International Project management

Project Report On

BURJ KHALIFA, Dubai

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED TO:

Prof. Shankar G. Rao Deepak R Nair

Vikram Chowdhary

Monika Ghosh

Chithra K
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of our team, the success of the project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude
to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project.

We would like to show our greatest appreciation to Prof. SHANKAR G. RAO. We can’t say
thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. We feel motivated and encouraged every
time we attend her meeting. Without your encouragement and guidance this project would not
have materialized.

The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed to this project, was
vital for the success of the project. We are grateful for their constant support and help.
Introduction to Dubai

Dubai is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located south of the
Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest
land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only
two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's
legislature.

Today, Dubai has emerged as a global city and a business hub. Although Dubai's economy was
built on the oil industry, currently the emirate's model of business, similar to that of Western
countries, drives its economy, with the effect that its main revenues are now from tourism, real
estate, and financial services. Dubai has recently attracted world attention through many
innovative large construction projects and sports events. This increased attention has highlighted
labour rights and human rights issues concerning its largely South Asian workforce. Dubai's
property market experienced a major deterioration in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the worldwide
economic downturn following the financial crisis of 2007–2010

Dubai's GDP as of 2008 was US$ 82.11 billion. Although Dubai's economy was built on the
back of the oil industry, revenues from oil and natural gas currently account for less than 6% of
the emirate's revenues. It is estimated that Dubai produces 50,000 to 70,000 barrels (11,000 m3)
of oil a day and substantial quantities of gas from offshore fields. The emirate's share in UAE's
gas revenues is about 2%. Dubai's oil reserves have diminished significantly and are expected to
be exhausted in 20 years. Real estate and construction (22.6%), trade (16%), entrepot (15%) and
financial services (11%) are the largest contributors to Dubai's economy

Dubai is also a hub for service industries such as information technology and finance, with
industry-specific free zones throughout the city. Dubai Internet City, combined with Dubai
Media City as part of TECOM (Dubai Technology, Electronic Commerce and Media Free Zone
Authority) is one such enclave whose members include IT firms such as EMC Corporation,
Oracle Corporation, Microsoft, and IBM, and media organizations such as MBC, CNN, BBC,
Reuters, Sky News and AP

The government's decision to diversify from a trade-based, oil-reliant economy to one that is
service and tourism-oriented made property more valuable, resulting in the property appreciation
from 2004–2006. A longer-term assessment of Dubai's property market, however, showed
depreciation; some properties lost as much as 64% of their value from 2001 to November 2008.
The large scale real estate development projects have led to the construction of some of the
tallest skyscrapers and largest projects in the world such as the Emirates Towers, the Burj
Khalifa, the Palm Islands and the world's second tallest, and most expensive hotel, the Burj Al
Arab. The Dubai Financial Market (DFM) was established in March 2000 as a secondary market
for trading securities and bonds, both local and foreign. As of fourth quarter 2006, its trading
volume stood at about 400 billion shares, worth $95 billion in total. The DFM had a market
capitalisation of about $87 billion.

Dubai's property market experienced a major downturn in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the
slowing economic climate. Mohammed al-Abbar, Chief Executive Officer of Emaar told the
international press in December 2008 that Emaar had credits of $70 billion and the state of Dubai
additional $10 billion while holding estimated $350 billion in real estate assets. By early 2009,
the situation had worsened with the global economic crisis taking a heavy toll on property
values, construction and employment. As of February 2009 Dubai's foreign debt was estimated at
approximately $80 billion, although this is a tiny fraction of the sovereign debt worldwide.

Introduction to Burj Khalifa

Burj Khalifa formerly known as Burj Dubai, was named after Khalifa Bin Zayed, the president
of the United Arab Emirates, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and the tallest
man-made structure ever built, at 828 m (2,717 ft).Construction began on 21 September 2004,
with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on
4 January 2010.The building is part of the 2 km2 (490-acre) flagship development called
Downtown Burj Khalifa at the "First Interchange" along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main
business district.

The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill of
Chicago. Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the
chief architect, and Bill Baker was the chief structural engineer for the project. The primary
contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea, who also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin
Towers. Major subcontractors included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. Turner
Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager. Under UAE law, the
Contractor and the Engineer of Record are jointly and severally liable for the performance of
Burj Khalifa. Therefore, by adoption of SOM's design and by being appointed as Architect and
Engineer of Record, Hyder Consulting is legally the Design Consultant for the tower.

