1589222915-05 - Introduction To Differential Equations

Principles and Introduction to
Differential Equations
By Ing. Jose Diego Monroy
Principles and Introduction to Trigonometry
Table of Content
1. What is a Differential Equation? .................................................................... 4
2. Derivative of a function: ................................................................................. 5
Example: ............................................................................................................ 6
Derivative of a constant: .................................................................................... 7
Sum or Difference Rule: .................................................................................... 7
Example: ............................................................................................................ 8
The Product Rule: .............................................................................................. 8
Example: Find derivative of the equation. ......................................................... 8
Quotient Rule: .................................................................................................... 9
The Power Rule: .............................................................................................. 10
The Chain Rule: ............................................................................................... 10
Second and Higher Order Derivatives: ............................................................ 11
3. Types of Differential Equation: .................................................................... 13
4. Ordinary Differential Equation:.................................................................... 14
5. Partial Differential Equation: ........................................................................ 14
6. Order of a Differential Equation:.................................................................. 15
7. Degree of a differential Equation: ................................................................ 17
8. Linear Differential Equation: ........................................................................ 18
9. Non-Linear Differential Equation: ............................................................... 19
10. Homogenous differential Equation: .......................................................... 20

11. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation: ............................................... 24
12. General Solution of a Differential Solution: ............................................. 26
13. Particular Solution of a Differential Equation: ......................................... 27
14. Family of Curves: ...................................................................................... 30
15. Separable Differential Equations: ............................................................. 32
16. Exact Differential Equations: .................................................................... 39
17. Importance of Differential Equations: ....................................................... 41
18. Applications of Differential Equations: .................................................... 42
19. References ................................................................................................. 45

1. What is a Differential Equation?

A Differential equation is an equation having one or more functions and
their derivatives. It relates the value of the function to its derivatives. These
derivatives are either ordinary or partial derivatives. Some examples of
differential equations are:
a y′′ + b y′ + cy = g (t)
𝒅𝒚
=𝒙+𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
+ 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Their applications range in almost every filed of life and these help us to
solve complex problems in a very easy way. The two terms in these equations
as seen from equations above are function and derivative. In practical world the
functions likely represent physical quantities and the derivatives represent the
rate of change of these quantities. These equations tell us how heat transfer
takes place, how acceleration and velocity changes in an automobile, how a
spring vibrates, decaying of radioactive elements, structural analysis of a beam
etc.
Let us first understand the basic concepts of differential equations which

are derivative and some rules of derivatives. Then we will go further with
differential equations and their principles.
2. Derivative of a function:
Derivative simply means the instantaneous rate of change of a function
w.r.t one of its function, means to find the slope of a tangent line to the function
at a point. In calculus we write:
The derivative of a function 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), is defines as the slope of a

tangent line to curve y = g(x) at the point (x,y). The slope is obtained by a limit
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝑑𝑦
The derivative is denoted as 𝑓′(𝑥) or derivative of function y w.r.t 𝒙
𝑑𝑥
Figure 1: Geometrical meaning of a Derivative

Example:
The derivative of 𝒚 = √𝒙 is given by:
The graphical representation of above example is:
Figure 2: Graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥 and its slope (George B. Thomas, 1998)

Now we talk about some of the rules of Differentiation.
Derivative of a constant:
If c is any constant, then the derivative of this constant is zero. i.e.,
𝒅
(𝒄) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
Sum or Difference Rule:

The derivative of sum of two functions f(x) and g(x) is:
𝒅 𝒅𝒇 𝒅𝒈
(𝒇 + 𝒈) = +
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Similarly, the difference of same functions is:

(𝒇 − 𝒈) = −
The sum rule is also applicable to sum of more than two functions
upto n functions, as long as there are only finitely many solutions in the
sum.
e.g.,
Same goes for difference rule.

