1-1|2-3|4-5|6-8|9-18|19-20NM/7L :ʯ

ʧʡʮʣʥ
ʷ 0000 'ʱʮʯ
ʧʡʮ

ʥ
ʴʩʡʩ
ʡʠʬʺʺʩʮʣʷʠʤʤʬʬʫʮʤ
ʺʥ
ʢʤʰʺʤʤʩ
ʲʣʮʬʸʴʱʤʺʩʡ

311129 ,ʠʺʩ
ʢʥ
ʬʥʩ
ʦʩ
ʴʤʩ
ʢʥ
ʬʥʫ
ʩʱʴ
ʨʥʤʱʣʰʬʺʩ ʬʢʸ"ʣ,ʯʥʸʥ
ʣʣʩʡʸʸ"ʣ
26/08/2013 ,'ʡʣʲʥʮ,'ʡʸʨʱʮʱ,ʢ''ʲʹʺ

ʭʩ
ʩ
ʺʲʹ:ʤʰʩ
ʧʡʤʪʹʮ
ʠʬʬ:ʸ
ʦʲʸʮʥ
ʧ

:ʭʩ
ʷʬʧʤʹʥ
ʬʹʤʰ
ʩʧʡʡ
.(ʭʩ
ʩ
ʺʹʪʥ
ʺʮʺʧʠʤʬ
ʠʹʬ
ʲʺʥ
ʰʲʬʹʩ
) ʺʥ
ʣʥ
ʷʰ15 - ʺʥ
ʧʥʺʴʺʥ
ʬʠʹ- ʯ
ʥʹʠʸʷʬʧ
.(ʭʬ
ʥʫʬ
ʲʺʥ
ʰʲʬʹʩ,ʭʩ
ʨʴʹʮ10) ʺʥ
ʣʥ
ʷʰ15 - ʯ
ʥ
ʫʰʠʬ
/ʯ
ʥʫ
ʰʩʨʴʹʮ- ʩ
ʰʹʷʬʧ
.(ʯ
ʬʥ
ʫʬʲʺʥ
ʰʲʬʹʩ,ʺʥ
ʬʠʹ20) ʺʥ
ʣʥ
ʷʰ70 - ʤʸʩ
ʸʡʺʥ
ʡʸʺʥ
ʬʠʹ- ʩ
ʹʩʬʹʷʬʧ

!ʤʧʬʶʤʡ

ʺʥ
ʣʥʷʰ70 - ʤʸʩ
ʸʡʺʥ
ʡʸʺʥ
ʬʠʹ- ʩ
ʹʩʬ
ʹʷʬʧ
.ʤʬʠʹʬʺʥ
ʣʥ
ʷʰ3.5 - ʤʤʦʺʥ ʬʠʹʤʬʷʹʮ.ʯʬ ʥ
ʫʬ ʲʺʥʰ
ʲʬʹʩ,ʺʥʬʠʹ20 ʤʦʷʬʧʡ
ʭʺʰ
ʮʩʱʭʠ,ʡʬʥʮʩ
ʹ.ʣ
ʡʬʡʺʥʡʥʹʺʤʱʴʥ
ʨʡ,ʸʥ
ʸʡʯ ʴʥʠʡ,(ʣʡʬʡʺʧʠ) ʤʰ
ʥʫʰʤʤʡʥʹʺʤʺʠʯ ʮʱʬʹʩʤʬ ʠʹʬʫʡ
!ʬʱʴʩʺʤʬʠʹʤ- ʺʧʠʤʡʥʹʺʮʸʺʥʩ
.(ʪʫ
ʬʣʲʥ
ʩ
ʮʤʱʴʥʨʡʥ
ʡʺʫ ʩ
ʩʠʬʹʺʥ
ʡʥʹʺʥʷʣʡʩ ʩʠʬ) ʣʡʬ
ʡʺʥʡʥ
ʹʺʤʱʴʥ ʨʩʡʢʬʲʥʡʺʫʰʹʺʥʡʥ
ʹʺʥ ʬ
ʡʷʺʩ

.ʷʣʡʩ
ʺʠʬʤʰ
ʩʧʡʤʺʸʧʠ,ʯ
ʥʬʠʹʤʭʲʣʧʩ
ʡʺʥ
ʡʥʹʺʤʱʴʥ
ʨʺʠʸʩ
ʦʧʤʬʹʩ

.ʸʺʥ
ʩʤʬʫʬʺʥ
ʡʥʹʺ5 ʹʩʥ
ʦʤʰ
ʩʧʡʡ.ʺʥ
ʡʥʹʺ6 ʬʹʤʰʩ
ʧʡʱʴʥ
ʨʬʯ
ʫʥʮʺʥʡʥ
ʹʺʤʳʣʩ
ʫʡʬʥʮʩʹ
!ʯ
ʥʫʰ
ʤʭʥ
ʷʮʡʺʥʡʥ
ʹʺʤʺʠʠʬʮʬʥ
ʣʩʴʷʤ
________________________________________________________________________

