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River Crossing Pipeline - Paper
River Crossing Pipeline - Paper
River Crossing Pipeline - Paper
ABSTRACT
This paper reviews previous research conclusion on submarine single pipeline or river crossing pipeline. Preliminary
data was obtained from experiments on single and parallel pipelines. Experiments on counter measure for scour
around river crossing pipeline were done as well. The experiments were done by applying time-varied discharge,
similar to a hydrograph discharge sequence magnitude. The experiments were done using noncohessive sediment
under codition of clear water scour. The results showed that maximum scour for single pipeline were observed for
pipeline placed at a distance of half and one time of the pipe diameter from the bed. Protection by placing weir at the
downstream of pipeline provide significant result.
Key words: scour, river crossing pipeline, river bed, scour protection.
Y2 Y1
e s
L
Figure 1
Experimental setup
Figure 2
Pipeline is represented by a cylinder placed accross the glasswalled flume
The discharge can be calculated using Rehbock formula the flow is in the range of 0.11 – 0.17, hence the flow is
(Chadwick and Morfet, 1994): subcritical. The scouring observed will be in the type of
h clear water scour as the mean flow velocity applied at
2 g 0.602 + 0.083 1 b(h1 + 0.0012) m /s
2
Q=
3/ 2 3
the upstream is below the critical velocity of sediment
3 Ps movement. The critical velocity of the sediment
h1 = flow depth at the upstream of the weir, measured movement in this experiment is in the range of 24 to 27
above the crest. cm/s.
Ps = height of crest
b = width of the crest
g = gravitational acceleration. III. RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS
Table 4
Figure 5 Scour depth at the downstream pipe and flow
Graph of L/D vs time interval for scenario 1 condition when upstream pipe is covered, e=-D.
Time interval Y1 S L V1 Fr
The maximum scour achieved after the maximum flow x 10 min cm cm cm cm/s -
velocity applied. The depth was maximum when the 1 4.01 1.0 10.0 0.1 0.22
pipe is placed right above the bed level. The scour of 2 7.51 1.3 17.0 0.1 0.12
depth was minimum for pipe placed at a distance of 1 3 8.90 3.0 20.8 0.2 0.18
pipe diameter. 4 7.12 2.8 24.5 0.1 0.13
5 7.02 2.5 24.5 0.1 0.09
For the pipe half burried at the bed, the initial scour was
occurred at the bed downstream of the pipe. The sand
removal then propagated towards upstream, which
finally provide the way below the pipe for a portion of Table 5
the flow to pass. The shear stress caused by the flow Scour depth at the downstream pipe and flow
passing under the pipe will remove the sand particles condition, when upstream pipe is covered, e=-0.5D.
until the shear stress magnitude is less than the critical Time interval Y1 S L V1 Fr
shear stress for related bed material. For the pipe which x 10 min cm cm cm cm/s -
placed at a distance from the bed the scour is mainly 1 7.56 1.0 17.0 0.07 0.08
due to the increasing of the shear stress caused by pipe 2 8.00 1.3 42.5 0.10 0.11
obstruction. 3 9.31 1.0 36.0 0.20 0.17
4 7.83 1.0 45.0 0.10 0.11
5 7.40 1.0 46.0 0.10 0.09
Figure 6
Graph of S/D vs time interval for experiment pipe line placed
at the downstream of a weir
3.3 Scouring Around Parallel River Crossing Pipes of river embankment. An example of a condition of
flow over an exposed river crossing pipeline is
In this experiment three pipe were place in a parallel presented in Figure 8.
configuration. This experiment aimed to study the
method in preventing scour below the pipe if there are V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
more than one pipe placed parallel. The result,
quantitatively, shows that after the pipes exposed, it The results showed that maximum scour for single
caused retardation on the flow, and it will cause pipeline were observed for pipeline placed at a distance
degradation after the last downstream pipe. of half and one time of the pipe diameter from the bed.
Protection by placing weir at the downstream of
IV. EXAMPLE OF FIELD CASE pipeline provide significant result in reducing the scour
depth.
In this paper the authors present a real example of river
crossing pipeline more than one pipe or parallel river Acknowledgments
crossing pipe lines. The map of situation is presented in
The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation to
Figure 7. In this example there are seven pipes,
the Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering,
consisting all old and new installation, placed parallel
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering in
along a distance of 100 m or at interval of 16 m between
providing the experiments area and apparatus.
two pipes. The field condition is likely more complex
compared to our laboratory experiments. Pipe line for
References
inland transport usually placed along access road, hence
the crossing will be close to the bridge. In this case there
Chadwick, A., Morfett J. 1994, Hydraulics in Civil and
is problem of local scouring at the downstream of the
Environmental Engineering, 2nd ed., E & FN
pipe and bridge. This is probably due to the presence of
Spoon.
the exposed pipe which cause backwater at the upstream
and accelerated flow at the downstream part. Moncada-M,A., Aguiere-Pe, J. 1999, “Scour below
Pipeline in River Crossings.” J. Hydr. Engrg.,
As the result, a local degradation is occurred (see ASCE, 125(9), 953-958.
downstream part of the last pipe at Figure 7). The
lowest bed elevation at the degraded part is up to 5 Chiew, Y.M., 1990, ‘‘Mechanics of local scour around
meters compared to the bed elevation at the last pipe. submarine pipelines.’’ J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE,
According to our laboratory experiments, weir 116(4), 515–529.
construction at the downstream of the last pipe and Chiew, Y.M., 1991, ‘‘Prediction of maximum scour
providing a proper energy dissipater would help the depth at submarine pipelines’’. J. Hydr. Engrg.,
situation. However the backwater effect should be ASCE, 117(4), 452–466.
analyzed to provide parameter in designing the elevation
Joko Nugroho, Hendra Achiari, and Demi Harlan 93
Jurnal
Infrastruktur dan Lingkungan Binaan
Infrastructure and Built Environment Vol. IV No. 1, June 2008
Figure 7
Example of placement of river crossing pipe lines in parallel
Figure 8
Flow over an exposed pipeline