LEA

DIFFERENT POLICE ACTIVITIES

PREVENTION OF CRIME
-prevent the root cause of the crime – hindi pa nangyayari ang crimen
pinipigilan na mangyari ito. Example: police omnipresence or high visibility
patrol.

REPRESSION OR SUPRESSION
-exiting na ang crimen, nangyari na sa community, ang gagawin ng police is to
reduce the opportunity na mangyari or dumami ang criminalidad.

CONDUCT OF SEARCH AND SIEZURE -

INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES -

PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PROPERTY-

POLICE- refers to the agency

POLICEMAN – refers to the person employed in that agency

FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

HOMERULE THEORY
-policeman are regarded as servant of the community, who rely for the
efficiency of their function upon the express needs of the people.

CONTINENTAL THEORY
-policeman are regarded as state or servant of the high authorities

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

OLD CONCEPT
-suppressive, magtagad sila nga naay crimen mahitabo, measurement of
competency nila kay daghan ma aresto

MODERN CONCEPT
More on crime prevention, measurement of competency is absence of crime

BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN POLICE PLANNING

AUTHORITY – The right to command and control behavior of employees in
lower position within an organizational hierarchy

DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY- conferring of an amount of authority by a

superior position to a lower level position. Meaning ikaw nga dako dako nag
hatag ka og authority sa ubos sa imu. Kung naay sayup or makasala to imung
ge pasaligan sa imung authority imuha to tulubagonon imuha tong
responsibilidad.

MANAGEMENT- process of directing and facilitating the work of people

organized in formal groups in order to achieve objectives –wise use of
manpower, material, money, equipment, supplies, time and etch.

ORGANIZATION- group of people working together for common goal or

objectives – human association to attainment of goal or objective.

POLICE- a branch of cjs that has the specific responsibility of maintaining

peace and order and combating crime within the society.

POLICE ORGANIZATION- group of trained personnel that promotes the

maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property, enforcement
of the law and prevention of crimes.

POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY- is the inherent responsibility of a police

organization to be answerable for the misconducts committed by its member.

POLICE FUNCTION- refers to the duties and responsibilities carried out by

police agencies concerning public order and safety

POLICE POWER- Inherent power of the government to impose reasonable

restriction on the liberties of its citizen.

HIERARCHY- formal relationship among superiors and subordinates in any

organization
AUTHORITY – downward OBEDIENCE- upward

VARIOUS UNITS OF THE POLICE ORGANIZATION

FUNCTIONAL UNITS
BUREAU- largest functional unit of a department
DIVISION- primary subdivision of a BUREAU
SECTION- unit within a DIVISION
UNIT- functional group within a section, smallest functional group within an
organization.

TERRITORIAL UNIT
POST- fixed point or location to which an officer is assign for duty
ROUTE- a length or line of streets design for patrol purposes also known LINE
BEAT
SECTOR- compose of 2 or more beat including routes and post
DISTRICT- geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes
AREA- territorial division of a large city

KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

LINE TYPE
-called the individual, military or departmental type of organization
-also called military, oldest simplest kind
-defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice
versa

LINE AND STAFF TYPE

-combination of the line and functional kind
-combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff
department that service, advise, and support them
-generally more formal in nature and has many departments.

FUNCTIONAL TYPE
-structure according to function and specialize unit
-depicts staff function of the organization
-responsibilities are divided among authority who are all accountable to the
authority above

FUNCTION OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION (POSDCCoRB)

PLANNING- the determination in advance of how the objectives of the

organization will be attained
-the process of setting performance objectives and identifying the action
needed to accomplish them.
ORGANIZING- involves the determination and allocation of men and women as
well as the resource of an organization to achieve predetermined goals or
objectives of the organization.
STAFFING- the task of providing competent men to do the job and choosing
the right men for the right job. – good selection and processing of reliable and
well trained personnel – filling the organization with the right people in the
right position
DIFFERENT STAFFING ACTIVITIES

