
0 U m a L o ng T h e U m a L o n g w—
o m e n O f t h e B a t a n g
x 11 D E C O R AT I V E A R T 2 65

K a y a n ex h i b i t th e m o s t p ri m i t i ve fo rm o f t a t u k no wn i n
B o rneo I t d i ffers fro m every o th er fo rm i n t h a t t h e t a t u ed
.

s u rfa c e o f t h e s k i n i s no t c o vere d u ni fo rm ly wi t h t h e i nk ,

b u t t h e d es i g n, s u c h a s i t i s , i s m erely s t i p p l ed i nt o t h e
s k i n,
p r o d u c i n g a n a pp e a r a n ce o f c l o s e s e t i r re g u l a r d o t s-
.

T wo a s p ec t s O f t h e fo rea rm o f a n U m a o ng wo m a n a re L
s h o wn o n P l 1 42, F ig 5 N o o t h e r a r t o f t h e b o dy i s
. . .
p
t a t u ed , a nd t h e p ra c t i ce i s c o nfi ne d t o t h e fe m a l e s ex .

0
( ) 0 22 3 2222 T h e m e
—
n o n ly t a t u T h e d es i g n i s. s i m l
p , e
co ns i s t i ng o f a b a nd , t wo i nc h es b ro a d , c u rv i ng fro m ea c h

s h o u ld er a nd m eet i ng i t s fell o w o n t h e a bd o m en, t h enc e

ea c h b a nd d i verg e s t o t h e h i p a nd t h ere end s ; fro m t h e

s h o u ld er ea c h b a nd ru ns d o wn t h e u e r r m o n i t s e x t eri o r
pp a

a s p ec t ; t h e flex o r s u rfa c e o f t h e fo rea rm i s d ec o ra t e d wi t h

s h o rt t ra ns vers e s t ri es , a nd, a c c o rd i ng t o o ne a u t h o ri t y ,
p
ea c h s t ri e m a rk s a n e nem y s l a i n 7 , T h f m f
p [ p i s o r . o

t a t u i s fo u nd c h i e fly a m o ng s t t h e I d a a n g ro u p o f D u s u ns ;
a cco rd i ng t o W h i t eh ea d
[ , p
1 1 1 0 6 ] t h e D u .s u n s l i v i n g o n
t h e s l o p es o f Mo u nt K i na B a l u t a t u no m o re t h a n t h e
ll l t n v i n h f m b i h i
—

p a r a e r a s e r s e s t r p es o t e o re a r ,
u t n t s c a se

no reference i s m a d e t o t h e s i g ni fi c a nc e o f t h e s t ri p es a s a
h ea d t a l ly
-
T h e D u s u n wo m en a p p a rent ly do no t t a t u
. .

()
2 M 0 2 0 2 —
T h e . M u r u t s o f t h e T r u s a n r i v e r ,
N o rt h
S a ra wa k , t a t u very l i tt l e ; th e m en o cca s i o na lly h a ve a
s m a ll s cro ll d es i g n j u s t a b o ve t h e k nee c a a n d a s i mp le -
p
c i rc l e o n t h e b rea s t t h e wo m en h a ve fi ne l i nes t a t u e d fro m
t h e k nu c k l es t o t h e elb o ws [ 7 p
,
T h e M u. r u t s o f
B ri t i sh N o rth B o rneo a p p ea r t o b e m o re g enera lly t a tu ed ;
t h e m en a re t a t u ed l i k e D u s u ns , t h o u g h , a c c o rd i ng t o
H a tto n, t h ey h a ve th ree p a ra ll el s tri p es ru nni ng fro m th e
s h o u ld ers t o t h e wri s t s a nd no t ra nsvers e l i nes o n t h e fo re

a rm
1
. W h i t eh ea d [1 1 , p 7 6] fi g u res a Mu ru t wo m a n o f.

th e L a wa s ri ver t a t u e d o n t h e a rm s fro m t h e b i ce s t o t h e
p
k nu c k l es wi th nu m ero u s fi ne l o ng i t u d i na l l i nes ; a b a nd o f
z i g z a g d es i g n enci rc l es th e a rm j u s t a b ove th e c o m m ence
m ent o f t h e l o ng i t u d i na l l i nes T h e d es i g n o n a m a n o f
.

t h e s a m e t ri b e i s g i ven o n p a g e 7 3 “
i t res em bl es a
t h ree l egg ed do g wi t h a c ro c o d i l e s h ea d , o ne l eg b ei ng
’
-

t u rned over th e ba ck a s i f t h e a ni m a l wa s go i ng to s cra tch

”
i t s ea r .T h e p a rt o f t h e b o dy o n wh i ch t h e d es i g n wa s
t a t u ed , i s no t s p eci fi ed a nd th e s k etch i s ra th er i na d eq u a te,
1
T he u th r t t th t
sa m e a m t i m h d m n f S n nd n h d t w
o s a es a a so e e ea a o e e a a o
s q u r t tt m r k n h i b k T h i w b u h n w y i n fight
a e a oo a s o s ac . s as eca se e ra a a a ,
nd h w d hi b k t th n my T hi x pl n ti n m t m t
”
a s o e s ac o e e e . s e a a o s ee s o u s os
i m pr b bl
o a e
.
2 66 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O e mu »
.

so th a t i t i s i m p o s s i bl e t o t ell fo r cert a i n wh et h er th e d es i g n
wa s t a t u e d i n o u t l i ne o nly o r wh eth er th e o u t l i ne wa s fill ed
i n u ni fo rm ly ; o u r i m p res s i o n i s th a t t h e o u t l i ne o nly wa s
t a t u ed o n t h i s i nd i vi d u a l , a nd t h a t i t wa s em p l o y ed ei th er
a s a n ex
p e r i m e n t o r f ro m i dl e a m u s e m ent . Z o o m o rp h s a re

c o ns p i c u o u s by t h ei r a b s ence fro m a l l fo rm s o f d eco ra t i ve

a rt a m o ng s t t h e L a wa s Mu ru t s , a nd t h e p a rt i cu l a r z o o m o r h
p
no te d h ere g i ves every evi d ence o f a n u np ra c t i s ed h a nd .

S t J o h n s ta tes [7 , p 92] th a t t h e Mu ru t s o f t h e A d a ng
. .

ri ver, a t ri b u t a ry o f t h e L i m b a ng , a re t a t u ed a b o u t t h e
a rm s a nd l eg s , b u t h e g i ves no d et a i l s .

K 0 10 022 — Th i s tri b e, d well i ng i n t h e wa ters h ed o f t h e

.

L i m b a ng a nd B a ra m ri vers , i s c l o s ely a k i n t o Mu ru t s ,
b u t i t s t a t u i s very d i fferent . T h e m en t a t u b u t ra rely ,
a nd t h en wi th s t ri p es d o wn t h e a rm s . T h e wo m en, h o w
ever, a re d eco ra t ed wi t h m o s t s t ri k i ng g eo m et ri ca l d es i g ns ,

s h o wn o n P l . 1 4 2 , F i g s 1 -4
. . O n t h e fo rea rm a re t a t u ed
ei g h t b o ld z i g z a g b a nd s , o ne ei g h th o f a n i nc h b ro a d , wh i ch
-

do no t c o m p l et ely enc i rcl e t h e a rm , b u t s to p s h o rt o f j o i n

i ng a t p o i nt s o n t h e u l na r s i d e o f t h e m i ddl e l i ne o n t h e
flex o r s u rfa ce . T h e s eri es o f l i nes i s k no wn a s 02220 225 22,
t h e h a nd p a t t ern . I n s o m e c a s es t wo s h o rt tra nsvers e l i nes ,
c a ll ed 22 2 0 10 22g ,
c ro s s -
l i ne s , s ri ng
p fr o m t h e m o s t d i s ta l

z i g z a g a t t h e p o i nt Wh ere i t to u ch es t h e b a c k o f t h e wri s t
o n t h e ra d i a l s i d e ; i n o t h er c a s es t h es e l i nes a re t a t u e d

a c ro s s t h e m i ddl e o f t h e b a c k o f t h e wri s t a nd t wo l o z eng es

a re t a t u ed o n t h e m et a ca rp a l s ; th es e a re k no wn a s 2220 2 0 2

( P .l 1 4 2 ,
F i.
g I.
) T h e l e g s a re t a t u e d o n t h e b a c k o f
t h e t h i g h , o n t h e s h i n, a nd s o m et i m es o n t h e k nee-ca p .