The total cost for the Burj Khalifa project was about US$1.5 billion; and for the entire new
"Downtown Dubai", US$20 billion.Mohamed Ali Alabbar, the Chairman of Emaar Properties,
speaking at the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8th World Congress, said in March
2009 that the price of office space at Burj Khalifa had reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over
US$43,000 per m2) and that the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, were selling for
US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m2).The completion of the tower coincided with a
worldwide economic slump and overbuilding, causing it to be described as "the latest ... in string
of monuments to architectural vacancy.
Records

Burj Khalifa holds various records after the construction is done, and has surpassed many facts
of Taipei 101 tower which previously was the tallest structure. Here are a few records -

 Tallest skyscraper
 Tallest structure freestanding, which earlier was CN towers
 Tallest and first tallest structure to include residential areas
 World’s highest elevator installation
 Elevator with longest travel distance in the world
 World’s fastest elevator speed at 64 km/hr or 40 miles/hr
 Building with most floors – 160
 Highest vertical concrete pumping for any structure in the world
 World’s highest installation of aluminum and glass facade at height of 512 mts.
 Highest outdoor observation deck in the world

Why this design?

The base design of the building is triple-lobed footprint which was inspired by the flower
Hymenocallis. The flower has 6 spokes each representing the sides of the lobes of the tower.
There are 3 elements of the tower radiating out of the central core. This structure is made with an
inspiration, along with the fact that central base can keep the building stand strong when any
natural calamity tries to break it down. Over 28,000 glass panels are used to cover most of the
exterior, and there are 3 horizontal tracks which would help in cleaning the outer glass of whole
building.156 floors is build up with concrete, and from there above everything is made of lighter
steel.

Architecture
The architecture features a triple-lobed footprint, an abstraction of the Hymenocallis flower. The
tower is composed of three elements arranged around a central core. The modular, Y-shaped
structure, with setbacks along each of its three wings provides an inherently stable configuration
for the structure and provides good floor plates for residential. Twenty-six helical levels decrease
the cross section of the tower incrementally as it spirals skyward.
The central core emerges at the top and culminates in a sculpted spire. A Y-shaped floor plan
maximizes views of the Arabian Gulf. Viewed from the base or the air, Burj Khalifa is evocative
of the onion domes prevalent in Islamic architecture.

 Wind Tunnel Testing

Over 40 wind tunnel tests were conducted on Burj Khalifa to examine the effects the wind would
have on the tower and its occupants. These ranged from initial tests to verify the wind climate of
Dubai, to large structural analysis models and facade pressure tests, to micro-climate analysis of
the effects at terraces and around the tower base. Even the temporary conditions during the
construction stage were tested with the tower cranes on the tower to ensure safety at all times.

Stack effect or chimney effect is a phenomenon that effects super-tall building design, and arises
from the changes in pressure and temperature with height. Special studies were carried on Burj
Khalifa to determine the magnitude of the changes that would have to be dealt with in the
building design.

 Floor Plan

Concourse level to level 8 and level 38 and 39 will feature the Armani Hotel Dubai. Levels 9 to
16 will exclusively house luxurious one and two bedroom Armani Residences.

Floors 45 through 108 are private ultra-luxury residences. The Corporate Suites occupy fill most
of the remaining floors, except for level 122 which houses a restaurant and level 124, the tower's
public observatory.

For the convenience of home owners, the tower has been divided in to sections with exclusive
Sky Lobbies on Levels 43, 76 and 123 that feature state-of-the-art fitness facilities including a
Jacuzzis on Level 43 and 76. The Sky Lobbies on 43 and 76 additionally house swimming pools
and a recreational room each that can be utilized for gatherings and lifestyle events. Offering an
unparalleled experience, both pools open to the outside offering residents the option of
swimming from inside to the outside balcony.

Other facilities for residents include a Residents' Library, and Burj Khalifa Gourmet Market, a
gourmet convenience store and meeting place for the residents. Valet parking will be provided
for guests and visitors.

