COMSATS University Islamabad

Sahiwal Campus
(Department of Mechanical Engineering)
Course Title: Mechanical Vibration Course Code: MEE401 Credit Hours: 3+1
Course Instructor: Muzamil Hussain Programme Name: Bachelor of Science in Mech.Engg.
Semester: 7th Batch: B-13 Section: C & D Sub Date: 17/11/2020
Time Allowed: Four weeks Maximum Marks: 50
Student’s Name: M.Musasdiq Shareef Reg. No. CUI/ FA16-BME-111 /SWL
CLO1 CLO2 CLO3
CLOs
Question Nos. Max. Marks. Question Nos. Max. Marks. Question Nos. Max. Marks.
Addressed
01 (5*10)
Assignment - 3 (CLO-3, C1, PLO-6)

Describe the impact of mechanical vibration on following

a. Bearing House of Lathe machine
b. Grain refinement and mechanical properties of metals in casting
c. Hardening of metallic surface
d. Fatigue life of materials
e. Corioli mass flow meter
f. Hydraulic valves
g. Noise in automobiles
h. Neuromusculoskeletal system
i. Steel or Concrete structures
j. Ultrasonic techniques

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(a) Impact of mechanical vibration on Bearing house of lathe machine
The amount of vibration on the bearing house of a turning lathe selected in advance through the
change of the revolutions per minute and the thickness of the removed material in frontal type of
lathe processing. Increase in mechanical vibration values depending on the value of nominal
thickness of splinter was observed during changing technological parameters of the drilling process
as a consequence of rotation speed of the motor.Graphical abstract unwanted vibration in machine
tools like lathe is one of the main problems as it affects the quality of the machined parts and tool life
and creates noise during machining operation. Bearings are of paramount importance to almost all
forms of rotating machinery and are the most common among machine elements.

(b) Impact of vibration on grain refinement and mechanical properties of metals

in casting
The effect of mechanical vibrations on various aluminum alloys under gravity die casting process
can be observed as the mechanical properties like ultimate tensile strength and Hardness are
increased at a particular frequency of vibration, further it can be observed that the micro grain
structure of the aluminum alloy has improved at a particular frequency of vibration, the grain size has
reduced and fine grain structure has obtained. Several examples drawn from the literature suggest
vibration during casting greatly benefits grain structure and mechanical properties of products.
Dendrite fragmentation and detachment and total cooling rate have been identified as two major
factors that contribute to the enhancement (refinement) of grain size of vibrated microstructures.
Mechanical properties are dependent on these micro structural changes that take place during
solidification of the melt. Vibration during casting and welding has now been fully documented and
accepted as one important procedure for manufacturing high quality castings and weldments for
commercial industrial use.

(c) Impact of vibration on Hardening of Metallic surface

One of functional parameters which have a big influence on the reliability of machine is the surface
quality of mobile and immobile parts. The quality working ability of the surface in contact is
depending of their surfaces strength. In this regard, we used vibro-mechanical treatment to increase
the hardness of the contact surfaces which is considered as formed surface of plastic deformation.
The formed plastic deformation surface is also a kind of micro relief surface, characterized by
multitude closed and superimposed on each other traces of contact with the particles working
environment cultivated surface. The quality of the surface resulting from the vibro-impact treatment,
provide a sufficiently high wear parts.

(d) Impact of mechanical vibration on fatigue life of materials

Vibration fatigue is a mechanical engineering term describing material fatigue, caused by forced
vibration of random nature. An excited structure responds according to its natural-dynamics modes,
which results in a dynamic stress load in the material points. The process of material fatigue is thus
governed largely by the shape of the excitation profile and the response it produces. As the profiles
of excitation and response are preferably analyzed in the frequency domain it is practical to
use fatigue life evaluation methods, that can operate on the data in frequency-domain, such as power
spectral density (PSD).