T h e d es i g ns ca n b es t b e ex p l a i ned by a reference t o P l .

1 4 2 , F i g s 2 -4 ; t h e p a rt o f t h e d es i g n m a rk e d A i s t erm ed
.

02220 0220 0, fru i t p a tt ern ; B , 02220 10 20 0 , t ru nk p a ttern ; a nd

C , 02220 12212221, s h i n p a ttern . I n F i g 4 , A a nd C a re a s
.

b efo e ; D i 02220 00 20 221222 ; E , j0 2 00 2 , i ll to p s ; F ,

r s 22 22 h -

02220 00 10 222 ; ( gF i .

K a l a i t wo m en a re t a tu ed wh en th ey a re s i x teen y ea rs
b
o l d, wh eth er th ey a re m a rri ed o r u nm a rri ed , a nd th e
O p era t i o n d o es no t ex t end o ver a nu m b er o f y ea rs a s wi th

th e L o ng G l a t a nd K a ya ns , no r i s a ny e l a b o ra t e cerem o ni a l

c o nnec t e d wi t h t h e p ro c es s .

A ex t i nc t K l em a nt a nt ri b e, o nc e d well
( 2) L on g U 2 0 2
.2 —
n
i ng o n t h e T i nj a r ri ver, a n a ffl u ent o f t h e B a ra m . We o we
o u r k no wl ed g e o f t h ei r t a t u t o a n a g ed K l em a nt a n, wh o wa s
well a c q u a i nt ed wi th th e t ri b e b efo re t h ei r d i s a p p ea ra nce ;
x i 1 D E C O R AT I V E A R T 26
7
at ou r b eh es t h e ca rve d o n so m e wo o d en m o d el s o f a rm s
a nd l eg s t h e t a t u d es i g ns o f th ese p eo p l e b u t h e wa s ,

u na bl e t o s u p p ly a ny i nfo rm a t i o n o f t h e na m es o r s i g ni

fi ca nce o f t h e d es i g ns T h e m en o f t h e t ri b e a p p a rent ly
.

were no t t a t u e d a nd t h e d es i g ns rep ro d u ced o n P l 1 4 1

, .
,

F i gs 5 6 a re th o se o f t h e wo m en T h e es sent i a l fea t u res

.
, , .

O f t h e d e s i g ns a re s i ra l s a nd p o rt i o ns o f i nt ers ec t i ng c i rc l es
p
t h e i nt ers ect i ng c i rc l es a re freq u e nt ly t o b e m et wi t h i n t h e
d eco ra t i ve a rt o f K enya h s e g o n t h e b a c k o f s wo rd h a ndl es , . .
-
,

ro u nd t h e t o p o f p o s t s o n c a rved b a m b o o s et c a nd i n t h es e
, ,
.
,

c a s es t h e d es i g n i s s u o s ed t o b e a re res ent a t i o n o f t h e
pp p
Op en fru i t O f a s p ec i es o f m a ng o M 0 22g 2 f 22 0 52 I t i s no t , .

i m p ro b a bl e t h a t t h e d es i g n h a d t h e s a m e s i g ni fi c a nce
a m o ng s t t h e L o ng U t a n fo r we h a ve m et wi t h o ne o r ,

t wo rep res ent a t i o ns o f t h e s a m e fru i t a m o ng s t o t h er

K l e m a nt a n t ri b es .

(f ) B 2a
j a z2 T h e . D —
u t c h a u t h o r C d e n H a m e r [5 .
,

p 45 ]
. 1 i n c l u d e s u n d er t h i s h e a d i n g t h e t ri b es l i v i n g i n t h e

d i stri ct s wa tered by t h e ri vers Mu ru ng K a h a ya n K a t i nga n , , ,

a nd Ment a j a o f S o u t h wes t B o rneo -

U nd er t h i s very .

e l a s t i c h ea d i ng h e wo u ld i nc l u d e t h e O t D a nu m S i a ng -
, ,

a nd U l u A j a r o f N i eu wenh u i s b u t we t rea t o f t h es e i n t h e ,

nex t sec t i o n T h e et h no l o g y o f t h e B a ri t o K a h a ya n a nd
.
, ,

K a t i ng a n ri ver b a s i ns s a dly need s fu rth er i nves t i ga ti o n ;

-

no t h i ng o f i m p o rt a nc e h a s b een p u bl i s h ed o n t h i s reg i o n
s i nc e t h e a
pp ea r a n c e o f S c h w a n e r s b o o k o n B o r n e o
’
m o re

t h a n fi ft y y ea rs a g o We k no w rea lly very l i t t l e o f t h e

.

d i s tri b u ti o n o r co ns ti t u t i o n o f t h e t ri b es d well i ng i n t h es e
d i s t ri ct s a nd S ch wa ners a cco u nt o f t h ei r t a t u i s very
,
’

m ea g re S u ch a s i t i s i t i s g i ven h ere ex t ra c ted fro m

.
, ,

L i ng R o th s T 20 22510 22022 of 5 2020 0 2222 19 E 202zog 202/2220 1

’

N 0225 [ 7 pp c
, x c i . T h e
. m e n o f P u l u P e t a k t h e ,

ri g h t h a nd l o wer b ra nch o f t h e B a ri to o r B a nj erm a s i n

-

ri ver t a t u t h e u p p er p a rt o f t h e b o dy th e a rm s a nd c a l ves
, ,

o f l eg s wi t h e l e g a nt i nt erl a c i ng d es i g ns a nd s c ro ll s
,
T he .

p pe o l e o f t h e M u r u n g ri v e r a r e sa i d t o b e m o s t b e a u t i fu lly
ta tu ed b o th m en a nd wo m en ; th i s ri ver i s rea lly t h e
,

u p p er p a rt o f t h e B a ri to a nd a c c o rd i ng t o ,
H a m er i s
i nh a b i t e d by t h e B i a j au
( 2
2 2212 w h o a p p ea r t o b e

d i s t i nc t fro m t h e N g a j u o f S ch wa ner i nh a b i t i ng t h e l o wer ,

c o u rs es o f t h e B a ri t o a nd K a p u a s ri vers T h e m en O f .

t h e l o wer l eft h a nd b ra nch o f t h e B a ri t o a nd o f t h e m i d

-

c o u rse o f t h a t ri ver a re O ft en no t t a t u ed a t a l l b u t su c h ,

t a tu a s wa s ex t a nt i n 1 850 wa s h i gh ly s i g ni fi ca nt a cco rd i ng
2 68 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B ORN EO ca n .

to S c h wa ners
’
a cc o u t
nt ; h u s , a fi g u re c o m p o s ed O f t wo
S p i ra l l i nes i nt erl a c i ng ea c h o t h er a nd wi t h s t a rs a t t h e

e x t rem i t i e s t a t u ed o n t h e s h o u ld er s i g ni fi ed t h a t t h e m a n

v
h a d t a k en s e era l h ea d s ; t wo l i nes m eet i ng ea ch o h er t
a t a n a c u t e a ng l e b eh i nd t h e fi ng er na i l s s i g ni fi e d d ex eri y t t
i n wo o d c a r i ng ; a s t a r o n t h e 4 em p l e wa s a S i g n o f
-
v
h a p p i nes s i n l o e We h a e no rea s o n t o co ns i d er t h i s
v . v
t
i nfo rm a t i o n i na ccu ra e, b u t we do c o ns i d er i t l a m en a bl e t
t h a t m o re d et a i l s co ncerni ng t h e m o s t i nt eres t i ng fo rm s o f
t a t u i n B o rneo were no t o b t a i ned , fo r i t i s o nly t o o
ro b a bl e t h a t s u ch i nfo rm a t i o n c a nno t b e a c q u i red no w
p .

