Teacher-made Learner’s Home Task

School: Minglanilla Science High School Date: October 5, 2020

Grade/Section: Grade 12 Subject Area/s: Chemistry 2

I. MELC:
a. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids.
STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-99
b. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-100

II. Objective/s:
Knowledge:
1. Compare the properties of liquids and solids with those of gases.
2. Describe the various Intermolecular Forces and factors that affect their strengths
3. Identify the types of Intermolecular Forces that may operate in a given molecular
substance.
Skills: Illustrate the intermolecular forces between molecules of a compound.
Values/Attitude: To be able to develop positive attitude towards self-learning.
III. Subject Matter: The properties of liquids and solids to the nature of forces
between particles
IV. References: Chemistry book 10th edition – R.Chang , AP Chemistry Textbook- Zumdal
1. https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/7-6-molecular-structure-and-polarity/
2. Intermolecular Forces - Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole-Dipole, Ion-Dipole, London Dispersion
Interactions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdwzMPwPA3I&ab_channel=TheOrganicChemistryTutor
2. Dipole Moment, Molecular Polarity & Percent Ionic Character
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1GgVwqiufE&ab_channel=TheOrganicChemistryTutor
3. Polar and NonPolar Molecules: How To Tell If a Molecule is Polar or Nonpolar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiZXRScxbl0&ab_channel=TheOrganicChemistryTutor

IV. Procedure:

A. Discussion

Terms:

Phase: A homogeneous part of a system in contact with other parts of the system, but
separated from these other parts by well-defined boundaries.
Condensed phases: Liquids and solids
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.
2. These particles are in constant motion.
3. The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased temperature means
greater speed.
4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles, in the freedom of
motion of particles, and in the extent to which the particles interact.

Kinetic molecular theory is used to explain the behavior of gases in terms of the
constant, random motion of gas molecules. In gases, the distances between molecules
are so great. Because there is a great deal of empty space in a gas, it can be readily be

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compressed. The lack of strong forces between molecules also allows a gas to expand to
fill the volume of its container. Furthermore, the large amount of empty space explains
why gases have very low densities under normal conditions.
Liquids and solids are quite a different. The principal difference between the
condensed states (liquids and solids) and the gaseous state is the distance between
molecules. In a liquid, the molecules are so close together that there is very little empty
space. Thus, liquids are much more difficult to compress than gases, and they are also
much denser under normal conditions. Molecules in a liquid are held together by one or
more types of attractive forces. Liquid also has a definite volume, because molecules in a
liquid do not break away from the attractive forces. The molecules can, however, move
past one another freely, and so a liquid can flow, can be poured, and assumes the shape
of its container.
In a solid, molecules are held rigidly in position with virtually no freedom of
motion. Many solids are characterized by long-range order; that is, the molecules are
arranged in regular configurations in three dimensions. There is even less empty space in
a solid than in a liquid. Thus, solids are almost incompressible and possess definite
shape and volume. With very few exceptions (water being the most important), the
density of the solid form is higher than that of the liquid form for a given substance.

.
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules. Intermolecular
forces are responsible for the non-ideal behavior of gases. They exert even more influence
in the condensed phases of matter—liquids and solids. As the temperature of a gas
drops, the average kinetic energy of its molecules decreases. Eventually, at a sufficiently
low temperature, the molecules no longer have enough energy to break away from the
attraction of neighboring molecules. At this point, the molecules aggregate to form small
drops of liquid. This transition from the gaseous to the liquid phase is known as
condensation.
In contrast to intermolecular forces, intramolecular forces hold atoms together
in a molecule. Intramolecular forces stabilize individual molecules, whereas

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intermolecular forces are primarily responsible for the bulk properties of matter (for
example, melting point and boiling point). It is important to recognize that when a
substance such as water changes from solid to liquid to gas, the molecules remain
intact. The changes in states are due to changes in the forces among the molecules

rather than in those within the molecules.

