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Ce 6002 - Concrete Technology: Department of Civil Engineering
Ce 6002 - Concrete Technology: Department of Civil Engineering
Ce 6002 - Concrete Technology: Department of Civil Engineering
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 1
Admixtures are the material, other than
Cement
Water
Aggregates
fiber reinforcement
Which are used as an ingredient of concrete and is added to
batch immediately before or during mixing.
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Admixtures have long been recognized as important
components of concrete used to improve its performance.
The original use of admixtures in cementitious mixtures is not well documented.
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The major reasons for using admixtures are:
To reduce the cost of concrete construction.
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Durability
colored Handling
concrete properties
impact and
making
abrasion
placing
resistance
bond of
compaction
concrete to
easier
…
Cost-
Reduce
segregation Effective Permeabilit
y
freeze/thaw
capacity for
(air
bleeding
content)
Consistence
prevent
and
shrinkage
sustainabili
ty
strength
developme Density
nt
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Each class of admixture is defined by its primary
function. It may have one or more secondary
functions, however, and its use may affect,
positively or negatively, concrete properties other
than those desired
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1. Chemical Admixtures
Types of admixture
for concrete 2. Mineral Admixtures
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1. Plasticizers
2. Super plasticizers
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In general, these chemicals act as dispersants for portland cement particles. By
separating and spreading out the cement particles, internal friction is reduced,
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10
The organic substances or combinations of organic and inorganic
substances, which allow a reduction in water content for the given
workability, or give a higher workability at the same water content, are
termed as plasticizing admixtures.
The basic products constituting plasticizers are as follows:
Anionic surfactants such as lignosulphonates and their modifications and
derivatives, salts of sulphonates hydrocarbons.
Non ionic surfactants, such as polyglycol esters, acid of hydroxylated
carboxylic acids and their modifications and derivatives.
Other products, such as carbohydrates etc.
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Amount used
Results - effects
• Plasticizers are used in the amount of • At constant workability –
0.1% to 0.4% by weight of cement. The reduction in mixing water is expected to be
of the order of 5% to 15%.
Limitations Naturally increases the strength.
• At constant w/c ratio –
• A good plasticizer is one which does not
Increased workability.
cause air-entrainment in concrete more
than 1 or 2%. Slump of 30mm to 150 mm.
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Used at Where high degree of workability is
required
1. Thin walls of water retaining structures with high
percentage of steel reinforcement
2. Deep beams, column and beam junctions
3. Tremie concreting
4. Pumping of concrete
5. Hot weather concreting
6. Concrete to be conveyed for considerable
distance and in ready mixed concrete industries.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 13
Superplasticizers constitute a relatively new category and improved
version of plasticizer, the use of which was developed in Japan and Germany
during 1960 and 1970 respectively. They are chemically different from
normal plasticisers.
Classification of Superplasticizers:
Sulphonated malanie-formaldehyde condensates (SMF)
Sulphonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNF)
Modified lignosulphonates (MLS)
Other types
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Amount used Results - benefits
• Based on various types of superplasticizers Permits reduction of water content about 30%
different amount is used. without reducing the workability
• Lignosulphonates – not more than 0.25% It is possible to use w/c ratio as low as 0.25 or
even lower and yet to make flowing concrete to
• Carboxylic acids – 0.1% obtain strength of order 120 Mpa or more.
• Sulphonated malanie-formaldehyde
condensates (SMF) – 0.5 to 3%
• Sulphonated naphthalene-formaldehyde
condensates (SNF) – 0.5 to 3%
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Used at Superplasticizer is practiced for
Production of flowing, self levelling, self
compacting concrete
Production of high strength and high
performance concrete.
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A retarder is an admixture that slows down the chemical process of hydration so that
concrete remains plastic and workable for a longer time than concrete without the retarder.
1. Retarders are used to overcome the accelerating effect of high temperature on setting
properties of concrete in hot weather concreting.
2. Very useful when concrete has to be place in very difficult conditions and delay may occur
in transporting and placing.
3. .Gypsum and Calcium Sulphate are well known retarders.