 Interiors

The interior design of Burj Khalifa public areas was also done by the Chicago office of
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP and was led by award-winning designer Nada Andric. It
features glass, stainless steel and polished dark stones, together with silver travertine flooring,
Venetian stucco walls, handmade rugs and stone flooring. The interior were inspired by local
cultural while staying mindful of the building ís status as a global icon and residence.
  Structural System

In addition to its aesthetic and functional advantages, the spiraling “Y” shaped plan was utilized
to shape the structural core of Burj Khalifa. This design helps to reduce the wind forces on the
tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and foster constructability. The structural system
can be described as a “buttressed core”, and consists of high performance concrete wall
construction. Each of the wings buttress the others via a six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub.
This central core provides the torsional resistance of the structure, similar to a closed pipe or
axle. Corridor walls extend from the central core to near the end of each wing, terminating in
thickened hammer head walls. These corridor walls and hammerhead walls behave similar to the
webs and flanges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments. Perimeter columns and flat
plate floor construction complete the system. At mechanical floors, outrigger walls are provided
to link the perimeter columns to the interior wall system, allowing the perimeter columns to
participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is
utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff
laterally and torsionally. It is also a very efficient structure in that the gravity load resisting
system has been utilized so as to maximize its use in resisting lateral loads.

As the building spirals in height, the wings set back to provide many different floor plates. The
setbacks are organized with the tower’s grid, such that the building stepping is accomplished by
aligning columns above with walls below to provide a smooth load path. As such, the tower does
not contain any structural transfers. These setbacks also have the advantage of providing a
different width to the tower for each differing floor plate. This stepping and shaping of the tower
has the effect of “confusing the wind”: wind vortices never get organized over the height of the
building because at each new tier the wind encounters a different building shape.

TIMELINE

 January 2004 Excavation started

 February  Piling started

2004

 March 2005  Superstructure started

 June 2006     Level 50 reached

 January 2007  Level 100 reached

M arch 2007 Level 110 reached

April 2007 Level 120 reached

May 2007 Level 130 reached

July 2007 Level 141 reached - world's

tallest building
September Level 150 reached - world's
2007 tallest free-standing structure

April 2008 Level 160 reached - world's

tallest man-made structure
January 2009 Completion of spire - Burj
Khalifa tops out
September Exterior cladding competed
2009

January 2010 Official launch ceremony

 Construction
The tower was constructed by a South Korean company, Samsung Engineering & Construction,
which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towersand Taipei 101. Samsung Engineering &
Construction is building the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from
UAE.Turner is the Project Manager on the main construction contract.

The primary structural system of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu
yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes(120,000 ST; 110,000 LT) were used to
construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles, with each pile is 1.5 metre
diameter x 43 metre long buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep. Burj Khalifa's construction used
330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar, and construction took
22 million man-hours. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of
Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system under the mat is used to minimize any detrimental
effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.

The previous record for pumping concrete on any project was set during the extension of the
Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant in Italy in 1994, when concrete was pumped to a
height of 532 m (1,745 ft). Burj Khalifa exceeded this height on 19 August 2007, and as of May
2008 concrete was pumped to a delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft), the 156th floor. The
remaining structure above is built of lighter steel.
Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors are located
approximately every 35 floors where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case
of an emergency or fire.

Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building
weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete used was
tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures.

The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a
concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf
temperatures that can

reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day.
Instead, during the summer months ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when
the air is cooler and the humidity is higher. A cooler concrete mixture cures evenly throughout
and is therefore less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the
entire project in jeopardy.

The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Khalifa have been featured in a
number of television documentaries, including the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National
Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

 Labour controversy

Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia. A reports indicated in 2006 that
skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84. According to
a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal
conditions, their pay was often withheld, their passports were confiscated by their employers,
and they were working in hazardous conditions that resulted in an apparently high number of
deaths and injuries on site.

On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers, who were upset over buses that were delayed for the
end of their shifts, protested, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment. A
Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost UK£500,000 in damage. Most of
the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.

On 17 June 2008, there were 7,500 skilled workers employed in the construction of Burj Khalifa.

 Construction Highlights

Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes were used to
construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles buried more than 50 m (164
ft) deep. Burj Khalifa's construction will have used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and
39,000 tonnes (43,000 ST; 38,000 LT) of steel rebar, and construction will have taken 22 million
man-hours.

Exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa began in May 2007 and was completed in September 2009.
The vast project involved more than 380 skilled engineers and on-site technicians. At the initial
stage of installation, the team progressed at the rate of about 20 to 30 panels per day and
eventually achieved as many as 175 panels per day.

The tower accomplished a world record for the highest installation of an aluminium and glass
façade, at a height of 512 metres. The total weight of aluminium used on Burj Khalifa is
equivalent to that of five A380 aircraft and the total length of stainless steel bull nose fins is 293
times the height of Eiffel Tower in Paris.