Generally, intermolecular forces are much weaker than intramolecular forces

(covalent or ionic bond). It usually requires much less energy to evaporate a liquid than
to break the bonds in the molecules of the liquid. For example, it takes about 41 kJ of
energy to vaporize 1 mole of water at its boiling point; but about 930 kJ of energy are
necessary to break the two O-H bonds in 1 mole of water molecules. The boiling points of
substances often reflect the strength of the intermolecular forces operating among the
molecules. The boiling points of substances often reflect the strength of the
intermolecular forces operating among the molecules.
At the boiling point, enough energy must be supplied to overcome the attractive
forces among molecules before they can enter the vapor phase. If it takes more energy to
separate molecules of substance A than of substance B because A molecules are held
together by stronger intermolecular forces, then the boiling point of A is higher than that
of B. The same principle applies also to the melting points of the substances. In general,
the melting points of substances increase with the strength of the intermolecular forces.
When a solid melts, or a liquid boils, the particles move away from each other. As
they do, intermolecular forces of attraction are broken. The stronger the intermolecular
forces to be broken, the larger the amount of energy needed to break them, hence, the
higher the melting point for solid to liquid transformation, and boiling point for liquid to
gas transformation
Dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dispersion forces make up what
chemists commonly refer to as van der Waals forces, after the Dutch physicist Johannes
van der Waals.

Two factors determine whether a substance is a solid, a liquid, or a gas:

 The kinetic energies of the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) that make up a
substance. Kinetic energy tends to keep the particles moving apart. The attractive
intermolecular forces between particles that tend to draw the particles together.
 If the average kinetic energy is greater than the attractive forces between the particles,
a substance will not condense to form a liquid or a solid. If the kinetic energy is less
than the attractive forces, a liquid or solid will form.

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Different types of Intermolecular forces

A. Dipole – Dipole Forces

Polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge
on the other side of the molecule—a separation of charge called a dipole. Consider a
polar molecule such as hydrogen chloride, HCl. In the HCl molecule, the more
electronegative Cl atom bears the partial negative charge, whereas the less
electronegative H atom bears the partial positive charge. An attractive force between HCl
molecules results from the attraction between the positive end of one HCl molecule and
the negative end of another. This attractive force is called a dipole-dipole attraction—the
electrostatic force between the partially positive end of one polar molecule and the
partially negative end of another.
This image shows
two arrangements
of polar
molecules, such
as HCl, that allow
an attraction
between the
partial negative
end of one
molecule and the
Molecules with polar bonds often behave in an electric partial positive
end of another.
field as if they had a center of positive charge and a center of
negative charge. That is, they exhibit a dipole moment.
Molecules with dipole moments can attract each other
electrostatically by lining up so that the positive and negative Figure a
ends are close to each other.
In a condensed state such as a liquid, where many
molecules are in close proximity, the molecules orient
themselves to maximize the interactions (Fig. a) and
to minimize and interactions. (Fig. b)
At low pressures in the gas phase, where the
molecules are far apart, these forces are relatively
unimportant. Strong dipole–dipole forces, however, are seen
among molecules in which hydrogen is bound to a highly
electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
Two factors account for the strengths of these interactions:
Figure b
the great polarity of the bond and the close approach of the
dipoles, allowed by the very small size of the hydrogen atom.

Hydrogen Bond
Particularly strong dipole–dipole forces, however, are seen among molecules in
which hydrogen is bound to a highly electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or
fluorine. Two factors account for the strengths of these interactions: the great polarity of
the bond and the close approach of the dipoles, allowed by the very small size of the
hydrogen atom. Because dipole–dipole attractions of this type are so unusually strong,
they are given a special name—hydrogen bonding.

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 It is a special type of dipole-
dipole interaction between the
hydrogen atom in a polar bond,
such as N-H, O-H, or F-H, and
an electronegative O, N, or F
atom. Hydrogen bonding has a
very important effect on physical
properties. For example, the
The polar water molecule. (b) Hydrogen bonding among water boiling points for the covalent
molecules. Note that the small size of the hydrogen atom allows for hydrides of the elements in
close interactions. Groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A.

The boiling points of the covalent hydrides of the elements in Groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A.

Note that the nonpolar tetrahedral hydrides of Group 4A show a steady increase in
boiling point with molar mass (that is, in going down the group), whereas, for the other
groups, the lightest member has an unexpectedly high boiling point. Why? The answer
lies in the especially large hydrogen bonding interactions that exist among the smallest
molecules with the most polar X-H bonds.
These unusually strong hydrogen bonding forces are due primarily to two factors.
One factor is the relatively large electronegativity values of the lightest elements in each
group, which leads to especially polar X-H bonds. The second factor is the small size of
the first element of each group, which allows for the close approach of the dipoles,
further strengthening the intermolecular forces.
Because the interactions among the molecules containing the lightest elements
in Groups 5A and 6A are so strong, an unusually large quantity of energy must be
supplied to overcome these interactions and separate the molecules to produce the
gaseous state. These molecules will remain together in the liquid state even at high
temperatures—hence the very high boiling points.
Hydrogen bonding is also important in organic molecules (molecules with a carbon
chain backbone). For example, the alcohols methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
have much higher boiling points than would be expected from their molar masses
because of the polar O-H bonds in these molecules, which produce hydrogen bonding.

