INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 8528-5 ‘Third edition 2013-03-15 Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets — Part 5: Generating sets Groupes électrogénes @ courant alternatif entrainés par moteurs alternatifs @ combustion interne — Partie 5: Groupes dlectrogdnes ©180 2013A COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © 1802013 All rights reserved. Unless atherwise specified, nopartof this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwisein any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or pesting on the internet or an intranet, without prior ‘written permission, Permission can be requested irom ether ISO atthe address below or ‘SO's member body in the country of the requester 180 copyright office Case postale 56 +CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. 441 2274901 11 Fax + 41 22749 09 47 E-mail copyright@icoorg Web wow so.org Published in Switzerland ii (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedContents Foreword Scope. Normative references, Symbols, terms and definitions, Other regulations and additional requirements we ene Frequency characteristics 51 General Overfrequency characteristics. Voltage characteristics Sustained short-circuit current weue Factors affecting generating set performance 9.1 General 92 Power 93 Frequency and voltage 94 Load acceptance. 10 Cyclicirregularity 11 Starting characteristics 12 Stop time characteristics 13 Parallel operation 13.1 Active power sharing 13.2 Reactive power sharing 15.3 _ Influence on parallel-operating behaviour 14 Rating plates. 15 Further factors influencing generating set performance 15.1 Starting methods 15.2 Shutdown methods 15.3 Fuel and lubrication oil supply. 154 Combustion air 15.5 Exhaust system. 15.6 Cooling and room ventilation. 15.7 Monitoring, 15.8 Noise emission 15.9 Coupling 15.10 Vibration. 15.11 Foundations. 16 Performance class operating limit values 161 General 16.2. Recommendation for gas engine operating limit values Bibliography © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved BS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) Page iv if013(E) Foreword (SO [Lhe International Organization for Sandardization) isa worklwide feleretiou of wational slaudards hodies (ISO member bodies|. The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried ont through ISO technical committees, Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee, International orgenizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, alsa take part in the work (SO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of slevtrotechnical standardization: international Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an lulernaticnal Standard requires approval by al least 75 % of the meniber bodies basting. a vote. Attention 1s drawn to che possibility that some of the elements of this decument may be che subject of patent rights. ISO shull not be held responsible for identifying any ov all such patent rights [SO 852U-5 was prepared by Technical Committee [S0/'TC 70, fnternal combustion engines. This third odition cancols and replaces the sccond edition (ISO 8528-5:2005), which has been technically revised. 1508528 consists ofthe following parts, :nder the general title Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating secs: = Part 1: Application, ratings and performance = Part 2: Engines — Part 3; Altemating cerrent generitors for generating sets — Pare4: Concrolgear and switchgear = Part 5: Generating sets = Part 6: Test methods — Part 7: fechnivat decar ations forspecification and design — Part Requirements and tests for low-power generating sets = Part 9: Measurement and evaluation of mechunival vibvations = Part 10: Measurement of uirborne noise by Une enveloping surface method = Pave 12"; Rotary uninterruptible power systems — Performance requirements and test methods — Part 12: Emergency power sunplies to safety services 1). Parl 11 is published as TBC 88528-11:2004, wv 180 2013 - A rights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8528-5:2013(E) Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets — Part 5: Generating sets 1 Scope This part of ISO 8528 defines terms and specifies design and performance criteria arising out of the combination of a Reciprocating Internal Combustion (RIC) engine and an Alternating Current (a.c) generator when operating as a unit. Itappliesto ac. generating sets driven by RIC engines for land and marine use, excluding generating sets used on aircraft or to propel land vehicles and locomotives. For some specific applications (eg. essential hospital supplies and high-rise buildings) supplementary requirements can be necessary. The provisions of this part of ISO 8528 are a basis for establishing any supplementary requirements. For generating sets driven by other reciprocating-typeprime movers (e.g. steam engines), the provisions of this part of ISO 8528 can be used as a basis for establishing these requirements, 2 Normative references ‘The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. 180 3046-5:2001, Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Performance — Part 5: Torsional vibrations 180 8528-1:2005, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets — Fart f: Application, ratings and performance 180 8528-3:2005, Reciprocating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sets — Part 3: Alternating current generators for generating sets IEC 60034-1:2004, Rotating electrical machines — Part 1: Rating and performance 3. Symbols, terms and definitions indications of technical data for electrical equipment, IEC uses the term ‘rated’ and the subscript For indications of technical data for mechanical equipment, ISO uses the term “declared” and the subscript “r”. Therefore, in this part of ISO 8528, the term “rated” is applied only to electrical items. Otherwise, the term “declared” is used throughout. An explanation ofthe symbolsand abbreviations used in this International Standard are shown in Table 1. © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 1Table 1 — Symbols, termsand definitions ‘Symbol Unit Definition, wz [— famax /Maximum transient frequency rise (over- | Hz Maximum frequency which occurs on shoot frequency) sudden change from a higher to a lower power, [The symbal is different from that given in 180 3046-4:2009. Pim ‘Maximum transient irequency drop (under- | Hz [Minimum frequency which eccurs on shoot frequency) sudden change from alower to ahigher power ‘The symbol is different from that given in 180 3046-4:2009, fi® [Operating frequency of overtrequency limit- | Hz [The frequency at which, for a given setting. ing device frequency, the overfrequency limiting device starts to operate, Was Setting frequency ofovertrequency