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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

LEARNING MODULE 9

Subject : GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 (CHEM 111)

Department : General Education Department, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science

GASES
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Apply their knowledge of general chemistry in analyzing the properties of different substances, and
their reactions.
Develop analytical skills in interpreting problems involving those mentioned above, and generate
solutions to these problems as Air Transportation professionals
Explain the chemical principles and concepts of structures and bonding of common materials.
Identify key chemistry concepts related to the specific field of Air Transportation.

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

Ability to understand the behavior of gases in various condition
Apply the different gas laws in solving a gas related problem

MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module the students should be able to:
Identify the different nature of gases
Define each Gas Laws
Define and calculate Boyle’s Law
Define and Calculate Charles Law
Define and Calculate Gay-Lussac’s Law
Define and Calculate Combine Gas Law

HONESTY CLAUSE
“The College takes a strict view of cheating in any form, deceptive fabrication, plagiarism and violation
of intellectual property and copyright laws. Any student who is found to have engaged in such misconduct
will be subject to disciplinary action by the College.”

________________________
Name and Signature

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE TIME ALLOTMENT
Nature of Gases 2 20 minutes
The Gas laws 4 20 minutes
The Pressure-Volume relation: BOYLE’s LAW 4 30 minutes
Exercise 9.1 4 15 minutes
The Temperature-Pressure relation: GAY-
5 30 minutes
LUSSAC’s LAW
Exercise 9.2 5 15 minutes
The Volume-Temperature relation: CHARLES’s
6 30 minutes
LAW
Exercise 9.3 6 15 minutes
The Pressure-Volume-Temperature relation:
7 30 minutes
COMBINE GAS LAW
Exercise 9.4 7 15 minutes

THE NATURE OF GASES

Gases in general, have three characteristic properties: (1) they're easy to compress, (2) they expand to fill their
containers, and (3) they occupy much more space than the liquids or solids from which they form.

Compressibility
An internal combustion engine provides an honest example of the convenience with which gases will be
compressed. in an exceedingly typical internal-combustion engine, the piston is first pulled out of the cylinder to
make a partial vacuum, which attracts a mix of gasoline vapor and air into the cylinder (see figure below). The
piston is then pushed into the cylinder, compressing the gasoline/air mixture to a fraction of its original volume.

The operation of a four-stroke engine can be divided into four cycles: intake,
compression, power, and exhaust stages.

The ratio of the degree of the gas within the cylinder after the primary stroke to its volume after the second stroke
is that the compression ratio of the engine. Modern cars run at compression ratios of about 9:1, which suggests
the gasoline-air mixture within the cylinder is compressed by an element of nine within the second stroke. After

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the gasoline/air mixture is compressed, the plug at the highest of the cylinder fires and therefore the resulting
explosion pushes the piston out of the cylinder within the third stroke. Finally, the piston is pushed into the cylinder
within the fourth stroke, clearing out the exhaust gases. Liquids are much harder to compress than gases. they're
so hard to compress that the hydraulic brakes systems utilized in most cars treat the principle that there's
essentially no change within the volume of the brake fluid when pressure is applied to the current liquid. Most
solids are even harder to compress. the sole exceptions belong to a rare class of compounds that has natural
and artificial rubber. Most rubber balls that appear easy to compress, like a racquetball, are stuffed with air,
which is compressed when the ball is squeezed

Expandability
Anyone who has walked into a kitchen where bread was baking has experienced the actual fact that gases
expand to fill their containers, because the air within the kitchen becomes full of wonderful odors. Unfortunately,
the identical thing happens when someone breaks open a rotten egg and therefore the characteristic odor of
sulphide (H2S) rapidly diffuses through the space. Because gases expand to fill their containers, it's safe to assume
that the amount of a gas is adequate the amount of its container.

Pressure of a Gas
Gases exert pressure on any surface with which they come in contact, because gas molecules are constantly in
motion. We humans have adapted so well physiologically to the pressure of the air around us that we are usually
unaware of it, perhaps as fish are not conscious of the water’s pressure on them. It is easy to demonstrate
atmospheric pressure. One everyday example is the ability to drink a liquid through a straw. Sucking air out of the
straw reduces the pressure inside the straw. The greater atmospheric pressure on the liquid pushes it up into the
straw to replace the air that has been sucked out.

SI Units of Pressure
Pressure is one of the most readily measurable properties of a gas. To understand how we measure the pressure
of a gas, it is helpful to know how the units of measurement are derived. We begin with velocity and acceleration.

Velocity is defined as the change in distance with elapsed time; that is,

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
v𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

The SI unit for velocity is m/s, although we also use cm/s.

Acceleration is the change in velocity with time, or

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Acceleration is measured in m/s2 (or cm/s2).

