1.DEFINE PSYCHOLOGY AND NATURE AND SCOPE?

ANS: Eric Pettifor defines psychology as "an art which presents itself as science".
H. D. Hamm defines psychology as the "scientific study of the behavior of
humans and animals"
Tom Bolling defines psychology as a science of description and application used
for the "interpretation, prediction, development, and improvement of
human behavior" and that psychology was originally a branch of
philosophy.
In 1890, William James defined psychology as "the science of mental life, both of
its phenomena and their conditions".
John Watson, in 1913 defined the discipline of psychology as the acquisition of
information useful to the control of behavior.
The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, or
soul, "breath, spirit, soul" and -logia, "study of" or "research").
The Latin word psychologia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist
Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae in the
late 15th century or early 16th century.
 The earliest known reference to the word psychology in English was by Steven
Blankaart in 1694 in The Physical Dictionary which refers to "Anatomy,
which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the Soul."
NATURE:
In general, we may call the nature of a subject scientific if it fulfills the following
criteria;

1. Possesses a body of facts and is able to support it through universal laws

and principles.
2. Doesn’t believe in hearsay, stereotype, or superstitions.
3. Believe in cause and effect relationship.
4. Is capable to turn its theory into practice by having its applied aspect.
 5. Adopts the method of objective investigation, systematic and controlled
observation, and scientific approach.
6. Stands for generalization, verifiability, and modification of the observed
results.
7. Helps in predicting future developments.
8. Psychology possesses a well-organized theory that is supported by relevant
psychological laws & principles.
9. It has its applied aspects in the form of various branches of
applied psychology like industrial, legal, clinical, and educational
psychology.
10.It believes that behavior has its roots, factors of its cause, and influence.
11.It emphasizes the search for truth by advocating objectivity, reliability, and
validity in the assessment of behavior.
12.The methods and techniques employed in the study of the behavior in
psychology are quite scientific.
SCOPE:
Developmental processes: 

It deals with the development of perception, cognition, language, skills,

personality, and social relationships of an individual. It also tells us about the
stages of growth, principles of growth, and factors of growth.

Cognition: 

Cognitive psychology deals with the conscious & unconscious mental processes,
sensation and perception, conditioning and learning, attention & consciousness,
sleep and dreaming, memory and forgetting, reasoning and decision making,
imagining, problem-solving, & language.

Personality: 
All that is discussed in psychology is ultimately concerned with the psychological
concept of personality. Personality can be understood as an umbrella enveloping
all the aspects of psychology related to human behavior.
Cross-cultural and cultural psychology: 

It is the study of the ways in which social and cultural forces shape human
behavior and how they too in return are shaped by human behavior.

Comparative physiological psychology: 

It deals with the study of similarities and differences between the behaviors of
various animals.

Abnormal psychology: 

It seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior that is considered

strange or unusual. Its main focus is on classification, assessment, treatment, and
prevention of mental disorders.

Clinical and counseling psychology: 

The clinical psychologist is a trained practitioner who diagnoses and treats

psychological disorders. The counselor helps those with mild problems of social
and emotional adjustments.

Education and learning process: 

This field is concerned with all aspects of educational problems like learning,
teacher training, classroom situation, counseling of children, etc. Psychology also
studies the meaning of learning, theories, factors, and principles of learning.

Environmental psychology: 

This field deals with the interaction between the physical world like noise, heat,
humidity, pollution, and crowding, etc. and human behavior.

Industrial and organizational psychology: 

It studies the principles of psychology to the workplace. It tries to investigate the
factors that affect people working in an organization.

Social psychology: 

It attempts to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and

thought in social situations.

Psychological assessment: 

It deals with the assessment of aptitude, intelligence, personality, attitude, values,

and many other psychological characteristics.

Other fields: 

Other fields are military psychology, forensic psychology, rural psychology,

managerial psychology, political psychology, etc.

2.WHAT IS PERSONALITY AND ITS TYPES.

ANS: An individual’s personality is the combination of traits and patterns that

influence their behavior, thought, motivation, and emotion. It drives individuals to
consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways; in essence, it is what makes
each individual unique. Over time, these patterns strongly influence personal
expectations, perceptions, values, and attitudes.

Personality psychology is the study of human personality and how it varies among
individuals and populations. Personality has been studied for over 2000 years,
beginning with Hippocrates in 370 BCE and spanning through modern theories
such as the psychodynamic perspective and trait theory.