limiting | Hz [The frequency of the generating set, the device exceeding of which activates the overtre- ‘quency limiting device. In practice, instead of the value for the setting frequency, the value for the per- rmissible overfrequency is stated (also see [Table f of IS0 8528-2:2005), q No‘oad frequency ta [= is Rated no-load frequency wa_[- Jina® | Maximum permissible Frequency Hz [Avequency specified by thegenerating set manufacturer whichllesa sale amount below the frequency limit (see Table 1 of 180 8820 2:2005) le Declared frequency (rated frequency) t_[- imax ___| Maximum no-load frequency Ha_[- Jims Minimum no-load frequency Var Frequency at actual power . iaeh of requency oscillation we [= o Sustained shorteireute current aE le ime oe ts Total stopping time 5 [Time interval fromthe top command unt te generating set has come to acon plete stop and ic given by fart teeta le» Load pick-up readiness time 5 [Time interval fromthe startcommand ‘until ready for supplying an agreed power, taking into accounta given frequency and voltage tolerance and is given by: t= tpt te [> Fora given generating et the operating frequency depends on the total inertia of the generating set and the design of [the overfrequeney protection system. |> The frequency limit (see Figure 3 of 1S08528-2:2005)s the calculated frequency which the engineand generatorof the| Jnenerating setcan sustain without rish of damage 2 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedTable 1 (continued) 150 8528-5:2013(E) Symbol ‘Term Unit Definition Off-loadrun-on time s ‘Time interval from the removal of the Joad until generating set off signals given to the generating set, Also knownas the “cooling run-on time, Run-down ume ‘Time from the generating set off signal ‘to when the generating set has come toa complete stap. cae Load pick-up time ‘Frequency recovery time after load decrease| ‘Time interval from startcommand until the agreed load is connected and is given by: fe iptgts ‘The time interval between the departure from the steady-state frequency band after a suddon specified load decroase and) the permanent re-entry of the frequency Into the specified steady-state frequency tolerance band (see Figure 4). tin Frequency recovery time afterload increase ‘The time interval between the departure from the steady'state frequency band after a sudden specilied load increase and ‘the permanent re-entry of the frequency into the specified steady-state frequency tolerance band (see Figure 4), “Total rua-up time ‘Time interval from the beginaing of cranking until ready for supplying an agreed power, taking into account given Frequency and voltage tolerance. Run-up time ‘Time interval from the beginning of cranking until the declared speed is reached for the first time. le (Onloadrun-on time Time interval from astop command being given until the load is disconnected (auto matic sets). Start preparation time ‘Time interval from the start command until the beginning of cranking. Load switching time ‘Time from readiness to take up an agreed load until this load is connected. ta Interruption time ‘Time interval from the appearance of the criteria initiating a startuntil the agreed Toad is connected and is given by: tu=tet tpt tgt ts = tytte This time shall be particularly taken into account for automatically started generat- ing ets (see Clause 11). Recovery time (180 8528-12:1997) is a particular case of interruption time. > For a given generating set the operating frequency depends on the toial inertia ofthe generating set and the design off the ovorfeequency protection systam > The frequency limit (ee Figure 3 off$0 8528.2:2005) isthe calculated frequency which the engine and generator of the| generating set can sustain withoutrisk of damage, © 1802013~ Allrighss reservedTable 1 (continued) ‘Symbol _|Term Unit Definition bude Voltage recovery time after load decrease s ‘Time interval from the point at which a load decrease 1s initiated until the point ‘when the voltage returns to and remains lwithin the specified steady-state voltage tolerance band (see Figure 5), tun Voltage recovery time after load increase ‘Time interval from the point at which a load increase is initiated until the point when the voltage returns to and remains within thespecified steady-state voltage tolerance band (see Figure 5) a Start delay time ‘Time interval from the appearance of the criteria initiating a start to the starting, [command (particularly for automati- cally started generating units). This time docs nat depend on the applied generat- Ing set, The exact value of this time isthe esponsibility of and is determined by the customer or, if required, by special equirements of legislative authorities. For example, this time is provided to avoid starting in case of avery short mains failure te (Cranking time [Time interval from the beginning of cranking until the firing speed of the engine is reached. to Precubricating time [Time required for some engines to ensure that oil pressure is established before the beginning of cranking. This time is usually ‘zero for smrall generating sets, which nor- mally do not require pre-lubrication. a Rate ofchange of frequency setting, Rate of change of frequency setting under emote control expressed as a percentage ofelated range of frequency setting per [second and is given by: yoni fe x100 hs Rate ofchange of vokage setting Rate of change of valtage setting under remote control expressed asa percentage ofthe related range of voltage setting per second and is givenby: ~Usup~Us0)/ Ur t vw 100 Ussao Downward adjustable voltage Vv Usp [Upward adjustable voltage Vv the averfrequency protection system. generating setcan sustain without risk of damage [> Fora given generating tthe operating frequency depends on the total inertia of the generating set and the design of |» The frequency limit (see Figure 3 of 1508528-2:2005) s the calculated frequency which the engineand generatorof the| (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedTable 1 (continued) 150 8528-5:2013(E) Symbol Term Unit Definition u, Ysoe U, Yara Rated voltage ‘Recovery voltage Set voltage “Maximum steady-state voltage v Line-to-line voltage at the terminels of the ‘generator at rated frequency and at rated output. Rated voltage isthe voltage assigned by ‘the manufacturer for operating and per- formance characteristics Maximum obtainable steady-state voltage fora specified load condition, Recovery voltage is normally expressed a a percentage of the rated voltage. It nor- mally lies within the steady-state voltage tolerance band (AU), For loads in excess of | the rated load, recovery voltage is limited by saturation and exciter/regulator field forcing capability (see Figure 5), Line-to-line voltage for defined operation. selected