TRENDS, NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY

4th Quarter
Review Guide

I. GLOBAL NETWORKS

Globalization
 The state of being globalized; especially: the development of an increasingly integrated
global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of
cheaper foreign labor markets.
 According to Cairncross (1997), is the onset of the “death of distance”
 Noted by Ohmae (1995), as the emergence of “borderless world”

BALLADE
by Adam Mott

Precarious life
Migration in the age of globalization
Various strife
Cessation in the wage of translation
Starvation in our underage narration
Is opportunity worth the cost
Bifurcation of our world to be nations
Will we make it cost

Vicarious life
Location of our permanent vacation
Hilarious fife
Hesitation in the living wage stagnation
Resignation of our home nation
Will anything become lost
Frustration in this age of relocation
Will we make it cost

Gregarious life
Migration in the age of inflation
Precarious life
Stagflation been gauged with low expectations
Automation when we enrage damnation
It shall be worth the cost
Fixation on the whole new acclimation
Will we make it across

GLOBAL NETWORKS
 One major trends in the 21st Century.
 Robert Holton (2008) describes it as a “major feature of contemporary processes of
globalization whose area of operations go beyond a country’s own borders.

GLOBAL
 Means that an entity’s reaches are beyond territorial borders of a particular country;
thus it destroys the cultural and economic barriers that separate regions and places.

NETWORK
 Zeev Maoz (2011) defines network as a set of units like nerves, species, individuals,
institutions or states, with a particular rule which determines the ties that exist between
or among entities or units.

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 GLOBAL NETWORKS can be seen in…
 Business
 Migration
 Governance
 Terrorism
 Science

Examples:
 Countries sharing their new discoveries regarding possible cures to diseases.
 Experts meet to discuss ways on how to address and suppress international
terrorist.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL NETWORKS

1. Global networks cross “borders” and connect to more than one country.
2. Movement across a boundary is long term.
3. Global networks are not confined within a particular country.

TYPES OF GLOBAL NETWORKS

1. Technical Global Networks
 Is a form of global network adopted from telecommunications systems that utilize a
variety of satellite, cable and wireless technologies.

2. Interpersonal Global Networks

 Is a from of global network that includes cross-border groups such as migrants, aid, or
social workers involved in advocacy work.

GLOBAL NETWORKS and GLOBALIZATION

Nature of Globalization
 Globalization has been motivated by the implementation of policies that have opened
world economies locally and internationally.
 Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, many governments have implemented
free-market economic system which increased the productive possibility of economies.

ELEMENTS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. PRIVATIZATION
 Refers to the policies of the government to transfer government owned corporations
and sell them to the control of the private sector.
 (Electricity, Water, Transportation, and Telecommunications)

2. DEREGULATION
 Refers to the streamlining of government’s control over the industry for basic
commodities like oil supply, water and electricity.
 To deregulate means that the government will not anymore intervene with certain
companies for as long as they provide valid reasons for their courses of actions.

3. LIBERALIZATION
 Is a policy wherein laws regarding restrictive importation of products are modified or
totally abolished.
 (Tariffs and quotas)

TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Economic Globalization
 An economic process that involves the movement of economic resources from one
country to another.
 Example:
 A capital rich country would invest in poorer countries.
 A country who has better technologies would usually sell modern technologies to
other countries that lack these products.

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 2. Cultural Globalization
 When books, films, and music are released , they are sold and promoted in the
international market.
 The fast spreading of this globalization became possible through modern technology,
telecommunication network, and internet.
3. Political Globalization
 The establishment of regional organizations like the European Union (EU), ASEAN,
and Asia-Pacific Economic Corporation (APEC) aims to establish a world under a
single government.
 The member-states remain sovereign but they are bound to perform obligations.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Positive Effects
1. Globalization provides an increase in the level of global output
2. Globalization brings the best technology
3. International capital flows can transfer savings from countries where the marginal product of
capital is low

Negative Effects
1. Globalization has led to the erosion of cultural diversity
2. Unrestricted global trade yield an increasing inequality between developed and developing
countries
3. Cultural globalization leads to the erosion and decay of the cultures and traditions of countries.

