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Simulation of Short Circuit and Lightning Transients On 110 KV Overhead and Cable Transmission Lines Using ATP-EMTP
Simulation of Short Circuit and Lightning Transients On 110 KV Overhead and Cable Transmission Lines Using ATP-EMTP
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L. Prikler
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
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POLE 57
NEW TS 110/20 kV
DJAKOVO 3
220/110 kV
DJAKOVO
Figure 2.1 A new transformer station incorporated in the existing Slavonian transmisson
network, one-line diagram in DIgSILENT
Direct ligthing stroke has been modeled within the DSL composite model as the Double-
exponential function :
I(t)= A ( e-α + e –β)
I (t ) A H (t , A , A ) B H (1, B , B )
2 1 2 1
2
t
1
2
-t
H (1, , ) e 1
2 1
2
1 t
2
2 2
1
e
Figure 2.3 Heidler function 8/20 µs used for returning lightning stroke
Three 1000 A current sources behind the reactances of 20 mH that represent a lighting stroke
reactance are also involved in the DSL model.
The calculated residual voltage for current impulse 10 kA, 8/20 µs entered in the DIgSILENT
surge arrester model is represented in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 The calculated residual voltage for 10 kA, 8/20 µs impulse according
to manufacturer’s data
I [kA] V [kV] I [kA] V [kV] I [kA] V [kV] I [kA] V [kV] I [kA] V [kV]
0,10 176,26 0,40 187,57 0,80 193,22 4,00 212,43 30,00 264,40
0,20 183,06 0,50 189,83 1,00 194,35 7,00 221,46 40,00 277,97
0,30 185,32 0,60 190,96 2,00 203,40 10,00 226,00 50,00 289,26
0,40 187,57 0,70 192,09 3,00 207,92 20,00 248,60 60,00 298,32
The residual voltage of 226.00 kV for current impulse 10 kA, 8/20 µs is a lighting protective
level obtained with this surge arrester. The highest withstanding lightning voltage for the 110
kV facility (according to VDE) is 550 kV, the ratio of the highest withstanding lightning
voltage for the 110 kV facility and the residual voltage on the surge arrester is 550 kV/226 kV
= 2.43 (>1.4) which provides appropriate overvoltage protection.
4 Simulation results
The calculated three phase short-circuit RMS current values along the 110 kV line between
the new 110/20 kV transformer station Djakovo 3 and 400/110 kV transformer station
Ernestinovo are presented in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1.
Table 4.1 Three phase short-circuit RMS current values along the 110 kV line ''Ernestinovo-
Djakovo3''
Sk3'' Ik3'' angle
Line location [MVA] [kA] [°]
10% 3156,36 16,57 -80,15
20% 2722,19 14,29 -78,72
30% 2443,28 12,82 -77,79
Ernestinovo -Djakovo 3 40% 2259,75 11,86 -77,16
(pole 57) 50% 2141,19 11,24 -76,74
60% 2071,41 10,87 -76,47
27,441 km 70% 2042 10,72 -76,32
80% 2049,68 10,76 -76,27
90% 2095,28 11,00 -76,33
100% 2182,92 11,46 -76,48
Figure 4.1 Distribution of 3 phase short-circuit currents along the 110 kV line
''Ernestinovo-Djakovo3''
Single line to ground fault analysis considers calculation and distribution of RMS current
values along the 110 kV lines nearby the new facilities, as well as the EMT simulation.
The calculated single phase to ground RMS current values along the 110 kV line between the
new 110/20 kV transformer station Djakovo 3 and 400/110 kV transformer station
Ernestinovo are presented in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2.
Table 4.2 Single phase to ground RMS current values along the 110 kV line ''Ernestinovo-
Djakovo3''
Sk1''
Line location [MVA] Ik1'' [kA] angle [°] Z0 [Ω] I0 [kA]
The single phase to ground fault with 0 Ω impedance has been initiated at t=100 ms, whereas
at t=300 ms the fault has been cleared. Figure 4.3 presents a single phase to ground current
diagram at the middle of the 110 kV line ''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3''
DIgSILENT
20.00
10.00
0.00
-10.00
-20.00
-0.0010 0.0652 0.1314 0.1975 0.2637 [s] 0.3299
Ernestinovo-s tup57: 3*I0 in kA
struje_Ern_Djakovo Date: 4/21/2009
Annex: /1
Figure 4.3 The single phase to ground current diagram at the middle of the 110 kV overhead
line ''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3''
Voltages on the end terminals of the 110 kV overhead line ''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3'' follow
the current waveforms during the fault. Peak voltage sags values are up to 30 kV.