4. Other examples are: starches, cellulose products, sugars, acids or salts of acids
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Limitations Used at
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Commonly used materials as an accelerator:
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Waterproofing admixtures are available in powder, paste or liquid
form and may consist of pore filling or water repellent materials.
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Results - effects
Amount used
Chemically active pore fillers accelerates the
setting of concrete and thus render the concrete
Depends upon various damp-proofing and more impervious at early age.
water proofing admixtures. Chemically inactive pore fillers improve the
workability and to facilitate the reduction of
Limitations water for given workability and to make dense
Use of admixture should in no case be considered concrete which is basically impervious.
as a substitute for bad materials, bad design or Water repelling materials like soda, potash soaps,
workmanship. calcium soaps, waxes, fats, vegetable oils repel
In no case can an admixture be expected to water and make the concrete impervious
compensate for cracks or large voids in concrete
causing permeability.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 25
Pozzolanic materials are:
Siliceous or siliceous-aluminous materials,
Little or no cementitious value,
In finely divided form and in the presence of moisture,
Chemically react with calcium hydroxide liberated on hydration, at
ordinary temperature, to form compounds, possessing cementitious properties.
They are also known as POZZOLANIC materials.
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Improves many qualities of concrete, such as:
Lower the heat of hydration and thermal shrinkage;
Increase the water tightness;
Reduce the alkali-aggregate reaction;
Improve resistance to attack by sulphate soils and sea water;
Improve extensibility;
Lower susceptibility to dissolution and leaching;
Improve workability;
Lower costs.
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Natural Pozzolans
Metakaoline
Surkhi
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Fly ash is finely divided residue resulting from the
combustion of powdered coal and transported by the flue
gases and collected by;
Electrostatic
Precipitator
Fly ash is the most widely used
pozzolanic material all over the world.
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Class F Class C
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Amount used
• Up to 35% by mass of cement (According to
IS: 456 – 2000) & minimum shall not be less
than 15%.
Results - effects
Reduction of water demand for
desired slump. With the reduction of
unit water content, bleeding and
drying shrinkage will also be reduced.
fly ash is not highly reactive, the heat
of hydration can be reduced through
replacement of part of the cement
with fly ash. G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 31
HVFAC is a concrete where excess of 35%of fly-ash is
. replacement
used as
b) Fly ashes from major TPP(Trans-Pacific Partnership) are of very high quality i.e. quality of fly
ash.
c) Economic factor i.e. Cost of fly ash with in 200 km from a TPP is as low as 10% to 20% of the
cost of cement.
d) Environmental factors i.e. reduction in CO2 emission.
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Effects of Fly Ash on Hardened
Concrete
contributes to the strength of
concrete due to its pozzolanic
reactivity.
continued pozzolanic reactivity
concrete develops greater strength
at later age not at initial stage.
contributes to making the texture
of concrete dense, resulting in
decrease of water permeability
and gas permeability.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 33
Used at
Many high-rise buildings
Industrial structures
Water front structures
Concrete roads
Roller compacted concrete dams.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 34
The transition zone is a thin layer between the
bulk hydrated cement paste and the aggregate
1. fine micro-crystalline particles in concrete. This zone is the weakest
silica produced in electric component in concrete, and it is also the most
arc furnaces as a by permeable area. Silica fume plays a significant
product. role in the transition zone through both its
physical and chemical effects.
2. Very fine non-crystalline
silica produced in electric
arc furnaces as a by
product.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 35
It is a product resulting from reduction
of high purity quartz with coal in an electric
arc furnace in the manufacture of silicon or
ferrosilicon alloy.
1. Micro silica is initially produced as an ultrafine
undensified powder
2. At least 85% SiO2 content
3. Mean particle size between 0.1 and 0.2 micron
4. Minimum specific surface area is 15,000 m2/kg
5. Spherical particle shape
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 36
Micro silica is available in the following forms:
1. Undensified forms with bulk density of 200–300 kg/m3
2. Densified forms with bulk density of 500–600 kg/m3
3. Micro-pelletised forms with bulk density of 600–800 kg/m3
4. Slurry forms with density 1400 kg/m3
5. Admixtures and Construction Chemicals.
6. Slurry is produced by mixing undensified micro silica powder and water in equal
proportions by weight. Slurry is the easiest and most practical way to introduce
micro silica into the concrete mix.