GLOBALIZATION ON LABOR AND MIGRATION

 Most migration incidents are driven primarily by migrant’s need to look for work or
opportunity abroad.
 In the last 30 years there is an increasing rate of migration from poorer underdeveloped
countries to richer and developed countries.

II. CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate
 Refers to average weather in a particular place.
 It includes precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind and seasons.

Climate Change
 Is a long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns.
 Often climate change refers specifically to the rise (0.7°C) in global temperatures from
the mid 20th century to present.

Nature of Climate Change

 The cause of current climate change is largely human activity, like burning fossil fuels,
like natural gas, oil, and coal.
 Burning these materials releases what are called greenhouse gases into
Earth’s atmosphere.
 There, these gases trap heat from the sun’s rays inside the atmosphere causing
Earth’s average temperature to rise.

Greenhouse Effect
- The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's
heat.
- This process makes Earth much warmer than it would be without an atmosphere.
- The greenhouse effect is one of the things that makes Earth a comfortable place to live.

Gases that Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect

1. Water Vapor (H2O)
 The most abundant greenhouse gas
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 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 The principal greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change
 Released through natural process such as volcanic eruptions, respiration, and
human activities like deforestation, fossil fuel burning

3. Methane (CH4)
 Is a more active greenhouse gas than Carbon dioxide but is much less abundant.
 Come from decomposition of wastes, rice cultivation, livestock manure

4. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

 A powerful greenhouse gas produced due to soil cultivation practices, especially
the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, biomass burning.

5. F-gases (Chlorofluorocarbons, Hydro fluorocarbons)

 Are used as coolants, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol
 They have long atmospheric lifetime and emission can affect the climate for a long
time

Greenhouse Gas Emission and Economic Activities

 Since the Industrial Revolution began in 1750, human activities have contributed
tremendously to climate change.

Steps to Address the Problems of Climate Change: Island Press

1. Eliminate subsidies for fossil fuel production and consumption.
2. Redirect government subsidies for climate-risky behavior.
3. Incorporate "carbon shadow pricing" into federal expenditures.
4. Incorporate climate-risk analysis in designing public infrastructure.

III. DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTIONS

Forms of Government
1. Monarchy: ruled by a King or Queen

a. Absolute Monarchy
 King or Queen has ALL power

b. Constitutional Monarchy
 King or Queen has no real power, just ceremonial

2. Democracy: rule by the people

a. Direct Democracy
 People vote on laws and policies themselves
 Example: Ancient Athens

i. Referendum: states ask the people to vote on proposals

ii. Initiatives: states allow people to gather signatures to place a proposal
on the ballot

b. Representative Democracy/Republic
 People choose leaders to create policy

3. Socialism
 Government takes an active role in the economy and protecting citizens from
businesses
 Gained popularity during the Industrial Revolution –let workers gain their share of
wealth

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4. Communism
 Political, social, economic ideology of “common” ownership of “means of
production”
 Founded by Karl Marx and was first used by Russia as a form of government
after the World War 1
 Most communist countries led to dictatorship

5. Oligarchy
 Ruled by small wealthy group such as families, rich elite, political parties

6. Autocracy
 Rule by one
 Example: Dictatorship and Absolute monarchy

DEMOCRACY
 “Is government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people
and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral
system."
 In the phrase of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government "of the people, by
the people, and for the people."

The Pillars of Democracy

1. Sovereignty of the people.
2. Government based upon consent of the governed.
3. Majority rule.
4. Minority rights.
5. Guarantee of basic human rights.
6. Free and fair elections.
7. Equality before the law.
8. Due process of law
9. Constitutional limits on government.
10. Social, economic, and political pluralism.
11. Values of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation, and compromise.

Factors Affecting Democracy

1. Economic Development
 A higher GDP/capita correlates with democracy.
2. Equality
 People have less incentive to revolt in an equal society.
3. Culture
 Countries with “democratic political culture” were more prone to democratization
and democratic survival.
4. Education
 Education leads to political participation and reduces inequality.
5. Peace and Security
 People will support democracy for peace and safety.

Why Prefer Democracy?

 Democracy helps to prevent rule by cruel and vicious people.
 Modern democracy representatives do not fight wars with one another.
 Country with democratic governments tend to be more prosperous than countries
with nondemocratic governments;
 Democracy tends to foster human development-as measured by health,
education, and personal income

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