Discovering of computer fundamentals

History of computer
1801: In France,josaphMarie Jacquard invents aloom that uses punched wooden
cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch
cards.
In 1822 babbage,among others,designed his first mechanical machine with basic
architecture very similar to a modern computer. In his machine, the data and program
memory were separated.
In 1890:Herman Hollerith designs a punch
card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and
saving the government $5 million.

1936:Alan Turing, presents the notion of a

Universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that
is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas.

1937:j.v. Atanasoff, build the first computer

without gears, cams, belts or shafts.

1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student,

Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. This
marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory.
1943-1944:Two professors,John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, build the
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of
digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes.
1946: Mauchly and Presper build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for
business and government applications.
1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter
Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the transistor.
1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes
known as COBOL.
1954: The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for Formula Translation, is
developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, according to the
University of Michi.

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1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the
computer chip.
1964: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse
and a graphical user interface (GUI).
1969: A group of developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system that
addressed compatibility issues.
1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory
(DRAM) chip.
1971: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy disk.”
1973: Robert Metcalfe,develops Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other
hardware.
1974-1977: A number of personal computers hit the market ,including scelbi and Mark
-8 Altair ,IBM 5100 , Radio Shack’s TRS-80 affectionately known as the ‘’Trash 80’’- and
the commodore PET’.s
1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start
Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a
single-circuit board,
1977: Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple Il at the first West
Coast Computer Faire.
1978: Accountants rejoice at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first computerized
spreadsheet program.
1979: Word processing becomes a reality as MicroPro International releases WordStar.
1981: The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is introduced. It uses
Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system. 1983: Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer
with a GUI. It also features a menu and icons. The Gavilan SC is the first portable
computer with the familiar flip form factor and the first to be marketed as a "laptop.”
1985: Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica.
1985: The first dot-com domain name is registered on March 15, years before the World
Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history.
1986: Compaq brings the Deskpro 386 to market. Its 32- bit architecture provides as
speed comparable to mainframes.
1990: Tim Berners-Lee,develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise
to the World Wide Web.

1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs.

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1994: PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone in the Dark 2,"
"Theme Park," "Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are among the
games to hit the market.
1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford
University.
1999: The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin
connecting to the Internet without wires.

MCQ'S
1.Who invents the first computer without gears,belts or shafts?
(a).Alan turing
(b).J.V.Atanasoff
(c).D.packard
2.who invents ENIAC?
(a).J.mauchly,J.p.Eckert
(b).J.p Eckert,Alan turing
(c).J.Mauchly,D.packard
3.ENIAC has vaccum tubes?
(a).18000
(b).20000
(c).22000
4.The first computer language was known as?
(a)BOCOL
(b)COBOL
(c)LOBOC
5.Transistor was invented in?
(a)1947
(b)1948
(c)1950

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6.Apple computer was invented on the day?
(a) Valentine’s day
(b)April fool's day
(c)labour day
7.who invents the first computer language?
(a)Grace hopper
(b)steve jobs
(c)Alan turing
8.First dot-com domain was registered on?
(a)March,15
(b)October,15
(c) January

What is computer ?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data . It has the
ability to store, retrieve and process data. Computer is use to type documents , send
email , play games ,and browse the web etc.

Input Process Output

What is software and example of software ?

Software is set of instructions given to the computer to solve the problems, it also tells
the computer what to do.
An examples of software is Excel or Windows or iTunes.

What is hardware and it’s examples ?

Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. This is also sometime called
the machinery or the equipment of the computer.
Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the monitor , the mouse , and
the central processing unit.

Difference between software and hardware ?

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Hardware is a set of physical parts of computers which actually executes the
instruction. Software is a program or set of instructions which are to be executed by
CPU to do the intended task. A Hardware is manufactured in factories. A software is
developed, engineered by software development companies.

What is data and example of data ?

Data is defined as facts or figures, or information that's stored in or used by a computer.
An example of data is information collected for a research paper. An example of data
is an email. noun.

What is information and example of information?

The definition of information is news or knowledge received or given.
An example of information is what’s to someone who asks for background about
something.

What is multimedia and it’s examples ?

Multimedia is a broad term for combining device multiple media formats. Whenever
text, audio, still images, animation, video and interactivity are combined together, the
result is multimedia. Slides, for example, are multimedia as they combine text and
images, and sometimes video and other types.

