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11-Ad Hoc Networks-Wireless Sensor Networks II-Lecture11
11-Ad Hoc Networks-Wireless Sensor Networks II-Lecture11
Dr Ljiljana Simić
iNETS, RWTH Aachen University
SS2016
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1
–WSN II
#
§ the same lessons apply to ad hoc networks, of course
2
Multi-hop advantage myth
§ distributed
WSN:
mul7-‐hop
RF
advantage
§ RF
power
aGenua7on
near
ground:
§ Prx
∝ Ptx/rk,
k=3-‐5;
equivalently,
Ptx
∝ rkPrx
§ power
advantage:
Ptx(Nr)/(NPtx(r))
=
(NkrkPrx)/(NrkPrx)=
Nk-‐1
§ System-‐On-‐Chip
1,000
§ Adv
Power
Management
Algorithms
(50x)
PAC/C
Baseline
(.5W)
100
(50
mW)
10
1
(1mW)
.1
2000
2002
2004
3
4
Comparison of energy sources
Power (Energy) Density Source of Estimates
Batteries (Zinc-Air) 1050 -1560 mWh/cm3 (1.4 V) Published data from manufacturers
3
Batteries(Lithium ion) 300 mWh/cm (3 - 4 V) Published data from manufacturers
2
15 mW/cm - direct sun
Solar (Outdoors) 0.15mW/cm2 - cloudy day. Published data and testing.
2
.006 mW/cm - my desk
2
Solar (Indoor) 0.57 mW/cm - 12 in. under a 60W bulb Testing
3
Vibrations 0.001 - 0.1 mW/cm Simulations and Testing
2
3E-6 mW/cm at 75 Db sound level
2
Acoustic Noise 9.6E-4 mW/cm at 100 Db sound level Direct Calculations from Acoustic Theory
Passive Human
2
Powered 1.8 mW (Shoe inserts >> 1 cm ) Published Study.
Thermal Conversion 0.0018 mW - 10 deg. C gradient Published Study.
3
80 mW/cm
3
Nuclear Reaction 1E6 mWh/cm Published Data.
3
300 - 500 mW/cm
3
Fuel Cells ~4000 mWh/cm Published Data.
5
LEACH
§ randomly
selects
nodes
as
CH
§ performs
periodic
re-‐elec7on
èhigh-‐energy
dissipa7on
of
CHs
spread
across
network
§ each
itera7on
of
CH
selec7on
=
“round”
§ a
round
split
into
2
phases:
1.)
set-‐up
phase
2.)
steady
phase
LEACH
1.)
set-‐up
phase
§ each
node
chooses
random
number
in
range
[0-‐1]
§ node
becomes
CH
if
this
random
number
<
T(n)
§ threshold
for
node
n:
{
T(n)
=
P/(1-‐P[r
x
mod(1/P)])
0
if
n
∈
G
otherwise
§ P
=
desired
%
CH
nodes
§ r
=
current
round
§ G
=
set
of
nodes
which
have
not
been
CH
in
past
1/P
rounds
§ ensures
all
nodes
eventually
spend
equal
energy
§ ager
selec7on,
CHs
adver7se
to
all
nodes
§ nodes
choose
their
nearest
CH,
based
on
the
adver1sement
heard
with
max
signal
strength
§ CH
assigns
TDMA
schedule
for
cluster
members
6
LEACH
2.)
steady
phase
§ longer
dura7on,
to
minimise
O/H
of
cluster
forma7on
§ data
transmission
within
each
cluster
using
TDMA
§ enables
nodes
to
sleep
§ CH
perform
data
aggrega7on/fusion
§ BS
receives
only
aggregated
data
from
CHs
§ CHs
use
unique
CDMA
codes
to
avoid
inter-‐cluster
interference
§ ager
certain
period
of
7me,
CHs
re-‐elected
via
set-‐up
phase
50 1.1
45 1
40 0.9
30 0.7
LEACH 25
20
0.6
0.5
[Heinzelman
2000]
10 0.3
5 0.2
0
−25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 25
0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percent of nodes that are clus
50 50 1.1
45 45 1
35 35 0.8
cluster-heads. Note that dir
30 30 0.7
is equivalent to 0 nodes bei
25 25 0.6
or all the nodes being cluste
20 20 0.5
15 15 0.4
Direct Trans
10 10 0.3
LEACH
5 5 0.2
in the system to be large. If there ar
0
−25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 25
0
−25 −20 −15
0.1
−100
heads,
−510
100 020
the distance nodes have to tran
530 1040 1550 2060 2570 80 90
Percent of nodes that are cluster heads
50
est cluster-head does not reduce sub
45 more cluster-heads that have to tran
40
Figure 8.