Example:
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙
The Product Rule:

The derivative of product of two functions f(x) and g(x) is:
(𝒇𝒈) = 𝒈 +𝒇
Example: Find derivative of the following equations:
𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑)
Example: Find fˊ(x) of the following:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 )′ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 (𝒍𝒏 𝒙)′
𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ( )
𝒙
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒙(𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏
Quotient Rule:
If there are two functions u and v differentiable at x, and v≠0, then the
derivative of quotient u/v is given as
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖
( )= 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗𝟐
Example: Find Derivative of the equation.
𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒚= 𝟐
𝒕 +𝟏
Example: Solve the following equation:
𝟒√ 𝒙
𝒉(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
The Power Rule:

If p is a positive integer then the derivative of x of power p is:
𝒅 𝒑
(𝒙 ) = 𝒑𝒙𝒑−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
The Chain Rule:

The derivative of the composition of f(x) and g(x) is given as:
′
(𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))) = 𝒇′ (𝒈(𝒙)) . 𝒈′(𝒙)
In Leibniz notation, derivative is written as:
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= .
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
Example: Find derivative of following:
𝒚 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏
Second and Higher Order Derivatives:

As we know that the derivative of a function y w.r.t is written as:
𝒅𝒚
𝒚′ =
𝒅𝒙
This is called the first order derivative of y w.r.t x. If differentiate again

as this derivative may again differentiable, so it gives:
′′
𝒅𝒚′ 𝒅 𝒅𝒚
𝒚 = = ( )
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
= 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
So, this above equation is called second derivative of y w.r.t x. As you

again differentiate the second derivative of y, you get third derivative of y w.r.t
x and so on.
Now for any nth order derivative of y w.r.t x, for any positive integer:
𝒅
𝒚𝒏 = (𝒚)𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
Where n is the nth derivative of y w.r.t x.
Example:
Find the first four derivatives of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
So, the fifth and later derivatives are all zero.

Now, the can also find the derivatives of trigonometric functions like sine
and cosine functions.
Example: Find the Derivative of following:
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Example: Find the derivative of following:

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒚=
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
Example: Find 𝒚′′ if 𝒚′′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
Now we will discuss about the Differential Equation and its types.
3. Types of Differential Equation:
Differential
Equations
Partial Ordinary
Differential Differential
Equations Equations
Figure 3: General Types of Differential Equation

As from the diagram above, we classify Differential equations into two

main types i.e. Partial Differential Equation and other is Ordinary Differential
Equation.
4. Ordinary Differential Equation:

A differential equation having one or more derivatives of an unknown
function of a single independent variable is called Ordinary Differential
Equation (ODE). The unknown function is generally written by a variable (e.g.,
y) and an independent variable x. Examples are:
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 +𝒚=𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗
𝒎 = 𝑭(𝒕, 𝒗)
𝒅𝒕
+ 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
These equations are ordinary differential equations since these have only
one unknown function i.e., y and 𝑣.
An Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) is said to be of order n if the

nth derivative of the unknown function ‘y’ is the highest derivative of y in
equation.
5. Partial Differential Equation:

A differential equation having an unknown function of two or more
independent variables and its partial derivatives is called a Partial Differential
Equation (PDE). These are used to solve problems having functions of several
variables. As compared to ODE which model one dimensional systems, these
equations model multidimensional systems. So these equations are complex to
solve. These are used to describe a wide variety of natural phenomena I.e., fluid
dynamics, heat transfer, sound, electrostatics, elasticity etc. Some examples are:
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝟐
𝜶 =
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
+ =𝒙+𝒚
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
=𝒛+𝒙
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
+ + = 𝟑𝒖 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗𝒛
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
+𝒕 =𝟎
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙
From above equations we see some derivatives have powers and some
have not. So, the next term related to understanding differential equation is its
order.
6. Order of a Differential Equation:

The order of a differential equation is the highest order of derivative
present in the equation. It means that higher the derivative, more is the order of
the differential equation. For example., the first order differential equation is
𝒅𝒚
+ 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
=𝒙+𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 +𝒚=𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗
𝒎 = 𝑭(𝒕, 𝒗)
𝒅𝒕
In the above equations, since the order of the derivative is one, so this is
first order differential equation, the most basic one and easy to solve.
The implicit form of the first order differential equation is written as:
F (x, y, y′) = 0
For first degree differential equation, the explicit form of above equation
is written as:
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
Second order differential equation:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
+ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
ay ′′ + by ′ + cy = g (t)
In the above equations, since the derivatives are of second order, so this is
the second order differential equation.
7. Degree of a differential Equation:

The degree of a differential equation is the power of the highest
derivative occurring in the equation. It simply is the exponent of the highest
derivative.
First Degree D.E:
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
+ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
= 𝟑𝒖 + 𝒖
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
The above equations are of first-degree differential equations.
Second Degree Differential Equation:
(𝐲′′)𝟐 + 5y′ + cy = 𝐱𝟐
𝟐
(𝐲′′) + 2(y′)3 + 2y = 𝟓𝐱𝟐
The above equations are of second degree sue to the power of the highest
derivative is 2.
If there is any radical sign or any power in fractions, then the degree of
that equation of the degree of highest derivative after eliminating the radical
sign and fractional power [1]. For example:
Differential equations are also classified as linear or non-linear.
8. Linear Differential Equation:

A differential equation is called a linear if its dependent variable and all
of its derivatives are of first degree. Its coefficients are either constants or
functions only of the independent variables. Simply a differential equation is
linear when the variable and its derivatives have no exponent or other function
put on it. So examples of linear differential equations are:
𝐲′ = 𝒂(𝒕) 𝒚 + 𝒃(𝒕)
In above, if both the a and b are constants, the equation is called Constant
Coefficient Linear equation. Examples are:
𝐲′ = 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟓
Here the right side of equation we have a(t) = 5 and b(t) = 5, so this
equation is a constant coefficient Linear differential equation.
Another example is considered here.
𝟐
𝐲′ = − 𝒚 + 𝟓𝒕
𝒕
Here the right side of equation, we do not have constant coefficients as

these depends on the dependent variable t, so this equation is a variable
coefficient Linear differential equation.
Some more examples of linear Differential equations are:
𝐱𝐲′ + 𝟐𝟑𝐲 = 𝟐𝟑
𝒅𝒚
=𝒙+𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
= 𝟐𝟒𝒖 + 𝒖
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
9. Non-Linear Differential Equation:

A differential equation which is not linear in an unknown function
and its derivatives. So, a differential equation is linear when the variable and its
derivatives have some exponents or other functions put on it. Any differential
equation which does not follow the rules of a linear equation is a Non-linear
Differential Equation. Some examples are:
𝐲′′ + 𝟒𝐲𝐲′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

Here, the equation in non-linear because of the occurrence of product of y

and one of its derivatives. Some more examples are:
𝐲 ′′′ + 𝟐(𝐲′′)𝟐 + 𝐲 ′ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝐱 ′′ + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝟏
𝐱 ′′ + =𝟎
𝒙
𝐱′𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎
The most common example of Non-linear Differential equations of the first

order is Bernoulli Equation. It is written as:
𝒚′ + 𝒂(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝒃(𝒙)𝒚𝒎
Where the functions a(x) and b(x) are both continuous functions.
If in the above equation m = 0, the equation becomes linear differential

equation and if m = 1, the equation becomes Separable Equation.
10. Homogenous differential Equation:

The differential equations are also classified as homogeneous and non-
homogeneous equations.
A differential equation is Homogeneous if every term in the equation

contains either the dependent variable or one of its derivatives.
A homogeneous differential equation is written as:

𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙
Where f and g are homogeneous functions of the same degree of x and y.
Some examples are:
𝒅𝟒 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
+ 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝟐 𝒖
+ 𝒘𝟐 𝒖 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
In order to solve the homogeneous differential equations, we convert

them into separable differential equations.
For example,
(𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟏 ) + (𝒂𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
This equation can be converted into a separable differential

equation by placing the origin of the coordinate system to the intersection point
of the straight lines given. If these straight lines are parallel, then the differential
equation is converted/transformed into separable differential equation by using
the change of variable.
𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚
Example: Solve the Following Differential Equation:
𝒚 𝒙
𝒚′ = −
𝒙 𝒚
Example: Find the general solution of the Following D.E:
𝒙−𝒚+𝟑
𝒚′ =
𝒙−𝒚
Solution.
We can notice that equations of the lines in the numerator and

denominator corresponds to the parallel straight lines. So, we let
11. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation:

