CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO GAIT:
A grouping of foot developments, (for example, a walk, jog, pace, or lope) by which an
individual pushes ahead. Somebody’s way of ambulation or motion, includes the complete body.
Stride speed decides the commitment of each body section. Ordinary strolling speed principally
includes the lower furthest points, with the arms and trunk giving dependability and parity. The
quicker the speed, the more the body relies upon the furthest points and trunk for impetus just as
equalization and steadiness. The legs keep on doing the most work as the joints create more
prominent scopes of movement trough more noteworthy muscle reactions. In the bipedal
framework the three noteworthy joints of the lower body and pelvis work with one another as
muscles and force push the body ahead. How much the body's focal point of gravity moves amid
forward interpretation characterizes productivity? The body's inside moves both side to side and
here and there amid walk."[1][2]

Fig: 1.1

FIGURE 1:WALKING STYLE

1.2 THE GAIT CYCLE:

The walk cycle is a dull pattern including steps and walks. a stage is one single step, a walk is an
entire stride cycle. The progression time is the time between heel strike of one leg and heel strike
of the contra-sidelong leg. Step width can be portrayed as the mediolateral space between the
two feet.
The arrangements for strolling that happen might be condensed as pursues:
 Enlistment and initiation of the stride direction inside the focal sensory system.
 Transmission of the stride frameworks to the fringe sensory system.
 Constriction of muscles.
 Generation of several forces.
 Direction of joint powers and minutes crosswise over synovial joints and skeletal
fragments.

1
  Generation of ground response powers.
Arrangement of the stride cycle includes two principle stages: the position stage and the swing
stage. The position stage possesses 60% of the stride cycle while the swing stage involves just
40% of it. Gait includes a composite of open-and close-chain events. [3]
A progressively arrangement of stride perceives six stages:
 Heel strike
 Foot flat
 Mid-stance
 Heel-off
 Toe-off
 Mid-swing

FIGURE 2:GAIT CYCLE

An elective grouping of stride includes the accompanying eight stages.

 Initial Contact
 Loading response
 Mid stance
 Terminal stance
 Pre swing
 Initial swing
 Mid swing
 Late swing

FIGURE 3 GAIT PHASES

2
Stance stage starts with the heel strike - this is the minute when the heel starts to contact the
ground however the toes don't yet contact. In the mid-stance stage, we can see settlement of the
foot at the parallel fringe. Amid the change from mid position to toe off position, the 5 meta-
carpo phalanges contract. The toe-off stage is likewise named the propulsive stage.
At the point when the stance stage closes, the swing stage starts. This stage is the stage between
the toe off stage and the heel strike stage. In the swing stage we can perceive two additional
stages - increasing speed and declaration. The quickening stage goes from toe-off to mid-swing,
while assertion goes from mid-swing to heel strike. In the speeding up stage, the swing leg
makes a quickened forward development with the objective of pushing the body load forward.
The assertion stage brakes the speed of this forward body development so as to put your foot
down with control. Between these two stages, the mid-swing stage happens. In this stage, the two
feet are under the body, with the impact point alongside one another.[4][5]

1.3 PHASES OF GAIT CYCLE: (understanding)

1.3.1 INITIAL CONTACT:
Also called heel strike. This is the primary minute the foot comes into contact with the floor. The
hip is flexed around to 30 degrees, knee reached out between 0-5 degrees and lower leg
dorsiflexed to a nonpartisan position, giving contact with the floor at roughly a 25 degree edge.
This is the main period of twofold appendage support. The point of starting contact is to settle
the appendage in anticipation of it to take the approaching forward interpretation of body weight.

1.3.2 LOADING RESPONSE:

The foot levels on the ground over pronation. The hip starts to expand and drives the body
advances and over the foot, utilizing the impact point as a 'rocker'. The knee at that point flexes
to permit stun assimilation. The point of this stage is stun retention, weight bearing steadiness
and safeguarding of progression

1.3.3 MID STANCE:

This is the first half of single limb support. Weight is aligned fully over the supporting foot
through ankle dorsiflexion, while the hip and knee extend, as the other foot lifts off the
floor. The body weight is fully supported on one leg.

1.3.4 TERMINAL STANCE:

This is the second 50% of single leg support; it starts as the other leg lifts off the ground.
The impact point of the stacked appendage lifts off the floor and the body weight impulses
ahead past the forefoot, as the hip increments in expansion. The knee increases full
expansion and starts to flex once more. This stage is ended when the non-stacked appendage
reaches the floor[2][3].

3
1.3.5 PRE-SWING:
Pre-Swing also called 'toe off' and is the last period of position. The other appendage has now
started another position stage and is in the underlying contact stage. The appendage is quickly off
stacked with a forward push to exchange the weight onto the contrary appendage. The knee is
flexed and the lower leg plantar flexes as the toe leaves the floor.

1.3.6 MID SWING:

The appendage swings forward of the body through hip flexion as the knee expands. The foot is
clear of the surface.