Figure 7. Dynamic Normalized
clusters: total system energydistances
(a) cluster-head dis- to the base station, and the
nodes = sipated
at time versus
(b) the percentnodes
cluster-head of nodes thatbeing are performed locally. For our s
35
= at timecluster-heads.
. All nodes Note that direct
marked with transmission
a topology, %.
30
given symbol is belong
equivalentto theto same
0 nodes being
cluster, andcluster-heads Figure 8 also shows that LEACH
25
the cluster-heador allnodes
the nodes being cluster-heads.
are marked with a . tor of 7 reduction in energy dissipat
20
communication with the base station
15 mal number of cluster-heads. The m
10 the LEACH protocol is due to combi
network and thus nosystem
extra negotiation with the data routing. There is clea
5
in the to be large.isIfrequired
there aretomore deter-than cluster-
mine the cluster-heads. the quality of the output and the a
0 heads, the distance nodes have to transmit to reach the near-
−25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 25
The systemestcancluster-head
determine, does
a priori, achieved. In this case, some data fr
not thereduceoptimal number yet there
substantially, are 7 in a subs
of clusters to have nals is lost, but this results
morein the system. that
cluster-heads Thishave will todepend
transmit on data
sev- the long-haul
eral parameters, such astothethe
network topology overall energy dissipation of the syst
Figure 7. Dynamic clusters: (a) cluster-head distances base station, andand theretheisrela-
less compression
nodes = at time tive costs of computation
(b) cluster-head nodes versuslocally.
being performed communication.
For our system We sim- parametersWeandsimulated LEACH (with 5%
= at time ulated
. All nodes marked with a the LEACH protocol for%.
topology, the random network shown cluster-heads) using MATLAB wit
given symbol belong to the same cluster,inand Figure 3 using the radio parameters in Table 1 and a com-
Figure 8 also shows that LEACH can achieve over a fac-
shown in Figure 3. Figure 9 shows
the cluster-head nodes are marked with aputation
. cost of 5 nJ/bit/message to fuse 2000-bit messages
tor of 7 reduction in energy dissipation compared to direct
compare using nJ/bit as
while varying the percentage of total nodes that are cluster- work is increased. This plot shows
LEACH
1
0.9
0.7 LEACH § local
communica1on
within
cluster
0.6 Direct −>
0.6
§ data
aggrega1on
at
CH
0.4
0.2 LEACH
0
0.3 1
0.8 200
0.2 0.6 150
−7
x 10 0.4
Figure 9. Total system energy dissipated us-
Total energy dissipated in system (Joules)
0.6
0.1 LEACH
v|
0
1
0.8 200
0.6 150
−7
x 10 0.4 100
In addition to reducing energy dissipation, LEACH suc- 0.2 50
0
cessfully distributes energy-usage among the nodes in the Electronics energy (Joules/bit) 0
Network diameter (m)
found that no matter how much energy MTE each node is given, 80 0.8
0.8
die in LEACH as it does in any of the other protocols. The MTE 0.4
50 0.5
data from these experiments is shown in Table 2. The ad- Static Clus 0.2 LEACH
0.4 v|
vantage of using dynamic clustering (LEACH) versus static 40
LEACH 0
clustering can be clearly seen in Figure 11. Using a static 30 0.3 1
0.8 200
clustering algorithm, as soon as the cluster-head node dies, 20 0.2
−7
0.6 150
x 10 0.4
all nodes from that cluster effectively die since there is no 10 0.1 0.2 50
100
way to get their data to the base station. While these simu- 0 0
Electronics energy (Joules/bit)
0 0
Network diameter (m)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
lations do not account for the setup time Networkto configure
diameter (m) the 0 200 400 600 800
Time steps (rounds)
1000 1200 1400
0.6
a good first order ing
approximation of the lifetime extension
direct communication, MTE routing and mission, MTE routing, static clustering, and 0.5
we can achieve using LEACH.