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Polar molecules and Dipole-Dipole Interaction
A polar molecule is a molecule where one end has a positive electrical charge and
the other end has a negative charge due to the arrangement or geometry of its atoms.
Because polar molecules have a positive and negative charge ends, the positive charge
end of a molecule will attract to the negative end of adjacent molecule with the same or
different kind of molecule. The attraction between two polar molecules is called dipole-
dipole interaction. The attraction between two dipoles create a very strong intermolecular
force, which have great influence in the evaporation of liquid and condensation of gas.

Hydrogen bonding in
water, ammonia, and
hydrogen fluoride. Solid
lines represent covalent
bonds, and dotted lines
represent hydrogen bonds.

Ion-Dipole Forces
Coulomb’s law also explains ion-dipole forces, which attract an ion (either a cation
or an anion) and a polar molecule to each other. The strength of this interaction depends
on the charge and size of the ion and on the magnitude of the dipole moment and size of
the molecule.

Figure c. Ion dipole

interaction

The charges on cations are generally more concentrated, because cations are
usually smaller than anions. Therefore, a cation interacts more strongly with dipoles
than does an anion having a charge of the same magnitude.
Figure d. Shows the ion-dipole interaction between the Na+ and Mg2+ ions with a
water molecule, which has a large dipole moment because the Mg2+ ion has a higher
charge and a smaller ionic radius (78 pm) than that of the Na+ ion (98 pm), it interacts
more strongly with water molecules.

Figure d. Ion- dipole

forces

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 Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole forces operate much like dipole-dipole and
induced dipole-dipole interactions. However, ion-dipole forces involve ions instead of
solely polar molecules. Ion-dipole forces are stronger than dipole interactions because
the charge of any ion is much greater than the charge of a dipole; the strength of the ion-
dipole force is proportionate to ion charge. Ion-dipole bonding is also stronger than
hydrogen bonding. An ion-dipole force consists of an ion and a polar molecule aligning so
that the positive and negative charges are next to one another, allowing for maximum
attraction.

Dispersion Forces
What attractive interaction occurs in nonpolar
substances? If we place an ion or a polar molecule
near an atom (or a nonpolar molecule), the electron
distribution of the atom (or molecule) is distorted by
the force exerted by the ion or the polar molecule,
resulting in a kind of dipole. The dipole in the atom
(or nonpolar molecule) is said to be an induced dipole
because the separation of positive and negative
charges in the atom (or nonpolar molecule) is due to
the proximity of an ion or a polar molecule. The
attractive interaction between an ion and the induced Figure e. (a) Spherical charge distribution in a
helium atom. (b) Distortion caused by the
dipole is called ion-induced dipole interaction, and the approach of a cation. (c) Distortion caused by the
attractive interaction between a polar molecule and the approach of a dipole.

induced dipole is called dipole-induced dipole

interaction.
The likelihood of a dipole moment being induced depends not only on the charge
on the ion or the strength of the dipole but also on the polarizability of the atom or
molecule—that is, the ease with which the electron distribution in the atom (or molecule)
can be distorted. Generally, the larger the number of electrons and the more diffuse the
electron cloud in the atom or molecule, the greater its polarizability. By diffuse cloud we
mean an electron cloud that is spread over an appreciable volume, so that the electrons
are not held tightly by the nucleus. Polarizability allows gases containing atoms or
nonpolar molecules (for example, He and N2) to condense.
In a helium atom the electrons are moving at some distance from the nucleus. At
any instant it is likely that the atom has a dipole moment created the specific positions of
the electrons. This dipole moment is called an instantaneous dipole because it lasts for
just a tiny fraction of a second. In the next instant the electrons are in different locations
and the atom has a new instantaneous dipole, and so on. Averaged over time (that is, the
time it takes to make a dipole moment measurement), however, the atom has no dipole
moment because the instantaneous dipoles all cancel one another.

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 Averaged over time (that is, the time it takes to make a dipole moment
measurement), however, the atom has no dipole moment because the instantaneous
dipoles all cancel one another. The important point is that this kind of interaction
produces dispersion forces, attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles
induced in atoms or molecules. At very low temperatures (and reduced atomic speeds),
dispersion forces are strong enough to hold He atoms together, causing the gas to
condense. The attraction between nonpolar molecules can be explained similarly.