DIgSILENT
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
-0.0010 0.0652 0.1314 0.1975 0.2637 [s] 0.3299
Stup 57 DJK: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in kV
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
-0.0010 0.0652 0.1314 0.1975 0.2637 [s] 0.3299
Stup 57 ERN: Voltage Phas or, Magnitude in kV
naponi2 Date: 4/21/2009
Annex: /6
Fig. 4.4 Voltages on the end terminals of the 110 kV overhead line ''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3''
The single phase to ground fault current phase A simulated at the middle of the cable from
''Pole 57 – Djakovo 3 (section from TS Ernestinovo) is presented in Figure 4.5.
DIgSILENT
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
-10.00
-20.00
-0.0010 0.0692 0.1394 0.2096 0.2798 [s] 0.3500
Stup57-Djakovo3-Ern: 3*I0 in kA
Ernestinovo_Djakovo3-kabel Date: 4/21/2009
Annex: /5
Figure 4.5 The single phase to ground fault current phase A simulated at the middle of the
cable from ''Pole 57 – Djakovo 3 (section from TS Ernestinovo)
The single phase to ground fault peak values simulated at the middle of the cable from ''Pole
57 – Djakovo 3 (section from TS Ernestinovo) are approximately 1.5 times the simulated
single phase to ground current peak values at the middle of the 110 kV overhead line
''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3'' due to lower cable direct, inverse and zero component reactances
than overhead line reactances.
The lightning stroke has been simulated at the conjunction point 110 kV overhead line – cable
(pole 57) with the ZnO surge arresters modeled on both tower terminals. According to
residual voltage-current surge arrester characteristics (Table 2.2), the 50 kA resistive current
value has been achieved on the surge arrester electrically closer to the point of lightning
stroke, while the 3 kA value has been obtained on the farther tower terminal.
DIgSILENT
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
-0.0030 -0.0018 -0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 [s] 0.0030
ZNOodvodnik 1: Current Phasor, Magnitude in kA
62.50
50.00
37.50
25.00
12.50
0.00
-12.50
-0.0030 -0.0018 -0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 [s] 0.0030
ZNOodvodnik 2: Current Phasor, Magnitude in kA
udar_munje ZNO-2 Date: 5/12/2009
Annex: /3
Figure 4.6 Surge arrester resistive current values on both tower terminals
DIgSILENT
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
-0.0030 -0.0018 -0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 [s] 0.0030
Stup 57 DJK: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in kV
110.00
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
-0.0030 -0.0018 -0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 [s] 0.0030
Stup 57 ERN: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in kV
naponi2 Date: 5/12/2009
Annex: /2
Figure 4.8 The Heidler function as the lightning stroke model in ATP-EMTP
Figure 4.9 Voltages on the tower terminals after lighting stroke simulation
Figure 4.10 Surge arrester residual voltage- arrester further from the lightning stroke location
Figure 4.13 Voltages on the 110 kV busbars of the new TS 110/20 kV Djakovo 3 after
lighting stroke simulation
Residual voltage differences on surge arresters closer and further from the lightning stroke
location are negligible as expected due to more accurate tower geometry model in ATP-
EMTP which is the advantage of this simulation tool.
5. Conclusion
The paper presents lightning stroke simulation, as well as calculation of short circuit
transients along the 110 kV cable-overhead transmission line. Cable and overhead
transmission line has been presented as frequency-dependant model in DIgSILENT and ATP-
EMTP software. Lightning stroke model consisted of direct stroke and returning stroke
components in DIgSILENT results in somewhat different transient shape than in the ATP-
EMPT software where the same model consists only the direct stroke component including
grounding inductances and impulse resistances, as well as tower wave impedances in a few
spans nearby the conjunction point with cables. In both simulation tools, the ZNO surge
arrester has been modeled with related non-linear characteristic. The ATP-EMTP software
provides better and more accurate lightning stroke analysis results.
References
[1] IEC 60909 Standard “Short-circuit Currents in Three-phase A.C. Systems - Part 0:
Calculation of Currents“, IEC July 2001
[3] ABB document 1HSM 9543 13-01 en Edition „Protection Characteristic of Surge
Arrester 110 kV PEXLIM-Q2, ABB, 2004-11
[4] NEXANS “ High Voltage Cables and Systems“ Cable data Al 110kV Al-PE sheath
A2XS(FL)2Y+ 1x1000RM/95 64/110 (123) kV, Nexans ref.: C110100095