EE-103: Electrical Engineering

Chap:9
Sinusoids and Phasors

Slide 1
 Introduction
• AC is more efficient and economical to transmit over
long distances
• AC circuit analysis include time varying source voltage or
current
• Sinusoidally time varying source is simply called sinusoid
– A signal that has the form of sine or cosine function
• Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage source
are called ac circuits

Slide 2
 Reasons for Using Sinusoids
• Nature itself is sinusoidal
– Motion of pendulum
– Vibration of a string
– Ripples on the ocean surface
• Sinusoidal signal is easy to generate and transmit
– Voltage supplied to homes, factories, labs, …All sinusoidal
• From Fourier analysis, any practical periodic signal can
be represented by sum of sinusoids
• Sinusoids is easy to handle mathematically
– Derivative of sinusoid is also a sinusoid
– Integral of a sinusoid is also a sinusoid

Slide 3
 Sinusoids

• Consider a sinusoidal voltage as,

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
• Time period 𝑇𝑇 is defined as,
2𝜋𝜋 1
𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋f 𝑓𝑓 =
𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇
𝜔𝜔

Periodic Function 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡)

𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) Slide 4
 Sinusoids with Phase
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙)

𝑣𝑣1 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔, 𝑣𝑣2 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙)

Slide 5
 Sinusoids Examples
Example 9.1:
Find the amplitude, phase, and frequency of the sinusoid
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 12 cos(50𝑡𝑡 + 10°)

Solution:
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙)
The amplitude 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 12 V
The phase is 𝜙𝜙 = 10°
The angular frequency is 𝜔𝜔 = 50 rad/s
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
The time period 𝑇𝑇 = = = 0.1257 s
𝜔𝜔 50
1
The frequency is 𝑓𝑓 = = 7.9858 Hz
𝑇𝑇

Slide 6
 Comparing Sinusoids
• Using Identities:
• Express sinusoid as sine or cosine form (positive magnitudes)
• Graphical Approach:
• Horizontal axis = magnitude of cosine
• Vertical axis = magnitude of sine (Pointing downward)

Slide 7
 Sinusoids Examples
Example 9.2:
Calculate the phase angle between 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = −10 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 50°)
and 𝑣𝑣2 (𝑡𝑡) = 12 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10°)

Method 1: Express 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 in same form (both cosine)

𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = −10 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 50° = 10 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 50° − 180°
𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = 10 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 130°
𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 = 12 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10°) = 12 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10° − 90°
𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 = 12 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 100°
Phase difference 𝜙𝜙 = 𝜙𝜙1 − 𝜙𝜙2 = 130 − 100 = 30°
𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = 10 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 130°
𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 = 12 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 130° + 30°
𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 leads 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 by 30°
𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 lags 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 by 30°
Slide 8
 Sinusoids Examples
Example 9.2:
Calculate the phase angle between 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = −10 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 50°)
and 𝑣𝑣2 (𝑡𝑡) = 12 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10°)

Method 2: Express 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 in same form (both sine)

𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = −10 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 50° = 10 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 50° − 90°
𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = 10 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 40°
𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 = 12 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10°)
Phase difference 𝜙𝜙 = 𝜙𝜙1 − 𝜙𝜙2 = 40 − 10 = 30°
𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = 10 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10° − 30°
𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 = 12 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10°)
𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 lags 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 by 30°
𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 leads 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 by 30°
Slide 9
 Sinusoids Examples
Example 9.2:
Calculate the phase angle between 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 = −10 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 50°)
and 𝑣𝑣2 (𝑡𝑡) = 12 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10°)

Method 3: Graphically compare 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡

𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 lags 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 by 30°
𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 leads 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 by 30°

Slide 10
 Complex Number
• A complex number 𝑧𝑧 can be written as,
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Rectangular Form
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟∠𝜙𝜙 Polar form
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜙𝜙 Exponential form
• Transformation from rectangular to polar
−1 𝑦𝑦
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 , 𝜙𝜙 = tan
𝑥𝑥
• Transformation from polar to rectangular
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜙𝜙, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜙𝜙
• Mathematical operation and the easiest form
– Addition, subtraction Rectangular Form
– Multiplication, division Polar Form
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Slide
 Example 9.3 (b)
Evaluate the complex number,
10∠ − 30° + 3 − 𝑗𝑗4
(2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗)(3 − 𝑗𝑗5)∗

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Slide
 Phasors
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid
• A phasor representation of a sinusoid 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡)
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙)
• The phasor form
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙

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Slide
Phasor Diagram

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Slide
 Sinusoid-Phasor Transformation

The derivative of 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) is transformed to phasor domain as 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝑽𝑽

The integral of 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) is transformed to phasor domain as 𝑽𝑽/𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔

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Slide
 Example 9.4
Transform the sinusoid to phasor
𝑣𝑣 = −4 sin(30𝑡𝑡 + 50°)V

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Slide
 Example 9.5
Find the sinusoid represented by the phasor
𝐕𝐕 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗° V

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 Example 9.6
Given 𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) = 4 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 30°)A and 𝑖𝑖2 (𝑡𝑡) =
5 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 20°)A, find their sum i.e 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖1 + 𝑖𝑖2 .