1.3.7 TERMINAL SWING:

Else called late swing, the knee turns out to be completely stretched out and the lower leg
dorsiflexes to impartial as the foot gets ready to reach the floor.[6][7]

4
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORY:
Human strolling has been seen since the nearness of man, in truth the deliberate investigation of
human step goes back to Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci. Borelli, who was an understudy of
Galileo, utilized a really logical approach. He quantified the focal point of gravity and portrayed
how consistent forward developments of the supporting territory gave by the feet keep up adjust
amid strolling. In 1836, the Weber siblings in Germany precisely estimated the planning of walk
and of the pendulum-like swinging of the leg of a corpse. They were additionally the first to
portray the stride cycle. In the 1870s, two pioneers dealt with kinematic estimation of human
movement. Marey took different photos of a subject who wore dark garments and had brilliantly
lit up stripes on the appendages on a solitary plate, with the goal that he could contemplate
human appendage movements. This sort of appendage stamping in different structures keeps on
being a vital piece of numerous cutting edge movement recording frameworks.
He additionally considered the weight under the foot and the way of the focal point of gravity. In
1878, Muybridge utilized 24 cameras activated rapidly and progressively to exhibit how steeds
run, and appeared out of the blue that there were times when every one of the four feet were off
the ground at once. In 1895, Braune and Fischer utilized fluorescent strip-lights and numerous
cameras to research the three dimensional developments of the body sections. From these early
endeavors, stride examination has formed into an entrenched clinical and research strategy
including the catch and investigation of visual, joint movement, outer stacking and EMG
information. [8][9]

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW:

Strolling is the body's normal methods for moving starting with one area then onto the next. It additionally is
the most helpful methods for voyaging short separations. Practical adaptability enables the lower
appendages to promptly suit stairs, entryways, evolving surfaces, and obstructions in the way of movement.
Proficiency in these undertakings relies upon free joint portability and muscle movement that is particular in
timing and force. Vitality protection is ideal in the typical example of appendage activity. As a result of the
various focal points of strolling, patients endeavor to hold this capacity even within the sight of extreme
weakness.

As the different kinds of pathology modify versatility and solid viability, the patients substitute wherever
conceivable, yield when they should, and acknowledge compensatory responses of contiguous sections as
they happen. The subsequent strolling design is a blend of ordinary and unusual movements that contrast in
centrality. Vitality costs are expanded and useful adaptability is endangered. [10]
The request of movement of the majority of the four appendages (hands and legs) that one takes
after all through ambulating starting with one place then onto the next is recognized as Gait. Step
cycle has two divisions of stages. The main stage which happens in stride cycle is swing stage
and second stage that happens in walk cycle is the position stage. Swing stage emerges when the
one foot is against the gravity, starting when the foot breaks the contact with the ground and
ending up with the rear area log jam to the grounds of a similar foot. The position stage included

5
all the movement that occur when the foot is in connection with the ground, starting with heel hit
and completion with toe off of a similar foot. The position stage in charge of 60% of the step
cycle, rest 40% is of position stage. These two phases of stride convey enough medicinal data
about the way a man moves his or her body to examine a walk peculiarity. This is known as
observational walk investigation. The parameters which are considered amid observational walk
examination are, step length, walk length, speed, trunk turn, and arm swing. A restorative expert
can additionally inspect walk anomaly by methods for various photographic and video
information. 3D imaging estimations from sensors set on the body. the headway of photography
and cinematography made it conceivable to catch picture arranges that uncover points of interest
of human and creature kinesis that were not noticeable by viewing the development through the
exposed eye.[11]
A definitive objective of stride investigation is to recognize an essential driver and this is done
through itemized perception and study. Subjects with stride issues frequently show various step
anomalies because of various body parts trying to adjust for an essential blame. It is just when
the reason for the issue has been recognized and treated, that risky compensatory activities can
likewise be settled. Compensatory developments and impedances are anyway frequently more
clear to the eye and this is the reason PC examination strategies must be utilized, with the goal
that a more correct and unequivocal establishment can be gotten, whereupon conclusions can be
based.

FIGURE 4 WALKING PATTERN RECOGNITION

The act of stride investigation has been around for no less than a century, however as of late,
with the progression of innovation, has step examination been commonsense for the workplace
setting and the none lite competitor. Prior to the appearance of innovation, stride investigation

6
was performed without the help of PCs or videography, and understanding depended exclusively
on the clinical experience of the spectator. Various examinations in the nonmedical writing show
over and over that perceptions are modestly dependable and that elevated clinical experience
builds the unwavering quality of the inspector's observations. [12]
Similarly as innovation has propelled the act of prescription in numerous different controls, it has
significantly helped the act of step investigation. Stride investigation is presently increasingly
dependable as PCs help to make estimations and videography takes into consideration the casing
by-outline perception of developments. It is additionally a progressively reasonable and
moderate application in the clinical work on setting for none lite competitors. Notwithstanding
the favorable circumstances given by recording the session, PC innovation helps in the
understanding of information through the perplexing estimations of points, powers, and
electromyography videotaped observational gait analysis (VOGA) takes into consideration the
estimation and understanding of kinematics, development examples, and energy just as of the
powers associated with delivering those developments, for example, joint powers and ground
response powers.
Generally, the prevalence of the writing in regards to VOGA is in the setting of active
recuperation and restoration for patients after a stroke and for kids with neuromuscular
disarranges, for example, cerebral paralysis. These investigations have taken a gander at patients
with gross stride anomalies in research facilities with exceptionally complex gear as opposed to
at patients with just slight deviations from biomechanical standards in outpatient sports
prescription centers. Nonetheless, VOGA is finding an expanding job in the viable assessment of
sprinters and different competitors who present for running-related wounds or torment. In that
capacity, more proof based research is expected to inspect the employments of this apparatus in
the outpatient sports medication setting. This part will serve to give a review of VOGA that
incorporates the gear required, the arranging of a VOGA session, and the investigation of the
obtained data.[13] [14]

