RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND THE PREVALENCY OF TEENAGE

OJAN RONALD

UAHEB/051/102/13

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO UGANDA ALLIED HEALTH EXAMINTIONS

BOARD IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF A REQUIREMENT FOR A DIPLOMA IN CLINCAL

MEDICINE AND COMMUNITY HEALTH

KAMPALA SCHOOL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

P.O BOX 14263, RUBAGA, KAMPALA

UGANDA.

March, 2016
DECLARATION:

I OJAN RONALD declare that this research report is my original work with the exceptions of

the references quoted or made and has never at any one time been submitted or made elsewhere

for any award of degree diploma or masters I any university or institution before.

OJAN RONALD

UAHEB/051/102/13

Signed……………………

Date………………………

RESEACHER
APPROVAL

This research report is now ready for examination with my approval as the supervisor of Ojan

Ronald. I hereby certify that this study report under the topic: RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS

AND THE PREVALENCY OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN LUZIRA PARISH,

KAMPALA DISTRICT was under my supervision as lecturer at Kampala School of Health

Sciences

Signed……………………………..

Date: ………………………………

MR. ATUKUUMA CLIFFE

SUPERVISOR
DEDICATION

This research project is dedicated to my beloved mother Ayo Alice and father, Bongo Eddy,
together with Bongo Doreen.
You have been of high esteemed commitment, sacrifice in terms of finances and moral support to
bring me this far! Just accept my simple gift of thank you!
May the almighty God bless you all and fulfill your hearts’ desires.
I also dedicate this research to my brother Owera Kenneth, thank you for all the physical and

financial support. May God bless you abundantly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My special thanks and gratitude go to my supervisor, Mr Atukuma Cliff for the patience and

invaluable guidance towards the development of a script of this nature

First and foremost, I would like to thank the almighty God for the sufficient grace which has

sustained me all this far.

Secondly I also thank my parents for the support they have rendered to me from the beginning of

this course.

I would also like to thank the entire community of Kampala School of Health Sciences for all

support they gave me during my stay at the institution, and their contribution towards the

development of this study report.

Special thanks go to my friends Kalungi Vincent Hatangimana Wilberforce, Omara Vincent,

Nantale Sophie, Peninah Lucy Ayugi, Kyaterekera Joseph, and all students with whom I shared a

supervisor for the encouragement and all forms of support. Their support this project this fruitful.
LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: showing the respondent category.

Table 4.2: showing respondent’s age at first sexual intercourse

Table 4.3: showing the number of sexual partners before conception

Table 4.4: showing consistency of multiple sexual partners

Table 4.5: showing usage of alcohol or any other drug prior to sexual intercourse that led
to pregnancy

Table 4.6: showing condom use and other reproductive health services prior to conception

Table 4.7: showing different contraceptive methods being used prior to conception

Table 4.8 showing reasons for conception amidst contraceptive use

Table 4.10 showing the respondents’ engagement in sexual intercourse at free will

Table 4.11 showing respondents’ response to having had planned sexual intercourse

Table 4.12 showing whether respondents had sex education prior to their conception
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1 a graph showing the respondent educational level before and at the time of the

research study. …………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 4.2 showing the number of sexual partners before conception………………………...

Figure 4.3 showing different contraceptive methods being used prior to conception ……..37

Figure 4.4 showing the influence of peers in sexual engagement………………………………

TABLE OF CONTENTS

a. Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………i

b. Approval………………………………………………………………………………………..ii

c. Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………...iii

d. acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………….

e. List tables………………………………………………………………………………………

f. List of figures……………………………………………………………………………………

g. Table of contents………………………………………...……………………………………..iv

h. Acronyms and abbreviations………………….……….………...……………………………...v

g. Definition of terms…..................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction…………………………..………………………………..………………………1

1.1 Background……………...………..….………………….…………….………...…………….1

1.2 problem statement,……...……...…………………...…..….………………...………………..3

1.3 purpose of the study ……….……………………………………………………………..…...4

1.4 objectives of the study……….………………………………..………………………………4

1.5 research questions…………….………………………………………...……………………..5

1.6 scope of the study…………….………………………………………..………….…………..5

1.7 significance of the study……….…………………………………………...…………..……13

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 introduction………………………………...…….……………………………………………6

2.1 The concept of teenage /adolescence…………………………………………………..……. 7

2.2 indicators of risky sexual behaviours ……………...…………………………….…...…...… 7

2.3 Decision making of adolescence………………...………………………………………...… 7

2.4 The concept of teenage pregnancy…………………………………………………..……… 10

2.5 The indicators of teenage pregnancy………………….……...…………………………….. 10

2.6 The factors contributing to teenage pregnancy………………………………………………19

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLLOGY

3.0 Introduction…...…………………………...………………………………………...….……13

3.1 Research design…………………………..…………………………………………….…....14

3.2 Study setting……………………………..…………………………………………………..14

3.3 The population and sample of the study...…………………………………………………...14

3.4 Sample size determination…………………………………………………………………...14

3.5 Sampling technique…………………….………………………………………...…………..14

3.6 Inclusion criteria……………………………………………………………………………..15

3.7 Definition of variables…………………………………………………………...…………..15

3.8 Data collection methods……………………………………………………………………..16

3.9 Data collection procedure……………………………………………………………………16

3.10 Data management ……………………………………………………………………….. 16

3.11 Data analysis……………………………………...………………………………...………16

3.12 Ethical consideration………………………………..………………………………………16

3.13 Limitations of the study……………………………………………...……………………..16

3.14 Dissemination of results……………………………………………....…………………….17

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..

References…………………………………….……………………………..…………………...18

Appendix I: consent form…………………………………………………..……………………20

Appendix II: questionnaire………………………………………………………..……………..21

Appendix III: budget…………………………………………………………………………….30

Appendix IV: work plan………………………………………………………………………....31

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CDC :Centre for Disease Control and prevention

HIV :Human immune deficiency syndrome

ICPD :International centre on population and development

STI :Sexually transmitted infections

UBOS :Uganda Bureau of Standards

UDHS :Uganda demographic and health survey

UNESCO :United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFPA :United Nations Population Fund

URN :Uganda Radio Network

WHO :World Health Organization

DEFINITION OF TERMS

TE ENAGER: a young person between the ages 13-19

ADOLESCENCE: This is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human

development that generally occurs during the period from pubrty to legal

adulthood

PUBERTY: A stage of human development commonly occurring in adolescence

during which an individual’s body undergoes sexual maturation,

reproductive organs develop and become fully functional and individuals

also grow in height and body composition will change (Teen health 2008)
HALEY EFFECT: When teenagers are mulling over what is wrong or right, safety or danger,

they take into account what others do or think

ABSTRACT

This study adopted to examine the risky sexual behaviours and the prevalence of teenage

pregnancy among adolescents in Luzira parish, Kampala district. Sixty seven adolescents whose

age ranged from 11 to 22 were drawn using purposive sampling technique. The data collection

method was questionnaire, with open and close ended questions were used for data collection.