t
T h e wo m en o f h i s t ri b e do no t ta t u I n t h e u p p er T eweh .

v
ri er, a n u p p er t ri b u t a ry o f t h e B a ri o th e m en a re t a u e d a t t
t
g o o d d ea l , es p ec i a lly o n p a r s o f t h e fa c e, s u ch a s th e fo re
h ea d , t h e c h eek s , t h e u p p er l i p T h e o nly fi g u res t h a . t
v
S ch wa ner g i es a re rep ro d u ced by i ng R o t h [7 , p L .

t h ey re p res ent t wo N g a j u s t t
t h e a u d es i g ns a re d ra wn o n
t o o s m a ll a s ca l e t o b e o f m u ch i n eres t , a nd i n a ny ca s e we t
v
h a e no i nfo rm a t i o n c o nc erni ng t h em T h e t wo fi g u res o f .

T a t u ed D y a k s t
K a y a ns ) ( a f er ro fes so r V eth ) , o n p 95 P .

v
o f t h e a b o e- c i e d wo rk ca nno t t
b e referred t o a ny t ri b e
k no wn t o u s .

H a m er i n h i s p a p er [5] g i es a d et a i l ed a cco u n o f v t
B i aj a u t a t u , b u t , u nfo rt u na t e ly , wi t h o u t a ny i ll u s t ra i o ns ; t
a s a b s t ra c t s o f t h e p a p er h a e a l rea dy b ee n g i en by v i ng v L
t
R o h [7 , p p 93 , 94 ] a nd by H ei n [6, p p 1 4 3
. we wi l l .

p a s s o n t o t h e nex s ec i o n t t .

(g ) 0 2 4 7 0 2222222, U 122 A 02 , 0 2221 S 2

7 0 2
2g ( K a p u as ri e r,
v
t
t ri b u a ri es ) C o ncerni ng t h es e t ri b es N i eu wenh u i s s a y s b u t
.
—

t
l i t l e [9, p 4 . m ere ly no t i ng t h a t h e m en a re fi rs t a u ed t t t
t
wi h d i s c s o n t h e c a l f a nd i n t h e h o ll o w o f t h e k nee a nd
v
l a ter o er t h e a rm s , t o rs o , a nd th ro a t, wh i l s t t h e wo m en
t a t u t h e h a nd s , k nees , a nd s h i ns T wo c o l o u rs , red a nd
.

b l , e u ed , a nd t e d e g a re t a t u ed free h a nd , th e
u e a r s h s i n s -

t
i ns ru m ent e m p l o y ed b ei ng a p i ece o f c o p p er o r b ra s s
a b o u t fo u r i nc h es l o ng a nd h a l f a n i nc h b ro a d , wi t h o ne

end b ent d o wn a t a ri g h t
a ng l e a nd s h a r ened t o a
p p o i n t .

S o m et i m es t h rea d 1 5 wo u nd ro u nd t h e end o f t h e i nstru

t v t
m en j u st a b o e t h e p o i n , t o reg u l a t e t h e d ep t h o f i ts
p e n e rt
a t i o n T w
. o S ec i m ens i n t h e
p e yd e n M u s e u m a re L
fi g u red by i ng R o th [7 , p 8
L H a m er [5] s a ys t h a t h e
. t
t t
O D a nu m wo m en a re a u ed d o wn t h e s h i n t o t h e a rs u s
t -
t
wi t h t wo p a ra ll el l i nes , j o i ned by nu m ero u s c ro s s - l i nes, a
m o d i fi ca t i o n o f t h e U m a T o w d es i g n fo r t h e s a m e p a r o f t
x 11 D E CO R A T I V E A R T 2 69

th e i m l O n t h e t h i g h i s t a t u ed a d es i g n t erm e d 5 02222202
b .
,

s a i d t o res e m bl e a nec k o rna m ent A d i s c t a t u ed o n t h e c a l f

.

o f t h e l eg i s t erm ed 002222022 , a nd fro m i t t o t h e h ee l ru ns

a b a rb e d l i ne ca ll ed 2 0020 007 022, t a i l o f t h e m o ni t o r l i z a rd

c u ri o u s ly eno u g h t h o u g h t h i s i s t h e g enera l na m e o f t h e
,

d es i g n, i t i s o n th e ri g h t l eg a l so t erm ed 00 20 220, o n t h e
l eft 210 222102 2j0 2j0 /2 W a rri o rs a re t a t u e d o n th e e lbo w
.

j o i nt wi th a 2
2 7
222 2212 a nd a c ro s s c a ll e d 5 0 2020 22
g
22222222

A Ma l o h wh o h a d l i ved fo r m a ny y ea rs a m o ng s t t h ese
e
p p o l e g a v e u s t h e fo ll o wi ng i nfo rm a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r t a t u
— T h ere i s wi t h t h es e p eo p l e a g rea t d i fference b etween th e
t a t u o f t h e h i g h c l a ss a nd t h a t o f t h e l o w c l a s s i nd i v i d u a l s
- -

a mo n s g t t h e fo rm er t h e d es i g ns a re b o th ex t ens i ve a nd
c o m p l i c a t ed t o o c o m p l i ca t e d fo r o u r i nfo rm a nt t o d escri b e
,

wi t h a ny d eg ree o f a c c u ra c y b u t t h ey s eem t o b e m u ch ,

t h e sa m e a s t h o se d es c ri b ed by H a m er T h e l o w cl a ss .
-

e l h a v e t o b e c o nt ent wi t h s i m p l er d es i g ns ; t h e m en
p o p e

a re t a t u ed o n t h e b rea s t a nd s to m a c h wi t h t wo c u rve d l i nes

end i ng i n cu rl s an d o n t h e o u t s i d e o f ea ch a rm wi t h
,

t wo l i nes a l s o end i ng i n c u rl s ( P l 1 4 2 F i g o n th e
.
, .

o u t s i d e o f t h e t h i g h a ra t h er re m a rk a bl e d es i g n s h o wn o n ,

P l 1 4 2 F i g 7 i s t a t u ed i t i s term ed 1225 0 2 t h e fly i ng
.
, .
, ,

s q u i rre l P 222 0222y5 2222200 5 a nd o n t h e b a c k o f t h e ca l f i s

, ,

t a t u e d a d i s c t erm ed 00 10 223; 00 002 t h e wi ld p i g p a t tern T h e

, .

wo m en a re t a t u ed a s d es cri b ed by H a m er d o wn t h e fro nt
o f t h e s h i n wi t h t wo p a ra ll e l l i nes c o nnec t e d by t ra ns
verse cro ss b a rs ; a cco rd i ng to o u r i nfo rm a nt t h e d es i g n
-

wa s s u p p o s ed t o rep res ent a fla t fi s h s u c h a s a s o l e , .

( P l 1.
4 2 F i g
,
.

O f t h ese p eo p l e a s o f s o m a ny o th ers t h e m el a nch o ly

, ,

t a l e o f d i sa p p ea ra nc e o f t a t u a m o ng s t t h e p res ent g e nera t i o n

a nd rep l a c em ent o f i nd i g eno u s by K a y a n d es i g ns wa s t o ld ,

a nd i t s eem s o nly t o o l i k e ly t h a t wi t h i n t h e ne x t d ec a d e o r

t wo no ne wi ll b e l eft t o i ll u s t ra t e a o nce fl o u ri s h i ng a nd
b ea u t i fu l a rt .