1/6
 1-1|2-3|4-5|6-8|9-18|19-20NM/7L :ʯ
ʧʡʮʣʥ
ʷ 0000 'ʱʮʯ
ʧʡʮ
:1 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
?ʭʩʡʶʲʤʺʫʸʲʮʡ(neuroglia) ʪʮʺʤʩ ʠʺʣʥʷʴʺʺʠʤʰ ʥʫʰʸʠʺʮʭʩ ʠʡʤʮʤʮ
ʺʸʩ
ʶ ʩʬʹʳʺʥʹʮʣʩ
ʷʴʺPNS-ʡ(Schwann) ʯ ʠʥ
ʥʹʩʠʺʬʥCNS-ʡ(oligodendrocytes) ʭʩ
ʨʩʶʥ
ʸʣʰʣʥ ʢ
ʩʬʥ
ʠʬ .ʠ
.ʯ
ʩʬ
ʩʩ
ʮʤʺʴʨʲʮ
ʺʧʩʮʶʺʰʥ
ʥʫ
ʤʬʹʳʺʥ ʹʮʣ ʩ
ʷʴʺPNS-ʡ(Schwann) ʯ ʠʥʥ
ʹʩʠʺʬʥCNS-ʡ(astrocytes) ʭʩʨʩʶʥʸʨʱʠʬ .ʡ
.ʤʲʩʢʴʸʧʠʬʭʩ ʰʥʱʷʠʤ
ʬʲʤʰʢ
ʤʬ ʹʳʺʥ
ʹʮʣʩ ʷʴʺPNS-ʡ(microglia) ʤʩʬ
ʢʥʸʷʩ
ʮʩʠʺʬʥCNS-ʡ(astrocytes) ʭʩʨʩʶʥʸʨʱʠʬ .ʢ
.ʭʩ
ʰʢʥ
ʺʴʩʰʴʮʭʩ ʰ
ʥʸʩ
ʥ
ʰ
ʬ
ʹʳʺʥ ʹʮʣʩʷʴʺPNS-ʡ(astrocytes) ʭʩ
ʨʩʶ
ʥʸʨʱʠʬʥCNS-ʡ(oligodendrocytes) ʭʩ
ʨʩʶʥ
ʸʣʰʣʥ ʢ
ʩʬʥ
ʠʬ .ʣ
.ʺʩʡʶʲʤʲʩʢʴʬʹʤʸʷʮʡ(phagocytosis) ʤʦ ʥʨʩʶʥ
ʢʠʴ

:ʺʥ
ʠʡʤʺʥ
ʬʠʹʤʩ
ʺʹʬʲʩ
/ʤʰ
ʲʥʭʩ
ʹʸʺʡʩ
/ʨʡʤ

:2 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
?ʭʩ
ʹʸʺʡ4 ʸʴʱʮʤʣʥ ʷʰʡʭʩʰʥ
ʩʤʺʥʬʲʺʡʶʮʺʠʤʰ ʥʫʰʯ
ʩʩ
ʴʠʮʭʩʠʡʤʮʤʮ
.ʺʥʧʥ
ʺʴʧʺʮʺʥ ʩ
ʥ
ʬʺʯ ʢ
ʬʹʠʺʥʬʲʺʥʺʥʬ
ʸʨʥʰʮʧʺʮʺʥʩ
ʥʬ
ʺʯʸʺʰʺʥʬ
ʲʺ .ʠ
.ʺʥ
ʸʥʢʱʧʺʮʺʥʩ
ʥʬʺʯʢʬʹʠʺʥʬ
ʲʺʥʺʥʧʥʺʴʧʺʮʺʥʩ
ʥʬ
ʺʯʸʺʰʺʥʬ
ʲʺ .ʡ
.ʺʥ
ʧʥʺʴʸʨʩʮʱʰʸʨʥ
ʸʩ
ʥʰʺʥʩ
ʥ
ʬʺʯ ʢ
ʬʹʠʺʥʬʲʺʥʺʥʸʥ
ʢʱʧʺʮʺʥʩ
ʥʬ
ʺʯʸʺʰʺʥʬ
ʲʺ .ʢ
.ʤʩ
ʶʡʩ
ʨʷʠʰ ʩ
ʠʡʶ ʮʡʧʺʮʺʥʩ
ʥʬʺʯʢʬʹʠʺʥʬ
ʲʺʥʺʥʧʥʺʴʧʺʮʺʥʩ
ʥʬ
ʺʯʸʺʰʺʥʬ
ʲʺ .ʣ