A differential equation is a non-homogeneous differential equation if it
includes the independent variables (variables other than the terms involving y)
in the equation or a constant.
So, these equations are generally written as:
y′′ + p(t) y′+ q(t)y = g(t)

where g(t) is a non-zero function. This above equation is a general

second order linear non-homogeneous differential equation.
Some examples are:
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 +𝒚=𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟒 𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
+ 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒅𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙
x ' + t 2x = t + t 2
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
+ + = 𝟑𝒖 + 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗𝒛
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐
Solution of a Differential Equation:
A relation between the independent and dependent variables having

no derivatives of any order and degree and satisfying the differential
equation is called the Solution of a Differential Equation.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
For example, the solution of the differential equation + 𝒚 = 𝟎 is
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
Because, = −𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 and = −𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐
12. General Solution of a Differential Solution:

When the no. of arbitrary constants in any ODE solution is equal to
the order of that differential equation, this solution is called a General
Solution of the Differential Equation.
The general solution of a second order differential equation contains

two necessary arbitrary constants.
A general solution represents geometrically the n- parameter family

of curves.
For example, the general solution of the D.E
𝒅𝒚/𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 is 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄, where c is an arbitrary

constant.
Figure 4: n-parameter Family of curves of above example (Toppr, 2017)

13. Particular Solution of a Differential Equation:
A particular solution of a differential equation is a solution we get from

general solution by assigning/ giving particular values to the arbitrary constants.
(Toppr, 2017)
Example:
Example:
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 = 𝒚 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Example: Solve the following Differential Equation.
(𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

14. Family of Curves:

Suppose we have an independent variable x and dependent variable y as:
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝑪) = 𝟎
Where C is any arbitrary constant C. So, this equation represents a family of

curves. For example, an equation represents family of circles is represented as:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 where a is the radius of the circle.
Example: Form a differential equation from the relation:
𝒚 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
Example: Find D.E of all circles having radius r.
The equation of all the circles of radius r is given below

15. Separable Differential Equations:

A differential equation in the explicit form i.e.,
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
The above equation will be called a Separable Differential Equation f it

can be written as:
𝒅𝒚
𝒇(𝒚) = 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
The above equation in the differential form is written as:
𝒇(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
As in the above equation, the L.H.S of the equation has only y variable
and R.H.S of the equation only has x variable, so we can say that the variables
of the above equation have been separated.
Now integrating both sides of above equation, we get
∫ 𝒇(𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪
By solving this, we get the general solution of the differential equation.
Example:
𝒚𝟒 𝒚′ + 𝒚′ + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Where C is any arbitrary constant. As this is an implicit equation, we

cannot solve it for y in terms of x.
Example:
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟑
Solve + 𝒚= with y(0) = 4
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
First arrange the differential equation to the form

The solution curves for range og initial conditions are shown in graph
below.
Figure 5: Graphical solution of above ODE (George B. Thomas, 1998)

Example:
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟑
Solve + 𝒚= with y(0) = 2
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
We first arrange the differential equation to the form
(Chasnov, 2020)
Example: Solve the following Differential Equation:
𝒅𝒚
𝒆𝒚 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟐𝒙(𝟏 + 𝒆𝒚 ) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
Example: Solve the following differential Equation:
𝒙𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
16. Exact Differential Equations:

An ordinary first order differential equation of the form
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒚
is called Exact equation if there exist a function h(x,y) such that
𝒅𝒉 = 𝒇𝒅𝒙 + 𝒈𝒅𝒚
So, if g = 𝑓𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔𝑑𝑦 is in exact differential form, then g = 0 is called an

exact differential equation.
Integrating the above function, we get general solution.
h(x, y) = C
Some examples of Exact Differential Equations are:
(3x2 + 2xy2) dx + (2x2y) dy = 0
𝒚𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Example:
(3x2y2 + x2)dx + (2x3y + y 2) dy = 0