S ch wa ner ca n a dd no th i ng t o th e fa ct s t h a t we
“
h a ve c o ll ec t ed ex cep t t h e s t a t em ent t h a t
,
t h e 02120 225
s s es h a ve b ro u g h t t h e a rt o f t a t u i ng t o t h e p res ent
(p r i es t e )
d eg ree o f p erfect i o n t h ro u gh l ea rni ng t h e d es cri p t i o n o f
t h e p ret t y t a t u e d b o d i es o f t h e [ m y th i ca l ] S a ng s a ng s ”
.

0 K 0 O fi g e (Pl F i d I
( ) 0 0y0 22 u r u r 1.
4 1
-
g a n
. P , . .

81 o f D r N i eu wenh u i s b o o k i s t h e e x te nt o f o u r
’
.

k no wl ed ge o f t h e ta tu o f t h e i nh a b i t a nt s o f t h e K a h a y a n
2 70 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

ri ver . T h e l a t t er i ll u s t ra t i o n s h o ws a m a n t a t u ed wi th a
c h a ra c t eri s t i c c h ec k p a t t ern o ver t h e t o rs o , s to m a c h , a nd

a rm s , b u t t h ere i s no reference t o t h e p l a t e i n t h e t ex t .

O u r fi g u re i s c o p i ed fro m a d ra wi ng by D r H H i ll er, o f
v . .

P h i l a d el p h i a .

0 00 20 22 0 2221 U0 2 A s N i eu wenh u i s h a s p o i nt ed
()
2 8 2 .
—

ou t [ 9, p . t h e t a t u o f t h e s e t r i b e s i s d i s t i n c t i v e,

i na s m u c h a s m o s t O f t h e d es i g ns a re l eft i n t h e na t u ra l
c o l o u r o f t h e s k i n a g a i ns t a a c k g ro u nd o f t a t u
b th a t i s to
s a y i n t h e p h ra s eo l o g y o f t h e p h o t o g ra p h er, wh i l s t t h e t a t u

d es i g ns o f K a y a ns , K enya h s , etc , a re 205 2222225 , t h o se o f

.

t h e B a k a t a ns a re 22252 0 222225 T h e m en were fo rm erly m o s t

.

e x t e ns i v ely t a t u ed , a nd

we fi g u re t h e p ri nc i p a l
d es i g ns ( P l . m ost
of wh i c h were d ra wn
fro m a B a kata n o f
t h e R ej a ng ri ver . T he
ch es t i s c o vered wi th a

b o ld s cro ll d es i g n k no wn
a s g é 2
’

0 w 22, h o o k s

( K a y a n, 00 20 2 2) ( F i g s . 1 ,

a c ro ss t h e b a ck a nd

s h o u ld er bl a d es s t ret c h es

a do u l e ro w o f c i rc l es ,
b
00 220 0, wi th s m a ll h o o k s
i nt erp o s e d ( F i g . on

t h e S i d e o f t h e s h o u ld er
a p a t t e rn k no wn a s 0 02 0,
F 1 0 73
. .
t h e l i z a rd ,
1 7
2 7 2 00 2 0 0 2 2

0020 0 1022200 122222 ( F a m .

Gec ko ni dae) , i s t a t u ed ( F i g s 3 , 4 ) . t h i s l i z a rd i s u s ed a s a
h a ru s p ex by t h e B a k a ta n C i rc l es a re t a t u e d o n t h e b i c ep s ,
.

o n t h e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h , a nd o n t h e c a l f o f t h e l e m d i
g a o
fi ca t i o n O f t h e s cro ll d es i g n o f t h e c h es t o cc u rs o n t h e flex o r
s u rfa c e o f t h e fo rea rm . A no t h er fo rm o f p a t t ern fo r t h e
c a l f o f th e l e i s S h o wn i n F i g 7 3 i t i s t e rm d 5 21022
g ,
. e g
00 20 0 22g , t h e h o rs e- m a ng o , M 0 22g 2f e20 t h e s a m e fru i t
as t h a t t erm ed by K a ya ns 220 012222, a nd o f wh i ch a
rep res ent a t i o n fo rm s t h e ch i ef e l e m ent i n t h e o ng U t a n
L
ta tu . A s eri es o f s h o rt l i nes i s ta t u ed o n t h e j a w, a nd i s

t erm e d j0 , l i nes , o r 0210 22g , s wo rd p a t t ern, a nd a g 22020 22

-

d es i g n o ccu rs u nd er th e ja w ; t h e p a tt ern o n t h e t h ro a t i s
k no wn a l so a s g 22 020 22 ( F i g O n t h e fo reh ea d i s
'

.
x 11 D E CO R AT I V E A R T 271

s o me t i m es ta tu ed a s t a r o r ro set te p a ttern c a ll ed 1220222 ,

a nt i q u e b ea d a nd i t a p p ea rs t h a t t h i s i s o f t h e na t u re o f a
,

rec o g ni t i o n m a rk I n j u ng l e wa rfa re wh ere a s t ea l th y.

,

d escent o n a n u np rep a red enem y co ns t i t u tes t h e m a i n

r i n i l f t a c t i cs i t n o t u nfre q u ent ly h a p p ens t h a t o ne
p c p e o ,

b o dy o f t h e a tta c k i ng fo rce u nwi tt i ng ly s t a l k s a no th er ,

a nd t h e res u l t s m i g h t b e d i sa s t ro u s i f t h ere wa s no t s o m e

m ea ns o f d i s t i ng u i s h i ng fri end fro m fo e wh en a t c l o s e

q u a rters K enya h s wh en o n t h e wa rp a th freq u ent ly t i e a
.
1

b a nd o f p l a i ted p a l m fib re ro u nd t h e wri s t fo r t h e s a m e
O bj ec t T h e t a t u o f t h e b a c k s o f t h e h a nd s i s a vo wedly
.

C o p i e d fro m t h e K a y a ns b u t h a s a d i ffere nt na m e a p p l i e d ,

to i t 022022222
—
T h e m et a t a rs u s i s t a t u ed wi t h b ro a d b a rs
.
,

2200 very l i k e t h e fo o t t a t u o f K a y a n wo m en o f t h e s l a ve
,

o r o f t h e m i ddl e c l a s s ; l i nes k no wn a s j0 22g o enci rc l e

t h e a nk l e .

T a t u i ng i s fo rb i dd en i n t h e h o u se ; i t ca n o nly b e
e r fo r m ed o n t h e wa rp a t h a nd co ns eq u ent ly m en o nly a re
p ,

t h e t a t u a rt i s t s T h e co veri ng o f t h e b o dy wi th d e s i g ns
.

i s a g ra d u a l p ro ces s a nd i t i s o nly th e m o s t s ea s o ne d a nd ,

e x p eri ence d wa rri o rs wh o ex h i b i t o n t h ei r p ers o ns a l l t h e

d i fferent d esi g ns t h a t we h a ve j u s t d eta i l ed T h e ta t u o f .

th e l eg s a nd feet i s t h e l a s t t o b e c o m p l e t ed a nd t h e l i nes ,

ro u nd t h e a nk l es a re d eni ed t o a l l b u t t h e b ra ve s t vet era ns .

A l l t h a t h a s b een wri t ten a b o ve a p p l i es e q u a l ly wel l t o

t h e U k i t s o r a t l ea s t o nce di d a p p ly fo r no w t h e U k i t s
, ,

h a ve t o a g rea t e x tent a d o p t e d t h e t a t u o f th e K a y a n a nd ,

i t i s o nly o cc a s i o na lly t h a t a n O l d m a n t a t u ed i n t h e
o ri g i na l U k i t m a nner i s m et We g i ve a fi g u re o f a d es i g n .
'

o n t h e b a c k o f t h e t h i g h o f s u c h a rel i c O f b ett er d a y s .

( P l 1 43
. F i g , .