by adjustment. Maximum voltage under steady-state con- ditions at rated Irequency for all powers between no-load and rated output andat specified power factor, taking int account the influence of temperature rise. Yin Minimum steady-state voltage Minimum voltage under steady-state con- ditionsat rated frequency for all powers between no-load and rated output and at specified power factor, taking inte account the influence of temperature rise, Uy No-Woad voltage Line-to-line voltage at the terminals of the ‘generator at rated frequency and no-load, aynanax ‘Maximum upward transient voltage onload decrease ‘Maximum voltage which occurs on a Sue ‘den change from a higher load to a lower Toad) ayn Minimum downward te load increase nsient voltage on Minimum voltage which occurs on a sud- den change from a lowerload to ahigher Toad) Maximum peak value of set voltage ‘Minimum peak value of set voltage i ‘Average value of the maximum and mini- ‘mum peak value of set voltage = Por a given generating set the operating frequency dependson the toial inertia oF the generating set and the design of the overfrequency protection system, b The frequency limit (ee Figure 3 of|S0 8528.2:2005) isthe calculated frequency which the engine and generator of the| generating set can sustain withoutrisk of damage, © 1802013~ Allrighss reservedTable 1 (continued) Symbol_[Term Unit Definition if Voltage modulation 9% [Quast periodic voltage variation (pealcto mods peak) about a steady-state voltage having typical frequencies below the fundamen- tal generation frequency, expressed as la percentage of averagepeak voltage at ated frequency and constant speed: 0, - ans = Peis: — Umit 199 Pots * Twain This isa eyelie or random disturbance which can be caused by regulators, cyclie ircegularity or intermittent loads. Flickering lights are a special case of volt: age modulation (see Figures 11 and 12). cr Maximum peak of voltage modulation V__ [Quasi-perindic maximum voltage varia mod siniex tion (neakcto-peak) about a steady-state voltage le Minimum peak of voltage modulation V__ [Quasi-periodie minimum voltage varia- edna tion (neakcto-peak) about a steady-state voltage A [width of vorage oscitation vee [afnee [Downward frequency deviation from near | Hz |— curve [Sfoos [Upward frequency deviation fromlinear | Hz [= ar Steady-state frequency tolerance band The agreed frequency band about the steady-state frequency which the fre jqueney reaches within a given governing period after increase ordecrease of the Toad, are [Maximum frequency deviation from alinesr| Ha [The larger value of face and Afjos that curve occur between no load and rated load (see igure2) an [Range of frequency setting Tia [The range between the highest and lowest M eee adjustable no-load frequencies (see Kig- ure 1)as given by Afe= fimax~ fimin layer Downward range of frequency settin Ha |Rangebetween the declared no-load fre- s EIEN quency and the lowest adjustable no-load Frequency (soe Figure i) as given by: Mado = Fie Fimin lag, Upward range of frequency setting Tz [Range between the highest adjustable no- fee . es load frequency and the declared no-load frequency (see Figure 1) as given by: Afsup = Fimax~ ir [- For agiven generating set the operating frequency depends on the woral inertia of he generating vet and the design ef the overtrequency protection system, Tne frequency limit(see Figure 3 of1808528-2:2005) i the calculated frequency which the engineand generator ofthe Jzonerating set can sustain without risk of damage (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedTable 1 (continued) 150 8528-5:2013(E) Symbol ‘Term Unit Definition ay au, Steady-state voltage tolerance band Range of valtage setting v ‘Agreed voltage band about the steady- ‘state voltage that the voltage reaches ‘within a given regulating period aftera ‘specified Sudden increase or decrease of oad. Unless otherwise stated it is given by: AU =25U5¢ x2 100 ange of maximum possible upward and downward adjustments of voltage at te generator terminaleat rated froquency. forall loads between norload and ated joutputand within the agreed range of power factor as given by AU, =Mup + 5.49 Us. Downward range of voltage setting Range between the rated voltage and downward adjustment of voltage at the generator terminalsat rated frequency, forall loads between no-load and rated ‘output and within the agreed range of power factor as given by: AU si Upward range of voltage setting Range between the rated voltage and upward adjustment of voltage at the gen- erator terminals at rated frequency, fr all Toads between no-load and rated outpt ‘and within the agreed range of power fac- tor as given by: MU sup =U, sup =Ussap Ur 8 fx Frequency/power characteristic deviation ‘Maximum deviation froma linear fre= ‘quency/power characteristic curve in ‘the power range between no-load and declared power, expressed asa percentage of rated frequency (see Figure 2) as given by: AF. fe D8 fxn 100 Frequency/power characteristic curve Curve of steady-state frequencies in the power range between no-load and declared power, plotted against active power of generating set (see Figure 2). Related steady-state voltage tolerance band ‘The tolerance bend expressed as « per centage of the rated voltage as given by: AU ay =——x 100 U, For a given generating set the operating frequency depends on the total inertia ofthe generating set and the design of the ovorfeequency protection systam > The frequency limit (ee Mgure 3 of $0 8528.-2:2005) isthe calculated frequency which the engine and generator of the| generating set can sustain without risk of damage © 1802013~ Allrighss reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 Iso 8528- 013(E) Table 1 (continued) ‘Symbol ‘Term Unit Definition ar Related frequency tolerance band % "This tolerance band expressed asa per centage ofthe vated froquoncy a given by: 4 a= x10 [ae Steady-state frequency band f Envelope width oscillation ¥ of generat- ing set frequency at constant power around a meanvalue, expressed as a percentage of rated frequency as given by: f Br=-ex10 he Lr stein vo papery tee range between 20 % power and declared power shall be stated For powers helow 20%, the steady-state frequency band can show higher values ve figure), but shall allow aynchron- zation ofa "Transient frequency deviation (from initial Frequency) on load increase () related to initial frequency "Temporary frequency deviation between lundershoot frequency and initial fre- ‘quency during the governing process fol- lowing a sudden load increase, related to initial frequency, expressed as a percent- lage asgiven by. j= Lan Far 99 jo minus sigh relates to an urdershoot ter afoad increas, a a pls igh to an overshoot aftera lod decrease ftansient frequency deviation shall