MCQ's
1. Name of the screen that recognized touch input is:
a Recog screen

b Point screen

c Touch screen

d Android screen

2. Identify the device through which data and instructions

are entered into a computer:
a Software

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 b Output device

c Input device
d Memory

3. Computer monitor is also known as:

a DVD

b UCD

c VDU

d CCTV

4. Which one of these stores more data than a DVD:

a CD ROM

b Floppy

c Blue Ray Disk

d Red Ray Disk

Software:
5. A display listing of program option which users can
select is called:
a Icons

b Options

c Selection

d Menu

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6. Example of software is:
a Keyboard

b Mouse

c Excel

d Speaker

Hardware:
7. physical parts of computer called:
a Software

b Data

c Hardware

d Information

8. CPU is an example of :
a Software

b A program

c An output

d Hardware
9. Data keys need not be a direct hardware address in:
a. Hard disk

b. Memory

c. Ram

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 d. ROM

10. Binary files are sometime reffered as:

a Data

b Information

c Instructions

d Command

11. Data can be organized in many different types of data

structures including:
a Arrays

b Graphs

c Objects

d All of these

Information:
12. Information system support an organisation, business
operation managerial decision making and strategic
competitive advantages such system is called:
a Business process reengineering
b Globalization
c Roles of information system
d Competitive advantages
Multimedia:
13. One of the disadvantage of multimedia is:

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 a Cost

b Adaptability

c Usability

d Relativity

14. The text colour in a presentation should contrast with

the colour:
a CPU

b Frame

c Stack

d Background

15. The process of planning your multimedia presentation

is known as:
a Design

b Storyboard

c Development

d Layout

• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer.

The benefits from using computers are possible because computers have the
advantages of speed, reliability, consistency, Storage and communication.

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 Advantages of computer
1. Speed
Computer is Avery fast device. It is capable of performing calculation of very
large amount of data. The computer has units of speed in microseconds,
nanoseconds and even the picosecond.
2. Accuracy
In addition to being very fast computers are very accurate.
The calculations are hundred percent error free. Computer performs all jobs with
100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given.
3. Storage capability
Memory is very important characteristic of computers. A computer has much
more storage capacity than human beings. It can store any type of data such as
images, text, audio and many others. Computer make this data available for
processing any time it is needed.
4. Reliability
A computer is a reliable machine . Modern electronic components have long lives.
Computer are designed to make maintenance easy.

5. Communications
Most computers today can communicate with other computers, often wirelessly.
Computer allows users to communicate with one another.

Disadvantages of computer
Following list demonstrate the disadvantages of computers in today’s arena.

1. Violation of privacy
In many instances, where personal and confidential records stored on computers were
not protected properly individuals have found their privacy violated and identities stolen.

2. No IQ
A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each
instructions has to be given to computer. A computer cannot take any decision
on its own.
3. Dependency
It functions as per a users instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being .

4. Impact on labor force

Although computers have improved productivity and created an entire industry
with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of employees have

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 been replaced by computers . Thus it is crucial, that workers keep their education
up-to-date.
5. Environment
The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable.
6. No feeling
Computer have no feelings or emotions. It cannot make judgment based on
feelings, taste, experience and knowledge unlike a human being.

MCQ'S
1. Advantage of computer in our daily life is?
a) Public safety
b) Health risks
c) Communication
d) Violation of privacy

2. Advantage of using computer is

a) Consistency
b) Impact on enviroment
c) Impact on labor force
d) Health risks

3. The advantage of computer given below is

a) Speed
b) Health risks
c) Public safety
d) Violation of privacy

4. Disadvantage of using computer is

a) speed
b) Reliability

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 c) communication
d) Public safety

5. Computer has a great impact on

a) Storage
b) Consistency
c) Speed
d) Labor force

6. Computer has no
a) Storage
b) Speed
c) Feelings
d) Reliability

Important components of computer

• Electronic device
Electronic device is device that accomplishes its purpose electronically. Answering
machine an electronic device that answers the telephone and record message. Beeper,
pager-an electronic device that generates a series of beeps when person carrying it is
being paged.

• Input device
In computing and input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and
control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or
information appliance. Examples of input device include keyboard, mouse,
scanners, cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
• Output device
Output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which convert
information into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and
video. Some of the output devices are visual display units example monitor,
printers, graphic output device, plotters, speakers, projectors, GPS, sound card,
video card,etc. Wikipedia.

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 • Processing device
Processing devices are the components responsible for the processing of
information with in the computer system. This includes devices such as CPU,
memory and motherboard, GPU, Network card, sound card, video card.
• Storage device
A computer storage device is the type of hardware that store data. The
computers primary hard
drive stores the operating system, applications, and files and folders for users of
the computer…..while the hard drive is the most ubiquitous of all storage
devices, several other types are common as well. Examples hard disk drive,
solid state drive, random access memory (RAM), CD, DVD and Blu-Ray-Discs,
ROM, USB flash memory.
• Communication device
A communication device is any type of hardware capable of transmitting data,
Instructions, and information between a sending device and recurring device.
One type of communication device that connects a communication s channel to a
sending or receiving device such as a computer is a modem. examples
Bluetooth device, infrared devices, Network card, smartphone , Wi-Fi devices.