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 Example 9.7
Using the phasor approach, determine the current 𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4𝑖𝑖 + 8 � 𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 3 = 50 cos(2𝑡𝑡 + 75°)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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Slide
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
• Resistor 𝑅𝑅
o 𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) 𝐈𝐈 = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙
o 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑅𝑅𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑅𝑅𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑅𝑅𝐈𝐈

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Slide
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
• Inductor 𝐿𝐿
o 𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) 𝐈𝐈 = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙
o 𝑣𝑣 = −𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) 𝐕𝐕 = 𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠(𝜙𝜙 + 90°)
𝐕𝐕 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿𝐈𝐈

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Slide
 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
• Capacitor 𝐶𝐶
o 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙
o 𝑖𝑖 = −𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) 𝐈𝐈 = 𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠(𝜙𝜙 + 90°)
𝐈𝐈 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶𝐕𝐕

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 Summary of Relationships

Example 9.8
The voltage 𝑣𝑣 = 12 cos(60𝑡𝑡 + 45°) is applied to 0.1 H inductor, find the current?

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Slide
 Impedance and Admittance
• Voltage – Current Relations
𝐈𝐈
o 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑅𝑅𝐈𝐈 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿𝐈𝐈 𝐕𝐕 =
𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶
𝐕𝐕 𝐕𝐕 𝐕𝐕 1
o = 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿 =
𝐈𝐈 𝐈𝐈 𝐈𝐈 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶
𝐕𝐕
o 𝐙𝐙 = 𝐕𝐕 = 𝐙𝐙𝐙𝐙
𝐈𝐈

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Slide
 Equivalent Circuits
• Impedance of Inductor
o 𝐙𝐙𝐿𝐿 = 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔𝐿𝐿
o When 𝜔𝜔 = 0, 𝐙𝐙𝐿𝐿 = 0
o When 𝜔𝜔 → ∞, 𝐙𝐙𝐿𝐿 → ∞
• Impedance of Capacitor
−𝑗𝑗
o 𝐙𝐙𝐶𝐶 =
𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶
o At 𝜔𝜔 = 0, 𝐙𝐙𝐶𝐶 → ∞
o At 𝜔𝜔 = 0, 𝐙𝐙𝐶𝐶 = 0

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Slide
 Impedance and Admittance
• Impedance 𝐙𝐙
o Resistance(𝑅𝑅) & Reactance(𝑋𝑋) 𝐙𝐙 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
o When 𝑋𝑋 is +ve, Impedance(𝐙𝐙) is Inductive (lagging current)
o When 𝑋𝑋 is -ve, Impedance(𝐙𝐙) is Capacitive (leading current)
o 𝐙𝐙 = 𝐙𝐙 ∠𝜃𝜃
𝑋𝑋
o 𝐙𝐙 = 𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑋 2 , 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅𝑅
o 𝐙𝐙 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
o 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐙𝐙 cos 𝜃𝜃, 𝑋𝑋 = 𝐙𝐙 sin 𝜃𝜃
o Admittance 𝐘𝐘
𝟏𝟏 𝐈𝐈
o 𝐘𝐘 = =
𝐙𝐙 𝐕𝐕

o Conductance(𝐺𝐺) & Susceptance(𝐵𝐵) 𝐘𝐘 = 𝐺𝐺 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

1
o 𝐺𝐺 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 =
𝑅𝑅+𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋
𝑅𝑅 −𝑋𝑋
o 𝐺𝐺 = 𝑅𝑅2 +𝑋𝑋 2, 𝐵𝐵 = 𝑅𝑅2 +𝑋𝑋 2 26 26
Slide
 Example 9.9
Find 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) and 𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡)

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 Impedance Combinations
• N – Series Impedances
o 𝐙𝐙𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐙𝐙1 + 𝐙𝐙2 + ⋯ + 𝐙𝐙𝑁𝑁

o N – Parallel Impedances
1 1 1 1
o = + + ⋯+
𝐙𝐙𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐙𝐙1 𝐙𝐙2 𝐙𝐙𝑁𝑁

o 𝐘𝐘𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐘𝐘1 + 𝐘𝐘2 + ⋯ + 𝐘𝐘𝑁𝑁

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𝑌𝑌 − ∆ Transformations

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 Example 9.10
Find the input impedance 𝐙𝐙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) where
𝜔𝜔 = 50 rad/s

Slide 30
 Example 9.11
Determine 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)

Slide 31
 Example 9.12
Determine 𝐈𝐈

Slide 32
 Announcements
Self Practice Exercises: Not to be Submitted
 All Examples solved in the lecture slides
 All Practice Problems related to above examples
 Review Questions
 Related Problems
Assign#5: 04 July 2020
Quiz#5: 06 July 2020

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