LEACH for the 100-node random network LEACH with 0.5 J/node. 0.4 <− MTE
Another important
shownadvantage of LEACH,
in Figure 3. illustratednJ/bit,
in 0.3
pJ/bit/m
Figure 12, is the fact that nodes ,die
andinthe messages
essentially are 2000 bits.
a “ran- 0.2
0.1 LEACH
v|
0
7 1
0.8 200
8
0.6 150
−7
x 10 0.4 100
In addition to reducing energy dissipation, LEACH suc- 0.2 50
0
cessfully distributes energy-usage among the nodes in the Electronics energy (Joules/bit) 0
Network diameter (m)
9
IEEE 802.11: architecture of an
infrastructure network
802.11
LAN
§ sta1on
(STA)
802.x
LAN
terminal
with
access
mechanisms
to
wireless
medium
&
radio
contact
to
AP
STA1
§ basic
service
set
(BSS)
BSS1
Portal
group
of
sta7ons
using
the
same
radio
Access
frequency
(&
same
AP)
Point
§ access
point
(AP)
Distribu1on
System
sta7on
integrated
into
the
wireless
LAN
ESS
Access
&
the
distribu7on
system
Point
§ portal
BSS2
bridge
to
other
(wired)
networks
§ distribu1on
system
interconnec7on
network
to
form
one
logical
network
(EES:
extended
service
STA2
802.11
LAN
STA3
set)
based
on
several
BSS
IBSS2
STA5
STA4
802.11
LAN
10
IEEE 802.11 standard
fixed
mobile
terminal
terminal
infrastructure
network
access
point
applica7on
applica7on
TCP
TCP
IP
IP
LLC
LLC
LLC
802.11
MAC
802.11
MAC
802.3
MAC
802.3
MAC
802.11
PHY
802.11
PHY
802.3
PHY
802.3
PHY
11
IEEE 802.11
§ operates
in
unlicensed
bands
(2.4
GHz
&
5
GHz)
12
IEEE 802.11: physical (PHY) layer
§ IEEE
802.11a
in
5
GHz
unlicensed
band
§ OFDM
(orthogonal
frequency
division
mul7plexing)
§ data
rate:
6,
9,
12,
18,
24,
36,
48,
54
Mbps,
depending
on
SNR
§ frequency
§ 5.15-‐5.25,
5.25-‐5.35,
5.725-‐5.825
GHz
unlicensed
band
§ 5
GHz
band
less
crowded
§ but
higher
frequency
=
shorter
transmission
range
vs.