:3 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʬ
ʹʬʥʸʨʰʡʫʲʮʸʹʠʭʱʯ ʥ
ʱʷʠʤʬʲʳʨʴʨʠʥ ʤʪʫʭʹʬ.ʬʩʢ
ʸʤʮʤʥ ʡʢʤʬʥʲʴʬʠʩ ʶʰʨʥʴʸʥʶʩʬʯʩ
ʩʰ
ʥʲʮʯʲʣʮ
?ʥʺʸʨʮʡʧʩ ʬʶʩʭʠʤ.ʧʺʮʺʥ ʩ
ʥʬʺʯʸʺʰʺʥ ʬʲʺ
.+40mV ʠʥʤʹʯʸʺʰʤʯʥ
ʩʬʹʬ ʷʹʮʤʩʥ
ʥʩ
ʹʬʠʩ
ʶʰʨʥ
ʴʺʠʸʥ ʡʲʬʬ ʥ
ʫʩʠʬʤʰ ʸʡʮʮʤʧʺʮʹʯ ʥʥ
ʩʫ
ʮ,ʠʬ .ʠ
ʺʥ
ʬ ʲʬʪʩ
ʹʮʩʤʰ ʸʡʮʮʤʧʺʮʥ ʺʥ
ʧʥʺʴʤʺʥʬʲʺʤʪʸʣʠʺʬʱʰ ʫʩ
ʤʬʪʩʹʮʩʯ ʸʺʰʹʪʫ ʬʭʥʸʢʩʭʱʤʹʯ ʥ
ʥʩ
ʫʮ,ʯʫ .ʡ
.+40mV-ʬʬ ʲʮʬ ʠ
,-70mV ʸʠʹʩ
ʩʤʰʸʡʮʮʤʧʺʮʥ ʤʬʲʺʤʪʸʣʸʥ
ʡʲʬʥ ʬ
ʫʥʩʠʬʯʸʺʰʩ ʰ
ʥʩ
ʹ ʪʫʬʭʥʸʢʩʭʱʤʹʯ ʥʥ
ʩʫ
ʮ,ʠʬ .ʢ
.ʤʧʥʰ
ʮʤʬ ʠʩʶ
ʰ ʨʥ
ʴ
.+40mV-ʬʬ ʲʮʬ ʠʺʥ
ʬʲʬʪʩʹʮʩʥʺʣʸʬʬʫʥ
ʩʠʬʧʺʮʤʯʫʬʥʠʺʤʮʯ ʢʬʹʠʩ ʰ
ʥʩʺʠʩʶʩʲʰʮʩʭʱʤʹʯ ʥ
ʥʩ
ʫʮ,ʯʫ .ʣ

2/6
 1-1|2-3|4-5|6-8|9-18|19-20NM/7L :ʯ
ʧʡʮʣʥ
ʷ 0000 'ʱʮʯ
ʧʡʮ
:4 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʣʩ
ʡʤʷʦ ʧʤʫʮʺʬʶʡʧʤʬʡʩ ʷʩʰʹʭʥ ʩ
ʡ.ʹʬʧʡʠʫʬʤʬʤʮʸʢ ʹʣʩ ʡʤʹʬʧʤʫʮʺʬʶʡʧʤʬʡʩ ʷʯʥ
ʹʠʸʭʥ ʩ
ʡ
ʺʮʶʥʲʯʩʡʬʯʥ
ʹʠʸʭʥʩʡʤʫʮʤʺʮʶʥ ʲʯʩ
ʡʺʬʶʡʧʬʹʭʩ ʡʶʲʤʺʫʸʲʮʤʰ ʩʧʡʤʣʶʩ ʫ.ʷʦ ʧʡʠʫʬʤʬʤʮʸʢ ʹ
?ʩʰʹʭʥʩʡʤʫʮʤ
ʩʰʹʭʥʩ
ʡʥʬ
ʩʠʥ,ʺʬ
ʶʡʧʬ ʹʤʴʥ ʢʡʡʠʫʤʩʰʥ
ʸʩ
ʥ ʰ
ʡʪʥ ʮʰʸʣʺʡʤʬ ʥ
ʲʴʩ ʬ ʠʩʶ
ʰʨʥʴʤʫ ʮʤʤʸʸʥ ʲʯʥʹʠʸʭʥʩ
ʡ .ʠ
.ʤʬʠʭʩ ʰ
ʥʸʩʥ
ʰʡʤʥʡʢʸʣʺʡʤʬ ʥʲʴʩ ʬ
ʠʩʶʰʨʥʴʤʫʮʤʤʸʸʥʲ
ʤʧʩʬ
ʶʤʩʰʹʭʥʩʡʥ
ʬʩʠʥ,ʺʬʶʡʧʬʹʤʴʥ ʢ
ʡʡʠʫ ʤʩʰʥ
ʸʩʥ
ʰʡʤʬ ʥʲʴʩʬʠʩʶ ʰʨʥ
ʴʤʫ ʮʤʤʸʸʥ ʲʠʬʯʥʹʠʸʭʥʩ
ʡ .ʡ
.ʤʬʠʭʩʰʥʸʩʥʰʡʤʬʥʲʴʩ ʬʠʩ
ʶʰʨʥʴʤʫ ʮʤʸʸʥ
ʲʬ
ʥ
ʬʩ
ʠʥ,ʺʩʡʩ
ʱʠʴʤʫ ʬʥ
ʤʡʯʥ
ʱʷʠʤʪ ʸʥ
ʠʬʺʬ ʶ
ʡʧʬ ʹʤʴʥ ʢʡʡʠʫ ʤʩʰ
ʥʸʩ
ʥʰ
ʡʤʬ ʥ
ʲʴʬ ʠʩʶʰʨʥʴʭʣʷʺʤʯ ʥʹʠʸʭʥʩ
ʡ .ʢ
.ʺʩʡʩ
ʨʷʠʤʫ ʬʥ
ʤʡʤʬ ʥ
ʲʴʤʬ ʠʩʶʰʨʥ
ʴʭʣʷʺʤʩ ʰʹʭʥʩ
ʡ
ʭʺʥʠʮʹʸʴʥʤʩʰ
ʹʭʥ ʩ
ʡʥʬʩʠʥ,ʠʡʠʢʸʨʩ
ʮʱʰʸʨʥʸʩʥ
ʰʤʺʬ ʶ ʡʧʬʹʤʴʥ ʢ ʡʡʠʫ ʤʩ ʰ
ʥʸʩʥ
ʰʮʹʸʴʥ ʤʯʥʹʠʸʭʥʩ
ʡ .ʣ
.ʨʮʨʥʬʢʸʨʩ ʮʱʰʸʨʥʸʩ
ʥʰ
ʤʭʩ ʰ
ʥʸʩ
ʥ
ʰʤ

