A PAPER PRESENTATION ON

Prepared for:

St.Ann's College of Engineering and Technology

Chirala

Prepared By

A.V.N.Purna Chandra Rao D.Sasidhar

Regd No: 08761A0504 Regd No: 08761A0517
avnpurnachandrarao@gmail.com sasidivvela@gmail.com
Phno: 9948383699 Phno: 9492940545

Department of Computer Science of Engineering

LakiReddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering
Mylavaram – 521 230.

Abstract:- The term Mobile Computing is

evolved in modern usage as such that it
requires that the mobile computing activity
be connected wirelessly to and through the
internet or to and through a private network.
This connection ties the mobile device to
centrally located information and/or
application software through the use of
battery powered, portable, and wireless
computing and communication devices. This
includes devices like laptops with wireless
LAN or wireless WAN technology, smart
mobile phones, wearable computers and
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with
Bluetooth or IRDA interfaces.
Mobile communication is
continuously one of the hottest areas that are
developing at a booming speed, with
advanced techniques emerging in all the
fields of mobile and wireless
communications. With this rapid
development it is expected that fourth
generation mobile systems will be launched
within decades.
“If you can dream it, you can do it”,
according to this we can leap 3G to 4G
along its features and future trends in mobile
technology. In wireless communications,
mobile technology is advanced and in this
system 4G is the latest. Progressing from
previous three generations, 4G mobile
systems have been significantly improving
in terms of interactive multimedia services.
4G mobile aims to provide an effective
solution for the next generation mobile
services. This mobile system focus on
seamlessly integrating the existing wireless
technologies. 4G contrasts with 3G, which
merely focuses on developing new standards
and hardware. 4G systems will support
comprehensive and personalized services,
providing stable system performance and
quality service.
Introduction:-
Mobile communications and wireless
networks are developing at an astounding
speed. The approaching 4G (fourth
generation) mobile communication systems
are projected to solve still-remaining
problems of 3G (third generation) systems
and to provide a wide variety of new
services, from high-quality voice to high-
definition video to high-data-rate wireless
channel.
4G is used broadly to include several
types of broadband wireless access
communication systems along with cellular
telephone systems. The 4G systems not only
will support the next generation of mobile
service, but also will support the fixed
wireless networks.
 The 4G systems will interoperate
with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with
digital (broadband) broadcasting systems
and IP (Internet protocol) based one. The 4G
infrastructure consists of a set of various
networks using IP as a common protocol so
that users are in control because they will be
able to choose every application and
environment. 4G mobile data transmission
rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits per
second.
Evolution:-
Traditionally, wireless systems were
considered as an auxiliary approach that was
used in regions where it was difficult to
build a connection by wire line.
First Generation (1G):-
1G was based on analogy technique
and deployed in the 1980s. It built the basic
structure of mobile communications and
solved many fundamental problems, e.g.
cellular architecture adopting, multiplexing
frequency band, roaming across domain,
non-interrupted communication in mobile
circumstances, etc. Speech chat was the only
service of 1G. AMPS (Advance mobile
phone system) were first launched by US
which is 1G mobile system. It is best on
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access) technology which allows users to
make voice calls within one country.
FDMA:-
Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA) is the most common analog
system. It is a technique whereby spectrum
is divided up into frequencies and then
assigned to users. With FDMA, only one
subscriber at any given time is assigned to a
channel. The channel therefore is closed to
other conversations until the initial call is
finished, or until it is handed-off to a
different channel. A "full-duplex" FDMA
transmission requires two channels, one for
transmitting and the other for receiving.
FDMA has been used for first generation
analog systems.
Second Generation (2G):
2G was based on Digital Signal Processing
(DSP) techniques and regarded as a
revolution from analogy to digital
technology, which has gained tremendous
