NARRATIONS

 The first part of the sentence is called reporting speech and the part in double
inverted commas is called reported speech.

Reporting Speech:
The teller of that sentence or story.
Reported Speech:
The words spoken by a person that are delivered by another
person.

 When reporting speech and reported speech are joined a direct sentence is formed.

Direct Speech:
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech. Here what a
person says appears within quotation marks and should be a word for word.

In Direct Speech:
indirect speech is a means of expressing the content of statements,
questions without quoting them clearly as is done indirect speech.

For Example:

         He said, “I work in a factory ” (Direct speech).

         He said that he worked in a factory. (Indirect speech).
         She says, " I like clouds in the sky". (Direct).
         She says that she like clouds in the sky. (Indirect).

 In an indirect speech, the pronoun changes according to the speaker whether s/he is
referring himself/herself or a third person.

For Example:

 Direct: George said, “I cannot be with you.”

 Indirect: George said that he could not be with me.
 Direct: I said, “Leave me”
 Indirect: I ordered to leave me alone. (Note: in this sentence, the speaker is the
same, so there is no change in indirect speech.)
 Direct: They said, “We will be partying tonight.”
 Indirect: They said that they would be partying that night.
 Direct: I told George, “You should stay.”
 Indirect: I told George that he should stay.
 TENSES
 Simple present tense to simple past tense
Exceptions: If the content is still true or happening then we do not need to change the
tense in the reported speech. 

 Present continuous to past continuous tense

 Present perfect to past perfect tense

 Present perfect continuous to past perfect continuous tense

 Simple past to past perfect tense

 Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous tense

Note: If two sentences are combined with a conjunction, and both sentences have different
tenses then we need to change the tenses of both sentences according to the rule.

 Past perfect tense does not change in the indirect speech

 Simple future tense to present conditional

Adverbs and demonstratives:

Indirect speech differs from direct speech’s time and place. When someone is conveying the
message to the listener, the speaker might not be on the same day or place. So the
demonstrative (this, that etc.) and the adverb of time and place (here, there, today, now,
etc.) change. We can look into the following

DIRECT INDIRECT

Now Then/at that moment

Today That day

Tomorrow The next day

Yesterday The day before

Come Go

Bring Take

This That

here there
VERB Forms

can could

may might

will would

must had to

shall should

Universal Truth or habitual fact.

1. If the reported speech states a general, universal or habitual truth or

historical event in the past, the present tense used there is not changed into
the past form.

2. The simple past is not changed if the reported speech states two actions
which took place at the same time.

3. The past indefinite or past continues tense is not changed if the reported
speech states two actions which took place at the same time.

MALAIKA
ARSHAD!