MCQ’S '’input unit”

1. Which unit is responsible for the converting the data received
from the user into computer understandable form?
a) memory unit
b) logic unit
c) input unit
d) output unit

2. The only language which computer understand is

a) assembly language
b) binary language
c) basic
d) language

3. The smallest unit of data in computer is

a) Byte
b) Nibble

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c) Bit
d) Kb

4. One. Nibble is equivalent to how many bits

a) 2

b) 4

c) 8

d) 1

5. Which of the following describe the correct format of an input

instruction?
a) IN 82
b) INPUT 82
c) INP 82
d) 82 INP

6. The input machine which originated in the United States around

1880s is a
a) mouse
b) joystick
c) keyboard
d)bar codereader

7.1yottabyte=
a) 1024 TB

b) 1024 EB

c) 1024 ZB

d) 1024 PB

8.Which one of following is not a function of input unit?

a) it reads instructions and data outside world
b) it converts the data into computer acceptable format
c) it makes the data into users understandable format

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d) none of these

MCQ’S '’the output unit”

1.The process of producing useful information for the user is
called
a) controlling
b) outputting
c) inputting
d) processing

2. The output unit converts data entered by the

user into computer
a) false
b)true

3. VDU stands for

a) virtual display unit
b)visual display unit
c) virtual detection unit

d) visual detection unit

What does SWAG

stands for
a) standard visual graphic array
b) super visual graphic array
c) standard video graphic array
d) super video graphic array

4. The devices that used to give single or

multiple colored images and drawings are
a)monitors

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b) printers
c) plotters
d) VDUs
6. A special request originated from some device to the CPU to acquire some
of it’s time is called a)disturbance
b) attenuation

c) interrupt

d) noise
7.line printers that print one line at a time are
a) laser printer
b) inkjet printers
c) drum printers
d) chain printers

8.which monitor looks like a TV and or normally used with non-

portable computer system.
a) CRT
b) LCD
c )LED
d) flat panel monitors
9. Which of following is not an output unit
a) It produces result that can be easily understood by user
b) it accepts the result produced by computer
c) it supplies the data and instructions outside world
d) it supplies the data and instructions to the computer for further
processing

10.PCL stands for

a) peripheral component interconnect
b) partial component interconnect

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c) peripheral component interaction

d) partial component interaction.

MCQ’S ” storage unit”

1. Component that provide internal storage to CPU are
a) registers
b) program counters
c) controllers
d) internal chips
2.saving data and instructions to make them readily
available is the job of
a) storage unit
b) Cache unit
c) Input unit
D) Output unit
3. The two basic type of memory in computer are
a) primary and major
b) primary and secondary
c) Minor and major
d) main and virtual
4.which of the following used to hold running program
instructions?
a) primary storage
b) virtual storage
c) internal storage
d) minor devices
5.which of following is non-volatile storage?
a)Backup
b) secondary
c) primary
d) cache
6.which of following is used in main memory?
a) SRAM
b) DRAM
c) PRAM
d) DDR
7. Which of the following are type of ROMs
a) SROM&DROM
b) PROM&EPROM
c) none

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 d) PROM&EROM
8. RAID stands for
a ) redundant array of independent disks
b) redundant array of individual
disks
c) reusable array of individual disks
d) Reusable array of independent disks
9. A non- erasable disk that stores digitized audio
information is
a) CD
b) CD-ROM
c) DVD-R
d) DVD-RW
10. The first practical form of random access memory was
the
a) SSEM
b) cathode Ray tube
c) William’s tube
d) Thomas’s tube

Mixed Mcq’s
1.components of computer includes
a)input devices
b) Output devices

c) storage devices

d)all of these
2.which is not an output devices
a)printers
b)mouse
c)monitor
d)none
3.widely used input devices are
a) key board
b) mouse

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 c) scanner
d) all
4. Mostly used output devices are
a) printers
b) optic disk drive
c) speaker

d) (a) and (C) both

5.USB flash drive is an

a) scanner
b)storage device
c) printer
d) mouse
6. system unit is a component of
a) computer
b) hardware
c) software

d) none of these

7.CPU stands for

a) computer unit

b) computer processing unit

c) central processing unit

d) all
8.widely used communication devices are
a) memory
b) input
c) modem
d) speaker
9.communications occurs over

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a) cables

b) telephone lines

c) networks

d) all

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