be in te albwableconsuiner frequency Coer- ance. |; Fora given generating set the operating frequency depends on the total inertia of the generating set and the design of the overfrequency protection system, + The frequency limit see Figure 3 of1$08528-2:2005) s the calculated frequency which he engineand generator of the [generating set can sustain without risk of damage. (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedTable 1 (continued) BS ISO 8528-5:2013 180 8528-5:2013(E) Symbol ‘Term Unit Definition ofa ‘Transient frequency deviation (from initial Frequency) on load decrease (+) related to initial frequency % “Temporary frequency deviation between ‘overshoot Frequency and inital frequency ‘during the governing process following sudden load decrease, related ta inivial frequency, expressed as a percentage as, given by: Faviy ‘A minus sign relatesto an undershoot after a load increase, anda plus sign to an ‘overshoot after a load decrease. ‘Transient frequency deviation shall bein ‘the allowable consumer frequency toler- 8 Fain 5 Fain ‘Transient frequency deviation (from initial frequency) on load increase (-)related to rated frequency “Transient frequency deviation (from initial frequency) on load decrease (+) related to rated frequency ‘Temporary frequency deviation between Uundershoot (or overshoot) frequeacy and Initial frequency during the governing process following a sudden load change, related to rated frequency, expressed as a percentage as given by: 5 fy = fafa ‘Transient frequency deviation shall bein the allowable consumer frequency tolerance, 100 ‘A minus sign relates to an undershoot after aload increase, anda plus sign to an overshoot after a load decrease. ‘Temporary frequency deviation between ‘overshoot frequency and initial frequency ‘during the governing process following ‘a sudden load change, related to rated Frequency, expressed as a percentage as given by: 8 fain Transient frequency deviation shall bein ‘the allowable consumer frequency tolerance. Jamas Sas 199 ‘A minus sign relates to an undershoot after a load increase, anda plus sign to an ‘overshoot alter a load decrease. For a given generating set the operating irequency dependson the total inertia ofthe generating set and the design of the overtrequency protection system, “The Froquency limit (see Figure 3 of SO 0520 2:2005) isthe calculated frequency which the engine and generator af the generating set can sustain withoutrisk of damage, © 1802013~ Allrighss reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 Iso 8528- 013(E) Table 1 (continued) ‘Symbol ‘Term Unit Definition SU ayn Transient voltage deviation on load increase % Transient voltage deviation on load increase isthe voltage drop when the \generator, driven at rated frequency and lacrated voltage under normal excita- tion control, is switched onto rated load, expressed as a percentage of ated voltage las given by: u, Van = 100 ‘Transient voltage deviation shall be in the allowable consumer voltage tolerance. ‘A minus sign relates to an undershoot alter a load increase, and a plus sign to an lavershoot aftera load decrease. SU 4m Transient voltage deviation on load decrease Transient voltage deviation on load decrease i thevolage ise when the [goerator drive atrated frequency and trated vottage under normal excitation contral has sudden rection ofrated Toad, expressed as a percentage of rated weltage a given by su = Larne Ue ao yy = Hts Ae 209 ‘Transient voltage deviation shallbe inthe lowableconsamer voltage tolrance ‘A minus sign relates to an undershoot alter a load increase, anda plus sign to an overshoot after a load decrease. bf Related range of frequency setting Range of frequency setting, expressed asa percentage of rated frequency as given by: of Simax ~ Simin te 100 lafeco [Related downward range of frequency set ting [Rangeot downward Frequency sating expressed asa percentage of therated feeaiererad aves bn 8f.d0 => Fusin 399 fe [Shean Related upward range of frequency setting % Range of pwvard frequency seting expressed asa percentage the ated frequency ae gven by Bfjyy ~Litse=fir 99 |: Fora given generating set the operating frequency depends on the total inertia of the generating setand the design of the overfrequency protection system. The frequency limit (see Figure 3 of 1$00528-2:2005) the calculated frequency which the engineand generator ofthe |zenerating setcan sustain without risk of damage. 10 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedTable 1 (continued) BS ISO 8528-5:2013 180 8528-5:2013(E) Symbol Term Unit Definition 6 fix Frequency droop % Frequency difference between rated no~ load frequency and the rated frequency at declared power expressed as a percent- aye of rated frequency at fixed frequency setting (see Figure 1) as given by: gee Grade of quadrature-current compensation ‘droop a Cyclic irvogularity 6 fis Overfrequency setting ratio Difference between the setting frequency of the overtrequency limiting device and the rated frequency divided ky the rated Frequency, expressed as a percentage as ven by: fim =f Fe 100 Use Steady-state voltage deviation Maximum deviation from the set voltage under steady-state conditions at rated frequency for all powers between no-load and rated output and at specified power factor, taking into account the influence of| temperature rise. The steady-state voltage| deviation is expressed asa percentage of the rated voltage as given by: 4 Ustmax—U; a, Uy = stamit 5¢190 eu, Related range of voltage setting Range of voltage setling expressed asa percentage of the rated voltage asgiven by: AU, wv, Mam se 199 ou, 6 Usc0 Related downward range of voltage setting Downward range of voltage setting ‘expressed as a percentage of the rated voltageas given by: u,-U, Sr sdo 100 U, ou, sdo > Fora given gencrating set the operating irequency depes the overfrequency protection system. Jb The Frequency limit (ee Figure 3 of $0 8528.2:2005) isthe calculated frequency which the engine and generator of the| generating set can sustain withoutrisk of damage. ison the (oial Inertia ofthe generating set and the design of © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved cvBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) Table 1 (continued) Symbol _|Term Unit Definition 5 Usp [Relatedupwardrange ofvoltage setting | % _|UPWward range of voltage setting expressed| lata percentage of the cated voltage an igiven by; 8u, sup Ee \5u20 Voltage unbalance % |Ratio of the negative-sequence or the zero-sequence voltage components te the positive-sequence voltage components at ‘no-load. Voltage unbalance is expressed as a percentage of rated voltage. [> For agiven generating set the operating frequency depends on the total inertia of the generating set and the design