7. Surface area 15–20 m2/g.
8. Standard grade slurry pH value 4.7, specific gravity 1.3 to 1.4, dry content of micro
silica 48 to 52%.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 37
Effect on fresh concrete
The increase in water demand of concrete containing microsilica will be about
1% for every 1% of cement substituted.
lead to lower slump but more cohesive mix.
make the fresh concrete sticky in nature and hard to handle.
large reduction in bleeding and concrete with microsilica could be handled and
transported without segregation.
to plastic shrinkage cracking and, therefore, sheet or mat curing should be
considered.
produces more heat of hydration at the initial stage of hydration.
the total generation of heat will be less than that of reference concrete.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 38
nano silica
The 2% nano silica is the optimum content The use mechanical dry mixing of nano
that exhibited highest compressive strength silica with cement, fly ash and sand
at 7 and 28 days among all nano silica performed better than ultrasonic mixing of
contents NS with water and superplasticizer
The rate of strength development indicates BSE image analysis shows that the addition
that the mortars containing nano silica, of 2% nano silica significantly improves the
being more reactive and contributes more to microstructure of the matrix of high volume
the compressive strength at 7 days than 28 fly ash mortars. The XRD results also
days. confirm this result where the addition of 2%
The addition of 2% NS increased the early nano silica reduces the calcium hydroxide by
age compressive strength (i.e. 3 days) of about 58% and 50% in high volume fly ash
HVFA concrete containing 60% fly ash by mortars containing 40% and 60% fly ash,
about 95%. However, no such improvement respectively
is noticed at other ages.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 39
Backscattered electron (BSE) images of polished
surface of paste samples after 28 days of curing:
(a) cement paste, (b) paste containing 40% fly
ash, (c) paste containing
60% fly ash, (d) paste containing 2% NS, (e) paste
containing 38% fly ash and 2% NS and (f) paste
containing 58% fly ash and 2% NS.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 40
Effect on hardened concrete
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 42
Amount used Contains
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 43
Effects
Reduces susceptible to acid attack Improves overall resistance to
and improves resistance to CO2 attack.
chloride penetration. Enhances resistance to corrosion
Reduces large pores and porosity of steel in concrete.
resulting very low permeability. Reducing micro cracking and
Reduces the free lime present in improving freeze-thaw resistance.
the cement paste. Improves capillary suction and
Decreases the permeability of the accelerated chloride diffusivity.
system.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 44
Blast-furnace slag is a nonmetallic product
consisting essentially of silicates and
aluminates of calcium and other bases.
The molten slag is rapidly chilled by
quenching in water to form a glassy sand
like granulated material.
The granulated material when further
ground to less than 45 micron will have
specific surface of about 400 to 600 m2/ kg
(Blaine).
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 45
Highly reactive metakaolin is made by
water processing to remove unreactive
impurities to make100% reactive
pozzolan.
Such a product, white or cream in
colour, purified, thermally activated is
called High Reactive Metakaolin
(HRM).
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 46
the synergy of cement and metakaolin tends to
reduce the pore size to about a tenth of the
diameter within the first days. This is valid to a
replacement until the 20% level and about 27%
water in which most of the Portlandite formed
will have reacted to form additional CSH* or
CSAH** phases.
Through the formation of these phases the
pores will be filled by additional binding
material. Due to the lower pores diameter the
water uptake is reduced.
The total pore volume depends on the w/b
ratio***. With very high porosity the
advantages of metakaolin replacement will
decrease.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 47
Effects of Metakaolin Use of Metakaolin
High reactive metakaolin shows high The high reactive metakaolin is
pozzolanic reactivity and reduction having the potential to compete
in Ca(OH)2 even as early as one day.
with silica fume.
The cement paste undergoes distinct
densification.
Densification includes an increase
in strength and decrease in
permeability.
G.GUNA S.R.V.E.C 48
THE END……
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