FIGURE 5 SOFTWARE (KINOVEA) ANALYSIS OF GAIT

7
2.3 GAIT ANALYSIS:
Gait analysis is a strategy for recognizing biomechanical variations from the norm in the stride
cycle, as such it is a method for surveying the manner by which you walk and run.
Gait analysis is an approach to evaluate the dynamic stance and coordination amid development.
This examination is a way to assess, record, and make any essential redresses for a smooth step.
Amid this examination the advisor needs to take note of the minor moves in development, for
example, pivots and tilts or knee development and foot situation. These developments can help
lead the specialist to potential issues with adaptability and muscle quality. Recognizing
hypermobile or hypo mobile developments at the joints, regardless of whether the development
differs from side to side, can help distinguish proprioceptor and neuromuscular concerns.
Surveying any deviations or irregularities can be a piece of information to potential
limitations.[15] [16 [17]

2.4 NEED TO GET GAIT ANALYSIS

Running or strolling does not work out easily for each body, and issues, for example, terrible
stance can put you in danger for damage when running. Luckily, there's an approach to
investigate the manner in which we walk or keep running so as to locate any bio-mechanical
variations from the norm step examination. This straightforward procedure is normally
performed by a wellness expert and figures out what your body should be effective with running
or strolling.

FIGURE 6 GAIT CYCLE GRAPH

8
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGIES USED TO ANALYZE GAIT

3.1 OBSERVATIONAL GAIT ANALYSIS (SUBJECTIVE ANALYSIS):

The observational walk examination standards used to depict ordinary step likewise apply to the
perception of unusual stride designs. The motivation behind stride examination is to distinguish
the patient's strolling handicap. Stride perception is best when done methodically. In the case of
beginning from the most noteworthy or the least portion, each joint is examined independently
and in sequential design for its movement design all through the walk cycle. For each period of
the stride cycle, deviations from typical are recognized. The most well-known technique for
experienced spectators is to recognize deviations by contrasting step designs and a psychological
portrayal of glorified examples. Likewise, uneven development between body appendages or
sides can be promptly watched. Contrasts in step lengths or sidelong trunk journeys are instances
of deviations that can be promptly watched. [18]

Despite the fact that it is imperative to investigate each portion separately, it is additionally
useful to watch the individual from a worldwide point of view to pick up a more prominent
energy about the general walk design. It is likewise basic not to concentrate just on the presumed
irregular fragment or side, since this may prompt missing key discoveries. These institutionalized
walk evaluations are likewise commonly additional tedious. Besides, perceive that all
observational investigation depends on the clinician to make decisions on numerous synchronous
developments. Unwavering quality of observational measures may not achieve satisfactory
dimensions in numerous cases, particularly among beginner practitioners. [19] [20]

3.2 TECHNIQUES USED TO ANALYZE GAIT CYCLE:

Clinical gait laboratories typically have defined walkways that are used for examinations.
The requirement for a walkway is driven by the burden of setting up the hardware, particularly
cameras and at least one power plates. There is no standard for the measure of the walkway and
its base size is still in banter about. Be that as it may, a walkway must be sufficiently long for the
subject to make enough strides for investigation, and to dispense with beginning and halting
impacts. The length required relies upon a few factors, for example, age, strolling speed or
neurotic strolling examples of subjects. The width of the walkway differs with the number and
sort of hardware utilized. At the point when a patient or research subject strolls on the step
examination walkway, step attributes, for example, speed, rhythm, walk length, step length, step
width, swing and position span, and the foot bolster example can be estimated.[21] [22]

3.3 VISUAL GAIT ANALYSIS:

9
Coordinate visual step investigation might be the least difficult approach to assess stride design.
Conversely, it might be considered as the most convoluted type of investigation since it includes
just the human faculties and cerebrum. Visual walk examination, in this way, has a few genuine
impediments.

Visual step investigation is transient so it doesn't leave a perpetual record. The human eye and
cerebrum cannot break down quick developments, furthermore, power and muscle data cannot be
acquired through this investigation. Visual step examination is an exceedingly subjective process
and the nature of the investigation relies upon the aptitude of the onlooker. Eyewitnesses must
know about typical step designs since pathology is perceived as deviations from normalfunction.
Visual stride investigation is a helpful procedure to note net variations from the norm of a
patient's walk. In any case, there is a propensity for the spectator to disregard other
inconspicuous issues by concentrating on the undeniable developments. To be more successful, it
is vital to know the subjects' clinical history on the grounds that the investigation may somehow
or another prompt distortion. Regardless of these confinements, numerous doctor clinicians still
incorporate visual stride investigation as a component of their clinical examination, particularly
without access to a walk research center and its observational, memory and examination capacity
as connected to a moderately quick marvel. A generally straightforward subordinate to
coordinate visual examination is the utilization of camcorders what's more, video
recording/playing frameworks. It is then conceivable to record the perception for all time, and
observe rapid occasions utilizing moderate movement playback includes the enhanced nature of
direct cost moderate movement has made this approach even more important. Modern gait
examination labs utilize various camera frameworks with the goal that clinicians can screen the
stride designs from various perspectives.[23] [24]