The second law of motion, formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in the late seventeenth century, defines another term,
from which the units of pressure are derived, namely, force. According to this law,

force = mass X acceleration

In this context, the SI unit of force is the newton (N), where

1 N = 1 kg m/s2

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Finally, we define pressure as force applied per unit area:

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), defined as one newton per square meter:
1 Pa + 1 N/m2

The barometer is probably the most familiar instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. A simple barometer
consists of a long glass tube, closed at one end and filled with mercury. If the tube is carefully inverted in a dish
of mercury so that no air enters the tube, some mercury will flow out of the tube into the dish, creating a vacuum
at the top. The weight of the mercury remaining in the tube is supported by atmospheric pressure acting on the
surface of the mercury in the dish. Standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm) is equal to the pressure that supports a
column of mercury exactly 760 mm (or 76 cm) high at 00C at sea level. In other words, the standard atmosphere
equals a pressure of 760 mmHg, where mmHg represents the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1 mm
high. The mmHg unit is also called the torr, after the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the
barometer.

The Gas Laws

The gas laws we will study in this chapter are the product of countless experiments on the physical properties of
gases that were carried out over several centuries. Each of these generalizations regarding the macroscopic
behavior of gaseous substances represents a milestone in the history of science. Together they have played a
major role in the development of many ideas in chemistry.

The Pressure-Volume relation: BOYLE’s LAW

In mid-1600s, Irish scientist ROBERT BOYLE (1672 – 1691) studied the pressure and
volume relationship in confined gas held at constant temperature. From his
experiment he formulated a gas law, now known as BOYLE’S LAW.

BOYLES LAW
States that at CONSTANT TEMPERATURE the pressure of fixed amount of
gas is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to its volume
The general formula is
P1V1 = P2V2
Time Allotment
EXERCISE 9.1 BOYLES LAW
Compute for the missing value 15 MINUTES
1. If a gas at 25 degree Celsius occupies 3.60 L at a pressure of 1.00 atm, What will be its volume at a pressure
of 2.50 atm?

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2. A gas occupies 16.2 L at 0.860 atm. What is the pressure if the volume becomes 15.0 L?

The Temperature-Pressure relation: GAY-LUSSAC’s

LAW
The GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW was named after JOSEPH-LOUIS GAY-LUSSAC (1778 –
1850), a French chemist and physicist who is one of the pioneers in the study
of gases behavior

CHARLES’S LAW
States that the volume of a gas is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to its absolute
temperature at a CONSTANT PRESSURE
The general formula is
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
GAYLUSSAC’S LAW
States that at CONSTANT VOLUME the pressure of fixed amount of gas is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to its
temperature.
The general formula is

Time Allotment
EXERCISE 9.2 GAY-LUSSACS LAW
Compute for the missing value 15 MINUTES
1. A cylinder of a gas has a pressure of 8.40atm at 30 degree Celsius of what temperature in Celsius will it
reach a pressure of 7.50 atm?

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2. The pressure of a gas in a tank is 354.24KPa at 300K. Determine the gas pressure if the temperature is raised
to 343.0K

The Volume-Temperature relation: CHARLES’s LAW

In the attempt to improve the design of hot air balloon another gas law was
established by a French scientist named JACQUES CHARLES with the help of
Gay-Lussac.

CHARLES’S LAW
States that the volume of a gas is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to its absolute
temperature at a CONSTANT PRESSURE
The general formula is
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Time Allotment
EXERCISE 9.3 CHARLES’S LAW
Compute for the missing value
15 MINUTES
1. A gas in a container has an initial volume of 7 L with an initial temperature of 60 degree Celsius. The final
volume decreases to 0.26 L. What is the final temperature?

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2. A balloon inflated in a room at 30 degree Celsius has a volume of 5.00 L. The balloon is then heated to
temperature of 54 degree Celsius. What is the new volume if the pressure remains constant?

The Pressure-Volume-Temperature relation:

COMBINE GAS LAW
COMBINE GAS LAW
The combined gas law combines the three gas laws: Boyle's
Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law.
It states that the ratio of the product of pressure and volume and
the absolute temperature of a gas is equal to a constant.
The General formula is
𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Time Allotment
EXERCISE 9.3 COMBINE GAS LAW
Compute for the missing value
15 MINUTES
1. A gas at 110.0KPa and 30.0 degree Celsius fills a flexible container with an initial volume of 2.00 L if the
temperature is raised to 80.0 degree Celsius and the pressure increased to 440.0KPa. what is the new volume?

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2. At 2.10 degree Celsius and 5.00 atm pressure. a sample of a gas occupies 30.0mL, if the temperature is
increased to 40 degree Celsius and the entire gas sample is transferred to a 50.0mL container. What will be the
gas pressure inside the container?

Reference
• Materials (Textbooks, References, Journals, Onlines)
• General Chemistry 8th Edition by: HOLTZCLAW ROBINSON
• Chang, R. (2010) Chemistry, 10th Ed. McGraw Hill
• Bayquen, A. and Pena,G , Exploring Life through Science series, General Chemistry 1

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