of the everfrequency protection system. |» _ The frequency limit (see Figure 3 of S08528-2:2005) is the calculated frequency which the engineand generatorof the| penerating set can sustain without risk of damage 201574 944 0 hw key P Power J Frequency 1 Frequency/power characteristic curve 2 Power limit (the power limit ofthe generating set depends upon the power limit of the RIC engine (e.g. fuel stop power) taking into account the efficiency of the ac. generator) Upward frequency setting range > Downward frequency setting range Range of frequency setting Figure 1 — Frequency / power characteristic, range of frequency setting 12 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 1 2 fi 4 Fa 7 2 ' S fur j Gwe +4 ¢ sl A + 3 Sr = 0 : Ma 7 E Lin _,| 5 2 Key : Time f Frequency 1 Power increase 2 Power decrease Figure 4 — Dynamic frequency behaviour 14 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) Terms, symbols and definitions related to frequency characteristics are given in Table 1 (see Figures L 2,3and 4). 6 Overfrequency characteristics The terms, symbols and definitions related to overfrequency character tics are given in Table 1. 7 Voltage characteristics ‘The generating set voltage characteristics are determined mainly by the inherent design of the a.c. generator and the performance of the automatic voltage regulator. Both the steady-state and the transient frequency characteristics can also influence the generator voltage (see Figure 5). Terms, symbols and definitions related to voltage characteristicsare given in Table 1. 8 Sustained short-circuit current The sustained short-circuit current, fy, which can be important to current-operated protective devices, can well be lower in service than the “ideal” value specified by the generator manufacturer for a fault at the generator terminals. The actual value will be influenced by the circuit impedance between the generator and the location ofthe fault (also soe 10.3 of IS0 8528-3:2005). 9. Factors affecting generating set performance 9.1 General The frequency and voltage performance of a generating set depends on the characteristics of component parts of the generating set. 9.2 Power Among other factors with respect to the power, the following are particularly relevant and shall be considered when “sizing’ the generating set and switchgear a) application; b) power requirements of the connected load; ©) load power factor; a) starting characteristics of any connected electrical motors; 8). diversity factor of the connected load; f) intermittent loads; and g) effect of nonlinear loads. Consideration shall be given to the profile of the connected load in sizing” the RICengine and generator, as well as the switchgear. 9.3 Frequency and voltage The effect on the transient frequency and voltage characteristics of the generating set to a sudden load change depends on such influences as the following a) the turbo-charging system of the RIC engine; 16 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) » 7 Key Dme declared power mean effective pressure P power increase referred to declared power at site conditions first power stage second power stage third power stage fourth power range fifth power range Figure 6 — Reference values for maximum possible sudden power increases as a function of brake mean effective pressure, pme, at declared power (four-stroke engines) For decision making purposes, the actual power acceptance behaviour of the engine to be used should be considered (see ISO 3046-4:2009). 18 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) iz 3 h% / 7 & % PS é | } —| ° p> 2 ° 500 4.000 1500 Pra.tes Key Pme declared power mean effective pressure P power incease referred to declared power at site conditions 1 first power stage 2 second power stage 3° third power stage Figure 7 — Reference values for maximum possible sudden power increases as a function of brake mean effective pressure, pme, at declared power (two-stroke high-speed engines) For decision making purposes, the actual power acceptance behaviour of the engine to be used should be considered (see ISO 3046-4:2009), 10 Cyclic irregularity ‘The cyclic irregularity 4, is the periodic fluctuation of speed caused by the rotational irregularity of tthe prime mover. It is the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum angular velocity to the mean angular velocity at the generator shaft at any constant load. In the case of single operation, the cyclic irregularity takes effect in a corresponding modulation in generator voltage and is therefore determined by measuring the variation in generated voltage and is given by: NOTE1 _Itispossibleto alter the cyclicirregularity of rotational speedat the generator relative tothe measured value of the cyclic irregularity at the internal combustion engine by installing a resilient coupling between the internal combustion engineand the generator and/or by modifying the mass moment of inertia NOTE2 Special consideration is to be given for generating sets working in parallel with low-speed (100 min-t to 180 min!) compression ignition (diesel) engine sets in order to avoid resonance between engine torque irregularity and electromechanical frequency oscillation of the set (see Clause 11 of ISO 8528-3:2005) © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 19BS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) 4 shoue = s Sis t 1 ty u, ie ‘ ae fo fy 4 fo Key t time Ff frequency U voltage 1 starting pulse 2 firingspeed 3 voltage curve 4 frequency curve Figure 8 — Starting characteristics 12 Stop time characteristics ‘Terms, symbols and definitions related to the stop time characteristics are given in Table 1 (see Figure 9), © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 241BS ISO 8528-5:2013 1s0 8528-5:2013(E) ryu fur fs ft U, Gu, | 2 3 4 fe & ‘ ty key F abie Ff freqeency voltage 1 pp eri 2. power removed 3 fuel stop signal Figure 9 — Stopping characteristics 13 Parallel operation 13.1 Active power sharing 13.1.1 Factors influencingactive power sharing Active power sharing (see Figure 10) can be influenced by any one or more of the following: a) the speed governor droop characteristic; b)_ the dynamic behaviour of the RIC engine and its speed governor; ©) the dynamic behaviour of the coupling: ) the dynamic behaviour of the a.c. generator taking into account the characteristics of the network or the consumer's equipment; 8) the automatic voltage regulator characteristics. 