2.4
GHz
13
IEEE 802.11: MAC layer
access
methods:
§ DFWMAC-‐DCF
CSMA/CA
(mandatory)
§ collision
avoidance
via
randomized
“back-‐off”
mechanism
§ minimum
distance
between
consecu7ve
packets
§ ACK
packet
for
acknowledgements
(not
for
broadcasts)
§ DFWMAC-‐DCF
w/
RTS/CTS
(op7onal)
§ avoids
hidden
terminal
problem
§ DFWMAC-‐
PCF
(op7onal)
§ access
point
polls
terminals
according
to
a
list
DIFS
DIFS
PIFS
medium
busy
SIFS
conten1on
next
frame
direct
access
if
t
medium
is
free
≥
DIFS
14
IEEE 802.11: CSMA/CA method I
conten7on
window
DIFS
DIFS
(randomized
back-‐off
mechanism)
medium
busy
next
frame
direct
access
if
t
medium
is
free
≥
DIFS
slot
7me
sta1on3 busy
busy medium not idle (frame, ack etc.) boe elapsed backoff 7me
15
IEEE 802.11: CSMA/CA method II
sending
unicast
packets
§ sta7on
has
to
wait
for
DIFS
before
sending
data
§ receivers
acknowledge
at
once
(aaer
wai1ng
for
SIFS)
if
the
packet
was
received
correctly
(CRC)
§ automa7c
retransmission
of
data
packets
in
case
of
transmission
errors
sender
DIFS
data
receiver
SIFS
ACK
other
DIFS
sta1ons
data
t
wai7ng
7me
conten7on
sender
DIFS
RTS
data
SIFS
SIFS
receiver
CTS
SIFS
ACK
other
sta1ons
NAV
(RTS)
DIFS
NAV
(CTS)
data
t
defer
access
conten7on
16
Bluetooth
idea:
§ universal
radio
interface
for
ad-‐hoc
wireless
connec7vity
§ interconnec7ng
computer
and
peripherals,
handheld
devices,
PDAs,
cell
phones
–
replacement
of
IrDA
§ embedded
in
other
devices,
goal:
5€/device
§ short
range
(10
m),
low
power
consump7on,
license-‐exempt
2.45
GHz
ISM
§ voice
and
data
transmission,
about
1
Mbps
gross
data
rate
17
Bluetooth
history:
§ 1994:
Ericsson
(Mavson/Haartsen),
“MC-‐link”
project
§ renaming
of
the
project:
Bluetooth
ager
Harald
“Blåtand”
Gormsen
[son
of
Gorm],
King
of
Denmark
in
the
10th
century
§ 1998:
founda1on
of
Bluetooth
SIG,
www.bluetooth.org
§ 1999:
erec7on
of
a
rune
stone
at
Ericsson/Lund
;)
§ 2001:
first
consumer
products
for
mass
market,
spec.
version
1.1
released
1999:
Ericsson mobile communications
AB reste denna sten till minne av
Harald Blåtand, som fick ge sitt
namn åt en ny teknologi för
trådlös, mobil kommunikation.
18
…and the real rune stone
§ located
in
Jelling,
Denmark,
erected
by
King
Harald
“Blåtand”
in
memory
of
his
parents
§ stone
has
three
sides
–
one
side
showing
a
picture
of
Christ
this
could
be
the
original
colours
of
the
stone
Inscrip7on:
“auk tani karthi
kristna”
"Harald king executes
(and made the
these sepulchral Danes Christians)
monuments after Gorm,
his father and Thyra, his
mother. The Harald who
won the whole of
Denmark and Norway and
turned the Danes to
Christianity."
19
Bluetooth: piconet
§ collec7on
of
devices
connected
in
ad
hoc
fashion
P
S
§ one
unit
acts
as
master
and
the
others
S
as
slaves
for
the
life7me
of
the
piconet
M
P
20
Bluetooth: scatternet
§ linking
of
mul7ple
co-‐located
piconets
through
the
sharing
of
common
master
or
slave
devices
§ devices
can
be
slave
in
one
piconet
and
master
of
another
§ communica7on
between
piconets
§ devices
jumping
back
and
forth
between
the
piconets
piconets
P
S
S
S
P
P
M
M=Master
M
S=Slave
SB
S
P=Parked
SB=Standby
P
SB
SB
S
21
Bluetooth protocol stack
Bluetooth#
frequency selection during data transmission
625
µs
fk
fk+1
fk+2
fk+3
fk+4
fk+5
fk+6
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
t
22
Bluetooth: baseband layer
§ piconet/channel
defini7on
§ low-‐level
packet
defini7on
§ access
code
§ channel,
device
access,
e.g.
derived
from
master
§ packet
header
§ 1/3-‐FEC,
ac7ve
member
address
(broadcast
+
7
slaves),
link
type,
alterna7ng
bit
ARQ/SEQ,
checksum
68(72)
54
0-‐2745
bits
access
code
packet
header
payload
4
64
(4)
3
4
1
1
1
8
bits
preamble
sync.