Data was counted by tallying using a pen and A4 sheets papers. The results were entered in a

computer and analyzed, to generate percentages, that was presented in tables, bar graphs, and pie

charts. It was evident that several of risky sexual behaviour among teenagers had a high

prediction on the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in this selected area. The need for Programme
designers, sexuality educators, and Counsellors to incorporate these variables into activities to

delay sexual debut by adolescents was implied from this outcome.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the introduction of the research report, the background, the problem

statement, the purpose of the research, objectives of the study, the research questions, and the

scope of the research and the significance of the research.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Risky sexual behaviours are defined as behaviours that increase one’s risks of contracting

sexually transmitted diseases and experiencing unintended pregnancies. They include;

Too early initiation of sexual activity

Multiple sexual partner and sexual intercourse with a partner

Sexual intercourse without the use of contraception

Having sex under the influence of alcohol

In spite of the commitment made in the program for action 1994 by the international Centre on

population and development(ICPD), sexual and reproductive health of this age group still remain

poorly understood and inadequately looked at and hence underserved. This neglect has far

reaching impacts on the lives of teenagers which is evident in the global burden of disease.

Young people more than 20% comprise of the total population of the sub-Saharan Africa and

there is a wide range of empirical evidence that has highlighted the prevalence of risky sexual

behaviours among teenagers.

The risky sexual behaviours are a major contributor to teenage pregnancy in the world today.

Between 14-15 million girls and young women give birth each year accounting for 10% of the

births in the world (WHO 2006)

According to the state of the world population 2013 by United Nations Population Fund

(UNFPA), every 20000 girls under the age of 18 give birth and 95% of these occur in developing

countries. In 2014, the World Health Organization reported that 11% of all births were due

women aged 15-19 (WHO 2014)

According to a report by UNFPA 2013, sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of

teenage pregnancy in the world, which is in line with Loaiza’s report that majority of countries

with teenage pregnancy levels above 30% occur in sub-Saharan Africa. (Loaiza & Liang 2013)
It is also evident that high rates ranged from 150 or higher to less than 50 births per 1000 women

of ages 15-19 in the sub-continent with East Africa having 16.3% by 2011(Clifton & Hervish

2013 )

Currently Uganda has one of the highest teenage pregnancies in Africa with one of every four

pregnancies occurring in teenagers.23% of young girls having had their first sexual intercourse

before the age of 15 and 64% before the age of 18.

The Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011 recorded that about 14%of young women

had their sexual intercourse before the age of 15 while 57% of young women had their first

encounter before the age of 18. It is a pertinent theme given that Uganda has one of the highest

teenage pregnancy rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. (UDHS 2011), 24% of adolescent girls in

Uganda become pregnant before the age of 19.More so, 24% of teenagers begin child bearing

before the age of 19 years and 31% of adolescents with their first child not forgetting that

15.23% of the female youths aged 15-24 have had abortions

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Recent studies have shown that teenagers are becoming more sexually active at a younger age

than in past years. Thus young people are facing a longer period of time during which they are

sexually matured and sexually active before marriage. (WHO 2006) Therefore the period of risk

of unprotected sexual activity with all its adverse consequences of unwanted pregnancy, unsafe

abortion, STIs/HIV is also increasing. (Lansford et al 2010).

Despite the fact that teenage pregnancy in Uganda has been on a steady decline, from 43% in

1995 to 31% in 2002, and now stands at 25%, this rate is still unacceptably high. This is

associated to the risky sexual behaviors among teenagers.

Teenage pregnancy is as a result of risky sexual behavior and according to previous evidence,

there is still high prevalence of these behaviors among this general population .therefore if this is

not checked may lead to the retardation of the future development of the country

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of the study is to determine the contribution of risky sexual behaviours of

teenagers to the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Luzira parish

General objectives

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Specific objectives

1. To assess the various risky sexual behaviors practiced by teenagers in Luzira parish

2. To ascertain knowledge on teenagers decision making with respect to risky sexual

behaviours

3. To ascertain the factors that have led to prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Luzira parish

4. To come up with recommendations to parents, guardians, policy makers, programmers

and other stakeholders for the improvement of the household standards of living and

consequent reduction and elimination of teenage pregnancy in Luzira parish

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the various risky sexual behaviors practiced by teenagers?

2. How have the risky sexual behaviors led to prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Luzira

parish
 3. What other factors that have led to the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Luzira parish

4. What recommendations can be forwarded to the guardians, policy makers, programmers

and stake holders for the intervention on how to work out strategies for elimination of

teenage pregnancy in Luzira parish

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study refers to the limit of the study. The scope will be limited to female

teenagers, young mothers at the time

1.6.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE

The study is going to be held in Luzira parish, one of the many parishes found in Nakawa

division in Kampala district

1.6.2 CONCEPTUAL SCOPE

The study will aim at establishing the risky sexual behaviors in Luzira parish as the independent

variable and how they have led to the prevalence of teenage pregnancy as the dependent variable

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. Parents, guardians policy makers, programmers and stakeholders will be able to know

how risky sexual behaviors have led to the prevalence of teenage pregnancy

2. It will help the researcher to be well informed on knowledge about risky sexual behaviors

and teenage pregnancy

3. The study will help in the attainment of a diploma in clinical medicine and community

health
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The problem identified in this chapter is not completely a new problem .Some studies as hinted

on earlier have been done on the same problem. To get a further insight on how to deal with the

problem the researcher needs to review some of the related facts by other authors and their

opinions with written information related to the research topic. The literature review discusses

the concept of teenagers/adolescence, the specific risky sexual behaviors practiced by

adolescents; the decision making of teenagers, the consequence of adolescent’s sexuality. It also

covers the relevant information about teenage pregnancy, indicators of teenage pregnancy.

2.1 THE CONCEPT OF ADOLESCENCE/TEENAGE

Adolescence has been defined as the period from ten and nineteen years of age (WHO 2006). A

period of adolescence occupies a unique stage in every person’s life. It is a period among human

beings where a lot of physiological as well as anatomical changes take place resulting in

reproductive maturity in adolescents. Many adolescents manage this transformation successfully

while others experience major stress and find themselves engaging in behaviors such as sexual

experimentation, exploration and promiscuity that place their wellbeing at risk by the time they

are 18years of age.