Dispersion forces result from the formation of temporary dipoles, as illustrated here for two nonpolar diatomic
molecules.
Dispersion forces that develop between atoms in different molecules can attract
the two molecules to each other. The forces are relatively weak, however, and become
significant only when the molecules are very close. Larger and heavier atoms and
molecules exhibit stronger dispersion forces than do smaller and lighter atoms and
molecules. F2 and Cl2 are gases at room temperature (reflecting weaker attractive
forces); Br2 is a liquid, and I2 is a solid (reflecting stronger attractive forces). Trends in
observed melting and boiling points for the halogens clearly demonstrate this effect, as
seen in Table 1.

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 The increase in melting and boiling points with increasing atomic/molecular size
may be rationalized by considering how the strength of dispersion forces is affected by
the electronic structure of the atoms or molecules in the substance. In a larger atom, the
valence electrons are, on average, farther from the nuclei than in a smaller atom. Thus,
they are less tightly held and can more easily form the temporary dipoles that produce
the attraction. The measure of how easy or difficult it is for another electrostatic charge
(for example, a nearby ion or polar molecule) to distort a molecule’s charge distribution
(its electron cloud) is known as polarizability. A molecule that has a charge cloud that is
easily distorted is said to be very polarizable and will have large dispersion forces; one
with a charge cloud that is difficult to distort is not very polarizable and will have small
dispersion forces.
The shapes of molecules also affect the magnitudes of the dispersion forces
between them. For example, boiling points for the isomers n-pentane, isopentane, and
neopentane (shown in Figure 6) are 36 °C, 27 °C, and 9.5 °C, respectively. Even though
these compounds are composed of molecules with the same chemical formula, C5H12,
the difference in boiling points suggests that dispersion forces in the liquid phase are
different, being greatest for n-pentane and least for neopentane. The elongated shape of
n-pentane provides a greater surface area available for contact between molecules,
resulting in correspondingly stronger dispersion forces. The more compact shape of
isopentane offers a smaller surface area available for intermolecular contact and,
therefore, weaker dispersion forces. Neopentane molecules are the most compact of the
three, offering the least available surface area for intermolecular contact and, hence, the
weakest dispersion forces. This behavior is analogous to the connections that may be
formed between strips of VELCRO brand fasteners: the greater the area of the strip’s

contact, the stronger the connection.

The strength of the dispersion forces increases with the contact area between molecules, as demonstrated by the boiling points of
these pentane isomers.

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Note:
Watch this video to understand the lesson better.
1. Intermolecular Forces - Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole-Dipole, Ion-Dipole, London
Dispersion Interactions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdwzMPwPA3I&ab_channel=TheOrganicChemistryT
utor
2. Dipole Moment, Molecular Polarity & Percent Ionic Character
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1GgVwqiufE&ab_channel=TheOrganicChemistryTu
tor
3. Polar and NonPolar Molecules: How To Tell If a Molecule is Polar or Nonpolar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiZXRScxbl0&ab_channel=TheOrganicChemistryTu
tor

B. Exercises for skill subjects / Analysis questions using HOTS for content subjects

Exercise 1
Directions: Write your answer in a separate one sheet of paper (modular)
Answer the questions using the Google classroom (online)
Questions:
1. What types of intermolecular forces are acting in the following phases of matter?
1.a N2(g) 1.b. H2O 1.c. HCOOH 1.d. Cl---H2O 1.e. HCl

a. Ion – Dipole b. Hydrogen bond c. Dipole – dipole d. Dispersion

2. It explain the behavior of gases in terms of the constant, random motion of gas
molecules.
a. Intermolecular theory c. Kinetic molecular theory
b. London dispersion d. Intramolecualr theory

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3. A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially positive end of a neutral polar molecule.
a. Ion – Dipole b. Hydrogen bond c. Dipole – dipole d. Dispersion
4. Is a molecule where one end has a positive electrical charge and the other end has a
negative charge.
a. covalent molecule b. polar molecule c. bipolar molecule d. non- polar
5. The interaction force that holds the atom together in a molecule?
a. Intermolecular b. Intramolecular c. Dipole –dipole d. Dispersion
6. The interaction force that holds the molecule together?
a. Intermolecular b. Intramolecular c. ionic bond d. covalent bond
7. An interaction between a separation of positive and negative charges in the atom (or
nonpolar molecule) is due to the proximity of an ion or a polar molecule.
a. dipole- dipole b. induced dipole c. hydrogen bond d. covalent bond