22 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) 2aP, 4 3 % DAP. s 5 fe ° 25 50 75 400 R% ey Power J Frequency 1 tolerance band Figure 10 — Power sharing in parallel running 13.1.2 Calculation method The difference, AP,, expressed as the percentage between the proportion of power supplied by an individual generating set and the proportion of the total power supplied by all generating sets at ideal frequency characteristic, is given by: his the number of parallel-operating generating sets; i isthe index for identifying the individual generating set which is considered within the group ofall paralle-operating generating sets; PF; _ isthe partial active power of the individual generating set considered; Pj isthe rated active power of the individual generating set considered; XP) _ is the sum of the partial active power of all parallel-operating generating sets; 2P,,j is the sum of the rated active power ofall parallel-operating generating sets. Hfoptimum active power sharing is achieved at thetotal rated active power, then the maximum deviation inactive power sharing fora particular generatingset, in the active power range from 20% to 100 %of its © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 23BS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) rated active power, will occur when the engine speed governor settings remain unchanged. If automatic active power sharing systems are employed, active power deviation can be reduced, compared with the values obtained through the engine speed governor characteristics alone. In order to avoid a motoring, operation in the event of power deviations between generating sets operating in parallel, appropriate precautions, for example reverse power relays, are required. 13.1.3. Examples of active power sharing The examples shown in Table 2 are worked assuming a value of cos = 0,8. Table 2 — Examples of active power sharing Related | J Partial - scam | Genser | Pacer | Pu | per | 22, on ww woe «ws ao 25 687 65 1 [eae] 1200 [60] soe 75 [Ce 3 [40 a [as sad 1 400 5. 83.7 | +87 2 [oe pos) 90 [Tao] rs 70 = [os | 2 130 6 = TGTE_fowe dein om ett ug dusts ier ante poe eee IEE ee er are OO 13.2 Reactive power sharing 13.2.1 Factors influencing reactive power sharing Reactive power sharing can be influenced by any one or more of the following: 4) the grade ofthe quadrature-current compensation voltage droop (Sycc); b) whether stabilization by equalizer links s present; «)_the automatic reactive power sharing control characteristic; ) the automatic voltage regulator characteristic. 24 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) 13.22 Calculation method ‘The difference, AQi, expressed as the percentage hetween the proportion of reactive power supplied by an individual generating set and the proportion of the total reactive power supplied by all the generating sets at ideal voltage droop characteristic, is given by: Le a 42 |x 100 nt Le nis the number of parallel-operating generating sets; the i isthe index foriden group of all parallel fying the individual generating set which is considered withi l-operating generating sets; is the partial reactive power of the individual generating sets considered; Gri _ is the rated reactive power of the individual generating set considered; 2Q) isthe sum of the partial reactive power of all parallel-operating generating sets; 2Q,,j is the sum of the rated reactive power ofall parallel-operating generating sets. If optimum reactive power sharing is achieved at the total rated reactive power, then the maximum deviation in reactive power sharing for a particular generating set, in the reactive power range from 20 % to 100 % ofits rated reactive power, will occur when the voltage control reference value settings remain unchanged. Exact reactive power sharing is made possible, for example, by: a) the grade of the quadrature-current compensation voltage droo} b) whether stabilization equalizer links re present; 9) the automatic reactive power sharing control characteri 13.2.3. Examples of reactive power sharing ‘The examples shown in Table 3 are worked assuming a value of cos ~ = 0.8. © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 25BS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8526-5:2013(E) Table 3 — Examples of reactive power sharing Rated | Partial | % ye, reactive | Sg, | reactive |g, 2x10 | F100 | 49, Example | Genset | power | A power 7 a Qs a Dee, A war | kvar_|_wwar [kar % % % 1 200 206 607 ~63 1 2 300_| 900 [2s | 7s 75 % 0 3 300 244 3 1 300 i 83.7 +87 2 2 ms_| 675 [ 158 | sor | 702 8 ~48 3 150 8 65,3 =37 NOTE nthe event of sudden power changes the permieiblvalues for constant deviation and hunting reactive power sharing cin betemporariy exceeded. 13.3 Influence on parallel-operating behaviour The following can have influence on parallel-running behaviour: a) the speed governor droop characterist b)_ the dynamic behaviour of the RIC engine and its speed governor; ©) the dynamic behaviour of the coupling; ) the dynamic behaviour of the a.c. generator, taking into account the relevant reaction of the connected mains or the other parallel-operating generators; 8}, the automatic voltage regulator characteristic; f) the grade of quadrature-current compensation voltage droop (Sg¢c) of the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). 14 Rating plates Generating sets shall bear the following rating plates: a) Generating set rating plate. This shall give at least the following information: 1) the words "Generating set 180 852: 2) the manufacturer's name or mark; 3) the set serial number; 4) the set year of manufacture; 5) the rated power (kW) with one of the prefixes COP, PRP, LP or ESP in accordance with the requirements of Clause 13 of IS0 8528-1:2005; 6) the set performance class in accordance with the requirements of Clause 7 of 80 8528-1:2005; 7) the rated power factor; 26 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) 8) the set rated frequency (Hz); 9} the set rated voltage (V); 10) the set rated current (A); 11) the mass (kg). b) Rating plate for the RIC engine; ©) Rating plate for generators, In accordance with IEC 60034-1:2004 and Clause 14 of ISO 8528-3:2005; ) Rating plate for switchgear, where the switchgear is an integral part of the generating set. NOTE1 Figure 13 showsan example of a rating plate for a generating set. NOTE2 With units ratedat less than 10 kW, the information can be combined on asingle rating plate. NOTE3 Information related to the maximum side altitude above sea level (m) and the maximum site ambient temperature (C°) are not relevant for the rating plate but can he made available in a technical documentation, Key © time U voltage Figure 11 — Sinusoidal voltage modulation of an amplitude aio and aregular frequency of 10 Hz © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 27BS ISO 8528-5:2013 Iso 8528- & Key f frequency ‘gt frequency weighting factor corresponding to ay Figure 12 — Curve giving equivalent perceptil 28 013(E) 08 06 04 02 10 25 ity due to change in brightness (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) General set