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(e) Impact of mechanical vibration on Coriolis mass flow meter
In industrial applications, all kinds of vibrations with different amplitudes are very common. A
Coriolis meter measures a mass flow using a vibrating sensor tube, which fluctuation gets
intentionally out of phase when the fluid flows through. This measurement technique is somewhat
sensitive to unwanted vibrations with a frequency close to the resonance frequency of the sensor tube
(this depends on the sensor tube design, e.g. 360 Hz) or a higher harmonic of this frequency.
Coriolis flow meter manufacturers do their utmost to reduce the influence of vibrations on the
measured value by use of common technical solutions, such as:
 Higher driving frequencies
 Dual sensor tubes
 Different sensor shapes
 Mass inertia (e.g. mass blocks)
 Passive and active vibration compensation
 Pigtails
(f) Impact of mechanical vibration on Hydraulic valves
Vibrational behavior of fluid power systems is a very important aspect regarding life-time of the
components and especially noise problems within hydraulic circuits. Vibration emitting and noise
generating elements in hydraulic systems are valves. The impact of mechanical vibrations on the
environment, particularly on hydraulic valves is one major problem in industry. A running
engineering machine is a source of mechanical vibrations with a wide spectrum of frequencies,
including low frequencies. The vibrations act on the operator inside the machine, on all the machine
subassemblies and subsystems and indirectly, on the surrounding environment. For the sake of the
health of the machine's valves, it is essential to identify the mechanical vibrations to which they are
subjected. Such vibrations often may disturb the operation of the entire hydraulic system of a mobile
machine.
(g) Impact of mechanical vibration on Noise in automobiles
When a vehicle’s engine is in operation, the vehicle or a part of it exhibits oscillatory motion, which
is termed vibration. The adjacent air also exhibits vibration, which is called sound. Vehicle sound
includes wanted and unwanted sounds. Unwanted sound is noise. Vibration and noise can cause
passenger discomfort. The chassis system includes tires, shocks and isolators, frame, etc. Because
most individual systems, subsystems, and components of a vehicle are either sources or transmitters
of vibration and sound, the vibrations and sound of the entire vehicle depend on the synthesis of
vibration and sound at the system and subsystem levels, as well as the component level.
(h) Impact of mechanical vibration on Neuromusculoskeletal system
Owing to the elasticity and plasticity of the skeleton, joints and muscles, the musculoskeletal system
is capable of absorbing and damping mechanical vibration without damage as long as the vibration
level is within tolerable limits. However, technical developments have led to the exposure of many
people to intolerable variation levels with destructive changes as a result. Initially, the joints and
joint complaints attracted the greatest attention. Vibration damping takes place mainly in the joints.
The response of muscles to vibration is often expressed in the form of a tonic vibration reflex (TVR)
which arises as a result of stimulation of the muscle spindles and therefore resembles the classic
tonic stretch reflex. There is increased muscular activation for stabilisation of the joint positions,
especially during whole-body vibration.

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(i)Impact of mechanical vibration on Steel or Concrete structures
Floor vibrations are generally caused by dynamic loads applied either directly to the floor by people
or machinery or indirectly by moving floor supports after transmission through the building structure
or through the ground. The principal sources of vibration in buildings are:
 Human activity, e.g. walking, dancing, jumping, etc.
 Vibrating machinery
 External forces, e.g. traffic at ground level or underground, or wind buffeting.
The most common source of vibration that can cause nuisance in building applications is human
activity, usually walking. Although small in magnitude, walking-induced vibrations can cause a
nuisance to people working or living in the building, especially to the use of sensitive equipment or
to those engaged in motion-sensitive activities, e.g. surgery.

Machinery-induced vibrations are best dealt with at source through the provision of isolating mounts
or motion arresting pads. Machines installed in factories tend to produce the most severe vibrations
due to their size and the nature of their operation.

Wind induced vibrations are generally not an issue for normal building construction, such as low to
medium rise commercial or residential buildings.

(j) Impact of mechanical vibration on Ultrasonic techniques

Ultrasonic and high frequency sonic sound waves, or vibrations, are typically created by a transducer
having a piezoelectric crystal. When an alternating current is applied to the piezoelectric crystal, the
piezoelectric crystal mechanically deforms. Using this effect, a high-frequency alternating electric
current can be converted to an ultrasomic wave of the same frequency, typically over 20 kHz. The
piezoelectric crystal is coupled to a mechanical wave guide that transmits the ultrasonic wave into
another structure. The piezoelectric crystal transducer also converts mechanical deformations into a
current. That is, vibrations transmitted into the piezoelectric crystal are converted into a current. This
current can be analyzed and converted into data representing the information about the structure. As
such, piezoelectric crystal transducers are typically structured to provide feedback from reflected
ultrasonic vibrations.

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