Laws of

Work done
Thermodynamics
by the Gas
LECTURE 1
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Thermodynamics

Study of exchange of heat between bodies

Thermodynamics

conversion between heat and

various other forms of energy
Thermodynamics

conversion of heat into mechanical work

Thermodynamics

Branch of physics which deals with

the interconversion between
heat energy and any
other form of energy
Terms used in Thermodynamics

System an assembly of large number of particles

which can be described by thermodynamic variables
like pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T).

e.g. A gas enclosed in a cylinder

fitted with a piston is a system.
Terms used in Thermodynamics
Everything outside the system which can have a
Surroundings
direct effect on the system is called surroundings.

Surroundings may exchange energy with the system

which tends to change the properties of the system
Thermodynamic State

If a system has fix value of

pressure P, volume V and temperature T P
at some particular instant then One possible state

system is in a particular P0

Thermodynamic State.

V
PV = nRT V0

The thermodynamic state of the system is its

condition as identified by two independent
thermodynamic variables (P, V or P, T or V, T).
Representing a Thermodynamic Process

P
A well defined path from
one thermodynamic state
to another thermodynamic state P2 , V 2

is called as Thermodynamic Process.

P1 , V 1

V
Indicator Diagram

P
A graph representing the
variation of pressure,
P2 , V 2
temperature or volume
with each other is called P1 , V 1
as indicator diagram.
V
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

A pressure P-volume V diagram was obtained when a given

mass of gas was heated. During the heating process from
the state 1 to state 2 the Absolute Temperature of gas-

A. Remained constant
P 2
B. Decreased
1 C. Increased

O D. Changed erratically
V
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

A pressure P-absolute temperature T diagram was obtained

when a given mass of gas was heated. During the heating
process from the state 1 to state 2 the volume -

2 A. Remained constant
P
B. Decreased
C. Increased
1
O D. Changed erratically
T
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V-T diagram.
Process on the P-V diagram is-

A. B.

C. D.
Indicator Diagram or P–V Diagram

i. Every point of Indicator Diagram

represents a unique state (P, V, T) of gases.

A (Pi, Vi)
P

(Pf, Vf)

ii. Every curve on Indicator Diagram

represents a unique process.
Cyclic Process

Cyclic process is that thermodynamic process

in which the system returns
to its initial thermodynamic state P

after undergoing a series of changes.

P2 , V 2

P1 , V 1

V
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
A cyclic process is shown on the P-T diagram. Which of the
curves show the same process on a P-V diagram?

A. B.

C. D.
Work done by the Gas P, V, T

F = pA

dx
Work done by the Gas

V2
P
W= ∫ pdV
V1

= Area under P-V curve

V1 V2 V

W= +ve , if work is done by the gas (in expansion of gas)

W= -ve , if work is done on the gas (in compression of gas)

Isobaric Process If a thermodynamic system undergoes
physical change at constant pressure,
then the process is called isobaric

P = constant
P
V2

W= ∫ P dV
V1

V
Isobaric Process
V2
P = constant
W= ∫ P dV
V1
V∝T V2
P
⇒ W= P ∫ dV
V1

⇒ W = P (V2 - V1 )

Or P ΔV
V1 V2 V

W = nR (T2 - T1 )

Or nR ΔT
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

The P-V diagram of process on a system is shown in figure.

During the process, the work done by the system

A. Increases continuously.
B. Decreases continuously.
C. First increases, becomes maximum and
then decreases.
D. First decreases, becomes minimum and
then increases.
Isochoric Process A thermodynamical process in which
volume of the system remain constant,
Is called isochoric process.