:5 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʸʡʣʤʩʥ
ʴʶʣʶʩ ʫ.ʥʧʥ
ʮʡ(cerebral aqueduct) ʧʥʮʤʺʬʲʺʬʲʵʧʥ ʬʤʱʥ ʮʬʺʡʬʥ ʣʩʢ ʮʬʡʥ ʱ70-ʤʯ ʡʯʮʬʦ
?ʯʮʬʦʬʹʥ ʧʥʮʬʲʲʩ ʴʹʤʬ
ʭʩʸʣʧʡʸʡʨʶ ʤʬʩʥʴʶ(CSF) ʤʸʣʹʤʥʧʥ ʮʤʬ ʦʥ
ʰʥʩ ʺʮʩʱʧ(hydrocephaly) ʱʥ ʬ ʴʶʥʸʣʩʤʮʬ ʥʡʱʩʯʮʬʦ .ʠ
.ʥ
ʧʥʮʡ(lateral ventricles) ʭʩʩ
ʣʶʤ
ʬʲʵʧʬ ʤʥ(CSF) ʤʸʣʹʤʥʧʥ ʮʤʬ ʦ
ʥʰʣʥʲʸʶʥʥʩ
ʩʠʬʯʮʬ ʦʬʹʥ ʧʥ
ʮʡ(lateral ventricles) ʭʩʩ
ʣʶ ʤʭʩ ʸʣʧʡ .ʡ
.ʸʡʢʩʥʧʥ
ʮ
ʩʥ
ʴʶʥʹʠʸ ʥʭʣʤʸʥʦ
ʧʮʬ ʠʤʸʦ ʧʡʢʴʱʩʤʬʬʫ ʥ
ʩʠʬʥʧʥʮʡʩ ʲʩʡʸʤʸʣʧʡʸʶ ʥ
ʰʤ(CSF) ʤʸʣʹʤʥʧʥ ʮʤʬ ʦ
ʥʰ .ʢ
.ʺʩʺʥ
ʲʮʹʮʬ ʥʣʢ
ʬ
ʭʥʸʢʬʩʥʴʶʥʯʮʬ
ʦʬʹʥ ʧʥʮʡ(sub-arachnoid space) ʩʸʥʷ-ʺʺʤʬ ʬʧʡʸʡʨʶ ʩ(CSF) ʤʸʣʹʤʥʧʥ ʮʤʬ ʦ
ʥʰ .ʣ
.(arachnoid membrane) ʭʩ ʸʥʷʤʭʥ ʸʷʬ ʹʲʸʷʬ

:ʺʥ
ʠʡʤʺʥ
ʬʠʹʤʹʥ
ʬʹʬʲʩ
/ʤʰ
ʲʥʭʩ
ʹʸʺʡʩ
/ʨʡʤ

3/6
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ʧʡʮʣʥ
ʷ 0000 'ʱʮʯ
ʧʡʮ
:6 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
.(ʨʴʹʮʤʺʠʤʰ
ʥʫʰʭʩ
ʬʹʮʤʧʩ
ʱʮʡʩ
/ʸʧʡ) .......... ʪʺʧʠʥ ʤʡʪʺʧʥ,.............. ʪʺʧʥ
ʰʤ'ʠʪʺʧ
(midsagital) ʩʬʨʩʢ
ʱ-ʣʩʮ; (coronal) ʩʡʧʥ
ʸ .ʠ
(sagital) ʩ
ʬʨʩʢʱ; (horizontal) ʩ
ʷʴʥ
ʠ .ʡ
(horizontal) ʩ
ʷʴʥʠ; (sagital) ʩ
ʬʨʩʢ
ʱ .ʢ
(coronal) ʩʡʧʥʸ; (horizontal) ʩ
ʷʴʥ
ʠ .ʣ

:7 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʭʩ
ʬʹʮʤʧʩ
ʱʮʡʩ
/ʸʧʡ) 'ʡʭʥ
ʬʶʺʡ..... ʤʸʴʱʡʥ,'ʠʭʥ
ʬʶʺʡ....... ʤʸʴʱʡʺʰ
ʮʥʱʮ(temporal lobe) ʤʷʸʤʺʰ
ʥʠ
.(ʨʴʹʮʤʺʠʤʰ ʥ
ʫʰ
7 ; 5 .ʠ
4 ; 1 .ʡ
4 ; 5 .ʢ
7 ; 1 .ʣ
1 ; 4 .ʤ

