|D STAGE / PROLIFERATION ‘This is the intial stage of tooth formation Winer enamel organ resembles a smal ud During the bud stage, the enamel organ ‘consists of peripherally located low columnar ‘alls & centrally located polygonal cali The surrounding mesenchymal calls proliferate, which results in their ‘condensation in two areas she area of condensation immediately below the enamel organ isthe dental papila The ectomesenctymal condensation that Surrounds the tooth bud & the dental papi isthe tooth sac CAP STAGE / PROLIFERATION. “As the tooth bud continues to proliferate, it does not expand uniformly into a large sphere ‘Instead unequal growth in different parts of the tooth bud leads to the cap stage whichis characterized by a shallow invagination on the deep surface of the bud + The peripheral cells of the cap stage are ‘cuboidal, cover the convexity of the cap & {are called the outer enamel epithelium ‘The cells in the concavity of the cap become tall columnar cells & represent the inner enamel epithelium*The outer enamel epithelium is separated from the dental sac, & the inner enamel epithelium from the dental papilla, by a delicate basement membrane STELLATE RETICULUM + Polygonal cells located between the outer and the inner enamel epithelium, begin to separate due to water being drawn into the enamel organ from the surrounding dental papilla + As aresult the polygons clls become star shaped but maintain contact with each ‘other by their cytoplasmic process + As the star shaped cells forma cellular network, they are called the stellate reticulum ‘The cells in the center of the enamel organ are densely packed and form the enamel knot ‘This knot projects toward the underiying dental papilla+ At the same time a vertical extension of the enamel knot, called the enamel cord occurs “The function of enamel knot & cord may act a5 a reservoir ofthe dividing ‘ells for the growing enamel organ “The enamel knot act as a signaling ‘enters as many important growth factors are expressed by the cells of ‘the enamel knot & thus play an important rolein determining the shape of the tooth “The ectomesenchymal condensation ie the dental papilla & ‘the dental sac are pronounced during this stage of dental development BELL STAGE / HISTODIFFERENTIATION + Due to continued uneven growth of the enamel organ it acquires a bell shape + In bell stage crown shape is determined + It was thought thatthe shape of the crown, is due to pressure exerted by the growing ental papilla cells on the inner enamel epithelium * This pressure however was shown tobe ‘opposed equally by the pressure exerted by ‘ld present in the stellate reticulum + The folding of enamel organ to cause diferent crown shapes is shown to be due to erent rates of mitosis & difference in cell differentiation timeSTRATUM INTERMEDIUM, + few layers of squamous calls form the stratum intermedia , between the nner ‘enamel epithelium & te tlt reteur + These celsare closely ataches by desmosomes &gpplunctons + This ayer seems tobe essential to enamel formation STELLATE RETICULUM “The stellate reticulum expands Further due to continued accumulation of intracellular ‘ia «These star shaped cols, havinga large processes anastomose with those of adjacent cols + As the enamel formation starts, the Stelate reticulum collapses toa narrow zone ‘thereby reducing the dstance between the outer & inner enamel epithelum INNER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM +The inser enamel epithelium consis of snl aero cals that ferent porto {nelogeness ito al columna cls caled ameloblasts ‘These elongated cals ae attached to one another by junctional complees ater & {ocal inthestratum interme by desmosomes +The cals ofthe inner enamel epthetum exert a stong influence onthe undering ‘esenchyal lof the dental pop which ate ierentiate ino odontatassOUTER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM “The cells ofthe outer enamel epithelium flatten to form low cuboidal cells +The outer enamel epithelium i thyown int folds which ae ich in capillary network, thie provides a souree of nutrition forthe enamel organ + Before the inner enamel epithelium begins to produce enamel. Peripheral cells of the dental papila cfferentiate into odontoblasts ‘These cuboidal calls lter assumes a columnar form & produce dentin DENTAL LAMINA + Dental laminas seem to extend lingually ands termed successional dental lamina as it gives ise to enamel organs of permanent successors of deciduous teeth «The enamel organs of deciduous teeth in the belstage show successional lamina & their permanent sucessor teeth in the bud stage +The dental sac exhibits a circular arrangement of fibres & resembles 2 capsule around the enamel organ + The fibres of the dental sac form the periodontal ligament fibres that span between the root & the bone * The