V = constant
P
V2

W= ∫P dV
V1

V
Isochoric Process
V2
V = constant
W= ∫ P dV
V1
P∝T
P
V = constant

⇒ dV = 0

⇒ dW = P dV = 0

V
V = constant
Wisochoric = 0
Isothermal Process A thermodynamical process in which
pressure and volume of the system
change at constant temperature, is
called isothermal process.
T = constant
V2
P W= ∫ P dV
V1

V
Isothermal Process
V2

T = constant P ∝ 1/V
W= ∫ P dV
V1
V2
P
⇒ W= ∫ nRT
V
dV
V1

⇒
W = nRT ln(V2/V1)
Or
V1 V2 V W = nRT ln(P1/P2)

As P1V1 = nRT = P2V2

Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

A gas is expected to double its volume by two different

process, one is isobaric and the other is isothermal. Let W1
and W2 be the respective work done, then

A. W2= W1 ℓn(2)
B. W2 = W1/ℓn(2)
C. W2 = W1/2
D. Data is insufficient
Work done in a Cyclic Process

P A
X WX = + area AXBCDA

Y WY = - area BYADCB
B

D C V

W = WX + WY
= area AXBCDA – area BYADCB
= + area AXBYA
Work done in a Cyclic Process

For a cyclic process

(i) Work done in complete cycle is equal to
P A the area of the loop representing the cycle.
X (ii) If the closed loop is traced in the
clockwise direction, the expansion curve
Y lies above the compression curve. WX >WY,
B
the area of loop is positive.

V (iii) If the closed loop is traced in the

D C anticlockwise direction, the expansion curve
lies below the compression curve WX < WY,
the area of the loop is negative.
Typical Cyclic Processes

P P

P2
P2

+
+
P1
P1
V
V V1 V2
V1 V2

W = Area of Triangle W = Area of rectangle

= ½ (P2- P1) x (V2- V1) = (P2- P1) x (V2- V1)

Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the
gas in one cycle is-
P
A. 28 P1V1
7P1 B. 14 P1V1
C. 18 P1V1
P1
V D. 9 P1V1
V1 4V1
Typical Cyclic Processes
P

P2
r1

r2
+

P1
V
V1 V2

W = area of the circle

Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

A gas undergoes a cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure.

The part ABC of process is semicircular. The work done by
the gas is -
50 B
A. 400 πJ
30 C B. 2456 J
P (N/m2) A D
C. 200 π
D. 1826 J
20 60
V (m3)
Daily Practice Problems
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

The correct curve between V vs T graph for an

isochoric process will be:

A. B.
V
V

T
T

C. D. V
V

T
T

Ans: D
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
A cyclic process ABCA shown in the V-T diagram is performed
with a constant mass of an ideal gas. If CA is parallel to the V-
axis and BC is parallel to T-axis, the same process in the P-V
diagram is-
A. B.

C. D.

Ans: A
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Two samples A and B are initially kept in the same state. The
sample A is expanded through an adiabatic process and the
sample B through an isothermal process. The final volumes of
the samples are the same. The final pressures in A and B are p A
and pB respectively.
A. pA > pB
B. pA = pB
C. pA < pB
D. The relation between pA and pB
cannot be deduced.

Ans: C
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas of equal

number of moles of different volumes are plotted as shown
in figure. Choose the correct alternative -
A. V1 = V2, V3 = V4 and V2 > V3
B. V1 = V2, V3 = V4 and V2 < V3
C. V1 = V2 = V3 = V4
D. V4 > V3 > V2 > V1

Ans: A
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

An ideal gas changes from state a to state b as shown in

figure.
What is the work done by the gas in the process?

A. Zero
B. Positive
C. Negative
D. Infinite.

Ans: A
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Figure shows four indicator diagrams. In which case is the work

done maximum -

A. IV
B. II
C. III
D. I

Ans: D
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

A gas system expands, following the process shown in the figure.

For the process B to C, PV1.3 = const.
The total work done by the gas system is

A. 2.25 mJ
B. 1.475 mJ
C. 4.42 mJ
D. 0.74 mJ

Ans:A
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

An ideal monatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as

shown in figure. The work done during the cycle is

A. PV
B. 2 PV
C. PV/2
D. Zero

Ans: A
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

A cyclic process is shown in the p-T diagram. Which of the

curves show the same process on a V-T diagram ?

A. B.

C. D.

Ans: C
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the figure. Which of the

curves show the same process ?

A. B.

C. D.

Ans: B
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic

process shown in figure, is

A. 107 πJ
B. 104 πJ
C. 102 πJ
D. 10-3 πJ

Ans: C
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