2.2 Specific sexual risk behaviours.

The specific sexual risk behaviour common among adolescents includes:

2.2.1 Early initiation of sexual activity

The legal age of consent for heterosexual sex in Uganda is age 18. (Nalwadda et al

2010).however adolescent initiate in sexual activity before the age of 18. A recent report by

Guttmacher research in 2013 reveals that more than one in three never married females aged 15-

24 years have had sex (Cynthia Summers, 2013)

In one paper that focused on sexual debut in out of school youths in Masaka, the 31 adolescent

participants aged 13-19 years all felt that young people began their sexual activities too early and

suggested that one of the reasons they engaged in sexual activity was that men began to pester

them to have sex as soon as they developed breasts and that their friends who received gifts for

sex also geared them to get partners. (Anne-Maree et al 2010)

2.2.2 Multiple sexual partners

Adolescent’s sexual relationships are often of a short lifespan and unstable thus it’s fair to

assume that many adolescents might be at risk of having multiple sexual partners as it was laid

by Blum (Blum, 2004), which is also in line with findings from Mmbaga et al (2007)

2.2.3 Having sex under the influence Alcohol and drugs usage.

Teenage pregnancy and birth is often associated with alcohol and drugs. The same report above

highlighted the large scale usage of alcohol and low or poor usage of condoms and other

contraceptives. The girl child is very vulnerable yet many reside in slum areas where all sorts of
criminals, drug users and alcoholics reside. Some said their bosses, relatives and neighbors

forced them into sex.

Teenage drinking, alcohol and substance usage/abuse can cause an unexpected pregnancy,

according to the website Love to Know. Many teens experiment with drugs and alcohol.

Drinking lowers a teen's ability to control her impulses thus contributing to 75% of pregnancies

that occur between the ages of 14 and 21. Approximately 91% of pregnant teens reported that

although they were drinking at the time, they did not originally plan to have sex when they

conceived.

2.2.3 Sexual intercourse without the use of contraception

According to a Devika et al (2012), 18.6% of teenagers never used contraception in their last

sexual encounter. Non use contraception among Ugandan teenagers was possibly due to sexual

reproductive health policies and programmes that didn’t favour the teenagers

The current use of contraception among 15-19 year olds in Uganda is 6.5%.This proportion is

seemingly low as compared to the available teenagers.

2.3 DECISION MAKING OF ADOLESCENCE

Teenagers are prone to making bad decisions as it's a part of the adolescence developmental

period in life. It is sometimes questionable why teens make the decisions that they do, and even

some teens look back at the decisions they make; unfortunately, often when it's too late. Today's

youth have many decisions to make and many dilemmas to face every day, including whether or

not to engage in sexual activity at a young age. "A critical issue for today's youth is developing a

healthy understanding of their sexuality, (Fantasia 2008).

According to Britanny J, 2011, teens have to make the important decisions to become involved

in sexual activity or to refrain. Positive self-esteem, problem-solving, and reasoning skills served
as probable protective factors for a variety of adolescent risk behaviours, including sexual

activity, as the findings that lower levels of problem-solving skills, health-promoting behaviors,

and education were all possible predictors of early intercourse. (Fantasia 2008).

Teenagers are generally impulsive in most activities that they do. They don't necessarily think

ahead of time why they want to do what they want do, or what the risks are what the

consequences are. Teens sometimes just do it because they want to do it or because they cave in

to peer pressure. “A motivation for engaging in any sexual relationship is social enhancement to

gain attention or popularity, to fit in, and to show maturity" (Royer et al 2009).

Peers also have a high impact on decision making. A lot of young teenagers are still trying to

figure out who they are and most of the time they ask their friends what they are doing, or follow

in their friend's footsteps. This type of action is called the Haley Effect. This can be described as,

"when teenagers are mulling over a question of right or wrong, safety or danger, they take into

account what others do or think" (Conkle.A, 2007).

"This type of goal for adolescents is unhealthy because they are easily lured to participate in a

romantic relationship because of social pressures" (Royer et al 2009). These types of behaviors

may also lead to other unhealthy risky behaviors.

An example of the Haley effect is, "it would be safe to brush my teeth every early morning, but I

want to see if my best friend brushes first." Teenagers go through a decision making process, but

they don't necessarily go through a gut-instinct making process. If they know something is wrong

or bad, their decision is not necessarily based on the safety of the person doing the thinking, but

they base it on what others will think or do, others meaning peers and friends.
Teenagers are often foreigners in their own bodies during adolescence and puberty. They not

only are confused about what is going on in their bodies, but they are confused and trying to fit

in with others around them.

2.4. THE CONCEPT OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY.

Teenage pregnancy is formally defined as a pregnancy in a young woman who has not reached

her 20th birthday when the pregnancy ends regardless of whether the woman is married or is

legally an adult (according to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). “Teenage pregnancy implies

that the individual is carrying a baby while she is still a baby her herself and is prone to

experiencing many risks that endanger her health and that of the unborn baby” were the words of

Hon. Minister Sarah Opendi in journal by the Uganda Radio Network. (URN 2014)

One out of every four 15-19 year old is already a mother or pregnant with her first child.(UBOS

and Micro International Inc., 2007).It is one of the devastating reproductive health challenges

and has consequences not only for the individual girl but also for the community.

2.4.1 INDICATORS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY.

Indicators of teenage pregnancy include;

2.4.1.1 Number of pregnant young girls.

This is the actual number of pregnant young girls at present. One of every four teenagers is

pregnant with her first child (UBOS and Macro International Inc. 2007). UNFPA explains that

this had reduced from 43% in 1995 to about 31% in 2005 and the decline was attributed to

contraceptive use and sex education. But the 31% is still among the highest in Africa. Uganda

has the highest pregnancy rate in Africa.

2.4.1.2 Increase in induced abortions among female youth.

This is the actual number of abortions carried out by school girls. Each year, an estimated

297,000 induced abortions are performed in Uganda and nearly 85,000 women are treated for

complications. Every year about 1500 girls in Uganda die from complications resulting from

unsafe abortions contributing to the slow progress to reduce the numbers of women who die due

to related complications. A 2013 brief report by Guttmacher institute states that Ugandans

abortions rates are higher than the 18% world health organization’s estimates for east African

sub region and 13% of the world’s

2.4.1.3 The number of school drop outs due to teenage pregnancy

This is the actual number of school drop outs due to early and unwanted pregnancies. 70% of

young people between 12-24 who were in school in 2006 remained out of school in 2009 while

33% of those who were in school in 2006 had dropped out in 2009. Early pregnancy was one of

the major actors for dropping out of school. It further indicated that the national primary school

dropout rates for girls in Uganda is at 20% annually and about 4 times more in some district in

northern and eastern Uganda.

