8 16 sparrows were resting on 2 lamp posts. 2 sparrows flew from the first to the second lamp post. 3 sparrows flew from the second to the first lamp post. The number of sparrows on the first and the second lamp posts became the same. How many sparrows were there on each lamp post at first? The first and second shelves of a bookshelf contained 120 books altogether. 20 books were transferred from the first to the second shelf. 35 books from the second shelf were transferred back to the first one. The two shelves now contained the same number of books. How many books were on each shelf at first? 18 sparrows were resting on two branches of a tree. 4 sparrows flew from the second branch to the first one. 6 sparrows flew from the first branch to the second one. There were then 2 more sparrows on the first branch than the second one. How many sparrows were on each branch at first?11 Two groups of penguins consist of 420 penguins in all. 30 penguins move from the first group to the second one. 50 penguins move to the first group from the second one. The number of penguins in group A doubles those in group B in the end. How many penguins are there in each group at first? The East-Wing and the West-Wing of the Underwater World held 840 fish altogether. 120 fish swam over to the West-Wing from the East-Wing. 200 fish from the East-Wing swam over to the West-Wing. The number of fish in the East-Wing became 3 times of those in the West-Wing. How many fish were there in each wing of the Underwater World at first?Pigeonhole Principle ESS 1 David puts 3 apples into 2 baskets. Show that it is true one of the baskets will contain at least one apple. Solution: Let’s use 2 boxes to represent the 2 baskets. (1) He can put all 3 apples into one basket. 3 0 (2) He can put 2 apples into one basket and 1 apple into the other one. 2 1 It is true that one of the baskets will contain at least one apple. 2 There are 2 blue marbles and 2 yellow marbles in a bag. How many marbles must you take from the bag before you get 2 marbles of the same colour? Solution: (1) Suppose we do not get 2 blue or 2 yellow marbles during the first 2 times. Blue Yellow 1 1 (2) The 3 marble we draw will make up 2 marbles of the same colour. I must take 3 marbles before I get 2 marbles of the same colour. ‘Maths Olympiad ~ Unleash The Maths Olympian In You Junior 1) 161 ‘©Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Lud & Terry Chew Chapter 20