(trailer)
AM
address
type
flow
ARQN
SEQN
HEC
payload (30)
DV
audio
(10)
header
(1)
payload
(0-‐9)
2/3
FEC
CRC
(2)
(bytes)
23
Bluetooth: ACL payload types
payload
(0-‐343)
24
Bluetooth: baseband link types
§ polling-‐based
TDD
packet
transmission
§ 625µs
slots,
master
polls
slaves
§ SCO
(Synchronous
Connec7on
Oriented)
–
voice
§ periodic
single
slot
packet
assignment,
64
kbit/s
full-‐duplex,
point-‐to-‐point
§ ACL
(Asynchronous
Connec7onLess)
–
data
§ variable
packet
size
(1,3,5
slots),
asymmetric
bandwidth,
point-‐to-‐mul7point
SCO
ACL
SCO
ACL
SCO
ACL
SCO
ACL
MASTER
f0
f4
f6
f8
f12
f14
f18
f20
Bluetooth: robustness
§ slow
frequency
hopping
with
paGerns
determined
by
master
§ protec7on
from
interference
on
certain
frequencies
§ separa7on
from
other
piconets
(FH-‐CDMA)
§ retransmission:
ACL
only,
very
fast
§ Forward
Error
Correc7on
error
in
payload
§ SCO
and
ACL
(not
header!)
NAK
ACK
A
C
C
F
H
MASTER
SLAVE 1 B D E
SLAVE 2 G G
25
Baseband states of a Bluetooth device
standby
unconnected
transmit
connected
ac1ve
AMA
AMA
§ standby:
do
nothing
§ park:
release
AMA,
get
PMA
§ inquire:
search
for
other
devices
§ sniff:
listen
periodically,
not
each
slot
§ page:
connect
to
a
specific
device
§ hold:
stop
ACL,
SCO
s7ll
possible,
possibly
§ connected:
par7cipate
in
a
piconet
par7cipate
in
another
piconet
IEEE 802.15.4
§ IEEE
802.15.4
task
group
began
to
develop
a
standard
for
LR-‐WPAN
(low
rate
wireless
personal
area
network)
26
IEEE 802.15.4: general characteristics
27
IEEE 802.15.4 & ZigBee
§ IEEE
802.15.4
deals
with
only
PHY
layer
and
por1on
of
data
link
layer
28
IEEE 802.15.4: network layer
§ services
which
network
layer
provides
are
more
challenging
to
implement
because
of
low
power
consump7on
requirement
§ network
layer
protocols
over
this
standard
are
expected
to
be
self-‐configuring
and
self-‐maintaining
to
minimize
total
cost
of
user
IEEE 802.15.4:#
star and peer-to-peer topologies
29
IEEE 802.15.4: data link layer
§ IEEE
802
splits
DLL
into
MAC
&
LLC
sublayers.
§ LLC is standardized and is common in 802.3, 802.11, 802.15.1
30
IEEE 802.15.4: MAC frame format
§ address field size may vary from 0 to 20 bytes
§ FCS is used for integrity check using 16 bit CRC
31
IEEE 802.15.4: superframe
§ certain
applica7ons
require
dedicated
bandwidth
to
achieve
low
latency
§ can
operate
in
op7onal
superframe
mode
32
IEEE 802.15.4: other MAC features
§ in
a
beacon-‐enabled
network
with
superframes,
sloied
CSMA-‐CA
is
used
§ 868
MHz
band
in
Europe
-‐
data
rates
of
20
kbps
§ 915
MHz
ISM
band
in
the
USA
-‐
data
rate
of
40
kbps
33
IEEE 802.15.4: PHY layer packet structure
34
IEEE 802.15.4: channelization
§ 27
frequency
channels
are
available
across
all
the
3
bands
§ func7ons
are
used
by
the
network
to
establish
its
ini7al
opera7ng
channel
and
to
change
channels
in
response
to
a
prolonged
outage
§ since
IEEE
802.15.4
devices
may
be
sleeping
as
much
as
99.9%
of
the
7me
they
are
opera7onal
&
employ
low-‐
power