3.4 POWER PLATFORMS (KINETIC SYSTEMS):

The power stage, which is additionally called a power plate, has now turned out to be standard
hardware in numerous stride research centers it gives data.
About the ground response compel, which has risen to power and inverse bearing to the powers
experienced on the foot of the weight bearing appendage. The power stage more often than not
has an inflexible best plate made of a vast bit of metal or glass. Glass covers take into
consideration photography of foot contact from underneath. Every one of the four supporting
corners has an arrangement of three symmetrical power.[25]

3.5 MOTION ANALYSIS SYSTEMS (KINEMATIC SYSTEMS)

Movement investigation frameworks are utilized as a part of stride examination to acquire the
size what's more, timing of individual joint movement for this reason, the position and
introduction of the appendage fragments and the joint edges are recorded.
There are two kinds of estimation–immediate and backhanded. The immediate strategies include
the utilization of electro-Goniometers that are joined to the body. Circuitous (non-contact)
methods utilize film or camcorders. The pictures got by cameras might be utilized as an
unmistakable record without anyone else's input, and after that digitized to give quantitative data.
[26]

10
3.6 CAMERA SYSTEM:
There are three basic camera systems film, visible video, and automated video. Film photography
has been a popular method in gait analysis for about 100 years. Two basic techniques used are
cine photography and multi-exposure still photography, also called strobe light photography. The
former technique takes a series of separate photographs very quickly. The latter technique uses a
series of images with interrupted light that are superimposed on a single photograph. The subject
typically wears black clothes and has reflective linear strips and markers placed on the lateral
sides of the limb segments. Room lights are dimmed and strobe lights illuminate the subject at
some interval (usually 20 times/second) for a period of time while the film in the camera is
exposed.
A few gait laboratories still use cine photography because of the low cost of the equipment.
However, the cost of materials is expensive and film processing takes time. In addition, after the
film has been processed, the user has to measure the joint angles manually, or with a help of a
digitizer to have numerical values. [27]

11
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 GAIT ABNORMALITIES:

Human gait can be commonly divided into normal and abnormal gait.. abnormal gait may lead to
irritation and pain in the feet, lower legs, legs and skeletal sickness, whenever delayed. Walking
style and motions adjustments of such patients can be improved by observing their gait
parameters and advised them beneficial treatments and trainings, abnormal gait, characterized as
a delayed walk, trendily irregular, or both, it is not essentially an unavoidable result of maturing
yet rather an impression of the expanded extensiveness and seriousness of age-related diseases.
These disorders are neurologic and non-neurologic, add to disordered gait. Some of gait
disorders are given below. [28]

4.2 HEMIPLEGIC GAIT:

The patient stands with one-sided shortcoming on the influenced side, arm flexed, adducted and
inside pivoted. Leg on same side is in expansion with plantar flexion of the foot and toes. When
strolling, the patient will hold his or her arm to the other side and hauls his or her influenced leg
in a half circle (circumduction) because of shortcoming of distal muscles (foot drop) and
extensor hypertonia in bring down appendage. This is most ordinarily found in stroke. With
mellow hemiparesis, loss of typical arm swing and slight circumduction might be the main
variations from the norm.

FIGURE 7 HEMIPLEGIC GAIT

4.3 DIPLEGIC GAIT:

12
Patients have inclusion on the two sides with spasticity in bring down furthest points more awful
than furthest points. The patient strolls with an unusually limited base, hauling the two legs and
scratching the toes. This stride is seen in respective periventricular injuries, for example, those
seen in cerebral paralysis. There is likewise trademark extraordinary snugness of hip adductors
which can make legs cross the midline alluded to as a scissors step. In nations with sufficient
therapeutic care, patients with cerebral paralysis may have hip adductor discharge medical
procedure to limit scissoring.[29]

FIGURE 8 DIPLEGIC GAIT

4.4 NEUROPATHIC GAIT (Step Page Gait):

Found in patients with foot drop (shortcoming of foot dorsiflexion), the reason for this step is
because of an endeavor to lift the leg sufficiently high amid strolling so the foot does not delay
the floor. In the event that one-sided, causes incorporate peroneal nerve paralysis and L5
radiculopathy. In the event that respective, causes incorporate amyotrophic parallel sclerosis,
Charcot-Marie-Tooth illness and other fringe neuropathies incorporating those related with
uncontrolled diabetes.[30]

FIGURE 9 NEUROPATHIC GAIT PATIENT

13
4.5 MYOPATHIC GAIT (waddling gait):
Hip support muscles are in charge of keeping the pelvis level when strolling. In the event that
you have shortcoming on one side, this will prompt a drop in the pelvis on the contralateral side
of the pelvis while strolling (Trendelenburg sign). With reciprocal shortcoming, you will have
dropping of the pelvis on the two sides amid strolling prompting waddling. This walk is found in
persistent with myopathies, for example, strong dystrophy.[31]