junction between the inner enamel epithelium & odontoblasts outlines the future dentino-enamel junctionDENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA + Dentinogeness imperfecta (hereditary Opalescent Dentin) isa genetic disorder of tooth development + This condition causes teeth to be discolored (most often ablue-gay or yellow-brown color) and vanslucent. Teeth Bre also weaker than normal, making them prone to rapid wear, brealage,andioss. + Those problems can affect beth primary (baby teeth and permanent teeth. + This condition ie inherited in ‘an autosomal éominant patter, which ‘means one copy ofthe altered gene in cach els sufficient to cause the disorder. JANCED BELL STAGE / MORPHODIFFERENTIATION > characterued by the commencement (of mineralization & rot formation > The boundary between the inner ‘enamel epithelium & odontablasts butine the future dertnoename! Junction > Formation of dentin occure fist 363 layer along the future dentincename! junetion in the region of future cusps & proceeds pulpal &apialy > after the fist layer of dentin formed, the ameloblasts iy down enamel over the dentin inthe future incisal 8 cuspal > The enamel formation then proceeds coronally & cervically in all the regions from the dentinoenamel junction toward the surface > The cervical portion of enamel organ gives rise to Hertwig, Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS) > This HERS outlines the future root & thus responsible for the size, shape , length & number of rootsFUSION «The phenomenon of tooth fusion arses through union of two ‘normally separated tooth germs, and depending upon the stage of ‘development ofthe teeth atthe time of ‘union, it may be either compete or Incomplete. “However fusion can also be the union ‘of anormal tooth bud to a supernumerary tooth germ. In these ‘cases, the number of teth is fewer if ‘the anomalous tooth s counted as one tooth ( APPOSITION) + Apposition is the deposition of the matrix of the hard enamel structures, + Appositional growth of the enamel & dentin is a layer like deposition of an extracellular matrix. This type of growth is therefore additive + Appositional growth is characterised by regular & rhythmic deposition of the extracellular matrix, which is of itself incapable of further growthThe development of roots begin after enamel & dentin formation has reached the future ementoenamel junction + The enamel organ plays an important role In root development by forming HERS, hich modes the shape of the root “HERS consists of outer & inner enamel epithelium only “As the fist layer of the dentin has been laid down, the epithelial root sheath loses Its structural continuity and is close relation tothe surface ofthe root sits remnants persists as an epithelial network of strands or clumps near the external surface of the root + These epithelial remnants are found in the periodontal ligament of erupted teeth and are called as rests of mallasez + Prior to the beginning of root formation, the root sheath forms the epithelial diaphragm ‘The outer & the inner enamel epithelium bend at the future cementoenamel junction Into a horizontal plane, narrowing the wide cervical opening +The proliferation of the cells of the epithelial diaphragm is accompanied by the proliferation of the cells of the connective tissues of the pulp, adjacent to the diaphragm ‘+The free end of diaphragm does not grow into the connective tissue but the epithelium proliferates coronal to the epithelial diaphragm+ Connective tissue ofthe dental s3e surrounding the root she ath proliferates {invades the continous double ‘epithelial layer dividing it into network of epithelial strands +The rapid sequence of proliferation & destruction of Heri’ root sheath ‘explains the fat that it cannot be seen as ' continuous layer on the surface of developing root in the ast stages ofthe root development, the proliferation ofthe epithelium in the diaphragm lags behind ‘that ofthe pulpal connective tissue 1 The wide apical foramen i reduced first tothe width ofthe diaphragmatic ‘opening itself & later is further narrowed bby opposition of dentin & cementum to the apex of the root + Differential growth of the epithelial diaphragm in the multirooted teeth causes the division of oot trunk into2 or 3 roots + During the general growth of enamel ‘organ, expansion of its cervical opening ‘occursin such a way that long tongue lke ‘extensions of the horizontal diaphragm develop + Before division of the root trunk occurs, free ends of the horizontal epithelial flaps ‘row towards each other & fuse +The single cervical openingis divided into 20r3 openings r-4 A + On the pulpal surface of the dividing epithelial bridges, dentin formation starts +On the periphery of each opening, root development follows in the same way as described for single rooted teeth