17. Importance of Differential Equations:

Now-a-days world has changed very much unlike some hundred years
ago. With these changes came different new ideas and technologies which
revolutionized everything and new inventions took place. New inventions and
discoveries began in almost every field of life. With these inventions and
discoveries, we use them for our ease and comfort. These inventions were not
be successful without the help of Calculus and Geometry.
Almost in every filed of life there is a role of Calculus and its different
formulas and equations. One of them which we have studied is the use of
Differential Equations. In the field of Engineering these equations have a huge
role and are very important. Some of the main examples where these equations
are used are:
Newton’s Law of Cooling, Quantum mechanics, Fluid Dynamics

equations, Wave equations, Maxwell Equations, Newton’s Laws of Motion,
Thermodynamics Equations, Heat Transfer Equations Etc.
I engineering field, the importance of Differential Equations is much

greater and vast. Every field of engineering have their own formulas which are
mostly driven from these equations. In the civil engineering, the construction of
trusses, bridges, buildings etc. engineers use these equations to understand their
required information related to these structures. The real-life problems from
these engineering fields arise and these equations are used to solve these
problems.
18. Applications of Differential Equations:

As described above, Differential Equations are used in solving complex
Engineering problems which help Engineers and Scientists to create inventions
and make impossible things.
Differential Equations are used in Computer programs and software to

identify the errors occur while designing a huge building structure,
Manufacturing Automotive Engine and body parts, in manufacturing complex
shape dies and molds, etc. These are also used in the fields of Economics like
Population Growth and in Biology, in Quantum Mechanics etc.
As we know the Newton’s Laws of Motion are derived from differential

equations, so the whole concept of Modern Physics and its different formulas
are derived from altering the differential equations by changing some
parameters.
Figure 6: RLC circuit design

Another real-life example of Differential Equation is the wave Equation.
In Physics, the related examples of Differential Equations are
Figure 7: Mass Spring System is an example of Differential equation
One of the Most amazing and useful application of Differential Equations

is that they are used in Visual Simulation software as built-in programs.
Structural Analysis of buildings, Heat Transfer rate etc.
Figure 8: Visualization of heat transfer in Heat Pump

Figure 9: Major Applications of Differential Equations
19. References
(n.d.).
Chasnov, J. R. (2020, Jan). Coursera. (T. H. Technology, Ed.) Retrieved from
Math: https://www.math.ust.hk/~machas/differential-equations.pdf
Dawkins, P. (2018). Differential Equations. In P. Dawkins, Differential
Equations (p. 523). Beaumont.
Differential Equations MATB44H3F. (2011, Sept 15). Retrieved from Math
Torronto: http://www.math.toronto.edu/selick
George B. Thomas, R. L. (1998). Calculus and Analytic Geometry (9th ed.).
Menlo Park, Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
KREYSZIG, E. (2010). Advanced Engneering Mathematics (10th ed.).
Columbus, Ohio, USA: Wiley.
Mathey, A. (2017, Sep 16). quora. Retrieved Sep 2017, from
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-linear-and-non-
linear-equations
Toppr. (2017). Differential Equation. Retrieved from Toppr:
https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/differential-equations/general-and-
particular-solutions-of-a-differential-equation/
(Grossfield, 1997)Grossfield, A. (1997). What are differential equations: A

review of curve families. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings.
Svirin, A. (2020). Homogeneous Equations. 2020 Math24.Net.

https://www.math24.net/homogeneous-equations/
About Ing. Jose Diego Monroy (JDM):
Jose Diego has performed Civil Engineering, Design-Build, Flood Protection, and
Construction Management throughout the States of California, Arizona, New Mexico
and Texas in the United States of America. Since 1998, He has worked on a variety
of Land Development projects, including Healthcare, Higher Education, K-12
Education, Master Planned Residential Subdivisions, Commercial, Industrial and
Transportation.
José Diego Monroy, CFM
Civil Engineering Manager / Entrepreneur
JDM Group Company – CEO & President