:8 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʯ
ʮʥʱʮʤ......... ʠʥ
ʤ,...... ʤʸʴʱʡʭʩ
ʰʮʥʱʮʤ(lateral ventricles) ʭʩ
ʩʣʶʤʭʩ ʸʣʧʤʬʹ(dorsal) ʩ ʡʢ ʤʸʩʷʤ
.(ʨʴʹʮʤʺʠʤʰ ʥʫʰʭʩʬʹʮʤʧʩ ʱʮʡʩ/ʸʧʡ) ............ ʤʸʴʱʡ
'ʡʪʺʧʡ3-ʥ'ʠʪʺʧʡ2 ; (corpus callosum) ʧʥ ʮʤʱʩ ʴʫ; 'ʠʪʺʧʡ3 .ʠ
'ʠʪʺʧʡ2 ; (corpus callosum) ʧʥʮʤʱʩ ʴʫ; 'ʡʪʺʧʡ5 .ʡ
'ʠʪʺʧʡ4 ; (thalamus) ʱʥ
ʮʬ ʺʤ; 'ʠʪʺʧʡ2 .ʢ
'ʡʪʺʧʡ5 ; (thalamus) ʱʥ
ʮʬ ʺʤ; 'ʡʪʺʧʡ3 .ʣ

:9 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʤʩ
ʢʥ
ʬʥʺʴʥ
ʦʩ
ʠ.(oxytocin) ʯ
ʩʶʥ
ʨʩʱʷʥ
ʠʯʥ
ʮʸʥ
ʤʤʬʹʣʧʥ
ʩʮʡʤʤʥ
ʡʢʤʮʸʤʬʥ ʹʬʹʤʮʣʡʩ ʫʤʬʢʺʤʭʣʺʷʩ ʣʡʡ
?ʤʧʥ ʮʡʠʶʮʩ ʤʬʤʬʥʬʲ
.(hypothalamus) ʱʥ ʮʬʺʥʴʩʤʡʬʥʣʩ
ʢ .ʠ
.(cerebellum) ʭʥʬʡʸʶʤʬʹʯ ʥʥ
ʩ
ʰ .ʡ
.(hippocampus) ʱʥ ʴʮʷʥʴʩʤʤʬ ʹʤʬ ʣʢʤ .ʢ
.(thalamus) ʱʥʮʬ ʺʤʬ ʹʤʰʨʷʤ .ʣ

:10 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
?(medulla oblongata) ʪʸʠʥ
ʮʤʧʥ
ʮʤʩ
ʣʥʷʴʺʯʩ
ʡʬʬʫʰʥ ʰʩ
ʠʭʩ ʠʡʤʮʤʮ
.ʬ
ʷʹʮʤʩ ʥʥ
ʩʹʬ ʲʤʸʩ
ʮʹ .ʠ
.ʡʬ
ʤʺʥ ʬ ʩ
ʲʴʥʷʴʥ ʣʤʺʸʣʱʤ .ʡ
.ʭʣʤʵ ʧʬʬ ʲʤʸʩ
ʮʹ .ʢ
.ʤʮʩʹʰ ʤʺʸʣʱʤ .ʣ

:11 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
?ʪʴʥ
ʢʡʹʧʸʺʤʬʩ
ʥʴʶʭʩ
ʠʡʤʮʤʮ.ʤʮʩ ʲʰʤʷʩ ʱʥʮʬʤ/ʯ
ʩʦʠʮʥʪʩ
ʰʩʲʺʠʺ/ʭʶʥʲ,ʪʺʩʡʡʤʱʸʥʫʤʬʲʤ/ʧʰʤʺʠ
.ʬ
ʥʫʩ
ʲʤʺʫ ʸʲʮʺʥ ʬʩʲʴʵʩ
ʸʮʮʥʯʩ
ʬʥ
ʫ-ʬʩ
ʨʶʠʹʩʸʴʮʩʨʨʴʮʩʱ-ʠʸʴʩ
ʰʥ
ʩʬ
ʢʰʢ-ʤʸʴʯ
ʥ
ʸʩʥ
ʰ .ʠ
.ʡʬʤʡʶʷʺʠʨʠʮʥʯ ʩ
ʸʴʰʩ
ʴʠʸʥ
ʰʹʩʸʴʮʩʨʨʴʮʩʱʩʰ
ʥʩ
ʬʢʰ
ʢ-ʨʱʥʴʯ
ʥ
ʸʩʥ
ʰ .ʡ
.ʷʴʥʣʤʺʠʤʬ ʲʮʥʯʩ
ʸʴʰ
ʩʴʠʸʥ
ʰʹʩʸʴʮʩʨʨʴʮʩʱ-ʠʸʴʩ
ʰʥ
ʩʬ
ʢʰʢ-ʤʸʴʯ
ʥ
ʸʩʥ
ʰ .ʢ
.ʭʣʬʸʫ ʥʱʺʮʸʦʤʵ ʩ
ʸʮʮʥʯʩ
ʬʥ
ʫ-ʬʩ
ʨʶʠʹʩʸʴʮʩʨʨʴʮʩʱʩʰ
ʥʩ
ʬʢʰ
ʢ-ʨʱʥʴʯ
ʥ
ʸʩʥ
ʰ .ʣ