Manufacturer ‘Serial No, Year of manufacture Rated power Rated power factor Maximum site altitude of installation Maximum ambient temperature Rated frequency Rated vokiage Rated current Mass [Performance class L Space for indicating the power output category (see 180 8528-1:2005) selected from: COP — Continuous Operating Power; PRP — Prime Power; mited Time running Power; ESP— Emergency Standby Power Figure 13 — Example of an RIC engine driven generating set rating plate 15 Further factors influencing generating set performance 15.1 Starting methods Depending on thesize, designand application of the generatingset, different starting methods, according to energy source, areused e.g: a) mechanical (e.g. crank); b) electrical (e.g. electric starting motor); 6) pneumatic (eg. compressed air introduced to the RIC engine cylinders or pneumatic starting motor}, © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 29BS ISO 8528-5:2013 180 8528-5:2013(E) 15.2 Shutdown methods Depending cn design and application, different shutdown methods, according to the ty ne of shutdawen signal, are used e.g a) mechanical; b) electrical; ©) pneumatic; A) hydraulic. 15.3 Fuel and lubrication oil supply The fuel and lubrication il supplies shall he designed sa that the generating set is able to operate satistactorily underall operatingconditions. Furthermore, safety requirements (e.g fortireandexplosicn protection) shall be taken into account, The appropriate regulations of the legislative authorities of the Fespective country for fvel and! Inbricating oil storage shall be complica with, 15.4 Combustion air The quality of air required for combustion shall be taken into account to determine the degree of filtration required. 15.5 Exhaust system The exhaust system shall bo designed in accordance with the permitted oxhaust gas back pressure (stated by the engine manufacturer) and the recuired noise atteauation. The following criteria ean be Important in designing the system: a) whether structure-borne sound: sulation is installed required; bh) whether heat insulation and cladding (radiation, penetrations through walls, protection against contact) is installed/required; c}__ whether piping expanston compensation ts installed required; a) drainages 8) prevention of water ingress; £) protection against exhaust gas explosion; 4) configuration ofthe exhaust outlet (e.g. direction of wind, protection against birds); bh) support ‘) gaseousemissions. 15.6 Cooling and room ventilation The RIC engine cooling system type, the generator and the switchgear as well as ventilation and ait extraction are of particular importance for stationary power plants when designing the site building, (in order Lo desigit Lie sile huileing correctly, Ue required tecliical dala shall be obtained from the fenerating set manufactures, 30 180 2013 - A rights reserved85 150 8528-5:2013 180 8528-5:2013(K) 15.7 Monitoring ‘The extent af monitoring ofa power plant depends on, e.g: ) the intended application; 1) the mode of operation; the size and typeof the generating s )_ requirements of the consumer's equipment; the manulacturer’s requirements; f) the customer's requirements, In observing the above criter and operation, , the monitoring equipment shall be chosen to ensure readiness for use 15.8 Noise emission Tithe fixed installation generating set noise emission is to he limited ta cortain values, then a special agreement shall be made between the manufacturer and the customer at the project stage. Ifsound level measurements are zgrced for mobile geucratingscts, then measurements shall be carried cout at the manufacturer’s works using short-range field measurements, DOVE 1 — Anenveloping surface method is given in 180 BSZE-10-1998, NOTR2 Im praviice, the expensive ineasurcinents accarding (© the Ibugerange Hell) measurements give me appreciable difference iram those of shart range measarements As with fixed equipment, treatment for noise atlenustion is usually Laken on site, and the sound level measurements al the manulucLurer’s works can only be curried out wilhout Ubis noise attenuation. I noise attenuation of the generating sct is required, the measurement is likely te he carried cut as for mobile generating sets. 15.9 Coupling ‘The generating set/RIC engine coupling selection shall take into aecount the stresses imposed on it by the torsional vibration of the system which isinfluenced by. e.g a] up te RIC engine Fuel stop powers 1) the inertia of the RIGengine and generater; Othe shortcireuit rerques 4) misalignment; ] RiCengine misfiring, The greatest short generator terminals. cull Lorque occurs as a result of a two-phase line-to-line short circuit at Uhe ‘The genevating set manufacturer is responsible for component compatibility, © 150.2019 ~All rights served 31BS ISO 8528-5:2013 180 8528-5:2013(E) 15.10 Vibration 15.101 Gener The generating set manufacturer stall demonstrate that ov the vibrating system (engine/coupling/ yeneralory haselrame) of Lhe yeneraling sel. the vibration characteristicin ils normal operaling range will ic safely outside the range ot critical values. The vibrations caused by other parts of the power saliun (eg, exhaust gas system, foundations] shi also be taken into acount. 15.10. Torstanal vibration The provisions of ISO 046-5:2001 shall be used to perform the torsional vibration analysis of the gemeraling sel. 18.103 Linear vibration 15.10.34 Dynamichending deformation Dynamic hending deformation in the rotating system consisting at the engine/eaupling,/generator camhinatian car accur due te the effects of combustion and inertial forces in the engine and the magnetic forces in the generator. Dynamic bending deformation shall be taleeninte account in the design of iudividual components and of the bascframe, 15.40.32 Structural vibrations 15.10.22. General Apart from the torsional and linear vibrations, there exist vibrations of the generating set caused by Uhe seciprocating forces and Luryues preseut in the RIC engine. The manufacturer of the generating set shall he responsible far the compatibility of the components relative t each other, so thatthe maximum permitted vibration velecity for individual components is not exceeded. 