1.

a) Pressure squared

∂ρ
ρF + ∇ • [ ρv ] =−ϕ f (1.1)
∂t
where

ρ=gas density
F=the rate of gas flux out of the¿ cleat
∇=laplacian∨gradient operator
v=gas velocity vector
ϕ f =cleat porosity

t=time

Darcy’s Law relates gas velocity and the gradient of pressure as

−k g
v= ∇p
μg
where

k g=effective permeability ¿ gas

μ g=gas viscosity

Thus equation (1.1) become

∇• ρ
[( −k g
μg )]
∇ p =−ϕ f
∂ρ
∂t
− ρq(1.2)

assuming the coal is filled with a real gas

M p
ρ= ( )
RT Z
where

M =molecular weight
R=theuniversal gas contant
T =absoulte temperature
Z=gas deviation fator
Subtituting for density in equation (1.2) yields
∇•
[ (
M p −k g
RT Z μ g
∇ p =−ϕf (
)]
∂ M p
∂ t RT Z
)−ρF

Assuming an isothermal coal seam with constant effective permeability to gas, this simplifies to

−M p −M ∂ p
RT
kg∇•
[
μg Z
∇p =
]
RT
ϕf ( )−ρF (1.3)
∂t Z

Using Langmuir’s Equation, gas sorbed per unit volume of coal can be expressed as

p
V =V Lis ρ (1.4)
p+ p L B

where

V =gas content of the coal

V Lis=¿−situ langmuir volume constant

p L=langmuir pressure constant

ρ B=bulk coal density

The in-situ langmuir volume constant is related to the dry, ash-free volume constant by

V Lis=V Ldaf (1−a−w)

where

V Ldaf =dry , ash−free langmuir volume constant , scf /ton

a=ash fraction
w=equilibrium moisture fraction

Gas flux from matrix to cleat, at standard temperature and pressure is

∂V ∂V ∂ p
F SC = =
∂t ∂ p ∂t
where

F SC =gas flux at standard condition

Substitution of (1.4) into this equation yields

pL ∂p
F SC =ρ B V Lis 2
(1.5)
(p+ p L ) ∂ t
From the real gas law in the from

p V g =ZnRT

Matrix gas flux at reservoir and standard conditions is related by

p sc ZT
F= F
p Z sc T sc sc
Substitution of equation (1.5) into the abouve yields

p sc ZT pL ∂ p
F= ρB V Lis
p Z sc T sc ( p+ p L )2 ∂t

Using this equation for gas flux from matrix to cleat and the real gas law for density in equation (1.3)
gives

p ∂ p p sc ZT pL ∂ p
kg∇•
[ μg Z ]
∇ p =ϕ f ()
+
∂t Z Z sc T sc
ρ B V Lis 2
( p+ p L ) ∂t
(1.6)

This expression can be simplified further beginnning with the definition of isothermal gas
compresibility

1 ∂ρ
c g=
ρ ∂p
As coal gas has been assume to behave as a real gas

1 ∂ M p 1 ∂ p
c g=
M p ∂ p RT Z (
=
p ∂p Z ) ()
RT Z Z
Rearranging,

p ∂ p
cg =
Z ∂p Z ( )
( 1.7 )

Using the chain rule to evaluate the derrivative,

p∂p ∂ p
cg =
Z ∂t ∂ p Z ( )
Substituting this in the first term on the right-hand side of equation (1.6)

p p ∂ p p sc T pL ∂ p
kg∇•
[ μg Z ]
∇ p =ϕ f c g ( )+
Z ∂ t Z sc T sc
ρ B V Lis 2
( p+ p L ) ∂t
( 1.8 )

Use identity

∂ p2=2 p ∂ p

∂ p 1 ∂ p2
=
∂t 2 p ∂t
substituting and equation (1.8) can be written as
p 1 ∂ p2 p sc T pL 1 ∂ p2
kg∇•
[ μg Z ]
∇ p =ϕ f c g +
2 Z ∂ t Z sc T sc
ρB V Lis 2
( p+ p L ) 2 p ∂t
ϕf μg Zpsc T ρ B V Lis p L ∂ p2
2
which simplifies to ∇ ( p ) =
kg 2 p [
cg μg +
]
Z sc p T sc ϕ f ( p + p L )2 ∂t
( 1.9 )
For a real gas, the gas formation volume factor can be expressed as

psc ZT
Bg =
p Z sc T sc
Substitution of this expression into equation (1.9) yields

ϕf μ g ρB V Lis p L ∂ p2
2
∇ ( p)=
2 pk g [
c g μg + B g
]
ϕ f ( p+ p L )2 ∂ t
( 1.9 )