Uganda is still rated with the highest school dropout rates in east Africa; Kenya has a lower

dropout rate compared to Uganda but higher than that of Tanzania (UNESCO, 2010).Data from

the ministry of education shows that school dropouts in the country are higher at primary level
than at secondary level and lack of interest, pregnancy, early marriages, hidden costs at school,

and family responsibilities have driven thousands out of school.

2.5 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TEENAGE PREGNANCY

2.5.1 Lack of parental guidance:

Most people evade their children from talking about sex. In some cases they provide false

information regarding sex and discourage their children to participate in any informative

discussion about sex. In some cases teenage mothers are not well educated about sex before

getting pregnant and hence this leads to communication between the parents and children

2.5.2 Inadequate knowledge about safe sex

Most adolescents are unaware of safe sex. They probably have no access to the traditional

methods of preventing pregnancy. And the reason behind is that they are either too embarrassed

or fear to seek information about it. (Nalwadda et al 2010)

2.5.3 Exploitation by older men

This is another major factor that contributes to pregnancy among teenagers. Those girls who date

older men are more likely to become pregnant before they attain womanhood. Rape sexual

exploitation also takes place that leads to unwanted pregnancy among engage girls

2.5.4 Social economic factors

Teenage girls who belong to the poor families are more likely to become pregnant.
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0. Introduction

This chapter presents the methods that will be used during collection of data. It will include the

study design, study setting, study population, sample size determination, sampling procedure,

inclusion criteria, definition of variables, instrument for data collection, data collection

procedure, data management, and data analysis, ethical consideration, limitations of the study

and dissemination of results.

3.1.Study design

The study will be conducted using a simple random procedure.The design was chosen for this

study because it considers issues for instance, economy, and rapid data collection. It also offers

ability to understand the population from part of it.

3.2 Study setting

The study will be conducted in Luzira parish, Luzira is a suburb situated in Nakawa division, and

is 9 km away from the capital city Kampala district. It comprises of 21 zones (villages),

however, the researcher will put emphasis on the following villages: Railways, Kamwanyi, Lake

drive, Panda pieri, Agaati, central zone, Upper Biina, Kasasiro, Kisenyi I, Kisenyi II Kisenyi IV

3.3 Study population

The study population will include the female teenagers, young mothers.

3.4 Sample size determination:

The sample was determined using the formula below;

N = x2pcq /y2 formulated by Kish and Lisle, in 1967

Where;

N=desired sample size.

x= standard normal deviation usually set at 1.96 which corresponds to 95% confidence level.

p = proportion of survey population with particulars under investigation and where it’s unknown,

50% is used.

q = probability that the researcher will get a certain amount of error. 50% is considered to cater

for that.

y= degree of accuracy which ranges from 0.01-0.1

Therefore, its: (1.96)2x0.5x0.5/ (0.09)2

= 118.57 ~119 respondents.

However because of financial constrains, only about 80 respondents will be interviewed in this

study

3.5 Sampling techniques

The study employed a homogenous purposive sampling to select the sample. The purposive

method was chosen to concentrate on people with particular characteristic who were better be

able to assist in the research proposed by the researcher.

3.6 Inclusion criteria

Those confirmed to be teenagers, pregnant young mothers will be included.

3.7 Definition of variables

Independent variable: the independent variables are the risky sexual behaviours of teenagers

Dependent variables: this will be the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among teenagers

3.8 Data collection methods

The study focused on primary data because the candidate basically wanted primary information

from the respondents. The data collection method was questionnaire, with open and close ended

questions. The instrument basically refers to collection of items in which the respondent is

expected to react by writing.

It’s preferred to other instruments because data can be collected in a short period of time. Also,

it’s suitable for a large population, and literate population. Information can easily be described

by writing.

3.9 Data collection procedure

An introduction letter to the authorities of Luzira parish was got from Kampala school of health

sciences and taken to the parish offices which enabled access and rapport creation with the

relevant officers and stakeholders. The asked for permission to conduct the study on the stated

topic and when granted permission, I will be assisted by village health team members to collect

the data using questionnaires. All those who will fulfill the inclusion criteria will be interviewed

from a quiet and private place, preferably at their homes. The interviewers will be

knowledgeable in the local language and will translate the information and fill the data directly

in English. I will check the data filled in before leaving the study site. The research

questionnaires are formulated and discussed with the supervisor.

3.10 Data management

After collecting data, it was checked for completeness and accuracy. Those that were

inaccurately or incompletely removed and disposed. Accurate and completely filled ones shall be

locked in a cupboard to ensure confidentiality let no access to other people.

3.11. Data analysis

Data was counted by tallying using a pen and A4 sheets papers. The results were entered in a

computer and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), to generate

percentages, tables, bar graphs, and pie charts.

3.12. Ethical consideration:

The researcher got an introductory letter from the office Kampala School of Health Sciences,

situated at Rubaga road Kampala and which will be presented to seek acceptance and admission

into the parish community.

The researcher maintained a high sense of confidentiality of the information that was generated.

He respected people’s time given to him and was be very devoted during the research.

All forms of support that was rendered to the researcher were acknowledged in this report.

3.13 Limitations of the study:

Ideally the study was supposed to be conducted to obtain a big sample which gives a more

accurate data. However financial and time constraints dictated a small sample.

Some respondents did not have time to fill the whole questionnaire which gave a lot of

incomplete and hence inaccurate data.

Since the study was done during the time which there were general elections, the researcher

found hard time meeting the respondents because everyone was on watch about what was going

on

Weather an inhibiting factor to the data collection procedure.

3.14 Possible solutions

I will make sure that my budget is constrained with limits such that it is not exaggerated
To ensure respondents effectiveness, I will educate them about the relevance of the study to them

and to the community she lives in at large in order to get relevant information from the

respondents

3.15 Dissemination of results:

The findings obtained and analyzed will be compiled and printed. Five copies shall be produced

and the dissemination will be given to the Uganda Allied Health Examinations Board (UAHEB),

to Kampala School of Health Sciences, to parish officials, to my supervisor and a copy will

remain with me.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATIONN AND ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH FINDINGS

4.0. Introduction

This chapter in-depth analysis presentation of the data generated, analysis and its interpretation.

It’s based on specific objectives of the study. The results are presented in Tables and Figures

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

The study explored the characteristics of the pregnant teenagers and young mothers all

enveloped under teenagers.