spread
spectrum
transmissions,
they
should
be
among
the
best
of
neighbors
in
the
2.4
GHz
band
35
Bluetooth vs. IEEE 802.15.4
Bluetooth-‐based
WPAN
IEEE
802.15.4
LR-‐WPAN
§ few
devices
§ many
devices
§ data
range
is
10m
to
100m
§ data
range
is
nearly
10m
§ data
rate
is
nearly
1
Mbps
§ data
rate
is
20/40/250
kbps
§ low
power
consump7on
§ ultra-‐low
power
consump7on
§ low
baGery
life
is
low
§ baGery
lasts
years
§ star
topology
only
§ peer-‐to-‐peer
&
star
topology
ZigBee alliance
§ associa7on
of
companies
involved
with
building
higher-‐
layer
standards
based
on
IEEE
802.15.4
§ includes
network,
security,
and
applica7on
protocols
§ rapidly
growing,
worldwide,
non-‐profit
industry
consor7um
consis7ng
of
leading
semiconductor
manufacturers,
technology
providers,
end-‐users
§ organiza7on
with
a
mission
to
define
reliable,
cost-‐
effec7ve,
low-‐power,
wirelessly
networked,
monitoring
and
control
products
based
on
an
open
global
standard
36
ZigBee alliance
§ targeted
at
home
and
building
automa7on
and
controls,
consumer
electronics,
PC
peripherals,
medical
monitoring,
and
toys
ZigBee advantages
over proprietary solutions?
§ product
interoperability
37
Wireless standards comparison
Power consumption
§ NXP
Bluetooth
2.0
§ HV3
Mode:
14mA
(op7mis7c)
§ HV1
master:
27
mA
§ HV1
salve:
27
mA
§ HV3
master:
26
mA
§ Sniff
mode:
127
uA
§ System
off:
5
uA
§ Wi-‐Fi
§ pushing
towards
130
mA
(+18
dBm)
and
53
mA
in
Rx
38
– Exam#
Exam
39
Pedagogic points
Overview of topics
§ overall
evolu1on
&
state
of
the
field
§ who
did
what,
where
did
it
came
from;
vision/challenges
of
field
§ trends:
you
should
remember
the
big
picture
(but
we
will
not
ask
years
etc.)
hello
§ graph
theory
&
rou1ng
fundamentals
§ spanning
trees
§ Dijkstra,
Bellman-‐Ford,
Floyd-‐Warshall
§ count-‐to-‐infinity
&
split
horizon
§ graph
theory
applica7ons,
incl.
stable
marriage
for
resource
sharing
40
Overview of topics
§ rou1ng
for
ad
hoc
networks
§ design
issues
(why
new
protocols
for
ad
hoc?)
§ classifica7on:
proac7ve
vs.
reac7ve
which way
§ DSDV,
DSR,
AODV,
ZRP,
…
do I go?
Overview of topics
§ radio
for
ad
hoc
networks
§ basic
characteris7cs
of
building
blocks
of
wireless
communica7ons
(radios)
§ what
is
available?
what
are
the
characteris7cs?
§ IEEE
802.11
(Wi-‐Fi)
§ Bluetooth
§ IEEE
802.15.4
(&
ZigBee)
41
Overview of topics
§ Ar1cles,
ar1cles,
ar1cles!
§ remember
&
understand
what
you
have
read
§ note
that
homework
material
is
also
a
part
of
the
exam
curriculum
§ good
rule
of
thumb:
amount
of
7me
spent
in
lectures
&
exercises
on
a
given
protocol/concept
gives
you
a
good
indica7on
of
its
rela7ve
importance
in
overall
course
42
Exam strategy tips
§ remember
that
you
should
be
able
to
not
only
explain
what
something
is,
but
preferably
should
be
able
to
also
discuss
“why”
something
is
done
like
it
is
Don’t panic!
43
Exam strategy tips
Study!
§ if
you
achieve
a
grade
beier
than
1.3
you
are
on
track
for
doing
your
M.Sc.
Thesis
at
iNETS
…
44
45