FIGURE 10 MYOATHIC GAIT PATIENT

4.6 CHOREIFORM GAIT :( HYPERKINETIC GAIT)

This stride is seen with certain basal ganglia issue including Sydenham's chorea, Huntington's
disease and different types of chorea, athetosis or dystonia. The patient will show sporadic, jerky,
automatic developments in all furthest points. Strolling may complement their pattern
development issue.[32]

4.7 PARKINSONIAN GAIT:

In this walk, the patient will have unbending nature and bradykinesia. He or she will be stooped
with the head and neck forward, with flexion at the knees. The entire furthest point is
additionally in flexion with the fingers normally broadened. The patient strolls with moderate
little advances known at marched a petites pas (stroll of little advances). Patient may likewise
experience issues starting advances. The patient may demonstrate an automatic tendency to make
quickening strides, known as festination. This step is found in Parkinson's sickness or some other
condition causing Parkinsonism, for example, symptoms from drugs.[33]

14
 FIGURE 11 FESTINATION OF GAIT IN PARKINSON DIESASE

4.8 SENSORY GAIT:

As our feet touch the ground, we receive proprioceptive information to tell us their location. The
sensory ataxic gait occurs when there is loss of this proprioceptive input. In an effort to know
when the feet land and their location, the patient will slam the foot hard onto the ground in order
to sense it. A key to this gait involves its exacerbation when patients cannot see their feet (i.e. in
the dark). This gait is also sometimes referred to as a stomping gait since patients may lift their
legs very high to hit the ground hard. This gait can be seen in disorders of the dorsal columns
(B12 deficiency or tabs dorsalis) or in diseases affecting the peripheral nerves (uncontrolled
diabetes). In its severe form, this gait can cause an ataxia that resembles the cerebellar ataxic
gait.

4.9 APPLICATIONS OF GAIT DATA:

Various types of information can be helpful for various purposes in walk examination. Timing of
strolling can be utilized to perceive asymmetries of left and right advances or recognize issues in
adjust and dependability. The general step parameters can be utilized to assess the level of
handicap.

They additionally can be utilized to watch change or exacerbating of a patient's condition with
specific intercession. Anomalous developments of joints are evaluated by the edge information
of the joints. Be that as it may, the information do not specifically depict which muscles are in
charge of variations from the norm. To recognize applicable muscle action, electromyography
information might be utilized for promote examination. At the point when both dynamic and
kinematic information are accessible, joint minutes and forces can be computed.[34]

4.10 ABOUT KINOVEA:

KINOVEA is a free programming which is used to examine recordings. Kinovea is utilized by

competitors and mentors to tweak procedures. You can gauge distance, speed and stature etc on a
specific video with the help of Kinovea.The coordinated document pioneer enables us to peruse
your video gathering outwardly. These documents, which are shown as energized thumbnails and

15
as an alternate route administrator it gives you a chance to safeguard bookmarks of oftentimes
got to catalogs for a speedy turn upward.

Kinovea is intended to see and to dissect the arrangement of games recordings. Its capacities are
like those of a video player: to play back, to stop, to see in ease back movement and to send out
pictures. It joins an element called "two recordings" to enable you to look at two successions for
the instructional exercises. Its taking care of does not require a specific aptitude and it is
anything but difficult to utilize.

FIGURE 12WORKING ON KINOVEA SOFTWARE

4.11 POINT OF INTEREST IN KINOVEA(Advantages):

 To give point by point data of step of individual it is conceivable to examine every single
snapshot of recorded video.

 Competitors can inspect and rectify their stride liabilities at bring down expenses as
contrast with walk lab.

 Inspect can contrast two videos at once with watch the strategy contrasts.

 Disservices of kinovea. (disadvantages)

 This can be a mind-numbing programming

16
  A few highlights of this product are hard to utilize.

CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY

5.1 GAIT LAB SETUP:

Step labs over the world required the walk setup and additionally programming and equipment
prepared staff to deal with the lab setup and for stride examination.

5.2 CAMERAS:

The camera framework is the center of the equipment bundle. A scope of cameras required for
various necessities, where it is especially appropriate for stride labs. Step lab requires the correct
mix of recurrence speed (up to 180 Hz) and determination (20 MP), when utilizing little markers.

The course of action of the cameras along the walkway ought to have the capacity to catch the
development of the markings in the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes; the space interim in
this three measurements characterizes the chronicle volume where the stride must happen. There
ought to be an adequate number of appropriately situated cameras with the goal that all markings
might be seen constantly by no less than two of the cameras. At the point when this condition
isn't met even on short areas of the walkway, more present day development examination assets
ought to be utilized that have an introduction apparatus, which fills in the markings direction in
those segments by method for recreation and activity in light of numerical calculations.