Table 4.1.1: showing the respondent category.

n=67

Respondent category Frequency Percentage

Pregnant teenagers 28 41.8%

Young mothers 39 58.2%

Source: respondents’ questionnaire

At the time of the research study, it was revealed that there were more young mothers than the

pregnant teenagers with young mothers contributing 58.2% and the pregnant teenagers 41.8% of

the study population. (See table 4.1)

Figure 4.1
 Showing the respondent educational level before and at the time
of the research study.
educational level before conception ededucational level at the time of research

43

educational level
before conception,
in secondary, 32

educational level
educational level before conception,
before conception, had dropped out,
19 tertiary, 18 18
educational level 16
before conception,
in primary, 10

1 2
0

never studied in primary in secondary tertiary had dropped

out

The research showed that prior to conception, teenage pregnancy was highest among teenagers in
the secondary level (32)(40%), followed by those in tertiary (18)(22.5%) and those who had
dropped out (18)(22.5%), then in those in primary level(10)(12.5%) and least among who never
studied. However, research further revealed that at the time of research, teenage pregnancy was
highest among those who had dropped out of school totaling to 43 respondents (53.75%)
followed by those in secondary (19)(23.75%), then those in tertiary level(16)(20%) never studied
(2)(2.5%), and those in primary level were not reported.

THE VARIOUS RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS PRACTICED BY TEENAGERS

Table 4.2: showing respondent’s age at first sexual intercourse

Age at first sexual intercourse Frequency Percentage

11-14 6 7.5%

15-18 57 71.25%
19-22 17 21.25%

Source: respondents’ questionnaire

The study revealed that teenage pregnancy occurred more among teenagers aged 15-18 with

71.25% followed by those 19-22 with 21.25% and least among those aged 11-14 with 7.5%

Table 4.3: showing the number of sexual partners before conception

n=80

Number of sexual partners Frequency Percentage

One 52 65%
Two 18 22.5%
Three 7 8.75%
More than three 0 0
None 3 3.75%

Figure 4.2

showing the number of sexual partners before conception

65%

one sexual parner

two sexual partners
22% three sexual partners
more than three
4% 9%
none

0%
Research revealed that majority of the respondents (65%) had only one sexual partner, with 22%

having two sexual partners, 9% had three sexual partners, 4% had not any partner, whereas those

with more than three sexual partners were not reported.

Table 4.4: showing consistency of multiple sexual partners

n=25

Consistency Frequency Percentage

Had the sexual partners at the same time 17 68%
Had the sexual partners at different times 8 32%
Source: respondents’ questionnaire

It was revealed that 68% of those who had more than one sexual partner had them at the same

time, whereas 32% had these partners at different times.

Table 4.5: showing usage of alcohol or any other drug prior to sexual intercourse that led
to pregnancy n=80

Alcohol usage frequency Percentage

Had taken alcohol or any other drug 19 23.75%
Not taken alcohol or any other drug 61 76.25%
Source: respondents’ questionnaire

From the results displayed in table 4.5, about 23.75% of the respondents engaged in sexual

intercourse under the influence of alcohol, while 76.25% reported not having taken alcohol prior

to sexual intercourse.

Table 4.6: showing condom use and other reproductive health services prior to conception

n=80

Contraceptive use frequency Percentage

Was using contraceptive 26 32.5%
Was not using any contraceptive 54 67.5%
Source: respondents’ questionnaire

Results from the above table depict that 32.5% of the respondents were using contraceptives
apart from the 67.5% who reported not having used contraceptives prior to their conception

Table 4.7: showing different contraceptive methods being used prior to conception

n=26

Contraceptive use frequency Percentage

Condom use 15 58.69
Withdraw method 7 26.9%
Injectaplan 1 3.84%
Moon beads 1 3.84%
Coils. 0 0%
Others(emergency) 2 7.6%
Combined 8 30.76%

Figure 4.3
 showing different contraceptive methods being used prior to
conception
others, 7.68, 7%
moon beads, 3.84, coils, 0, 0%
4%
injectaplan, 3.84,
4%

withdral, 26.9,
condom use,
27%
58.69, 58%

With respect to the above results, out of the 26 respondents sourced from table 4.6, who reported

having used contraceptives, 58.69% of them said condoms were the most readily available.

26.9% opted withdrawal method, 7.6% reported 3.8% used injectaplan which shared the same

percentage as those of moon beads

TABLE 4.8 SHOWING REASONS FOR CONCEPTION AMIDST CONTRACEPTIVE

USE

REASONS FOR FAILURE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Lack of knowledge of method 5 19.3%

Delay in beginning sexual activity and the use of contraceptive 3 11.5%
Contraceptive failure 7 26.9%
Inconsistent use of contraceptive 8 30.8%
Not sure about what happened 3 11.5%
Responding to reasons why they conceived amidst contraceptive use, about 30.8% said there was

inconsistent contraceptive use, 26.9% suggested that they could have conceived due to
contraceptive failure, 19.3% reported that lack of knowledge contributed to their conception

whereas 11.5% of the respondents said they had delays in beginning sexual activity and usage of

the contraceptives and 11.5% reported that they were not sure what caused their pregnancy.

4.3 FINDINGS ON KNOWLEDGE ON TEENAGERS DECISION MAKING WITH

RESPECT TO RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS

Figure 4.4

showing the influence of peers in sexual engagement

were not
influenced by teens
39%
were influenced by
teens
61%

According to the research findings, as depicted in table 4.9, about 61.25% respondents said they

were influenced by their peers to engage into sexual relationship, whereas 38.75% of them said

they were not in any way influenced by their peers to

TABLE 4.10 showing the respondents’ engagement in sexual intercourse at free will
 Frequency Percentage
Yes 58 72.5%
No 22 27.5%

Findings were that 72.5% of the respondents reported that they engaged in sexual intercourse at
free will while 27.5% having sexual intercourse was not at their will

TABLE 4.11 showing respondents’ response to having had planned sexual intercourse

Variable frequency Percentage

Yes 49 61.25%
No 31 38.75%

TABLE 4.12 showing whether respondents had sex education prior to their conception

Variable frequency Percentage

Yes 28 35%
No 52 65%

Research revealed that of the 80 respondents who were involved in the study 35% had attended

sex education sessions prior to the engagement in sexual activity, while 65% had less knowledge

on sex education
 OBJECTIVE 3: To ascertain the factors that have led to prevalence of teenage pregnancy

in Luzira parish

Table 4.12 showing other factors that have led to the prevalence of teenage pregnanncy

FACTORS SA A NS D SD

1 Lack of self-esteem and self-confidence 12 60 0 8 0

made you consent to unprotected sex and

consequently early pregnancy.

2 Adolescent sexual behavior of discovery 35 35 0 0 10

(curiosity and early sex relations) led to

your early conception.

3 Shortages in condoms and other 5 11 19 30 15

reproductive health services led to your

early pregnancy.