1. Recruitment- set of activities and processes used to legally obtain a

sufficient number of right people for specific position
2. Selection – is the process of choosing from among the candidates the
most suitable person
3. Appraisal – process of measuring performance
 4. Training – act of improving the ability required in the current job
5. Development – is the act of developing the ability required in the future
job

DIRECTING- involves the overseeing and supervising of the human resources

and the various activities in an organization to achieve through cooperative
efforts the pre determined goals or objectives of the organization

COORDINATING- manner of integrating the different element within and

outside of an organization into a harmonious relationship

REPORTING- the making of detailed account of activities, work progress,

investigation and unusual in order to keep every one informed for what is
going on.

BUDGETING- the forecasting in detail of the result of an officially recognized

program of operation based on the highest reasonable expectation of
operating efficiency

NEXT IN RANK RULE

-appointing authority must prioritize the selection of the next in rank filling up
a vacant position. However, this rule is not absolute. The appointing authority
may still appoint any other person aside from next in rank provided he must
state the reason of not complying with said rule.

RECORDING- is the system of classifying and compiling written

communication going inside and outside of an organization.

PRINCIPLE OF EFFICIENT POLICE MANAGEMENT

UNITY OF OBJECTIVE- motivated by a common things in accomplishing a

common mission.
SCALAR CHAIN- the order of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of the
organization describing explicitly the flow of authority
SPAN OF CONTROL- the maximum number of subordinates that a superior
can effectively supervise
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SPAN OF CONTROL
LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF SUPERRIOR
NATURE OF THE JOB WORK CONDITION
COMPLEXITY OF TASK
EDUCATION AND SKILL OF EMPLOYEES
UNITY OF COMMAND- dictates that there should only be one man
commanding the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of orders

SPECIALIZATION – the assignment of particular personnel to particular task

TWO TYPES OF SPECIALIZATION
SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS(area of specialization)
-the designation of certain activities or task as one must be performed in a
highly technologica, scientific or precise manner.
SPECIALIZATION OF PEOPLE(specialist)
-the designation of particular person having expertise in a specific area of
work
-it require extensive training

CHAIN OF COMMAND- the arrangement of officer from top to bottom on the

basis of rank or position and authority

COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY- dictates that immediate commanders shall be

responsible for the effective supervision and control of their personnel and
unit.

ORGANIC UNITS IN THE POLICE SEVICE

1. Operational units- those that perform primary or line function. Example

patrol, traffic, investigation and etch.
2. Administrative units- those perform the administrative function.
Example: training, planning
3. Service units / support- those that perform auxiliary function. Example:
communication, records supplies etch.

FUNCTION IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

-PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTION

Function that carry out the major purpose of the organization, delivering the
services and dealing directly with the public

STAFF OR ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTION

function that are design to support the line function and assist in the
performance of the line function

AUXILIARY FUNCTION

Function involving the logistical operation of the organization

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CREATIVITY

IMITATION- the act of using plans, programs, methods and the like developed
by others.

INDUCTIVE REASONING- it moves from specific to general

DEDUCTIVE- it moves from general to specific

IDEA LINKING- individual participating in planning are encourage to identify

ideas without limitation or inhibition that might relate to the problem or plan at
hand.

IMPORTANT MATTERS THAT MUST BE CONSIDER IN PLANNING:

EFFICIENT USE RESOURCE- to make effective decision about the manner of

allocating the resource

ESTABLISHING GOALS- setting goals that challenge everyone in the

organization to strive for better performance is one of the key aspects of the
planning process

MANAGING RISK AND UNCERTAINTY

-even the largest organization cannot control economic and competitive

environment around them. Planning encourages the development of what if
scenarios where managers attempt to envision possible risk factors and
develop continence plan to deal with them.

TEAM BUILDING- planning promotes team building and a spirit of cooperation.

They will know their responsibilities and their way of assisting and sharing
their expertise in order to complete the assigned task.