The area where the cameras will be situated and fastened relies upon specific factors: the
measure of the investigation room where the examination will occur, the kind of study, and the
quantity of accessible cameras and additionally camera attributes (focal point, sensibility), sizes
of the markings and furthermore exploratory components, similar to iridescence. Contingent
upon the room measure, the cameras should be organized beyond what many would consider
possible from the walkway, in order to build the scope of view that will catch the development of
the markings, given the markers' size is sufficiently huge to be imagined. The assessment of
human stride requires a walkway with at least 10-12-steps (comparing to no less than eight
meters), while the assessment of developments like hopping and tossing assignments do not
require as much space. Despite the fact that change of stride catch just requires satisfactory
length and width, such movement examination framework might be utilized for vertical
developments as well, in this manner a change in tallness is likewise alluring.

17
5.3 TREADMILL:
Treadmill was organized in the examination lab of walk, treadmill was determined to speed of
2km/hr , subjects were permitted to stroll on treadmill having three marker focuses upon them
which were set on lower leg joint, knee joint and on hip.

5.4 DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECT:

Table5.1: description of subjects

No.of subjetcs Age Height Weight

Sub 1 26 years 5’6” 67 kg
Sub 2 23 years 5’7” 64 kg
Sub 3 19 years 5’10” 70 kg
Sub 4 30 years 5’4” 71 kg
Sub 5 18 years 6’ 67 kg
Sub 6 25 years 5’6” 78 kg

5.5 RESULT ACQUISITION:

5.6 RESULTS OF SUBJECT 1:

FIGURE 13 KINOVEA ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT 1

This image was taken through the kinovea programming, subject 1 was strolling on the treadmill
along with markers and cameras that were set on the distinctive positions were catching the
video.

18
Furthers more analysis has been done on this video different parameters have been observed and
analyzed.

5.7 ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 1:

FIGURE 14 GRAPH RESULT OF ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 1

5.8 ACCELERATION:
Acceleration is the rate of progress of speed of moving object as for time. Acceleration is the net
aftereffect of the considerable number of powers following up on the object
SI unit o acceleration is “m/s2”

5.9 SPEED OF SUBJECT 1:

19
 FIGURE 15 GRAPH RESULT OF SPEED OF SUB 1

5.10 SPEED:
Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time.SI unit of speed is “m/s”

5.11 TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 1:

FIGURE 16 GRAPH RESULT OF TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 1

20
5.12 TOTAL DISTANCE:
Distance is referred as how much ground an object has covered.SI unit of total distance is “m”.

5.13 ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 1:

FIGURE 17 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 1

5.14 ANGULAR VELOCITY:

Angular velocity is the rate of change of angular position of the moving object ,SI unit of angular
velocity is “rad/s”

5.15 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 1:

21
 FIGURE 18 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGILAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJCT 1

5.16 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT:

Angular displacement is the angle through which an abject move on a circular path.

5.17 ANALYSIS RESULTS OF SUBJECT 2:

FIGURE 19 KINOVEA ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT 2

A similar method was reworked to subject 2 as subject 1.

5.18 ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 2:

22
 FIGURE 20GRAPH RESULT OF ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 2

5.19 SPEED OF SUBECT 2:

FIGURE 21 GRAPH RESULT OF SPEED OF SUBECT 2

5.20 TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 2:

23
 FIGURE 22 GRAPH RESULT OF TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 2

5.21 ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 2:

FIGURE 23 GRAGH RESULT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 2

5.22 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 2:

24
 FIGURE 24 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJET 2

5.23 ANALYSIS RESULT OF SUBJECT 3:

FIGURE 25 KINOVEA ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT 3

Same procedure was applied to subject 3 as previous subjects.

25
5.24 ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 3:

FIGURE 26 GRAPH RESULT OF ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 3

5.25 SPEED OF SUBJECT 3:

FIGURE 27 GRAPH RESULT OF SPEED OF SUBJECT 3

5.26 TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 3:

26
 FIGURE 28 GRAPH RESULT OF TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 3

5.27 ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 3:

FIGURE 29 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 3

27
5.28 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 3:

FIGURE 30 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 3

5.29 ANALYSIS RESULT OF SUBJECT 4:

FIGURE 31 KINOVEA ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT 4

28
This subject has gone through the same procedure as above.

5.30 ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 4:

FIGURE 32 GRAPH RESULT OF ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 4

5.31 SPEED OF SUBJECT 4:

FIGURE 33 GRAPH RESULT OF SPEED OF SUBJECT 4

29
5.32 TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 4:

FIGURE 34 GRAPH RESULT OF TOTAL DISTANCE O SUBJECT 4

5.33 ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 4:

FIGURE 35 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 4

30
5.34 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 4:

FIGURE 36 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 4

5.35 ANALYSIS RESULT OF SUBJECT 5:

FIGURE 37 KINOVEA ANALYSIS OF RESULT 5

5.36 ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 5:

31
 FIGURE 38 GRAPH RESULT OF ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 5

5.37 SPEED OF SUBJECT 5:

FIGURE 39 GRAPH RESULT OF SPEED OF SUBJECT 5

5.38 TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 5:

32
 FIGURE 40 GRAPH RESULT OF TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 5

5.39 ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 5:

FIGURE 41 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 5

5.40 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 5:

33
 FIGURE 42 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 5

5.41 ANALYSIS RESULTS OF SUBJECT 6:

FIGURE 43 KINOVEA ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT 6

5.42 ACCELERATION OF SUBJECT 6:

34
 FIGURE 44 GRAPH RESULT OF ACCELERATION O SUBJECT 6

5.43 SPEED OF SUBJECT 6:

FIGURE 45 GRAPH RESULT OF SPEED OF SUBJECT 6

5.44 TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 6:

35
 FIGURE 46 GRAPH RESULT OF TOTAL DISTANCE OF SUBJECT 6

5.45 ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 6:

FIGURE 47 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR VELOCITY OF SUBJECT 6

5.46 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 6:

36
 FIGURE 48 GRAPH RESULT OF ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF SUBJECT 6

5.47 ACQUISITION OF AVERAGE OF PARAMETERS:

Average results were taken from acquired results of different parameters.