In November, 2007, the highest reinforced concrete corewalls were pumped using 80 MPa
concrete from ground level; a vertical height of 601 metres. Smashing the previous pumping
record on a building of 470m on the Taipei 101; the world’s second tallest tower and the
previous world record for vertical pumping of 532 metres for an extension to the Riva del Garda
Hydroelectric Power Plant in 1994. The concrete pressure during pumping to this level was
nearly 200 bars.

The amount of rebar used for the tower is 31,400 metric tons - laid end to end this would extend
over a quarter of the way around the world.

 Floor plans

The following is a breakdown of floors. Floors Use

 160 and above Mechanical

 156-159 Communication and broadcast
 155 Mechanical
 139–154 Corporate suites
 136–138 Mechanical
 125–135 Corporate suites
 124 At the Top observatory
 123 Sky lobby
 122 Atmosphere restaurant
 111–121 Corporate suites
 109–110 Mechanical
 77–108 Residential
 76 Sky lobby
 73–75 Mechanical
 44–72 Residential
  43 Sky lobby
 40–42 Mechanical
 38–39 Armani Hotel suites
 19–37 Armani Residences
 17–18 Mechanical
 9–16 Armani Residences
 1–8 Armani Hotel
 Ground -Armani Hotel
 Concourse- Armani Hotel
 B1–B2 Parking, mechanical

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

It is an understatement to say that Burj Khalifa represents the state-of-the-art in building design.
From initial concept through completion, a combination of several important technological
innovations and innovation structural design methods have resulted in a superstructure that is
both efficient and robust.

 Foundation

The superstructure is supported by a large reinforced concrete mat, which is in turn supported by
bored reinforced concrete piles. The design was based on extensive geotechnical and seismic
studies. The mat is 3.7 meters thick, and was constructed in four separate pours totaling 12,500
cubic meters of concrete. The 1.5 meter diameter x 43 meter long piles represent the largest and
longest piles conventionally available in the region. A high density, low permeability concrete
was used in the foundations, as well as a cathodic protection system under the mat, to minimize
any detrimental effects form corrosive chemicals in local ground water.

 Podium

The podium provides a base anchoring the tower to the ground, allowing on grade access from
three different sides to three different levels of the building. Fully glazed entry pavilions
constructed with a suspended cable-net structure provide separate entries for the Corporate Suites
at B1 and Concourse Levels, the Burj Khalifa residences at Ground Level and the Armani Hotel
at Level 1.
  Exterior Cladding

The exterior cladding is comprised of reflective glazing with aluminum and textured stainless
steel spandrel panels and stainless steel vertical tubular fins. Close to 26,000 glass panels, each
individually hand-cut, were used in the exterior cladding of Burj Khalifa. Over 300 cladding
specialists from China were brought in for the cladding work on the tower. The cladding system
is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer heat, and to further ensure its integrity, a
World War II airplane engine was used for dynamic wind and water testing. The curtain wall of
Burj Khalifa is equivalent to 17 football (soccer) fields or 25 American football fields.

 Window Washing Bays

Access for the tower's exterior for both window washing and façade maintenance is provided by
18 permanently installed track and fixed telescopic, cradle equipped, building maintenance units.
The track mounted units are stored in garages, within the structure, and are not visible when not
in use. The manned cradles are capable of accessing the entire facade from tower top down to
level seven. The building maintenance units jib arms, when fully extended will have a maximum
reach of 36 meters with an overall length of approximately 45 meters. When fully retracted, to
parked position, the jib arm length will measure approximately 15 meters. Under normal
conditions, with all building maintenance units in operation, it will take three to four months to
clean the entire exterior facade.

Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing

To achieve the greatest efficiencies, the mechanical, electrical and plumbing services for Burj
Khalifa were developed in coordination during the design phase with cooperation of the
architect, structural engineer and other consultant.

• The tower's water system supplies an average of 946,000 litres (250,000 gallons) of water daily

• At peak cooling, Burj Khalifa will require about 10,000 tons of cooling, equal to the cooling
capacity provided by about 10,000 tons of melting ice.

• Dubai's hot, humid climate combined with the building's cooling requirements creates a
significant amount of condensation. This water is collected and drained in a separate piping
system to a holding tank in the basement car park.

• The condensate collection system provides about 15 million gallons of supplement water per
year, equal to about 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools.
• The tower's peak electrical demand is 36mW, equal to about 360,000 100 Watt bulbs operating
simultaneously.