4/6
 1-1|2-3|4-5|6-8|9-18|19-20NM/7L :ʯ
ʧʡʮʣʥ
ʷ 0000 'ʱʮʯ
ʧʡʮ
:12 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
?ʤʱʴʰ ʩ
ʱʡʨʱʩ ʰ
ʥʢʠʫʣʷʴʺʩʭʩ ʠʡʤʭʩ ʮʱʤʮʤʦʩ
ʠ
.ʸʨʩ
ʮʱʰʸʨʥʸʩ
ʥʰʬʹ(reuptake) ʺʸʦʥ
ʧʤʢ ʩ
ʴʱʡʫʲʮʤʭʱ .ʠ
.ʺʩʨʴʰʩ
ʱ-ʨʱʥʴʤʤʰ ʸʡʮʮʡʭʩʰʨʬʥ
ʷʭʱʥʧʤʭʱ .ʡ
.ʺʩ
ʨʴʰ ʩ
ʱ-ʤʸʴʤʤʰʸʡʮʮʡ(autoreceptors) ʭʩ
ʩʮʶ
ʲʭʩ ʰ
ʨʬʥʷʬʩ
ʲʴʮʤʭʱ .ʢ
.ʸʨʩ
ʮʱʰʸʨʥʸʩ
ʥʰ
ʤʬ ʹʤʦ ʺʰʩ
ʱʥʩ
ʡʤʪʩ ʬ
ʤʺʡʡʸʥ ʲʮʤʭʩ ʦ
ʰʠʷʸʴʮʤʭʱ .ʣ

:13 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʦʠʸʴʱʰ ʸʨ-ʬʩʨʶʠʯʩ
ʬʥʫʭʩʦʰʠʤʬʹʥ ʣʥʷʴʺʲʢ ʴʰʤʡʤʸʩ ʣʰʤʬʧʮʮʬʡʥ ʱʣʩ ʸʴʢʩʦ
ʺʠʸʴʹʬʩ ʣʫʥ ʡʬʴʨʬʲʩ ʶʮʺʩ ʩ
ʤʭʩ ʠʡʤʭʩʮʱʤʮʤʦ ʩ
ʠʡ.ʥʴʥʢʡ(ChAT ,choline acetyl-transferase)
?ʩ
ʸʥʨʥ
ʮʤʥ ʣʥʷʴʺ
.(AChE ,acetylcholine esterase) ʦ
ʠʸʨʱʠʯʩ
ʬʥʫ-ʬʩ
ʨʶʠʭʩ ʦ
ʰʠʤʺʠʡʫ ʲʮʤ(neostigmine) ʯʩʮʢʩ
ʨʱʥ ʠʰ
ʡ .ʠ
.ʯ
ʩ
ʬʥʫʺʥ
ʬʥʷʬʥ
ʮʬ ʹʺʸʦʥʧʤʢ ʩ
ʴʱʡʫʲʮʤ(hemicholinium) ʭʥ ʩʰʩ
ʬʥ
ʫʩʮʤʡ .ʡ
.ʭʩʩ
ʰʩʸʷʱʥ
ʮʭʩ ʰ
ʨʬ ʥʷʭʱʥʧʤ(atropine) ʯʩ
ʴʥʸʨʠʡ .ʢ
.ʩ
ʨʴʰʩʱʤʧʥ ʥʸʮʤʬ ʠʯʩ
ʬʥ
ʫ-ʬʩ
ʨʶʠʺʹʸʴʤʡʫ ʲʮʤ(botulinum toxin) ʭʥ
ʩʰ
ʩʬʥ
ʨʥʡʤʯʬʲʸʡ .ʣ

:14 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʭʩ
ʦʰʠʤʬʹʱʸʤʬʭʸʥ
ʢʹʣʧʤʭʱʤʩ ʫʤʬʢʺʤʤʸʤʮʡ,ʭʬʥ
ʠ.ʹʣʧʭʱʡʤʺʱʰ ʺʤʤʡʤʡʩ ʱʮʡʤʴʺʺʹʤʤʬ 'ʧʥ
ʸ
?ʤʬ
'ʧʥ
ʸʬʲʲʩʴʹʤʬʭʱʤʩʥʴʶʣʶʩ
ʫ.ʤʴʥʢʡ(tyrosine hydroxylase) ʦʬʩ
ʱʷʥʸʣʩʤʯ
ʩʦ
ʥ ʸʩ
ʨ
.ʺʥʰ
ʸʩʲʬʲʸʥʮʹʬ ʥʤʮʩʹʮʡʦ ʫʸʺʤʬʤʹʷʺʺʤʬ 'ʧʥ
ʸ .ʠ
.ʤʩ
ʰʸʴʥ
ʦʩ
ʫʱʬʹʭʩʩ
ʡʥ
ʩʧʭʩʮʥʨʴʮʩʱʭʩʮʣʮʤʭʩ ʩʨʥʫ
ʩʱʴʭʩʮʥʨʴʮʩʱʤʠʸʺʤʬ 'ʧʥ
ʸ .ʡ
.ʸʥʮʧʯʥ
ʠʫʩ
ʣʡʲʥ ʷʹʬʤʩ ʥ
ʴʶʤʬ'ʧʥ
ʸ .ʢ
.ʵ
ʥʥ
ʫʺʤʬʥ ʬ
ʫʥʩʠʬʤʬ 'ʧʥ
ʸʬʹʤʩʸʩʸʹ .ʣ