Section 6. article 16 of 1987 phil. Constitution

“THE STATE SHALL ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN ONE POLICE FORCE WHICH
SHALL BE NATIONAL IN SCOPE AND CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER”

National in scope: means that the pnp is a nationwide government

organization whose jurisdiction covers the entire breadith of the Philippine
archipelago.

Civilian in character- means that the pnp is not a part of the military, although
it retains some military attributes such as discipline.
Definition of Terms:

Intelligence Agency - is a government agency responsible for the

collection,analysis or exploitation of information and intelligence in support of law
enforcement,national security,defense and foreign policy objectives.

Intelligence Officer - is a person employed by an organization to collect,compile

and analyze information which is used to that organization.

Counter Intelligence - refers to effort made by intelligence organizations to prevent

hostile or enemy intelligence organization from successfully gathering and collecting
intelligence against them.

Human Intelligence - category of intelligence derived from information collected and

provided by human sources.

Dead Drop/Dead Letter Box - is a method of espionage trade craft used to pass
items between 2 individuals using a secret location and thus not require to meet
directly.

Live Drop - 2 persons meet to exchange items or information.

Dead Drop Spike - is a concealment device used to hide

money,maps,documents,microfilm and other items.

Cut-Out - is a mutually trusted intermediary,method or channel of

communication,facilitating the exchange of information between agents.

Espionage/Spying - involves a government or individual obtaining information that

is considered secret of confidential without the permission of the holder of the
information.

Agent Handling - is the management of agents,principal agents and agent networks

by intelligence officers typically known as case officers.

Case Officer - is an intelligence officer who is trained specialist in the management

of agents and agent network.

Agent - acts on behalf of another whether individual,organization or foreign

government, works under the direction of a principal agent or case officer.

Cryptography - is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in

the presence of third parties called adversaries.

Eaves Dropping - Is the act of secretly listening to the private conversation of others
without their consent.

Propaganda - is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of

a community toward some cause or position.
Flip - apprehended criminals who turn informants.

Snitches - jail house informants.

Means of Information Gathering

1.Overt
2.Covert

Intelligence Cycle - is the process of developing unrefined data into polished

intelligence for the use of policy makers.
  1. Direction - intelligence requirements are
      determined by a decision maker to meet his/her
      objective.
  2. Collection - is the gathering of raw information
       based on requirements.
  3. Processing - converting the vast amount of
      information collected into a form usable by
      analyst.
  4. Analysis - conversion of raw information into
      intelligence. It includes:
          (1) integrating
          (2) evaluating
          (3) analyzing data and preparing intelligence
               product.
  5. Dissemination - is the distribution of raw or
      finished intelligence to the consumer whose needs
      initiated the intelligence requirement.
  6. Feedback - is received from the decision maker
      and revised requirement issued.

Evaluation - systematic determination of merit, worth and significance of something

or someone using criteria against a set of standards.

Collation - is the assembly of written information into a standard order.

Crime Triangle
1. the offender
2. the victim
3. the location

Crime Intelligence - information compiled, analyzed and/or disseminated in an effort

to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity.

Strategic Intelligence - information concerning existing patterns or emerging trends

of criminal activity designed to assist in criminal apprehension and crime control
strategies for both short and long term investigative tools. 

Tactical Intelligence - information regarding a specific criminal event that can be

used immediately by operational units to further a criminal investigation plan tactical
operations and provide for officer safety.
Open Source - refers to any information that can be legitimately obtained e. free on
request, payment of a fee.

Source - the place or person from which information is obtained.

Intelligence Assessment - is the development of forecasts of behavior or

recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organization based on a
wide range of available information sources both overt and covert.

Intelligence Analysis - is the process of taking known information about situations

and entities of strategic, operational, or tactical importance, characterizing the known
and with appropriate statements of probability. the future actions in those situations
and by those entities.

Cryptanalysis - from the Greek word Kryptos-hidden and Analyein-to loosen or to

unite - is the art of defeating cryptographic security systems and gaining access to
the contents of encrypted messages without being given the cryptographic key.