success during 1990s with GSM (Global
System for Mobile Communication) which
is based on Time Division Multiple Access
TDMA(Time division Multiple Access). A
brief view of TDMA:
TDMA:-
Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) improves spectrum capacity by
splitting each frequency into time slots.
TDMA allows each user to access the entire
radio frequency channel for the short period
of a call. Other users share this same
frequency channel at different time slots.
The base station continually switches from
user to user on the channel. TDMA is the
dominant technology for the second
generation mobile cellular networks.
2.5G;-
It extended the 2G with data service
and packet switching methods, and it was
regarded as 3G services for 2G networks.
Under the same networks with 2G, 2.5G
brought the Internet into mobile personal
communications. This was a revolutionary
concept leading to hybrid communications.
2.5G networks such as GPRS (Global
Packet Radio Service) are available in
Europe.
Third Generation:-
3G is deploying a new system offer
multimedia transmission, global roaming
across a cellular or other single type of
wireless network. 3G technology supports
144 Kbps bandwidth, with high speed
movement (e.g. vehicles), 384 Kbps (e.g. on
campus) & 2 Mbps for stationary (e.g.: in
building). Based on intelligent DSP
techniques, various multimedia data
communications services are transmitted by
convergent 3G networks. 3G still leaves
some unsolved problems that it does not
concern or concerns only partly.
 The limitations and difficulties of 3G
include:
 Limitation of spectrum and its
allocation.
 Difficult to roam across distinct
service environment in different
frequency bands.
 Lack of end-to-end seamless
transport mechanism spanning a
mobile sub-network and a fixed one.
However, the demand for higher
access speed multimedia communication in
today's society and the limitations of 3G
communication service wave the path for 4G
mobile communication.
CDMA:-
Code Division Multiple Access in
3G is based on "spread" spectrum
technology. Since it is suitable for encrypted
transmissions, it has long been used for
military purposes. CDMA increases
spectrum capacity by allowing all users to
occupy all channels at the same time.
Transmissions are spread over the whole
radio band, and each voice or data call are
assigned a unique code to differentiate from
the other calls carried over the same
spectrum. CDMA allows for a “soft hand-
off”, which means that terminals can
communicate with several base stations at
the same time.
ARCHITECTURE OF 4G:-
One of the most challenging
problems facing deployment of 4G
technology is how to access several different
mobile and wireless networks. There are
three possible architectures for 4G.
 Multimode devices
 Overlay network
 Common access protocol.
Multimode devices:-
This architecture uses a single
physical terminal with multiple interfaces to
access services on different wireless
networks. It may improve call completion
and expand effective coverage area. It
should also provide reliable wireless
coverage in case of network, link, or switch
failure. The user, device, or network can
initiate handoff between networks. The
device itself incorporates most of the
additional complexity without requiring
wireless network modification or employing
inter working devices. Each network can
deploy a database that keeps track of user
location, device capabilities, network
conditions, and user preferences. The
handling of quality-of-service (Quos) issues
remains an open research question.
 Common access protocol:
This protocol becomes viable if
wireless networks can support one or two
standard access protocols. One possible
solution, which will require inter working
between different networks, uses wireless
asynchronous transfer mode. To implement
wireless ATM, every wireless network must
Overlay network: allow transmission of ATM cells with
additional headers or wireless ATM cells
In this architecture, a user accesses
requiring changes in the wireless networks.
an overlay network consisting of several
universal access points. These UAPs in turn
select a wireless network based on
availability, QOS (Quality of Service)
specifications and user defined choices. A
UAP performs protocol and frequency
translation, Content adaptation and QoS
negotiation-renegotiation on behalf of users.
The overlay network, rather than the user or 4G MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES:
device, performs handoffs as the user moves
1. Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)
from one UAP to another.
2. Spectrum-efficient High-speed
wireless mobile transmission
1. Open Wireless Architecture:-