5.48 AVERAGE OF ACCELERATION

Average Acceleration
10000

5000

0
2669

6573
67
500
934
1368
1802
2236

3103
3537
3971
4404
4838
5272
5706
6139

7007
7441
7875
8308
8742
9176
9610

-5000

-10000

Average Acceleration

5.49 AVERAGE ANGULAR VELOCITY

37
 Average of Angular velocity

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1235

8041
33
434
834

1635
2035
2436
2836
3237
3637
4037
4438
4838
5239
5639
6039
6440
6840
7241
7641

8442
8842
9243
9643
Average of Angular velocity

5.50 AVERAGE OF ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT:

Average Angular displacemet

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
33
400
767
1134
1502
1869
2236
2603
2970
3337
3704
4071
4438
4805
5172
5539
5906
6273
6640
7007
7374
7741
8108
8475
8842
9209
9576
9943

Average of Angular Displacement

5.51 AVERAGE OF SPEED:

38
 Average of Speed

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

2035

8842
33
434
834
1235
1635

2436
2836
3237
3637
4037
4438
4838
5239
5639
6039
6440
6840
7241
7641
8041
8442

9243
9643
Average of Speed

5.52 AVERAGE OF TOTAL DISTANCE:

Average of Total Distance

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
3704

5172
33
400
767
1134
1502
1869
2236
2603
2970
3337

4071
4438
4805

5539
5906
6273
6640
7007
7374
7741
8108
8475
8842
9209
9576
9943

Average Total Distance

5.53 CONCLUSION:
The system of Video based Gait study has been created to perceive various parameters of
Gait, which can supportive to investigate the irregularities happen during walking of
abnormal individual. This procedure may give better conception of viability during
treatment and trainings.
this project is cost effective and time effective as it contains minimized setup. To operate
this system there is no need of highly qualified technician or practitioner.
This project may also provide home analysis benefits on door step of needy ones.

39
5.54 FUTUER WORK:
Objective of this project was to analyze the Gait parameters.
2D analysis was applied upon different subjects. This project can b proceed in the future
by applying 3D analysis and further parameters of gait can be explored.