:15 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʦ
ʠʣʩ
ʱʷʥ
ʠʯʩ
ʮʠʥ ʰʥ
ʮʭʩ ʦʰʠʤʬ ʹʨʬʧʥʮʱʸʤʬʤʮʸʢʸʹʠʺʰ ʫʥʱʮʤʰ ʩ
ʸʷʬʠʸʥ ʩ
ʢʳʹʧʰʩ ʲʣʮʩ ʥ
ʱʩʰʪʬʤʮʡ
?ʤʺʲʮʢ ʥʤʰ
ʬʥ ʬʩʠʣʫʣʶʩ ʫ.ʥ
ʧʥʮʡ(monoamine oxydase)
.ʯ
ʤʬ ʹʤʤʥ ʡʢʤ(tryptophan) ʯ
ʴʥʨʴʩ
ʸʨʤʺʬ ʥʫʺʡʺʥʲʥʣʩʤʺʥʰ ʰ
ʡʺʬ ʥ
ʨʰʤʨʠʩ ʣʬ ʲʣʩʴʷʤʬʥʩ
ʬʲ .ʠ
ʡʫ
ʲʮʸʹʠ(fluoxetine) ʯʩ
ʨʱʷʥ
ʠʥʬʴʬʩʲʴʤʸʮʥ ʧʤʺʠʬ ʩ
ʫʮʤʷʠʦ ʥʸʴʺʱʥ ʮʫʭʥʩʩ
ʣʩʮʲʥ ʬ
ʡʬʬ ʩʧʺʤʬʥʩ
ʬʲ .ʡ
.ʯʩ
ʰʥ
ʨʥʸʱʬ ʹ(reuptake) ʺʸʦʥ
ʧʤʢ ʩ
ʴʱ
.ʭʥ
ʩʡʭʩʩ
ʮʲʴʺʥ ʧʴʬ,ʭʩ ʩ
ʢʸʰʥ
ʨʥʸʱʭʩʰʨʬʥʷʬ ʩ
ʲʴʮʤLSD ʩ ʬʥ
ʡʷʷʬ ʬʣʩʴʷʤʬʥʩ
ʬʲ .ʢ
.ʯ
ʩʠʴʥ
ʷʬ ʹʤʤʥ ʡʢʤʮʸʬ ʩʫʮʤʤʴʷʺʩ ʩʺʹʡʺʥ ʡʸʤʬʥʩ
ʬʲ .ʣ

:16 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
?GABAA ʯ
ʨʬʥʷʬʲʢʥ
ʰʡʯʥʫʰʠʬʤʮ
.ʯ
ʣʩʱʺʥʬʲʺʺʧʩ
ʺʴʬʭʸʥ
ʢʥʺʬʲʴʤʭʲʸʹʠʩ ʴʥ
ʸʨʥ
ʡʠʨʮʯ ʨʬ
ʥʷʥ
ʤʦ .ʠ
.ʸʥ
ʬʫʺʬʲʺʬʲʨʬʥʹʤʩʴʥ
ʸʨʥʰ
ʥʩʯʨʬ
ʥʷʥ
ʤʦ .ʡ
.GABA-ʬʤʸ ʩ
ʹʷʤʸʺʠʣʡʬʮʭʩʴʱʥ
ʰʤʸʩ
ʹʷʩʸʺʠʸʴʱʮʤʦʯ ʨʬʥ
ʷʬ .ʢ
.(benzodiazepines) ʭʩʰ
ʩʴʦʠʩ
ʣʥ
ʦʰʡʤʺʧʴʹʮʮʤʣʸʧʺʥʣʢ
ʥʰʺʥ
ʴʥ
ʸʺʬ ʹʤʬ ʥ
ʲʴʤʸʺʠʥʤʦ .ʣ

:17 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
-ʬʩ
ʨʶʠʬʭʩ
ʩʰ
ʩʨʥ
ʷʩʰʭʩʰʨʬʥʷʭʩ ʩʥ
ʶʮʤʦʷʰ ʥʩʬʹʥ ʧʥʮʡʯʫʩ
ʤʺʲʣʬʭʩ ʰʩ
ʩʰ
ʥʲʮʭʤʥ,ʹʣʧʷʰ ʥʩʤʺʬʩʢʭʩ ʰʲʣʮʺʶʥ ʡʷ
?ʺʠʦʷʥ ʣʡʬʥ ʬʫʥ ʩʣʶʩʫ.ʯʩ
ʬʥʫ
.ʷʰʥ
ʩʬʩ ʡʩʨʷʠʥʩ
ʣʸʯ ʩʨʥ
ʷʩʰʺʷʸʦʤʸʧʠʬ(autoradiography) ʤʩʴʸʢʥʩ
ʣʸʥ ʨʥʠʺʥ ʲʶʮʠʡ .ʠ
ʦʠʸʴʱʰ ʠʸ ʨ-ʬʩ
ʨʶ ʠʯʩʬ
ʥʫʭʩʦ
ʰʠʬ(immunocytochemistry) ʤʩʮʩʫʥ
ʨʩʶʥʰʥʮʩʠʺʥ ʲʶʮʠʡ .ʡ
(choline acetyl-transferase)
.(microdialysis) ʤʦʩʬʠʩ
ʣʥʸʷʩʮʤʺʨʩʹʡʭʩ ʰʥ
ʹʧʥʮʩʸʥʦ
ʠʡʯ ʩʬ
ʥʫ-ʬʩʨʶʠʤʺʮʸʺʣʩ ʣʮʺʥ ʲʶʮʠʡ .ʢ
.ʩʡʩ
ʨʷʠʥ ʩʣʸʯ ʩ
ʬʥ
ʫ-ʬʩʨʶʠʺʷʸʦʤʸʧʠʬ(PET) ʭʩ ʰʥ
ʸʨʩʦʥʴʺʨʩ ʬʴʬ ʹʤʷʩ ʸʱʺʥ ʲʶʮʠʡ .ʣ