JDM Academy – Founder
Other e-Books available by JDM Academy

Math and Physical Science:
1. Introduction to Algebra
2. Introduction to Trigonometry
3. Introduction to Differential Calculus
4. Introduction to Integral Calculus
5. Introduction to Differential Equations
6. Introduction to Statistics and Probability
7. Introduction to Engineering Mathematics
8. Introduction to Physics
9. Introduction to Chemistry
10. Introduction to Biology
Civil Engineering:
1. Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design

2. Principles of Steel Design
3. Principles of Masonry and Timber design
4. Principles of Coastal engineering
5. Principles of Fluid Mechanics
6. Principles of Engineering Mechanics
7. Principles of Construction Management
8. Principles of Construction Estimating
9. Principles of Structural Analysis
10. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering
11. Principles of Soil mechanics and Geology
12. Principles of Highway and Transportation Engineering
13. Principles of GIS Mapping
14. Principles of Project Management (Primavera)
15. Principles of Environmental Engineering

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Principles and Introduction to

2. Derivative of a function: ................................................................................. 5

Derivative of a constant: .................................................................................... 7

Sum or Difference Rule: .................................................................................... 7

The Product Rule: .............................................................................................. 8

Example: Find derivative of the equation. ......................................................... 8

Quotient Rule: .................................................................................................... 9

The Power Rule: .............................................................................................. 10

The Chain Rule: ............................................................................................... 10

Second and Higher Order Derivatives: ............................................................ 11

3. Types of Differential Equation: .................................................................... 13

4. Ordinary Differential Equation:.................................................................... 14

5. Partial Differential Equation: ........................................................................ 14

6. Order of a Differential Equation:.................................................................. 15

7. Degree of a differential Equation: ................................................................ 17

8. Linear Differential Equation: ........................................................................ 18

9. Non-Linear Differential Equation: ............................................................... 19

10. Homogenous differential Equation: .......................................................... 20

11. Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation: ............................................... 24

12. General Solution of a Differential Solution: ............................................. 26

13. Particular Solution of a Differential Equation: ......................................... 27

14. Family of Curves: ...................................................................................... 30

15. Separable Differential Equations: ............................................................. 32

16. Exact Differential Equations: .................................................................... 39

17. Importance of Differential Equations: ....................................................... 41

18. Applications of Differential Equations: .................................................... 42

19. References ................................................................................................. 45

1. What is a Differential Equation?

Let us first understand the basic concepts of differential equations which

The derivative of a function 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), is defines as the slope of a

Figure 1: Geometrical meaning of a Derivative

The derivative of 𝒚 = √𝒙 is given by:

The graphical representation of above example is:

Figure 2: Graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥 and its slope (George B. Thomas, 1998)

Now we talk about some of the rules of Differentiation.

Sum or Difference Rule:

Similarly, the difference of same functions is:

Same goes for difference rule.

The Product Rule:

Example: Find derivative of the following equations:

Example: Find fˊ(x) of the following:

𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙𝟐 )′ 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 (𝒍𝒏 𝒙)′

Example: Find Derivative of the equation.

Example: Solve the following equation:

The Power Rule:

The Chain Rule:

In Leibniz notation, derivative is written as:

Example: Find derivative of following:

Second and Higher Order Derivatives:

This is called the first order derivative of y w.r.t x. If differentiate again

So, this above equation is called second derivative of y w.r.t x. As you

Where n is the nth derivative of y w.r.t x.

Find the first four derivatives of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐

So, the fifth and later derivatives are all zero.

Example: Find the Derivative of following:

Example: Find the derivative of following:

Example: Find 𝒚′′ if 𝒚′′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙

3. Types of Differential Equation:

Figure 3: General Types of Differential Equation

As from the diagram above, we classify Differential equations into two

4. Ordinary Differential Equation:

An Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) is said to be of order n if the