T h e B a k a t a n a nd U k i t wo m en t a t u very l i t t l e o nly t h e ,

fo rea rm o n t h e m et a ca rp a l s a nd o n t h e b a c k o f t h e wri s t
, ,

c h a ra ct eri s t i c d es i g ns fo r t h es e p a rt s a re s h o wn i n F i g .

1
A n in t n
s a f q ui t pp i t ff t pr d u d by m rk n th
s a ce o a e o os e e ec o ce a a o e
f r h d w m yn t h r
o e ea , eth t m M d ng wh h d r d v r fr m
a o e e e, a so e a a s o a c o sse o e o
th e B r m t th R j ng n v i i t pp r d h wi th r m rk d i n
a a o e e a o a s , a ea e ea c a c oss a e
c h r l n h i f r h d ; th y upp d th t by th i m n th y w r
a co a o s o e ea e s os e a s ea s e e e
d i gui d b y nd l l r gni t i n by v i l piri t T h b l i f th t u h
s se e o a eco o e s s . e e e a s c a
t ri v i l l t r t i n f pp r n i u ffi i nt d i gui i pr b bly h ld by m t
a a e a o o a ea a ce s s c e s se s o a e os
t ri b ; T m B u l n K ny h h i f wh n n v i i t t Ku h i ng d i r d d
es a a a , a e a c e , e o a s o c , sca e
th le p r d t th wh i h w h n t h m h w r th r u gh th upp r p r t f
eo a
’
s ee , c e a o e e o e o e e a o

hi r nd th r n th t h ll g d w th m
s ea s , a e th t g iv n by th
ea s o a e a e e as e sa e as a e e
M d ng T h
a a p p l b l i v n t nly th t v i l pirit m y d th m h rm
. ese eo e e e e o o a e s s a o e a

w h i l t th y
s n th ir t r v l
e b u t l th t b i ng n u nt r d f fr m
a re o e a e s, a so a , e e co e e ar o
th ir h m th piri t wi ll t k d v nt g f th ir b n t w r k m
e o es, e s s a e a a a e o e a se ce o o so e
h r m t th ir wi v h i ldr n pr p r t y
a o e es , c e , or o e .
2 7 2 P AGAN T R I B E S O F B O R N E O H .

74 ,
a nd P l. 1 43
, F i
. g s 7
,
8 . T h e c e nt ra l p a rt o f t h e

fo rea rm d es i g n i s a n a nt h ro p o m o rp h i c d eri va t i ve j u d g i ng ,

by t h e na m e 22g z212222 t h e l i nes a re t erm ed 021 2g a nd 0 2 ,

00 220 0 a nd 222 022 22 a re a l so co ns p i c u o u s g 2 0 w22 i s a l s o t h e

a
2 2

na m e o f t h e d es i g n fo r t h e m et a ca rp a l s ; th e t wo s t a rs
j o i ned b y a l i ne o n th e wri s t a re t erm ed 1220222 a nd i t i s ,

o s s i bl e t h a t t h e i r s i g ni fi ca nce i s t h e sa m e a s t h a t O f t h e
p
K a y a n 1 0222 t a t u ed i n t h e s a m e p l a ce by m en b u t we
22 ,

h a ve no evi d ence t h a t t h i s i s t h e c a s e .

Ni e u we nh u i s fi g u re s [ 9
,
P I 80 ]
. a B a k a t a n t a t u e d o n
t h e c h es t i n t h e t y p i ca l m a nner .

T h e o nly o t h er d es i g ns a pp a rent ly o f K a l a m a nta n

,

o ri g i n a re t h o s e fi g u re d
,

by L i ng R o t h [7 p , .

T h ree o f t h es e a re a ft er
d ra wi ng s b y R ev W . .

C ro s s l a nd a nd a re ,

l a b ell ed t a t u m a rk s o n
a rm o f K u a s K a ya n a
p
c a p ti v e T hewo m a n .

d es i g ns a re c ert a i nly
no t o f K a y a n o ri g i n ;
t h e wo m a n h a d i n a l l
p r o b a i l i t y b ee n b
b ro u g h t
ca pti ve to S a ra w a k ,
wh ere Mr ro s s l a nd s a w . C
h er, a nd i t i s u nfo rt u n
a t e t h a t e x a c t i nfo rm a

t i o n c o ncerni ng t h e t ri b e
t o wh i ch s h e b el o ng e d
w a s no t o b t a i ne d T h e
F I G 74
.
. .

d es i g ns , i f a ccu ra tely
C o p i ed , a re s o ex t rem ely u nl i k e a l l t h a t a re k no wn t o
u s t h a t we a re no t a bl e t o h a z a rd even a g u es s a t t h ei r

p r o v en a nc e o r m e a ni ng T h
. e o t h e r d es i g n fi g u re d on

t h e s a m e p a g e i s C o p i e d fro m C a rl B o c k ; i t o cc u rred o n
t h e s h o u ld er o f a P u na n, a nd i s s a i d by Mr ro s s l a nd . C
t o b e co m m o nly u se d by t h e S ea D a y a k s o f t h e U nd u p .

We m et wi t h a s i m i l a r ex a m p l e o f i t ( P l 1 3 8, F i g 7 ) . .

o n a n U k i t t a t u ed i n t h e K a y a n m a nner, b u t c o u ld et
g
no i nfo rm a t i o n co nc erni ng i t , a nd s u p p o s e t h a t i t i s no t
a n U kit d es i g n H ei n [6, F i g 90 ] fi g u res t h e s a m e
. .

d es i g n, a nd N i eu wenh u i s [8, p 24 0 ] a ll u d es t o a s i m i l a r
. .

We m a y no t e h ere th a t t h e d es i g ns fi g u red o n p a ge 89
2 74 P AG A N T R I B E S OF BORN EO CH AH

l
a o ne. T h e s a m e des i g n a p p ea rs two o r t h ree t i m es o n t h e
a rm s , a nd even o n t h e b rea s t , t h o u g h t h i s p a rt o f t h e b o dy

a s well a s t h e s h o u ld ers i s m o re u s u a lly d eco ra t e d wi t h

s evera l s t a rs a nd ro s et t es . T h e b a c k s o f t h e h a nd s a re
t a t u ed , q u i t e i rres p ec t i ve o f b ra very o r ex p eri enc e i n
wa rfa re ; i n fa c t we h a ve freq u ent ly h a d o cca s i o n t o no te
t h a t a m a n wi t h t a t u e d h a nd s i s a wa s t re l o r a co ncei t e d
bra gg a rt , o f no a cco u nt wi th E u ro p ea ns o r wi th h i s o wn
p e o p l e . T h i s wi ld a nd i rre s o ns i bl e s y s t em
p o f t a t u h a s

b een a cco m a ni e d
p by a n i nev i t a bl e d eg ra d a t i o n o f t h e

d es i g ns T h ere i s a co ns i d era bl e b o dy o f evi d ence t o

.