A single system architecture

characterized by a horizontal
communication model providing common
platform to complement different access
technologies in an optimum way for
different service requirements and radio
environments is called the converged
broadband wireless platform or open
wireless architecture (OWA). OWA will
be the next storm in wireless
communications, fueled by many emerging
technologies including digital signal
processing, software- definable radio, and
intelligent antennas.
Space-Time Coding and MIMO
(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output):-
Increasing demand for high
performance 4G broadband wireless mobile
calls for use of multiple antennas at both
base station and subscriber ends. Multiple
antenna technologies enable high capacities
suited for Internet and multimedia services

The open wireless platform requires: and also dramatically increase range and
reliability. The challenge for wireless
 Area and power-efficient broadband broadband access lies in providing a
signal processing for wideband comparable quality of service for similar
wireless applications cost as competing wire line technologies.
 Highest industry channel density
Figure-4
(MOPS pooling) in flexible new
BTS signal processing architectures
 BTS solutions scalable to higher
clock rates and higher network
capacity
 Waveform-specific processors
provides new architecture for
platform reuse in terminals for
The target frequency band for this
multiservice capability
system is 2 to 5 GHz due to favorable
 Terminal solutions achieve highest
propagation characteristics and low radio-
computational efficiency for
frequency (RF) equipment cost.
application with high flexibility
 Powerful layered software Advantages
architecture using virtual machine
Spatial diversity and coding gains for
programming concept.
large link budget gains (>10 dB).
2. Spectrum-efficient High-speed 4G Features:-
wireless mobile transmission:-
 High usability: anytime, anywhere,
Wide-area wireless broadband and with any technology. 4G
systems spectral efficiency can yield a networks are all-IP based
system capacity that allows that experience heterogeneous networks that allow
to be delivered simultaneously to many users to use any system at any time
users in a cell, reducing the cost of service and anywhere.
delivery for this mass-market broadband  Support for multimedia services at
service. These systems are optimized to low transmission cost.
exploit the full potential of adaptive antenna  Personalization, integrated services
signal processing, thereby providing robust,  Entirely packet switched networks.
high-speed connections for mobile users  All network elements are digital.
with a minimum of radio infrastructure.  Higher bandwidth, tight network
security.
The spectral efficiency of a radio
 Coping with the expected growth in
system ¾ the quantity of billable services
Internet Opening new spectrum
that can be delivered in a unit of spectrum ¾
frontiers
directly impacts network economics and
 4G networks expected to support
service quality. Spectrally efficient systems
real-time multimedia services that
have the following characteristics:
are highly time-sensitive.

 Reduced spectrum requirements, Future of 4G:-

minimizing up-front capital expenses
“The future of wireless is not just
related to spectrum
wireless, it is a part of life.” The future

 Reduced infrastructure requirements, offers faster speeds and larger bandwidth. It

minimizing capital and operating costs is suggested that 4G technologies will allow

associated with base station sites, 3D virtual reality and interactive video /

translating into reduced costs per hologram images.. 4G is expected to provide

subscriber and per covered population high-resolution images (better quality than

element TV images) and video-links (all of these will

require a band width of about 100MHz). It also be possible to have all the practicality
is likely that the forecasts of the next 'Killer of a mobile computer in the size of a hand
Apps' for 4G technology will change as held organizer or even smaller.
customer demand develops over time.

The Future:-

Low cost high speed data will drive

forward the fourth generation (4G) as short-
range communication emerges. Service and
application ubiquity, with a high degree of
personalization and synchronization
between various user appliances, will be
another driver. It is probable that the radio
access network will evolve from a
centralized architecture to a distributed one.
4G is likely to enable the download of full
length songs or music pieces which may
change the market response dramatically.
Innovations in network technology will
provide an environment in which virtually
anything is available, anywhere, at any time,
via any connected device.

Conclusion:
With the rapid technological
advancements in Artificial Intelligence,
Integrated Circuitry and increases in
Computer Processor speeds, the future of
mobile computing looks increasingly
exciting. With the emphasis increasingly on
compact, small mobile computers, it may