5/6
 1-1|2-3|4-5|6-8|9-18|19-20NM/7L :ʯ
ʧʡʮʣʥ
ʷ 0000 'ʱʮʯ
ʧʡʮ
:18 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
?(microdialysis) ʤʦ
ʩʬʠʩ
ʣʥʸʷʩ
ʮʤʺʨʩ
ʹʡʹʥ
ʮʩʹʺʥ
ʲʶʮʠʡʺʥ
ʰʲʬʯ
ʺʩʰʺʥ
ʠʡʤʯ
ʩʡʮʸʷʧʮʺʬʠʹʥ ʦʩ
ʠʬʲ
?ʣʬʥ
ʷʥ
ʹ ʺʬʩʫʠʯʮʦʡʸʡʫʲʤʬʹʱʥʮʬʺʥʴʩʤʡʯʩʮʴʥ
ʣʤʺʮʸʩʤʮ .ʠ
?ʤʶʩ
ʸʯʮʦ
ʡʩ ʸʥ
ʨʥʮʤʱʷʨʸʥʷʡʭʩʰ
ʥʸʩ
ʥ
ʰʤʺʠʬ ʩʲʴʮʯʨʬʥ
ʷʤʦʩ
ʠ .ʡ
?ʭʩʩ
ʰʥ
ʠʫʩ
ʣʭʩʬʥ
ʧʬʹʭʧʥ ʮʡʯʩʰ
ʥʨʥ
ʸʱʤʺʮʸʬ ʲʺʩʰ
ʴʥʢʺʥʬʩʲʴʤʲʩʴʹʮʣʶʩ
ʫ .ʢ
?ʱʥʴʮʷʥ
ʴʩ
ʤʤʩʠʺʺʠʭʩ ʡʡʶʲʮʤʭʩ ʰ
ʥʱʷʠʭʩ
ʧʬʥ
ʹʤʬ ʣʢʩ
ʮʠʤʮʭʩ ʰ
ʥʸʩ
ʥ
ʰʭʠʤ .ʣ

:19 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
ʷʥ
ʣʡʬʬʫʥ
ʩʣʶʩ
ʫ.ʬʩ
ʢʸʤʮʬʥ
ʣʢʠʥ
ʤ(anxiety) ʤʣʸʧʮʭʩʬʡʥ
ʱʤʬʹʭʧʥ ʮʡʤʬʣʢ ʩʮʠʤʧʴʰʩ ʫʸʲʹʮʸʨʠʩʫʩʱʴ
?ʭʩʩʧʭʩʷʣʡʰ
ʡʺʠʦ
.(CT) ʺʡʹʧʥʮʮʤʩʴʸʢ ʥʮʥʨʺʷʩʸʱʺʥʲʶʮʠʡ .ʠ
.(EEG) ʭʸʢʥʬ
ʴʶʰʠ-ʥ
ʸʨʷʬ ʠʺʣʩʣʮʺʥʲʶʮʠʡ .ʡ
.(TMS) ʺʬ ʥ
ʢʬʥ
ʢʺʶ ʥ
ʧʺʩ ʨʰʢʮʤʩʩ
ʸʢʺʥʲʶʮʠʡ .ʢ
.ʧʥ
ʮʡʭʩʰ
ʥʸʩ
ʥ
ʰʺʥ ʴʩ
ʴʶʺʷʩ ʣʡʬ(Nissl) ʬʱʩʰʺʲʩ
ʡʶʺʥʲʶʮʠʡ .ʣ

:20 ʸʴʱʮʤʬʠʹ
?ʥ
ʩʬʥ
ʧʬʶʠʬʩ
ʢʸʤʮʤʤʥ
ʡʢʤʬʣʢ
ʩʮʠʡʭʩ
ʰʥ
ʸʩʥ
ʰʤʺʥ
ʬʩʲʴʭʠʺʮʣʥ ʷʤʤʬʠʹʤʮʸʨʠʩ ʫʩʱʴʤʷʥʣʡʬʬʫʥʩʣʶʩ
ʫ
.(EEG) ʭʸʢ
ʥʬʴʶʰ
ʠ-ʥʸʨʷʬʠʺʣʩʣʮʺʥʲʶʮʠʡ .ʠ
.(fMRI) ʺʩʣʥ
ʷʴʺʺʩ ʨʰʢ
ʮʤʣʥ ʤʺʺʩʩ
ʮʣʤʺʥ ʲʶʮʠʡ .ʡ
.FOS ʯ ʥ
ʡʬʧʬʺʩʮʩʫʥ
ʨʩʶʥ
ʰʥʮʩ
ʠʤʲʩʡʶʺʥʲʶʮʠʡ .ʢ
.(TMS) ʺʬʥ
ʢʬʥʢʺʶʥʧʺʩ ʨʰ
ʢʮʤʩʩ
ʸʢʺʥʲʶʮʠʡ .ʣ

--- ʯ
ʧʡʮʤʳʥ
ʱ---

6/6