S h o w t h a t t h e S ea D a y a k s h a ve b o rro we d m u c h i n t h ei r

F rc .
75
. F ro .
76
.

a rt s a nd c ra ft s fro m tri b es wh o h a ve b een l o ng er e s t a bl i sh ed

i n B o rneo b u t i t m u s t b e c o nfes s ed t h a t i n t h ei r d ec o ra t i ve
a rt t h ey h a ve o ft en i m p ro v e d u p o n t h ei r m o d e l s ; th ei r
b a m o o c a rvi ng s a nd t h ei r wo ve n c l o t h a re i nd ee d
b t h i ng s
ea u t y B u t t h ei r t a t u i nvo l ves , no t a n i nt ell i gent
”
of b .

e l a b o ra t i o n o f t h e m o d el s , b u t a s i m p l i fi c a t i o n a nd d eg ra d a

t i o n, o r a t b es t a n e l a b o ra t i o n wi t h o u t s i g ni fi c a nce . i g s 1 6,
F .
-

F L I 3 7 , a re e x a m p l es o f t h e S ea D a y a k s 2220 222 0 5 22 o r
do g d es i g n T h e fi g u res S h o w t h e do g d es i g n ru n m a d,
.

a nd i t i s i dl e t o a t t em p t t o i nt erp ret t h e m , s i nc e i n every

c a s e t h e a rt i s t s h a ve g i ven t h ei r i nd i v i d u a l fa nc i es free

p l a y. W h e n t h e p ro fe s s i o n o f t h e t a t u a rt i s t i s h ered i
-

t a ry , a nd wh en t h e p ra c t i ce h a s fo r i t s o bj ec t t h e
2 7 6 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O i
ci Ap .

p . 8 8] i s t erm e d 2 2m
g ,
t h e egg p l a nt O. n t h e b re a s t a nd
s h o u ld ers s o m e fo rm s o f ro s et t e o r s t a r d es i g n a re t a t u e d i n

c o ns i d era bl e p ro f u si on t h e y a r e k n o w n v a ri o u s ly as
0222200 22 m g , t h e eg g p l a nt fl o wer, 20 22220 22 0220 0, b u nch es
o f fru i t , 2 220222, a n a nt i q u e b ea d , a nd 2 2 22g g 22 3 0 22 20 22g A .

fo u r p o i nt ed s ta r, s u ch a s t h a t s h o wn i n F i g 64 , i s t erm ed
-
.

0220 2 2 0 222222, fru i t o f 2 2 220222222 0 202 222 0 20 ; s i nc e t h i s fru i t

9
0222
i s q u a d ra t e i n s h a p e wi th p o i nt ed a ng l es , i t i s evi d ent th a t
t h e na m e h a s b een a p p l i ed t o t h e p a t t ern b eca u se o f i t s
res em bl a nce to t h e fru i t . F u rness fi g u res ex a m p l es o f
t h es e d es i g ns a nd a l s o L i ng R o t h [ 7, p . We fi g u re
( F i g s .
75 7,
6 , 77) t h re e d e s i g ns fo r t h e
t h ro a t k no wn s o m et i m es a s 2 20 20 0, fro g s ,

s o m et i m es a s 20 2 2 g 0 s 2222g , t h rea d o f t h e
S i nni ng wh ee l , a nd no d o u b t o t h er m ea n
p
i ng l es s na m es a re a p p l i ed t o t h em T wo
.

o f t h e fi g u res ( F i g s 7 5, 7 7 ) a re evi d ent ly

.

m o d i fi ca t i o ns o f t h e B a k a t a n g 22 0w22
d es i g n, b u t h ere th ey a re rep resented
wi th t h e t a t u p i g m ent , wh i l s t wi th t h e
B a k a t a ns t h e d es i g n i s i n t h e na t u ra l
F I G 77
c o l o u r o f t h e s k i n a g a i ns t a b a c k g ro u nd
. .

o f p i g m ent , t h e D a y a k d es i g n i s t h e p o s i t i ve o f t h e
B a k a t a n nega ti ve F u rness fi g u res two ex a m p l es o f t h e
.

t h ro a t d es i g n, o ne wi t h a t ra nsverse ro w o f s t a rs c u t t i ng
a cro s s i t ; t h e s a m e a u t h o ri t y a l s o fi g u res a d es i g n fo r t h e

ri b s k no wn a s 20 2 2 5 0 022, wa i s t ch a i ns , c o ns i s t i ng o f t wo
s t a rs j o i ned by a d o u bl e z i g z a g l i ne . T h e s a m e d es i g n i s
s o m et i m es t a t u ed o n t h e wri s t , wh en i t i s k no wn a s 2 220222,

a nt i q u e b ea d ; i t i s a l s o t a t u ed o n t h e t h ro a t [ 7, p .

a nd a tt ent i o n h a s a l rea dy b een d ra wn t o t h e p ro b a bl e

d eri va t i o n o f th i s d esi g n a l so fro m a B a k a t a n m o d el .

I t i s o nly very s eld o m th a t S ea D a y a k wo m en t a t u , a nd

t h en o nly i n s m a ll c i rc l es o n t h e b rea s t s [ 7 p
,
8 3] a n
. d o n
t h e ca l ves o f t h e l eg s .

As a l
c o nc u s i o n t o t h e fo re go i ng n o f B o rnea n
a cc o u t
ta t u we a dd a t a bl e wh i ch s u m m a ri s es i n t h e b ri efes t
p o t
s s i bl e m a nner a l l o u r i nfo rm a i o n ; i t s ch i ef u s e p erh a p s

wi ll l i e i n s h o wi ng i n a g ra p h i c m a nner t h e bl a nk s i n o u r
t t
k no wl ed ge t h a s i ll rem a i n .

We do no t co ns i d er t h a t t a u ca n e er b e o f m u ch a l u e
t v v
i n c l ea ri ng u p ra c i a l p ro bl em s , s eei ng h o w m u c h e i d ence v
t t t
h ere i s o f i n erch a ng e o f d es i g ns a nd rej ec i o n o f i nd i g eno u s
x n D E C O RA T I V E A R T 277

d esi g ns i n fa vo u g
r o f s o m et h i n newer ; co ns eq u ent ly we
refra i n fro m d ra wi ng u p a no th er sch em e o f c l a s s i fi c a t i o n
o f t a t u i n B o rneo ; a t b es t i t wo u ld b e l i t t l e m o re t h a n a

re enu m era t i o n o f t h e fo rm s t h a t we h a ve a l rea dy d esc ri b ed

-

i n m o re o r l es s d eta i l .
280 P AG A N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

B I BL I OGRAP H Y .

1 B i D r O N 22 f 2 22 8
ecca t 2 2 02 25 2 2 022220

B k C r l T 0 H d 0 2 :f 8
. .
.
, ,
2 . oc , a , 2 ea -
2222 22 o 02 2220

3 . F urn W H T0 H m s
es s ,
f 8 H d 0 . .
, 2 o e 2 o 02 2220 ea - 2222222 5

4 . H dd n E B T h D g m t iv in B rn n A t
a
“ o , . .
, e o -
o e o ea r
”
(f oa m A 0 20 . . 1 2252 ,
9 5) 1 0

5 . H m r C d n 2 2: 0 2 T 2
a e , f T . e ,
2 2 0 022222 222 o 0220 223? 02] 02 8 2022
7 02
52 0 222222222.

6 . H in A R D 2
e , 022 8 2 0
. .
, 2 2 f 8 0 2 2220
2 222 0 0 2 0 22

7 L i ng R o th , H , T 02 N 0 222 25 of
. . 50 2 0 20 00 0 2222 8 222250 N 0220 8 022220
v ol 1 1 .

8 Ni eu wenh u i s , D r A W , [22 C 22222 0 2802 2220

. . . . v ol i
. .

9 N i eu wenh u i s , D r A W u 22 2222220 8 02 2220 Q vo l i

C A L
. . . . . .

1 0 Sc. hw r
a ne , D r M 8 027220 ( 1 853 . . . . cf. L i ng R th o , v ol . 11 .

pp x it x v . c c o c c .

1 I . Wh i t h d 8 22 22e ea , 22 02 0 022 o
f M 00 0 2 80 222, N 02 20 802 2220

Bri f r f r n e e e e ces to t t u wi ll l b f u nd in th wri t i ng f Bur n Br k

a a so e o e s o s, oo e
L w M D
o , g ac ou al l ,
D C p i g ny H tt n S t J h n Wi tti
e res nd th r b t , a o , . o , ,
a o e s, u
n ti f l l th wi ll b f und in Mr L i ng R th v lum ’
o ces o a es e e o . o s o es .

EX P LAN AT I O N OF P LAT E S .

P L AT E 1 36 .

Fi g . I .
—
K y n d g d i gn ( 2 0 ) f r th ig h f m n Fr m t tu bl k
a a o es 222 0 02 22 o s o e . o a a -
oc
in th S r w k Mu u m e a a a se .