15.10.32.2 Measurement location and measurement conditions Measuretnents shall be cartied out in the lorizontal and/or vertical direction at the generating set bearings, When a bearing isnot accessible, or for single-hearing a.c. generators, the measurement shall he carried cul on Lhe bearing casing, The measurement of Lhe vibration velocily shall preferably he carried out with the generating sct installed on the mamutacturer’s testbee and running at its rated output and. if possible, under situated site installation conditions, Where the rated output cannot be applied for this test, then the highest possible ourputshall be applied 15.11 Foundations In order to be eble to establish the dimensions of the gencrating sct baseplate foundations or any supporting surfaces, data on static and dynamic Joads to be expected shall be obtained from the generating set manufacturer Yoreduce the effect offree inertia forces on theenvironment,a suitable resiliant mountingcan be necessary, Any opeaings required for cables, pipelines, ete,,at the site shall be taken into account. (fa resilient mounting is provided, then flexible connections shall be provided for cables und pipes 32 180 2013 - A rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) 16 Performance class operating limit values 16.1 General ‘The operatinglimitvalueslisted in Table 4shallbe satisfied in order to determinethe major characteristics of significance for the voltage and frequency behaviour of a generating set as given in ISO 8528-1:2005. ‘The numerical values for the individual performance classes shall be selected so that they are matched for the compatibility of their individual component parts. ‘The appropriate performance class for a generating set shall be selected when all the limit values for this performance class have been fulfilled. Itis recommended that the customer should select the minimum performance class that will fulfil his requirements, 16.2 Recommendation for gas engine operating limit values ‘The performance of gas engine generating sets should be specified by AMC (Agreement between Manufacturer and Customer). This agreement should consider the impact ofthe fuel gas Methane Number and lower heatingvalue on transient performance. tshouldalsoconsidertheimpact of ambient conditions. © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 33BS ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528-5:2013(E) ‘Table 4 — Performance class operating limit values Operatinglimit values Parameter Symbol | unte Performance class ci 2 a | ca Frequency droop She [% | 38 <5 ear [ames Steady-state frequency band we |» | 325 s15* 05 | AMC felted range ofdowawardtreueney | 5,4, | yg s (25+ 5h0 Ame Related range of upward freauency —s Ree Stun | % 28 ame Rate of change offrequency setting w_| ws O2to1 AMG frransient [100% sudden power % ee ee frequency ait |decrease 8 seu een ference rom fo of | % Ame nate: feet (15 +5 fa) 4] <-(10+ fide] <7 +5 fed Lrransient free [100% sulden power . Si = ane dette, [decrease aris @ ” tion from rated | suaden power Pfam | % [raga s-t08 [5-74 _| ANC frequency finerease se ome | <-20e | 2-150 P . thin S10" a5! mar] ge requency recovery time tee a = Related frequency tolerance band aw | % | 35 2 2 | amc steal tage deviat sum | 9 |—228 s225 1 | ame ” ss a see | sei see | [voltage unbalance Sta | % u 1 u 1 Related range of voltage setting bus | % =45) Ame Rate of change ofvoltage setting vw [ot O2tot AMG 00s eudden power | aya, seis] seas | v0 pe ease Jayge | we eereaean ayn asa s-20¢ s-154 ‘in <10 v6 <4 Voltage recovery time} (see Figure s Ame " nial > uae si0d 56 sad Nottage modulations! ee Figure tt) |Oxute | % | AMC o3mo oe | Ame between 80% and 100 % ofthe nominal % - s45 +5 | AMC JActive power [rating ae sharing® ——|pctween 20 and 80 % ofthe nominal s+10 s+10 | AMC rating 34 (© 150 2013 ~All rights reservedBS ISO 8528-5:2013 180 8528-5:2013(E) Table 4 (continued) Operating limit values Parameter Symbol Unit Performance class a a | @ | Reactive power between 20 %and Reactive power /1990 ofthenominal 4Q | % = +10 +10 | ame mare rating = AMC = by agreement between manufacturer and customer. in ehe case ofenerating sets with single- oF tworeylinder engines, the value can be up to 2 Jc Ta the extent that parallel aperation i not necessary, fixed setting of the speed or voltage is permissi- be Jé For generating sets with turbo-charged engines, these data apply with use ofthe maximum possible power inerease according to Figures 6 and 2. Je Forsparkcignition gas engines. | The stated values are typical only when removing 100 % load; break torque is only provided by mechanical losses ofthe generating sets) the recovery time will depend only on the total mertia and mechani- cal efficiency of the generating set, which can vary widely due to the application and/or type of engine. lf ——-Forsmall units up to 10RV.A. } Minimum requirements for generating sets with synchronous generators in parallel operation, when the reactive current characteristics shall be taken inte consideration; the frequency swing range shall be less than or equal 05%. nthe case of parallel operation, reduce these values to 0,5. } Unless otherwise state, the tolerance band used to calculate voltage recovery time willbe equal to: y, 2XOU gp x sF00 Ik Operatinglimit values not included in steady-state limits. | —__Aritappears that torsional vibration ofthe generator, forced by the engine, will cause voltage modula- tion to exceed the mits, the generator manufacturer shall collaborate as necessary to reduce the vibration, oF to provide special excitation contro J» For generating sets with single- or two-cylinder engines, the value can be + 2 }s—_ghest perceptibnity of eyes incase of light itckering due to changes n brightness gives a 10 Hz voltage flactuation with a threshold foriritability aF I, € 0.3% [The given operating limit values for T,.,y,y Felate toa sinusoidal voltage fluctuation at 10 Ha. For voltage tuctuations a frequencies fhaving amplitudes ay the equivalent 10 Hz amplitude will be:a19= 9 rar where geis the weighting factor for frequency corresponding to az accordingto Figure 12, ‘Taking into consideration all harmonics of a voltage fluctuation, there isan amplitude corresponding to an equivalent 10 Hz voltage modulation of Jo When using the tolerances, the amount of the effective nominal load ar nominal reactive load of the parallel-operating sets decreases by the tolerance value. }) The operatinglimit values are valid only for fry = fiin the case of decreasing load. Js The operatinglimr values are valid only for firh = in the case of increasing load, . For some applications, the frequency droop is 0 % (isochronows). © 1802013~ Allrighss reserved 353S ISO 8528-5:2013 ISO 8528- (a (2) [3] 36 013(8) Bibliography 130 3046-4:2009, Reciprocating internal combustion engines — Performance —Part4: Speed governing 130 8528-2:2005, Reciprocating internal crmbustian engine driven alternating current generating sets — Port 2 Engines 150 9528-10:1998, Reciprocating internal eombustina engine driven alterauting current generating sets — Port 10: Measurement of uirborne noise by the enveloping surface method 21997, Recipracating internal combustion engine driven alternating current generating sels — Port 12: Fmergency power supply ta safely services 180 2013 - A rights reserved85 ISO 8528-5:2013