8. The forces that exist among noble gas atoms and nonpolar molecules are called
a. Intermolecular b. Intramolecular c. ionic bond d. covalent bond

9. Attractive interaction between a polar molecule and the induced dipole is called__
a. Intramolecular b. dipole – dipole c. ion- dipole d. dipole induced dipole
10. Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles induced in atoms or
molecules.
a. dispersion forces b. dipole-dipole c. ion-dipole d. hydrogen bond
11. Hydrogen has a strong bond with the following elements EXCEPT;
a. Flourine b. Oxygen c. Carbon d. Nitrogen
12. If the kinetic energy is lesser than the intermolecular forces the substance is__
a. water b. gas c. solid or liquid d. air
13. When a substance has a high boiling or melting point the intermolecular forces is__
a. stronger b. weak c. neutral d. none of the above
14. The strength of this interaction depends on the charge and size of the ion and on the
magnitude of the dipole moment and size of the molecule.
a. dipole-dipole b. dispersion c. hydrogen bond d. ion-dipole
15. It is considered the weakest intermolecular force.
a. dipole-dipole b. dispersion c. hydrogen bond d. ion-dipole

Exercise 2
Directions: a. Write your answer in a separate one sheet of paper (modular)
b. Answer the questions using the Google classroom (online)
c. Answer each question briefly. Use black pen only.
d. Check rubric for scoring.
Questions:
1. What are the different Intermolecular forces? Describe each one of them.
2. In terms of their bulk properties, how do liquids and solids differ? How are they
similar?
3. In terms of the kinetic molecular theory, in what ways are liquids similar to solids? In
what ways are liquids different from solids?
4. In terms of the kinetic molecular theory, in what ways are liquids similar to gases? In
what ways are liquids different from gases?
5. Explain why liquids assume the shape of any container into which they are poured,
whereas solids are rigid and retain their shape.

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6. The types of intermolecular forces in a substance are identical whether it is a solid, a
liquid, or a gas. Why then does a substance change phase from a gas to a liquid or to
a solid?
7. Why do the boiling points of the noble gases increase in the order He < Ne < Ar < Kr <
Xe?
8. Why hydrogen bond is stronger IMF?
9. Explain how dispersion attraction happened in a molecule?
10. How does molecule size and shape of molecule affect the strength dispersion forces
in a molecules.

POINTS DESCRIPTION
Students understanding of concept if clearly evident Student uses effective
4 strategies to get accurate results Student uses logical thinking to arrive at
the conclusion
Students understanding of the concept is evident Student uses appropriate
3 strategies to arrive at a result Student shows thinking skills to arrive at the
conclusion
Student has limited understanding of a concept Student uses strategies
2
that are ineffective Student attempts to show thinking skills
Student has a complete lack of understanding of the concept Student
1
makes no attempt to use a strategy Student shows no understanding

C. Assessment/Application: Hands-on activity

Directions: Copy the Activity sheet same as below.

Submit your output on scheduled date.
Take a picture showing your face or video while doing the activity and send to
my email: nonah0874@gmail.com ( Fb messenger for modular)

Reminder: a. The activity should be performed in an airy or well-ventilated room.

b. Proper handling of the substances that you will be using.
c. Avoid contact with the skin and direct inhalation of the vapours of the
substances.
d. It is best if the students use safety gloves, goggles and mask.

Materials: Water, ethanol or isoprophyl alcohol, acetone, 8 coins, dropper

Procedure:
1. Using the first 4 coins, drop each liquid on a 1-peso coin and count the number of
drops the coin can hold.
2. Then on the next 4 coins, put a drop of the liquid and determine how much time it
takes one drop to evaporate.
3. Write the results on your activity sheet.
4. Check rubric for scoring.

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Questions:
1. Which molecules can hold more drops on the coin?
2. Which molecules took longer to evaporate?
3. Are the molecules that can hold the lesser number of drops the same as the molecules
that took less time to evaporate?
4. Based on the formula and geometries of the substances, are the molecules that can
hold more drops on the coin polar or nonpolar? What about those that took longer to
evaporate?

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 Prepared by:
Nonah C. Alicaya Verified by:
Teacher Edison G. dela Peňa
School Head
Note: For Questions and clarifications you can send an email at nonah0874@gmail.com or through FB messenger or
through your adviser.

Address: IPHO Bldg., Sudlon, Lahug, Cebu City

Telephone Nos.: (032) 520-3216 – 520-3217; SDS Office: (032) 255-6405; ASDS Apao: (032) 236-
4628

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