Fig . 2 .
—
U m B l u b K y n d g d i gn
a aFr m t t u bl k in th S r w k
o a a o es . o a a oc e a a a
Mu u m (N se . o.

Fig .
3 .
—
S ea D y k rpi n d i gn (K 2 g 2
a a f th igh rm sco o es 2 222 0
'

or , a , or

b r t f m n Fr m t t u bl k in th S r w k Mu u m
ea s o e . o a a -
oc e a a a se .

(N 54 99 o 10
F ig .
4 .
-
K ny h d g d ign pi d fr m K y n m d l F r m t t u
e a o es , Co e o a a a o e . o a a
bl k n th S r w k Mu u m
oc
o

i e a a a se .

F ig .
5 .
—
K y n d g d ign Fr m t tu bl k n th S r w k Mu u m
a a o es . o a a oc i e a a a se .

(N o.

F ig . 6 .
— K y n d g d ign F r m t t u bl k in th S r w k Mu um
a a o es . o a a -
oc e a a a se .

(N o.
Fig .
7 .
— K y n d u bl d g d i gn f r u t i d f thigh f m n Fr m
a a o e o es o o s e o o a . o a
t t u bl k in th S r w k Mu u m (N
a -
oc e a a a se . o.
Fi g . 8— . K y n d i gn f d g wi th pup (2 3 g 0) A =p p F r
a a es s o o s 220 22 7 22 0 220 . u . o
th i gh f m n F r m t t u bl k in S r w k Mu u m
o a . o a a - oc a a a se .

(N 52 57 ) o. 10
Fig .
9 .
—
K ny h j w f nt ip d d ign (22
e a a f r br t s o ce e e es 2 0 22 o ea s or

h u ld r f m n Fr m t t u bl k in th S r w k Mu u m
s o e o a . o a a - oc e a a a se .

(N 54 o. 10 .

Fig 10 — K ny h r b d ign
e a A =m th B= l w
c a es ou c a

C :b k (2 0 2) D =t i l ( 0m g ) F r m t tu bl k in th
. .

ac 2 22 a 2 . o a a - oc e
,

S r w k Mu u m
a a (N a se . o.
x 11 D E CO R AT I V E A R T 2 81

P L AT E 1 37 .

Fig . 1 .
—
Sea D y k m d i fi ti
a a o ca o n o f th e do g d i gn F r
es . om a t t u bl k i n th
a - oc e

Sa r w k Mu u m
a a se .
(No .

( No .

( No .

( No .

(No .

Bu t kn wn rpi n (0 2 ) p tt r n F r m o as
“
sco o 0 0 a e . o

a t t u bl k i n th S r w k Mu u m (N
a - oc e a a a se . o.

Fig .
7 .
— B “r w n nd K ny h m d i fi t i n f th d g d i g n k n wn
a a a a e a o ca o o e o es ,
o as

h k (0 22) p tt r n Fr m t t u bl k i n th S r w k
oo
”
020 a e . o a a -
oc e a a a

Mu u m (N
se . o.
Fig . 8 .
(N o.

Fig .
9 ,
—
K ny h m d i fi t i n f th d g d i gn b u t k n wn th pr w n
e a o ca o o e o es , o as e a

( )
a2 a 22
g p tt r n F r m t t u bl k ian t h Ser w k M u u
. m o a a -
oc e a a a se .

( No . 1 0 54

P L AT E 1 38 .

F ig . 1 .
— K y n th r l in p tt rn (22 2 2 ) f r b k f th igh f w m n f
a a ee- e a e 20 2 0 o ac o o o a o
lv l
s a Fr m
e t t u bl k i n th S r w k Mu u m
c a ss. o a a - oc e a a a se .

(N 66 B r k L w C ll )
o. 1 0 oo e o o .

F ig . 2 .
— K y n f ur lin p tt rn (20 2 2) f r b k f th igh f w m n f
a a o -
e a e 0 0 o ac o o o a o

m i ddl l F r m t t u bl k i n th S r w k Mu u m
e c a ss . o a a -
oc e a a a se .

(N o.
Fi g .
3 .
-
K y n ( R j ng R ) th r l i n p tt rn (22 2 2 ) f b k f th i gh f
a a e a . ee- e a e 20 2 0 or ac o o
w m n f upp r nd m i ddl l
o e o F r m t t u bl k i n th
e a e c a ss es. o a a -
oc e
S r w k Mu u m
a a (N a se . o.

F ig .
4 .
—
K y n ( U m P l i ) d i gn f r fr nt nd i d f thigh f b i g h l
a a a au es o o a s es o o
I
c a ss
w m n A =2 0 2 t u b r t B =j 2 2 frui t f 82 0 22
o e . 225 2222 22720 , a oo 0 0 22 , o 22 2222 0

2 22 B
202 22 222 0 0 0 w22 i nt r l k i ng h k Fr m t t u bl k i n
z o , e oc oo s. o a a - oc

ll C H
co . . ose.
Fig .
5 .
— K y n d i gn f r fr nt f th i gh f w m n f h i gh l
a a es oA =2 0 o o o o a o c a ss . 222 2222

B= 0 b w f b t ; C = 2 22 gg g h r nb i ll
’
2 g 0
’
2 22720 0 22 0 22 0 20 , o s o a oa 22 22 22 0 22 , o s
h d ; D =0 2222 g 0 2 fu ll m n Fr m t tu bl k i n th
ea 2 22 22 0 22, oo s. o a a - oc e

S r w k Mu u m
a a (N a se . o.

Fig . 6— . B r w n d i gn f th h u ld r r b r t f m n F r m d r wi ng
a a a es or e s o e o ea s o e . o a a .

Fig .
7 .
— D i gn f u n r t i n ri g i n n th l f f th l g f n U k i t m n
es o ce a o , o e ca o e e o a a .

P A 39 L TE 1 .

Fig . 1 .— K y n ( R j ng R ) d i gn k n wn 22 2 g 20 22 f r b k
a a e a . es o as 20 220 22 or 0 2220 o ac
f th i gh f w m n f h i gh r nk
o oN t th h rnb i ll h d t th
o e o a . o e e o ea s a e
t p o f th d i gn
o F r m t t u bl k i n th S r w k Mu u m
e es . o a a - oc e a a a se .

(N 66 B r k L w C ll )
o . 1 0
’
oo e o o .

Fig . z — K y n ( R j ng R ) d ign ; m p r wi th F ig 5 nd
a a e a . Fr m es co a e s. a 1 1. o a
t tu bl k i n th S r w k Mu u m (N 66 Br k L w C ll )
a -
oc e a a a se . o. 1 2 oo e o o .

Fig .
3 .
—
L ng G l t h r nb i ll d i g n ( ft r N i w nh i )
o a o T h i i t tu d i n es a e eu e u s . s s a e
r w d w n th fr nt nd i d f th thigh
o s o e o a s es o e .

Fig .
4 .
—
K y n h r nb i ll d ign k n wn h w v r th d g wi th u t
a a o
“ es , o , o e e ,
as e o o a
t i l (2 22
a
”
Fr m t t u bl k i n th S r w k
220 2 o a a - oc e a a a
Mu u m (N
se . o.

Fig .
5 ,
— K y n ( R j ng R ) t t u d i gn k n wn
a a e a
“ d g wi th u t t il . a es o as o o a a

(2 g 0 220 22 2 ) p tt r n f fr nt nd i d
2272022 r 0 s22
,
f th i gh f w m n f a e , or o a s es o o o e o
h i gh r nk F r m t t u bl k i n th S r w k Mu u m (N 66g
a . o a a -
oc e a a a se . o. 1
Br k L w C ll )
oo e o o .
2 82 P AGA N T R I B E S O F B O R N E O C H AP .