4 Inadequate parental guidance and love or 22 19 3 24 12

rather parental negligence had a hand in

your early pregnancy.

5 Lack of affectionate supervision of parents 12 37 9 5 17

or guardians (absentee parents) resulted into

your conception.

6 Domestic violence in your household led to 2 0 13 36 29

your teenage pregnancy.

7 Your being an orphan made you becomes 19

 pregnant at an early age.

8 Free and unlimited leisure like beach 36 15 8 3 18

bashes, album launches, etc especially in

holidays made you conceive early.

9 Rape led to your early conception. 2 0 3 27 48

10 The many myths surrounding pregnancy

made you mess up and thus became

pregnant. (Ignorance about the facts)

11 Negative peer pressure made you indulge in

early and unprotected sex thus conception.

12 Poverty in your household made you accept

material benefits in exchange for sex thus

pregnancy.

13 Some societal and cultural norms made you

conceive early.

14 Media exhibition of sex and pornographic

materials made you indulge in early sex

thus early pregnancy.

15 Sexual relationships between teenage girls

and older men are more likely to end up in

teenage pregnancy as compared to sexual

relationships between teenage boys and

girls. (Cross generational relationships)

Respondents explained referring to question 15 as follows

Older men tend to provide gifts and end up asking for unprotected sex in return

Having sexual relationship with older men was risky because they can easily force one into

sexual intercourse sometime even against one’s will.

The inability to reject request from older men who most times prefer unprotected (live) sex,

laeding unwanted outcomes like pregnancy.

Older men most times don’t plan their sexual schedules

CHAPTER 5

0BJECTIVE 4: RECOMMENDATIONS

In general, there is need to put in an effort to address the mentioned issues that affect the sexual

behaviours of teenagers that have sparked up the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Luzira

Recommendations from pregnant teenagers and young mothers towards the improvement

of the sexual behaviours of female youth.

Parents should love all children equally whether biological or non biological so that they are not

forced to look for “love” and care from other people.

It was also suggested that parents and children should be sensitized on their rights and

responsibilities in the homes and communities.

Parents were advised to avoid divorce and separation because upon re-marrying, their spouses

usually don’t love and care for the step children thus subjecting them to rape, defilement and

other atrocities.

They called upon parents to create open communication and dialogue with their children as this

would help ease communication and openness about the issues and concerns affecting them. It

was also proposed that harmony should be advocated for and maintained in the family so as to

avoid situations that would force girls flee the homes.

They were also advised to work hard so as to provide for their children and families with the

required basic needs and requirements. This would help in reducing the dependency syndrome of

girls to opportunists.

Government was advised to educate parents about positive parenting and this would be done

through seminars and sensitization drives in communities, homesteads, among others. In

addition, teenagers proposed that government should provide more poverty eradication

programmes for parents for improved livelihoods of the families.

RECOMMENDATIONS FROM PREGNANT TEENAGERS AND YOUNG MOTHERS

TOWARDS THE REDUCTION OF THE PREVALENCE OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY

IN LUZIRA PARISH, KAMPALA DISTRICT.

These were the recommendations generated from the pregnant teenagers and young mothers

(a) 5.3.2.1. To fellow female teenagers

Girls were advised to abstain from sex and early sexual relations as these put their reproductive

lives at stake for not only early pregnancy but also health concerns like STDs, HIV/AIDS,

fistula, among others.

Those who cannot abstain from sex were advised to practice safe sex through condom use and

other family planning methods like pills, injections, among others.

Teenagers were further advised to avoid bad peer groups and pressure and this would be through

making fiends with those who are developmental and upright. Emphasis should be put on

making good friends who would guide them and not mislead them instead.

Female teenagers were advised to avoid watching blue movies and other pornographic materials

which may entice them into sexual relations and intercourse.

They called upon fellow girls to respect their parents and other adults in society and also heed

the advice that is given to them. In addition, they advised that they should be open with adults

and parents and always consult them for advice before making dangerous decisions.

Teenagers were also advised avoid gifts from strangers or opportunists who may want to take

advantage of them by asking for a refund in the name of sex.

They were also advised to be sharp, wise and principled, stick to their words and communicate

efficiently. Let their no be a no and not a may be.

They should watch out and always avoid bad touches like on their various body parts including

private parts because it would lead to rape thus early pregnancy.

They were also advised to believe in God, be patient and always work hard for a better future

rather than depend on men for provision which usually has strings attached.

(b) 5.3.2.2. To parents/guardians of female teenagers

They were advised to ensure that they provide for their children all the needs and requirements.

Such necessities include school, home and personal requirements.

Should guide and counsel their daughters about the dangers of early sexual debut with emphasis

on the immediate or short run negative effects such as early and unwanted pregnancy, sexually

transmitted diseases including the dreaded HIVAIDS, denial and rejection, fistula, abortion and

death.

They were also advised to regulate and monitor the leisure time they give to their children. It is a

right for the children to play and interact but it calls for responsibility on which games they are

playing and with whom. Parents should know the friends of their children, what interests or

hobbies bind them together, among others.

They should also regulate pornography and media exhibition to their children. There are so many

erotic movies, magazines, among others on the market and many young people are always

exposed to them either through their being inquisitive or by the negligence of their parents at

home.
Parents were also advised on the option of taking their children to single sexed schools especially

for the rowdy children. This is believed to reduce on the incidences of early sexual relations

since they usually spend much of their time in school and away from the opposite sex.

For the girls in boarding school, parents should endeavor to drop and pick them from school.

This will help in hindering the girls from diverting along the way and going to their boy friends’

places. Parents should take their children to school and pick them from school especially the

boarders.

Parents and caretakers should talk to their children during school holidays for boarders and

weekends for day scholars not only with the aim of creating an open communication

environment but to also guide and counsel them on the various aspects of life including the

sexual and reproductive health concerns of young people.

Parents were advised to monitor and regulate the movements of the girl child. They should be

aware of where they are at all times and with whom. This calls for the concept of ensuring that

they are in the right place and at the right time.

Parents were advised to fulfill their obligations of paying school dues as parents, so that the girl

child does not get a misfortune of dropping out of school, which predisposes

They should still go on with guidance and counseling sessions, life skills sessions, among

others.

In addition, parents should send girls only when accompanied by maybe a brother, sister or adult

so that they can have back up security whenever the need arises. However, parents were advised

to avoid sending girls at night whether to the shops or within the neighborhoods.

Parents should understand their children and the diverse characteristics of adolescence. They

should be free, open and welcoming to their children so as to create a good ambience where one
can communicate freely without the fear of being ridiculed or punished. Parents should be good

and friendly to their children.

Parents should show enough parental love and care for their children especially the girl children.