Defining sorption compressibility, c s , as

B g ρ B p L V Lis
cs = (1.10)
ϕ f ( p+ p L )2

The basic equation for gas flow in a coal can be expressed as

ϕf μg ∂ p2
∇2 ( p) = [ c μ + c ] ( 1.11 )
2 k g p g g s ∂t

b) Pseudo Pressure

∂ρ
ρF + ∇ • [ ρv ] =−ϕ f (2.1)
∂t
where

ρ=gas density
F=the rate of gas flux out of the ¿ cleat
∇=laplacian∨gradient operator
v=gas velocity vector
ϕ f =cleat porosity

t=time

Darcy’s Law relates gas velocity and the gradient of pressure as

−k g
v= ∇p
μg
where

k g=effective permeability ¿ gas

μ g=gas viscosity
Thus equation (2.1) become

∇• ρ
[( −k g
μg )]
∇ p =−ϕ f
∂ρ
∂t
− ρq(2.2)

assuming the coal is filled with a real gas

M p
ρ= ( )
RT Z
where

M =molecular weight
R=theuniversal gas contant
T =absoulte temperature
Z=gas deviation fator
Subtituting for density in equation (2.2) yields

∇•
[ (
M p −k g
RT Z μ g )]
∂ M p
∇ p =−ϕf (
∂ t RT Z
)−ρF

Assuming an isothermal coal seam with constant effective permeability to gas, this simplifies to

−M p −M ∂ p
RT
kg∇•
[
μg Z
∇p =
RT ]
ϕf ( )−ρF (2.3)
∂t Z

Using Langmuir’s Equation, gas sorbed per unit volume of coal can be expressed as

p
V =V Lis ρ (2.4)
p+ p L B

where

V =gas content of the coal

V Lis=¿−situ langmuir volume constant

p L=langmuir pressure constant

ρ B=bulk coal density

The in-situ langmuir volume constant is related to the dry, ash-free volume constant by

V Lis=V Ldaf (1−a−w)

where
V Ldaf =dry , ash−free langmuir volume constant , scf /ton

a=ash fraction
w=equilibrium moisture fraction

Gas flux from matrix to cleat, at standard temperature and pressure is

∂V ∂V ∂ p
F SC = =
∂t ∂ p ∂t
where

F SC =gas flux at standard condition

Substitution of (2.4) into this equation yields

pL ∂p
F SC =ρ B V Lis 2
(2.5)
( p+ p L ) ∂ t

From the real gas law in the from

p V g =ZnRT

Matrix gas flux at reservoir and standard conditions is related by

p sc ZT
F= F
p Z sc T sc sc
Substitution of equation (2.5) into the abouve yields

p sc ZT pL ∂ p
F= ρB V Lis
p Z sc T sc ( p+ p L )2 ∂t

Using this equation for gas flux from matrix to cleat and the real gas law for density in equation (2.3)
gives

p ∂ p p T pL ∂ p
kg∇•
[ μg Z ]
∇ p =ϕ f () + sc ρB V Lis
∂t Z Z sc T sc 2
( p+ pL ) ∂ t
(2.6)

This expression can be simplified further beginnning with the definition of isothermal gas
compresibility

1 ∂ρ
c g=
ρ ∂p
As coal gas has been assume to behave as a real gas

1 ∂ M p 1 ∂ p
c g=
M p ∂ p RT Z (
=
p ∂p Z ) ()
RT Z Z
Rearranging,

p ∂ p
cg =
Z ∂p Z
( 2.7 ) ( )
Using the chain rule to evaluate the derrivative,

p∂p ∂ p
cg =
Z ∂t ∂ p Z ( )
Substituting this in the first term on the right-hand side of equation (2.6)

p p ∂ p p sc T pL ∂ p
kg∇•
[ μg Z ]
∇ p =ϕ f c g ( ) +
Z ∂ t Z sc T sc
ρ B V Lis 2
( p+ p L ) ∂t
( 2.8 )

Real gas pseudopressure was defined by Al-hussainy et al. as

p
p
m ( p )=2∫ dp
pb μg Z

∂ m( p) ∂ m( p) ∂ p 2 p ∂ p
= =
∂t ∂ p ∂ t μg Z ∂ t
And equation (2.8) can be written as

1 1 ∂ m( p) p sc T p L μ g Z ∂ m( p)
kg∇• [ 2 2 f ]
∇ m( p) = ϕ c g μ g
∂t
+
Z sc T sc
ρ B V Lis 2
( p+ p L ) 2 p ∂ t
Simplifies to

ϕf μg p sc ZT pL ∂m ( p )
2
∇ m ( p )=
kg [
cg +
Z sc T sc
ρ B V Lis
( p+ p L )
2
] ∂t
( 2.9 )

For a real gas, the gas formation volume factor can be expressed as

psc ZT
Bg =
p Z sc T sc
Substitution of this expression into equation (2.9) yields

ϕf μg B g ρB V Lis pL ∂m ( p )
2
∇ m ( p )=
kg [
cg +
ϕf 2
( p+ p L ) ∂ t]
This equation is similar to that of Al-Hussainy et al. for describing real gas flow in conventional
reservoirs. The extra tterm added to gas compressibility represents an apparent compressibility due
to sorption of gas by the coal. Defining sorption compressibility, c s , as

B g ρ B p L V Lis
cs = (2.10)
ϕ f ( p+ p L )2

The basic equation for gas flow in a coal can be expressed as

 2 ϕf μg ∂m(p)
∇ m ( p )= [ c g+ c s ] (2.11)
kg ∂t