Fi g . 6 .
— K y n th r l i n nd f ur l in d ig n
a a 22
ee- nd 22 2 2) f r b k e a o -
e es 2 0 a 20 0 o ac
f th i gh f w m n f l w l
o Fr m t t u bl k i n th S r w k
o o e o o c a ss . o a a - oc e a a a

Mu u m ( N se . o.

Fig .
7 .
—
U m L k n K y n nth r p m rp h i d i gn
a e a t tu d i n r w
a a a o o o c es a e o s
d wn fr nt nd i d f thigh
o o a s es o .

Fi g . 8 .
—
K y n b d ( 2 0 2) d ign t tu d n th wri t f m n
a a ea 22 22 es , a e o e s o e .

F ig .
9 .

Fi g . 10 . Fr m t t u bl k i n o a a -
oc
th S r w k Mu u m
e (N a a a se . o.
Fig . 1 1. —P r t i n f U m L k n K y n d i gn f r b k f thi gh f w m n f
o o o a e a a a es o ac o o o e o

h igh r nk ( ft r Ni w nh i ) a a e eu e u s .

PA 4 L TE 1 0 .

Fig . 1 . T t u d i g n n th f r r m f n U m L k n K y n w m n f h i gh
a es o e o ea o a a e a a a o a o
r nk F r m rubb i ng f
a . r v d w d n m d l i n th S r w k
o a o a ca e oo e o e e a a a

Mu u m (N se . o.

Fig . 2 .
—
T t u d i gn n th th i gh f n U m
a es L k n K y n w m n f h i gh
o e o a a e a a a o a o

r nk F r m rubb ing f
a . r v d w d n m d l i n th S r w k
o a o a ca e oo e o e e a a a
Mu u m (N se . o.
Fig .
3 .
— T t u d i g n n th f r r m f n U m P l i
a es K y n w m n f h ig h
o e o ea o a a au a a o a o
r nk A =0 2222 g 0 2 fu ll m n ; B = 2 g 0 0 b w f
a . 2 22 22 0 22 , oo s
’
0 22 0 22 0 20 ,
o s o a
b t G 0 w22 h k ; D = 2
oa 2 l v zf r tt n ; E :
o , oo s 2 0 2222 20 , ea es o a a
2 0 2 b undl f t u b r t F r m rv d w d n m d l
225 2222 22720 , es o a oo . o a ca e oo e o e
i n th S r w k Mu u m (N
e a a a se . O.

Fig .
4 .
—
K ny h d ig n r pr nt i ng th p n frui t f p i f m ng
e a es , e es e e o e o a s ec es o a o

( 22 t tu d n b r t
0 h u ld r f m n Fr m t t u bl k
a e o ea s s o r s o e s o e . o a a -
oc
i n t h S r w k Mu u m (N
e 54 a a a se . o. 1 0 .

Fig .
5 . K y n ( B l i R ) 0 2 22 0 22 h k d ign f b k f th i gh f
a a a o . 0 02 022 or oo es or ac o o
w m n f h i gh r nk Fr m t t u bl k i n th S r w k Mu u m
o a o a . o a a -
oc e a a a se .

(No . 1 0 54 .

P L AT E 141 .

Fi g . 1. D i g n n th h nd f Sk p n h i f t t u d i n th K y n m nn r
es o e a o a a a c e a e e a a a e .

Fr m d r wi ng
o a a .

Fig . 2 .
—
D ign n th m f P ng m n Fr m d r wi ng by D r H H i ll r
es o e ar o a e a . o a a . . e
f P h il d l phi
o a e a.

Fig .
3 .
—
D i gn n th m f K h y n m n Fr m dr wi ng by D r H
es o e ar o a a a a a . o a a . .

H i ll r f P h i l d l ph i
e o a e a.

F ig .
4 . D i gn n th f r r m f L pu L u t ng w m n F r m d r wi ng
-
es o e o ea o a e o o a . o a a .

Fi g .
5 .
—
D i g n n th f r r m f
es L ng U t n w m n
o F r m ru bb ing f
e o ea o a o a o a . o a o
r v d m d l i n th S r w k M u u m ( N
a ca e o e e a a a se . o.

F ig . 6 . D i gn n th th i gh f L ng U t n w m n Fr m ru bb i ng f
— es o e o a o a o a . o a o a

r v d m d l i n th S r w k Mu u m (N
ca e o e e a a a se . o.

Fig .
7 .
—
K ny h d ig n r pr nt ing th 0 2 frui t ( g
e a es t tu d n
, e ese e 0 2 00 225022 a e o

th b r t eh u ld r f m n Fr m t t u bl k i n th S r w k
ea s s o r s o e s o e . o a a - oc e a a a
Mu u m (N se . o.

P 4 L AT E 1 2 .

Fig . 1 .
—
T t u d i g n n th f r r m f
a es K l b i t w m n F r m d r wing
o e o ea o a a a o a . o a a .

Fig . 2 .
—
T t u d i g n n fr nt f l g f K l b i t w m n C =0 220
a es o hin o o e o a a a o a . 2 s
p tt r n F r m p h t gr p h
a e . o a o o a .

Fi g .
3 .
—
T t u d i g n n b k f l g f K l b i t w m n A = 0 220 0 0 frui t
a es o ac o e o a a a o a . 2 220 ,

p tt r n ; B :0 2 0 2 t ru nk p tt r n Fr m d r wing
a e 2 2 0 20 0 , a e . o a a .

F ig .
4 .
-
T t u d i gn n fr nt f l g f th
a es m K l b i t w m n D =0 220
o o o e o e sa e a a o a . 2
0 E : 702 0 2 h i ll t p
0 2 0 212222
; Fr m d r wi ng 22 0 22, 0 s. o a a .
 p ag e s conta i n adv ert i s e

m e nts W O RK S ON A N T H R OP OL O GY

pub Hs h ed

M AC MI L L AN L I MI T E D .
 WO R KS O N ANT H R O P O LO GY
BY P R OF J . . G . F R AZ E R , LL D . .
, LI T T D . .

T H E G O L DE N B O U GH
A S T U D Y I N MAG I C A N D R E L I G I O N

T h ir d E di t i n R v i d nd E nl a r g d 8 o , e se a e . vo .

P a rt I . T HE MAGI C AR T AN D T HE E VOLU T I ON OF K I NGS .

T wo v lum o es . 205 . net .

II . T AB OO AN D T HE P E R I LS OF T H E S OU L . One vo u l me .

1 0 5. net .

III . T HE D YI N G G OD . One v ol u me . S eco nd E d iti o n. 1 0 5. net .

IV . AD ON I S , AT T I S, O S I RI S . One v ol u me . S eco nd E d iti on .

1 0 5. net .

V . SP I R T S OF T H E C OR N AN D
I OF T H E W I LD . T wo vo u l mes .

203 . net .

VI . T H E S AP E OAT C G . A
[ u t u mn 1
91 2 .

VI I . B ALD E
B E AU T I F U L R T HE .
[
A u t u mn 1 9 1 2 .

T O T E MI S M AN D E XOG AMY . A T rea ti se on C ert i n Earl y a

F rm f Sup r t i t i n nd S i t y
o s o e s o a oc e . W th Ma s
i p . F ur v l 8
o o s. vo .

505 net . .

L E C T U R E S ON T HE E AR L Y H I S T O RY O F T HE
K I NG S H I P 8 . vo . 8s 6d net
. . .

P S Y C HE S T AS K A D i scou rse co ncerni ng th e I nflu ence

’
. of
up r t i t i n n th G r w th f I n t i tu t i n 8
S e s o o6d n t e o o s o s. vo. 2 5. . e .

T H E SC O P E O F S O C I AL AN T H R O P O L OG Y . 8vo .

S w d e 6d n t
e . . e .

AN C I EN T H U N T E R S AN D T HE I R MO D E R N R EPR E
S E NT AT I V E S . B y Pr o f. W .
J . S OLL AS, D Sc . .
, FR . . S . I ll u t r t d
s a e .

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