NAME : MUHAMMAD WAQAS FAISAL

MSC: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MORNING 1ST SEMESTER

STUDENT ID: MCF2000249 (20-UE-00963)

ASSIGNMENT: COMPUTER COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING

SUBMITTED BY: MS. FAIZA TARIQ

University of Education Lahore

Assume a system uses five protocol layers. If the application program creates a message of 100 bytes and each layer
(including the fifth and the first) adds a header of 10 bytes to the data unit, what is the efficiency (the ratio of application
layer bytes to the number of bytes transmitted) of the system?
If the message created by the application layer, is 100 bytes size, and any of the five protocol layers add 10 bytes to the data unit, when transmitted,
the packet will have 150 bytes, from which, 50 bytes are overhead bytes. So, the efficiency (ratio of application layer bytes (excluding the header) to
the number of bytes transmitted) of the system is as follows:

Application layer size=100 bytes

E = 100 / 150 = 66.7 %

A sine wave is offset 1/9 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase in degrees and radians? Which simple signal has a
wider bandwidth, a sine wave with a frequency of 200 Hz or a sine wave with a frequency of 500 Hz?
A sine wave is offset 1/9 cycle with respect to time 0:

Complete cycle=360

1/9*360=40

40*2π/360 rad=0.697 rad

A device is sending out data at the rate of 1000 bps. How long does it take to send out (a) 10 bits, (b) a
single character (8 bit) and (c) 100000 in decibels?
How long does it take to send out 10 bits?
Data Rate=1000 bps
Sending out=10 bit
10/1000 = 0.01 sec
How long does it takes to send out a single character of 8 bits?
Single character =8 bit
8/1000= 0.008 sec
How long does it take to send a file of 100000 characters?
As, single character is of 8 bits.So,
{8*100000}/1000 = 800 sec

A signal travels from point A to point B. At point A, the signal power is 100 W. At point B, the power is 90 W. What is
the attenuation, in decibels?

Sol:

Attenuation in decibels = 10log10Pt/Pr where Pt is the transmitted power and Pr is the received power.

In the given case attenuation in dB = 10log100/90

=10(log (10)−log(9))

=0.46dB ≈0.5dB

The attenuation of a signal is -10 dB. What is the final signal power if it was originally 5W?

Attenuation of -10 dB means decimation by a factor = 1/10

Original signal power = 5 W

So, output power after attenuation is:

Final Signal Power/Attenuation Signal:

5/10 = 0.5 W

Conversation to the linear scale is also allowed. However, it's cumbersome

dBW = 10log(W) = 10log(5) = 6.98 dBW

5 W = 6.98 dBW

Output Power=Final signal power-Attenuation signal

Output power = 6.98- 10= -3. 02 dB = 0.5 W

We measure the performance of a telephone line (4 KHz of bandwidth). When the signal is 10 V, the noise is 5 mV.
What is the maximum data rate supported by this telephone line?
Sol:
Signal rate= 10 v

Noise value= 5 mv

Maximum data rate=?

We know that:

Capacity=B*log2(1+SNR)

= 4000 * (log(1 + (10 / 0.005)) / log(2))

= 43 866.0218 bps

What is the theoretical capacity of a channel in each of the following cases? (a) Bandwidth: 20 KHz SNR db= 40db (b)
band width: 200 KHz SNR db=4db (c) bandwidth: 1 MHz SNR db=20db
(a) Bandwidth: 20 KHz
SNR dB = 40 db

We know that:

Capacity =BW * (SNR dB)/ 𝟑

=2000* (40/ 3) =267Kbps

(B) Bandwidth: 200 KHz

SNR dB = 4

We know that:

Capacity =BW * (SNR dB)/ 𝟑

=20000*(4/3) =266Kbps

(c) Bandwidth: 1 MHz

SNR dB = 20

1 MHz = 1000 KHz

We know that:

Capacity =BW * (SNR dB)/ 𝟑

=100000 * (20/3) = 666Kbps

In a digital transmission the sender clock is 0.2 percent faster than the receiver clock. How many extra bits per second
does the sender send if the date rate is 1 Mbps?
Sol:
Given,

Sender clock= 0.2%

= 0.2/100=0.002

The Data rate = 1 Mbps = 106

Extra bit = 0.002*106

=0.002* 1000000 = 2000

A signal with 200 milliwatts power passes through 10 devices, each with an average noise of 2 microwatts. What is the
SNR? What is the SNR dB?
Sol:
Signal =200 mW= 0.2 W

Total Noise = 10*2 *10−6=2*10−5

We Know:

SNR= average signal power/ average noise power:

SNR= 0.2 2∗10−5 = 10000

SNR dB = 10 log10(𝑆𝑁𝑅) SNR

dB = 10 log10 10000 = 40

Q2: What is the result (draw the graph)?

1. For NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding schemes against the following data streams
assuming that the last signal level has been positive.
(a) 00000000

(B) 11111111

(c) 01010101

(d) 00110011

Find the 8-bit data stream for each case depicted in Figure:
NRZ-I
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

Non-Inversion: Next bit is 0.

Inversion: Next bit is 1.
In NRZ-I (Non-Return to Zero-invert), if there is no change in the next bit, the bit is 0; if there is a change in the next bit, bit is a 1 .
Therefore, the bit data stream is (00011001).

(a) Differential Manchester:

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

(0100 0100)
(b) AMI:

0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

(01110001)