40
 REFERENCES

1. Zajac, Felix E., Richard R. Neptune, and Steven A. Kautz. "Biomechanics and muscle
coordination of human walking: Part I: Introduction to concepts, power transfer,
dynamics and simulations." Gait & posture 16, no. 3 (2002): 215-232.
2. Anderson, Frank C., and Marcus G. Pandy. "Dynamic optimization of human
walking." Journal of biomechanical engineering 123, no. 5 (2001): 381-390.
3. Mummolo, Carlotta, Luigi Mangialardi, and Joo H. Kim. "Quantifying dynamic
characteristics of human walking for comprehensive gait cycle." Journal of
biomechanical engineering 135, no. 9 (2013): 091006.
4. Kharb, Ashutosh, Vipin Saini, Y. K. Jain, and Surender Dhiman. "A review of gait cycle
and its parameters." IJCEM International Journal of Computational Engineering &
Management 13 (2011): 78-83.
5. Jordan, Kimberlee, John H. Challis, and Karl M. Newell. "Walking speed influences on
gait cycle variability." Gait & posture 26, no. 1 (2007): 128-134.
6. Perry, J., and J. M. Burnfield. "Phases of gait." Gait analysis: normal and pathological
function 9 (1992): 16.
7. Gwin, Joseph T., Klaus Gramann, Scott Makeig, and Daniel P. Ferris. "Electrocortical
activity is coupled to gait cycle phase during treadmill walking." Neuroimage 54, no. 2
(2011): 1289-1296.
8. Baker, Richard. "The history of gait analysis before the advent of modern
computers." Gait & posture 26, no. 3 (2007): 331-342.
9. Liu, Jianyi, and Nanning Zheng. "Gait history image: a novel temporal template for gait
recognition." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 663-
666. IEEE, 2007.
10. Cimolin, Veronica, and Manuela Galli. "Summary measures for clinical gait analysis: a
literature review." Gait & posture 39, no. 4 (2014): 1005-1010.
11. Oatis, Carol A., and R. Craik. Gait analysis: theory and application. Mosby, 1994.
12. Hausdorff, Jeffrey M., Yosef Ashkenazy, Chang-K. Peng, Plamen Ch Ivanov, H. Eugene
Stanley, and Ary L. Goldberger. "When human walking becomes random walking:
fractal analysis and modeling of gait rhythm fluctuations." Physica A: Statistical
mechanics and its applications 302, no. 1-4 (2001): 138-147.
13. Zeni Jr, J. A., J. G. Richards, and J. S. Higginson. "Two simple methods for determining
gait events during treadmill and overground walking using kinematic data." Gait &
posture 27, no. 4 (2008): 710-714.
14. Stolze, H., J. P. Kuhtz-Buschbeck, C. Mondwurf, A. Boczek-Funcke, K. Jöhnk, G.
Deuschl, and M. Illert. "Gait analysis during treadmill and overground locomotion in
children and adults." Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control 105, no. 6 (1997): 490-497.
15. Ren, Lei, Richard K. Jones, and David Howard. "Predictive modelling of human walking
over a complete gait cycle." Journal of biomechanics 40, no. 7 (2007): 1567-1574.
16. Seely, Richard D., Sina Samangooei, Middleton Lee, John N. Carter, and Mark S. Nixon.
"The university of southampton multi-biometric tunnel and introducing a novel 3d gait
41
 dataset." In 2008 IEEE Second International Conference on Biometrics: Theory,
Applications and Systems, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2008.
17. Hensley, Sarah. Comparison of Mechanical Parameters Between a Stewart Platform
Theoretical Model and an Experimental Static Test Specific to the Stance Phase of Gait
in Foot-Ankle Complex. University of Colorado at Denver, 2017.
18. Krebs, David E., Joan E. Edelstein, and Sidney Fishman. "Reliability of observational
kinematic gait analysis." Physical Therapy 65, no. 7 (1985): 1027-1033.
19. Brunnekreef, Jaap J., Caro JT Van Uden, Steven van Moorsel, and Jan GM Kooloos.
"Reliability of videotaped observational gait analysis in patients with orthopedic
impairments." BMC musculoskeletal disorders 6, no. 1 (2005): 17.
20. Ferrarello, Francesco, Valeria Anna Maria Bianchi, Marco Baccini, Gaia Rubbieri,
Enrico Mossello, Maria Chiara Cavallini, Niccolò Marchionni, and Mauro Di Bari.
"Tools for observational gait analysis in patients with stroke: a systematic
review." Physical therapy 93, no. 12 (2013): 1673-1685.
21. Davis III, Roy B., Sylvia Ounpuu, Dennis Tyburski, and James R. Gage. "A gait analysis
data collection and reduction technique." Human movement science 10, no. 5 (1991):
575-587.
22. Lanshammar, Haakan. "On practical evaluation of differentiation techniques for human
gait analysis." Journal of Biomechanics 15, no. 2 (1982): 99-105.
23. Lord, S. E., P. W. Halligan, and D. T. Wade. "Visual gait analysis: the development of a
clinical assessment and scale." Clinical rehabilitation 12, no. 2 (1998): 107-119.
24. Maathuis, Karel GB, et al. "Gait in children with cerebral palsy: observer reliability of
Physician Rating Scale and Edinburgh Visual Gait Analysis Interval Testing
scale." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 25.3 (2005): 268-272.
25. O'Kane, Francis W., Chris A. McGibbon, and David E. Krebs. "Kinetic analysis of
planned gait termination in healthy subjects and patients with balance disorders." Gait &
posture 17, no. 2 (2003): 170-179.
26. Riley, Patrick O., Gabriele Paolini, Ugo Della Croce, Kate W. Paylo, and D. Casey
Kerrigan. "A kinematic and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill walking in
healthy subjects." Gait & posture 26, no. 1 (2007): 17-24.
27. Kidder, Steven M., Faruk S. Abuzzahab, Gerald F. Harris, and Jeffrey E. Johnson. "A
system for the analysis of foot and ankle kinematics during gait." IEEE Transactions on
Rehabilitation Engineering 4, no. 1 (1996): 25-32.
28. Alexander, Neil B., and Allon Goldberg. "Gait disorders: search for multiple
causes." Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 72, no. 7 (2005): 586.
29. Rodda, J. M., H. K. Graham, L. Carson, M. P. Galea, and R. Wolfe. "Sagittal gait
patterns in spastic diplegia." The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 86,
no. 2 (2004): 251-258.
30. Dingwell, Jonathan B., Jan S. Ulbrecht, Jason Boch, Mary B. Becker, John T. O’Gorman,
and Peter R. Cavanagh. "Neuropathic gait shows only trends towards increased
variability of sagittal plane kinematics during treadmill locomotion." Gait & posture 10,
no. 1 (1999): 21-29.
31. Russell, James A. "Osteomalacic myopathy." Muscle & nerve17, no. 6 (1994): 578-580.

42
32. Tarsy, Daniel, Norman Leopold, and Daniel S. Sax. "Physostigmine in choreiform
movement disorders." Neurology 24, no. 1 (1974): 28-28.
33. Salarian, Arash, Heike Russmann, François JG Vingerhoets, Catherine Dehollain, Yves
Blanc, Pierre R. Burkhard, and Kamiar Aminian. "Gait assessment in Parkinson's disease:
toward an ambulatory system for long-term monitoring." IEEE transactions on
biomedical engineering 51, no. 8 (2004): 1434-1443.
34. Gage, James R., Peter A. Deluca, and Thomas S. Renshaw. "Gait analysis: principles and
applications." JBJS 77, no. 10 (1995): 1607-1623.

43