 Fire Safety

Fire safety and speed of evacuation were prime factors in the design of Burj Khalifa. Concrete
surrounds all stairwells and the building service and fireman's elevator will have a capacity of
5,500 kg and will be the world's tallest service elevator. Since people can't reasonably be
expected to walk down 160 floors, there are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge areas located
approximately every 25 floors.

 Elevators & Lifts

Burj Khalifa will be home to 57 elevators and 8 escalators The building service/fireman's
elevator will have a capacity of 5,500 kg and will be the world's tallest service elevator.

Burj Khalifa will be the first mega-high rise in which certain elevators will be programmed to
permit controlled evacuation for certain fire or security events. Burj Khalifa's Observatory
elevators are double deck cabs with a capacity for 12-14 people per cab. Traveling at 10 metres
per second, they will have the world's longest travel distance from lowest to highest stop.

 Water supply system

The Burj Khalifa's water system will supply an average of about 946,000 litres of water per day.
At the peak cooling times, the tower will require approximately 10,000 tonnes of cooling per
hour, which is equivalent to the capacity provided by 10,000 tonnes (22.4 million lbs or 10.2
million kg) of melting ice in one day[61].
The building has a condensate collection system, which uses the hot and humid outside air,
combined with the cooling requirements of the building and will result in a significant amount of
condensation of moisture from the air. The condensed water will be collected and drained into a
holding tank located in
the basement car park,this water will then be pumped into the site irrigation system for use on the
Burj khalifa park.

Purpose

Burj Khalifa has been designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development
that will include 30,000 homes, nine hotels such as The Address Downtown Burj Khalifa, 3
hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, and the 12-hectare
(30-acre) man-made Burj Khalifa Lake.
The building has returned the location of Earth's tallest free-standing structure to the Middle East
— where the Great Pyramid of Giza claimed this achievement for almost four millennia before
being surpassed in 1311 by Lincoln Cathedral in England.

The decision to build Burj Khalifa is reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify
from an oil-based economy to one that is service- and tourism-oriented. According to officials, it
is necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in the city to garner more international
recognition, and hence investment. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum wanted to put
Dubai on the map with something really sensational.

DELAY IN THE PROJECT

Emaar Properties announced on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was delayed by
upgraded finishes and would be completed only in September 2009. The design of the
apartments has also been enhanced to make them more aesthetically attractive and functionally
superior. A revised completion date of 2 December 2009 was then announced. However, Burj
Khalifa was opened on 4 January 2010.

Dubai's property market experienced a major downturn in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the
slowing economic climate. The Emaar had credits of $70 billion and the state of Dubai additional
$10 billion while holding estimated $350 billion in real estate assets. By early 2009, the situation
had worsened with the global economic crisis taking a heavy toll on property values,
construction and employment. As of February 2009 Dubai's foreign debt was estimated at
approximately $80 billion, although this is a tiny fraction of the sovereign debt worldwide.

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa was held on 4 January 2010. The ceremony featured a
display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound,
light and water effects. Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the
facade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with
more than 50 different combinations of the other effects.

The event began with a short film which depicted the story of Dubai and the evolution of Burj
Khalifa. The displays of sound, light, water and fireworks followed. The portion of the show
consisting of the various pyrotechnic, lighting, water and sound effects was divided into three.
The first part was primarily a light and sound show, which took as its theme the link between
desert flowers and the new tower, and was co-ordinated with the Dubai Fountain and
pyrotechnics. The second portion, called 'Heart Beat', represented the construction of the tower
in a dynamic light show with the help of 300 projectors which generated a shadow-like image of
the tower. In the third act, sky tracers and space cannons enveloped the tower in a halo of white
light, which expanded as the lighting rig on the spire activated.

The ceremony was relayed live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island, as well as several
television screens placed across the Downtown Burj Khalifa development. Hundreds of media
outlets from around the world reported live from the scene. In addition to the media presence,
6,000 guests were expected.

SUMMARY

The culmination of the above efforts is a balanced combination of super tall building systems in
hot and humid climate on the forefront of safety, energy efficiency, sustainability, comfort and
operation. Systems are derived out of the super high rise nature of the building and the hot and
humid nature of the environment. The HVAC system has concentrated outside air intakes to
isolate the impact of the outside air and most fan components of the system can be dynamically
adjusted according to the micro conditions of the building. The plumbing and fire protection
systems utilize the height of the building to provide gravity feed systems and water is treated
according to the incoming conditions. The electrical system has to account for the high voltage
drop and also the possibility of a harsh environment during power outage. All systems have to
work together seamlessly and harmoniously to support the activities in this land mark
construction.