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Basic Electronics System
Basic Electronics System
Product Training
42400 27/07/2011
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
What is voltage?
Voltage:
• related to potential energy
• always have a reference, usually ground
• there is a potential difference between the battery terminals
• a battery has negative charge on one terminal (-) and positive charge on the other (+)
• the unit is volts, V
electron
proton
neutron
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
What is current?
Current:
• a flow of electrons from a negatively charged potential to a positively charged pole
• however, the current is going from positive to negative
• charge in Coulombs passing a point in a particular time, 1 Coulumb is appr 6x1018 electrons
• the unit is ampere, A
• 1 Coulumb/second = 1 A
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
What is resistance?
Resistance:
• the flow of charge passing through a material meets an opposing force called resistance
• resistance depends on:
• material
• length
• cross sectional area
• temperature
• the unit is ohm, Ω
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Connect the test wires to correct DC Be sure you have the correct
12.57 V
connections on the multimeter. setting, “DC voltage or “ V”
Normally the gates marked “com ”
and “ V ”.
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
The circuit must be The current is measured in series with the load.
closed when measuring
the current.
Load
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Load
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Resistors in series
Black=0
R1 R2 R3 Brown=1
Red=2
2.2k 2.7k 3.3k Orange=3
Yellow=4
Rtot. = R1+R2+R3 Rtot.
Green=5
Blue=6
Purple=7
1st ring: 1st digit 8.2k Gray=8
2nd ring: 2nd digit White=9
3rd ring: 3rd digit/number of zeros
4th ring: number of zeros
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Resistors in parallel
R1
Black=0
560k
Brown=1
1/Rtot. = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 Red=2
Rtot. R2 Orange=3
Yellow=4
100k Green=5
620k
Blue=6
Purple=7
R3
Gray=8
value? 470k
150k
White=9
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Resistance Resistance
Temp. Temp.
NTC PTC
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Resistance Resistance
Rotation. Rotation.
Linear Logarithmic
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Capacitors
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Capacitors
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Capacitors
G
12 VAC 12 VAC
- +
12 V
12 VDC 0V
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Capacitors
R
- +
63%
12 V
C
Rise time
Volts
Rise time (63%):
T=RxC
Example:
63% V=10V
R=100k
T
Time C=100μF
T=10s (6.3V)
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
12.0 V 11.0 V
The voltage drop is caused by the cable resistance ( V = Rcable x I ). Another effect from the
cable resistance is that the temperature rises in the cables and may cause fire. If the voltage
drop is too high the starter engine will not receive enough power ( P = V x I ) to initiate the
rotation.
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
To avoid problems caused by voltage drop, Volvo Penta recommends cable areas as below.
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
To avoid problems caused by voltage drop, Volvo Penta recommends cable areas as below.
63 (24 V):
Cable length in meter 2 2-3 3-4,5 4,5-6 6-7,5
2
Cable area in mm 35 50 70 95 120
73 (24 V):
Cable length in meter 2 2-3 3-4 4-5
2
Cable area in mm 50 70 95 120
10L (24V):
Cable length in meter 2 2-3 3-4
2
Cable area in mm 70 95 120
12L (24 V):
Cable length in meter 2,5 2,5-3,5 3-4,5 4,5-5,5
2
Cable area in mm 50 70 95 120
16L (24 V):
Cable length in meter 1,5 1,5-2,5 2,5-3,5 3-4
2
Cable area in mm 50 70 95 120
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
The charge state is controlled by measuring the specific gravity of the acid in the battery.
Specific gravity at 20°C (68°F) Specific gravity at different temperatures Freezing point at different
in different charge state in a fully charged battery charge levels
1.28 100% +30 (86° F) 1.273 100% - 70 (-94° F)
1.26 85% +20 (68° F) 1.280 40% - 30 (-22° F)
1.24 70% +10 (50° F) 1.287 10% - 10 (+ 14° F)
1.22 55% 0 (32° F) 1.294
1.20 40% -10 (14° F) 1.301
1.18 25% - 20 (- 4° F) 1.308
1.16 10% - 30 (-22° F) 1.315
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Battery condition
The condition of the battery is checked by measuring the pole voltage when a specific
load is connected to the battery.
12.1 DC
V
Load
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Battery size
When selecting battery size, it is vital to look at both momentary and long-term capacity
The rating norm for long-term When selecting the momentary capacity there are 3
capacity the C20 norm is used different norms used:
(batteries marked with Ah)
• Cranking current according to SAE; the current taken
• C20 means the amount off out from the battery at -18° without a voltage drop below
current able to take out from 7,2 V within 30 sec.
the battery during 20 h
Ex. 1: 60 Ah = 20 x 3 A/h • Cranking current according to DIN; the current taken out
from the battery at - 18° without a voltage drop below 9V
Ex. 2: 100 Ah = 20 x 5 A/h within 30 sec. and 6V within 150 sec.
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Diode
Be sure you have
the correct setting,
O.L
0.65 V
“Diode check “ or
IF
“ “
-200V VAC
0.6V
Cathode
Anode Cathode
Anode
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
The relays
• Relays are used to switch high currents with relatively low control currents.
• VP relay is made for either 12 V or 24 V.
• The diode is a protection against transients and sparks occurring when manoeuvring the relay.
• The transients may cause interference in the electronics if the energy is sufficient.
• When connecting and measuring the relay, take the diode into consideration.
Diode
Coil
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Zener diode
8.5 V
IF
Power supply
15.00 V
15
Zener “knee”
0 30
-8.5V VAC
0.6V
Anode
+ - + -
- + 0.6V
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
1.8 kΩ
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110120130
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
0.50 V
Power supply
5.00 V
5 15
4.5
4
3.5 0 30
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
• Ease of service
• Serviceability during operation saves time and money
• High quality
• Built in the most automated diesel engine plant in the world by a totally robotic machining
and assembly line, ensures the highest level of quality.
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Environmental responsibility
• We all want to live in a clean, healthy environment, where we can breathe clean
air, see healthy trees, have clean water in lakes and seas, and be able to enjoy
the sunlight without fearing for our health. Unfortunately, this is not a matter of
course these days, it is something all of us must work for.
• As an engine manufacturer, Volvo Penta has particular responsibility and for this
reason, environmental care is an obvious foundation of our product development.
Volvo Penta has a wide engine program these days, where considerable
progress has been made in reducing exhaust fumes, fuel consumption, engine
noise etc.
• We hope that you will want to preserve these values. Always observe the advice
in the Operators Manual about fuel grades, operation and maintenance, to avoid
unnecessary environmental impact. Please contact your Volvo Penta dealer if
you notice any changes such as increased fuel consumption or increased
exhaust smoke.
• Please remember to always hand in hazardous waste such as drained oil,
coolant, old batteries etc. for destruction at an approved recycling facility.
• If we all pull together, we can make a valuable contribution to the environment
together.
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Product Training - Basic Electronics
Electric welding
• Remove the positive and negative cables from the batteries. Then
disconnect all cables connected to the alternator. Disconnect both
connectors from the engine control module.
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