This should be reflected by the protection and security offered to the children regardless of

whether they family is rich or poor.

Parents should impart self help skills in their children ranging from communication skills to self

defense techniques. Many young girls are not assertive and open minded and this is one of the

major reasons that renders them helpless and defenseless thus being taken advantage of.

Parents should not abuse, mistreat or pick on the children every now and then. The parent should

talk to the child in a calm and composed way and always give the child a chance to explain

regardless of whether the child is in the right or wrong, parents should protect all children in the

home regardless of whether they are biological, adopted or step children.

Parents should take all their children to school and pay all the school fees and requirements in

time to avoid their daughters being chased from school to loiter around the towns and

communities thus ending up in the homes of their boyfriends or even rapists. They should ensure

that their daughters are always in school whenever it is school time.

Parents should be cautious of the people the children stay with at home especially those of the

opposite sex. This is because many of the people in the household especially relatives tend to

sexually abuse the children. Parents should do their best in ensuring the protection and safety of

their children from all sorts of atrocities especially the irreversible ones.

(c) 5.3.2.3. To government

Should strengthen and implement the laws regarding rapists and defilers like imprisoning them.

Government should also sensitise the people about the constitution and what various laws and
policies like the Children’s Act, National Orphans and Vulnerable Children’s Policy, Child

Labour Policy, among others stipulate.

Government should streamline the syllabus to include sex education as a compulsory session in

primary and secondary schools especially at O level. This would help the young girls know the

basic truth about their sexual and reproductive lives.

Should then recruit senior women and men teachers in all schools to guide and counsel the

teenagers and adolescents about adolescence and sexual reproductive life concerns like

abstinence, safer sex, sexually transmitted diseases, healthy relationships and dating, among

other concepts.

Government should put measures in place to ensure that girl children start school quite early and

stay in school long enough so that by the time they reach puberty and adolescence, they are

beyond primary level.

Should ensure that teachers do not ask for extra fees from students because this hinders them

from attending school which has on many occasions led to early pregnancy.

Arrest and imprison all idle men as they are usually the culprits of rape and defilement. All

mature men who waste time drinking and gambling are suspected culprits who should be

monitored keenly.

Provide youth with skills for self reliance regardless of whether they are still in school or out of

school. This would help reduce on the dependence syndrome of girls on men who usually

provide but with strings attached.

Girl child education should be subsidised or even given freely so that they stay engaged in

school. Though government put in place UPE and USE, there are still additional fees that many

households are not able to afford especially those households in rural and slummy areas.
Regulate or ban bars, discos and clubs that admit young girls because this makes them

susceptible to rap, gang rape and defilement thus teenage pregnancy and HIV/AIDS.

Government should put up more security measures in communities like deploying more

policemen to curb the rape issues at night by thugs and other armed criminals.

Government should sensitise and educate parents about good parenting.

CONCLUSIONS ON OTHER FACTORS THAT HAVE LED TO THE PREVALENCE

OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN LUZIRA PARISH KAMPALA DISTRICT.

The researcher concluded that other than risky sexual behaviours, there were many other factors

that have led to the prevalence of teenage pregnancies. Some of these factors that the researcher

found out were ignorance on family planning, rape, defilement, ignorance, parental negligence,

pornography, media exhibition, negative peer influence, cultural norms and early marriages, drug

and substance abuse, misconception of ideas (myths), among others

REFERENCES

1. Ann E. Bidlecon, Laura Hessburg, Susheela, Singh Akinirola, Bankole, Leila Darabi

Guttmacher 2007.Protecting the next generation in sub Saharan Africa. Learning

from adolecsents to prevent HIV and unwanted pregnancy.

2. Ann-Maree Nobelius a , Bessie Kalina b , Robert Pool c , Jimmy Whitworth d , Janice

Chesters a & Robert Power e(27 Apr 2010) a School of Rural Health, Monash

University,Culture, Health & Sexuality: An International Journal for Research,

Intervention and Care, Delaying sexual debut amongst out-of school youth in rural

southwestUganda Australia Social Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council(UK),

Entebbe, Uganda, Barcelona Centre for International Health, Research,

Universitat de Barcelona, Spain Wellcome Trust, London, UK, Burnet Institute,

Prahran, Australia.

3. Brittany J. Loew/Thompson (2011):teens and risky sexual behaviours; what school

counsellors need to know.

4. Clifton. D, & Hervish, A (2013). The world’s youth 2013 data sheet Washington Dc:

population reference bureau.

5. Conkle, A (2007). Decisions decisions.

6. Cynthia Summers, February 5 (2013). Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion in Uganda

Presented , DrPH Guttmacher Institute.

7. Devika Merah, Anette, Karen Odberg, Peterson, and Per-Olof Ostrergen(2012).: Non use of

contraception: Determinants among Ugandan university students. Global Health Action

8. Fantasia, H.C (2008). Concept of analysis: sexual decision making in adolescents.

nursing forum 43(2), 80-90.

9. Gilbert. J (2007). Risking a relation. Sex education and adolescent development:sex

education 7(1), 47-61.

10. Lansford J.E, Yu T, Erath S.A petit G.S. Bates Dodg K.A( 2010). Developmental

precursors to number of sexual partners from ages 16-22. Journal of research on

adolescence (20), 651-677.

11. Loaiza, E & Liang, M. (2013). Adolescents’ pregnancy: A review of evidence. New York:

United Nations Populations Funds.

12. Mmbaga, E.J., Hussain, A., Leyna, G.H.,Holm-Hansen, C., Mnyika, K.S.,Sam, N.E.,

Klouman, E., & Klepp,K. (2007). Trends in HIV-1prevalence and risk

behavioursover 15 years in a rural populationin Kilimanjaro region of

Tanzania.AIDS Research and Therapy, 4, 23-32.

13. Nalwadda G, T.N., Faxelid E, Byamugisha J, Mirembe F, (2010.) Persistent high fertility

in Uganda: young people recount obstacles and enabling factors to use of

contraceptives. BMC PubliHealth.

14. Royer. H, Keller. R, M.L & Heidrich, S.M. (2009) Young adolescents’ perception of

romantic relationship and sexual activity: sex education 9(4), 386-394.

15. UBOS and Macro International Inc., “Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (2006),

Kampala, Uganda.

16. Uganda demographic and health survey, (2011).

17. UNFPA State of World Population Report (2013). Motherhood in childhood: Facing the

challenge of adolescent pregnancy.

18. WHO (2006) Sexual health. Definition and answer.

APPENDIX I: CONSENT FORM.

Hullo I am Ojan Ronald, a student of Kampala School of Health Sciences offering a diploma in

clinical medicine and community health. I am undertaking an academic research project under

the topic ‘‘RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AND THE PREVALENCE OF TEENAGE

PREGNANCY IN LUZIRA PARISH’’. This research is intended to get information which

will be used and treated with utmost confidentiality and completely for academic purposes.