3.HUMINISTIC THEORY:
->Humanistic psychology, a movement in psychology supporting the belief that
humans, as individuals, are unique beings and should be recognized and treated
as such by psychologists and psychiatrists. The movement grew in opposition to
the two mainstream 20th-century trends in
psychology, behaviourism and psychoanalysis. Humanistic principles attained
application during the “human potential” movement, which became popular in
the United States during the 1960s.

->Humanistic psychologists believe that behaviourists are overconcerned with the

scientific study and analysis of the actions of people as organisms (to the neglect
of basic aspects of people as feeling, thinking individuals) and that too much
effort is spent in laboratory research—a practice that quantifies and
reduces human behaviour to its elements. Humanists also take issue with the
deterministic orientation of psychoanalysis, which postulates that one’s early
experiences and drives determine one’s behaviour. The humanist is concerned
with the fullest growth of the individual in the areas of love, fulfillment, self-
worth, and autonomy.

->The American psychologist Abraham Maslow, considered one of the leading

architects of humanistic psychology, proposed a hierarchy of needs or drives in
order of decreasing priority or potency but increasing sophistication: physiological
needs, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization. Only when
the more primitive needs are met the individual can progress to higher levels in
the hierarchy. People reaching self-actualization will have fully realized their
potential.

4.HOW ATTITUDE LINKS WITH BEHAVIOR AND TYPES OF BEHAVIOR?

ANS: In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors
toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the result
of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful influence over
behavior. While attitudes are enduring, they can also change.

How Psychologists Define Attitudes:

Psychologists define attitudes as a learned tendency to evaluate things in a

certain way. This can include evaluations of people, issues, objects, or events.
Such evaluations are often positive or negative, but they can also be uncertain at
times.

Attitudes and Behavior

We tend to assume that people behave according to their attitudes. However,
social psychologists have found that attitudes and actual behavior are not always
perfectly aligned.
After all, plenty of people support a particular candidate or political party and yet
fail to go out and vote. People also are more likely to behave according to their
attitudes under certain conditions.

BEHAVIOR:

Human behavior is an inherently complex subject matter which pertains to the

manner and reasons behind people's actions. Of course, there are countless
theories associated with human behavior and various types of conduct.
Understanding human behavior is very important in society; the knowledge sheds
light on patterns, the reasons people make certain decisions, and much more. Of
course, the more one understands about human behavior, the better they can
position themselves and comprehend how others see, interpret, and adapt to
their various environments.

Types Of Human Behavior

Many theories of human behavior are widely used and accepted in today's world.
Understanding these theories makes a difference, but so does understanding
the types of human behavior and the factors which drive them. As a unique
species, human beings will collectively and individually fall into different or even
multiple categories. Certain people may be inclined in one direction, whereas
others are driven by something else entirely. Nevertheless, the following
information is required to understand what human behavior is true.

Personality-Based

How people behave is largely impacted by their personality. Some individuals may
be patient and easygoing, while others are impatient and hot-headed. In most
cases, you cannot tell someone's personality right off the bat. Usually, it takes
time to get to know them, interact with them, and truly get a feel for what you're
dealing with. Some personalities are friendlier than others, and there are a series
of factors which can shape or alter someone's personality. Culture, environment,
the peer can influence an individual's personality, and so much more.

Interest-Based

A person's level of interest significantly plays a role in their human behavior.

Interest can determine whether or not someone behaves in a way which is not
consistent with who they are. Furthermore, interest often determines whether or
not someone takes risks or pursues a goal. More often than not, when someone is
interested in a person or subject, they are more likely to devote attention than if
they were not interested. Gauging a person's interest in something can be a very
great way of predicting or theorizing forthcoming human behavior.

Attitude-Based

Like personality and interest, individual attitude also deeply affects human
behavior. Attitudes can be right or wrong, by one's development or by outside
influence. Nevertheless, there is no denying that a person's attitude determines
the choices they make, the way they interact with others, and their general
human behavior in a nutshell. A positive attitude can make someone more open
and receptive to a certain person or situation. Likewise, a negative attitude tends
to cause individuals to avoid or shut out what they view disfavorably.

Emotion-Based

Emotions are deeply relevant when it pertains to human behavior. So many

actions and decisions in life are emotionally charged, even when people don't
realize this on the surface. A positive emotional state can cause someone to be
open-minded, more likely to take risks, and otherwise engage in certain
behaviors. Likewise, a negative emotional state can lead to destruction, isolation,
or a person's decision to withdraw. Virtually all manners of human behavior can
be traced back to emotions of some sort, even if additional factors are involved.