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An Example of Using Microsoft Excel Solver For Power Network Calculations
An Example of Using Microsoft Excel Solver For Power Network Calculations
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2 authors, including:
Cedomir Zeljkovic
University of Banja Luka
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Minimization of Power Interruption Time in Modern MV Networks Based on Optimal Placement of Fault Passage Indicators (FPI) View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Cedomir Zeljkovic on 16 April 2017.
1
University of Banja Luka, Department of Power Engineering, Patre 5, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia&Herzegovina, E-mail: cedomir@etfbl.net
2
University of Banja Luka, Department of Power Engineering, Patre 5, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia&Herzegovina, E-mail: bilchy@blic.net
problems. Solver deals with up to 200 variables and al- In cases when the problem model is linear or there are
lows up to 200 constraints. expected non-negative results user can check Assume Lin-
For the linear problems, Solver uses the simplex ear Model or Assume Non-Negative.
method. What is more important here, Solver is also capa- Use Automatic Scaling is the option which can be used
ble of handling non-linear problems by employing a gen- in solving some problems where the values of the inde-
eralized reduced gradient method. In cases where the pendent variables and dependent variables may differ
problem being solved requires integer-valued variables, widely in magnitude. In these cases it's prudent to scale
Solver also employs a branch and bound algorithm. the model so that the magnitudes of the input and output
values are of the same order. If the model has not been
Configuring Solver
already set up with scaling, this option will allow Solver to
The user can partially participate in the control of perform the scaling instead of the user.
Solver's iterative algorithm by filling the edit boxes in
If needed to follow the Solver's progress as it iterates
Solver Options dialog. Figure 1 presents this dialog.
when solving a problem, it is possible to check the Show
Iteration Results option. Then a dialog box will appear,
saying that Solver is paused and that the current iteration's
results are displayed on the active worksheet. [3]
finds a solution, the process will be aborted and Solver ~ UG4 = 1,05 p.u. Qp3 = 1,0 p.u.
Precision is specified as a decimal number between 0 Solution of the basic power-flow problem
and 1, with a default value of 1.0×10-6. It is used by Solver Power flow equations (1) and (2) are simultaneous and
to determine when a constraint is satisfied. The lower the non-linear, therefore it is not possible to find the problem
value specified here, the higher the precision. solution explicitly. Microsoft Excel Solver is a suitable
Tolerance is used to determine whether or not an inte- tool that can help; it is enough to adapt the initial problem
ger-valued constraint is satisfied. Tolerance is expressed to the form of an optimization task.
as a percentage, with a default value of 5%. If integer con- It can be noticed (figure 3), that in the Solver iterative
straints are not used, then Tolerance does not apply. process it is not needed to use Jacobian or B-matrices,
Convergence is used to determine whether or not which are necessary during Newton-Raphson or Stott-
Solver has converged on a solution. Solver considers a Alsac procedures. It is enough to enter power flow equa-
solution converged upon when the optimal values are tions – formulas for power injections versus angles and
within the value specified in the Convergence field over magnitudes of bus voltages. It is also necessary to form
the last five solution iterations. Solver will display a mes- active and reactive power mismatch vectors, that contain
sage box after it converges on a solution. Solver will con- temporary differences between prespecified and computed
tinue trying to converge so long as the specified maximum power injections:
number of iterations or maximum time has not been
reached. If either limit is reached, Solver will display a ∆pi = pispec − pi (3)
message box indicating that it could not converge.
∆qi = qispec − qi (4)
STATE VARIABLES
INITIAL VALUES
ACTIVE CELL
SYMBOLIC FORMULA
CONST. MATRICES
[GBUS] i [BBUS]
POWER FLOW
EQUATIONS
ACTIVE
CELL
ERROR
POWER INJECTIONS
MISMATCH FORMULAS
Fig.3 – The basic Excel sheet with solver calculation before the start of the procedure
Entering formula for temporary error is essential for calculation variables are chosen. The expression
this computational method. Temporary error is the module $B$8:$B$10;$C$9;$D$7;$E$7:$E$8;$E$10 tells that cho-
of the mismatch vector and the main point is to minimize sen variables are angles from θ2 to θ4, voltage magnitude
this value. u3, active output of the slack generator p1, and reactive
ρ outputs q1, q2 and q4, all initially unknown. The other val-
error = ∆x = max ∆x j , j = 1,2i (5)
j ues are assumed to be constant.
ρ
where ∆x is the mismatch vector that contains all ∆pi and
∆qi elements. Also, Euclid definition for the vector mod-
ule can be used:
ρ
∆x = ∑ ∆xi2 , j = 1,2i (6)
i