I kindly request you to offer the necessary information.

Signature…………………………. Date………………………………

(Participant)

Signature…………………………. Date………………………………

(Researcher)
APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE

To be filled in by pregnant teenagers and young mothers

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENTS

1. Respondent category

Pregnant teenager Young mother

2. Location

…………………………………………………………………………………

3. What was your level of education when you conceived?

Never studied had dropped out in primary

Secondary tertiary

4. What is your level of education now?

primary secondary level never studied

Degree level never continued

SECTION B: RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AND HOW THEY HAVE LED TO

TEENAGE PREGNANCY

5. How old were you when you had your first sexual intercourse?

10-14 15-18 19-22

6. Do you think this led to your becoming pregnant?

Yes No
7. If No please explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS

8. How many sexual partners did you have before you became pregnant?

One two three more than three

9. Did you have these sexual partners at the same time?

Yes No

10. Do you think that having multiple sexual partners this led to your conception?

Yes No

11. If Yes, please explain

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE

12. The last time you had sexual intercourse that led to your conception, had you taken alcohol

or any drug?

Yes No

13. If Yes, did you consciously agree to have sexual intercourse?

Yes No

14. Do you think this led to your conception?

Yes No

15. If No, please explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………....

CONDOM USE AND OTHER REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION

16. Prior to your conception, were you utilizing any reproductive health service?

Yes No

17. if Yes, please specify

Condom use withdrawal injecta plan

Moon beads Coil Others

18. If you were utilizing any of the above, how then did you conceive amidst the services

Lack of sufficient knowledge of the use the method

Delay between the beginning of sexual activity and the use of contraceptive

Contraceptive failure, i.e. due to bursting of condom, poor storage already expired

Inconsistent use of contraceptive (forgotten doses, incorrect sequence)

Not sure about what happened

19. If No, why?

Myths associated inferiority complex

Fear of parents finding out religious or cultural rules

20. Do you think having not used family planning led to your conception?

Yes No Not sure

21. If No, please explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………....

SECTION C: RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND DECISION MAKING

22. Prior to your getting pregnant, were you influenced by your peers in any way to engage in

sexual intercourse?

Yes No

23. if Yes please explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

24. Did you decide to have sexual intercourse with your partner at free will?

Yes No

25. If no, please explain

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

26. Do you think this led to your conception?

Yes No

27. If No, please explain

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

28. Prior to your getting pregnant, did you have planned sexual intercourse?

Yes No

30. Do you think this led to your becoming pregnant?

Yes No

31. Prior to your becoming pregnant, did you get enough sex education?

Yes No

32. Do you think this led to your conception?

Yes No

SECTION D: OTHER CAUSE OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY

In this section please tick appropriately according to your understanding i.e.

SA=strongly agree, A=agree, NS=not sure, D=disagree, SD=strongly disagree

Question SA A NS D SD

1 Lack of self-esteem and self-confidence made you consent to unprotected sex and

consequently early pregnancy.

2 Adolescent sexual behavior of discovery (curiosity and early sex relations) led to

your early conception.

3 Shortages in condoms and other reproductive health services led to your early
 pregnancy.

4 Inadequate parental guidance and love or rather parental negligence had a hand in

your early pregnancy.

5 Lack of affectionate supervision of parents or guardians (absentee parents) resulted

into your conception.

6 Domestic violence in your household led to your teenage pregnancy.

7 Your being an orphan made you becomes pregnant at an early age.

8 Free and unlimited leisure like beach bashes, album launches, etc especially in

holidays made you conceive early.

9 Rape led to your early conception.

10 The many myths surrounding pregnancy made you mess up and thus became

pregnant. (Ignorance about the facts)

11 Negative peer pressure made you indulge in early and unprotected sex thus

conception.

12 Poverty in your household made you accept material benefits in exchange for sex

thus pregnancy.

13 Some societal and cultural norms made you conceive early.

14 Media exhibition of sex and pornographic materials made you indulge in early sex

thus early pregnancy.

15 Sexual relationships between teenage girls and older men are more likely to end up

in teenage pregnancy as compared to sexual relationships between teenage boys

and girls. (Cross generational relationships)

For question 15, please explain;

a.……………………………………………………………………………….................................

............................................................................................................................................................

b.………………………………………………………………………………................................

............................................................................................................................................................

c.……………………………………………………………………………….................................

............................................................................................................................................................

d.………………………………………………………………………………................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Apart from these mentioned, what other factors do you think could have led to your conception?

a.……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………................................

b……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………...............................

c……………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………................................

d……………………………………………………………………………………………………

….……………………………………………………………………………................................
SECTION E : RECOMMENDATIONS

1. What do you think should be done so as to improve the sexual behaviours of teenagers in

Luzira parish?

a.………………………………………………………………………………................................

b.………………………………………………………………………………................................

c.………………………………………………………………………………................................

d.………………………………………………………………………………................................

2. What do you think should be done so as to reduce on the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in

Luzira parish?

a.………………………………………………………………………………................................

b.………………………………………………………………………………................................

c.……………………………………………………………………………………........................

d.………………………………………………………………………………................................

We have come to the end of the interview and I really appreciate the valuable time and

audience you have accorded me and I assure you of utmost privacy and confidentiality of the

issues generated.

Thank you for your participation and May God bless you abundantly!!!
APPENDIX III: BUDGET SUMMARY:

Nos. Items Quantity Rates/item subtotal

1 Ream of duplicating papers 1 13000/= 13000/=

2 Ream of ruled papers 1 9000/= 9000/=

3 Pens 5 500/= 2500/=

4 Staples 1 box 3000/= 3000/=

5 Note book 1 3000/= 3000/=

Proposal development

6 typing and printing 35 pages 500/= 17500/=

7 Photocopying 50pages(5 copies) 100/= 25000/=

8 Binding 5 copies 3000/= 15000/=

9 Typing of research report 45 pages 500/= 22500/=

10 Printing of questionnaires 3 pages 500/= 1500/=

11 Photocopying of questionnaires 80 copies 450/= 36000/=

12 Transport to and from the parish 50000/=

13 Payment of interviewers 120000/=

14 Miscellaneous 100000/=

TOTAL 418000/=
 APPENDIX IV: WORK PLAN

PERIOD FOR WHICH ACTIVITIES WILL BE CARRIED OUT

ACTIVITY:
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB

Topic identification

and approval.

Literature search

Proposal development

and approval

Proposal submission

Data collection

Data analysis

Report writing
and submission