This article was downloaded by: [University of Western Ontario]

On: 13 November 2014, At: 23:05

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers

Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tcie20

Electrolyte for aluminum electrolytic capacitor –

effect of carbohydrates
a b
Ming‐Liao Tsai & Hsiu‐Yui Lin
a
Institute of Materials and Chemical Engineering , National Chin Yi Institute of
Technology , Taichung, Taiwan 411, R.O.C. Phone: 886–4–23924505 ext.7510 Fax:
886–4–23924505 ext.7510 E-mail:
b
Institute of Materials and Chemical Engineering , National Chin Yi Institute of
Technology , Taichung, Taiwan 411, R.O.C.
Published online: 04 Mar 2011.

To cite this article: Ming‐Liao Tsai & Hsiu‐Yui Lin (2006) Electrolyte for aluminum electrolytic capacitor – effect of
carbohydrates, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 29:1, 153-158, DOI: 10.1080/02533839.2006.9671107

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2006.9671107

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of
the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,
and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied
upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall
not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other
liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or
arising out of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any
form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://
www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 153-158 (2006) 153

Short Paper

ELECTROLYTE FOR ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

– EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATES

Ming-Liao Tsai* and Hsiu-Yui Lin

Downloaded by [University of Western Ontario] at 23:05 13 November 2014

ABSTRACT
In this study, carbohydrates were added to modify the textural characteristics of
electrolytes used in aluminum electrolytic capacitors. The results show that the con-
ductivity and sparking voltage of the electrolytes were strongly affected by the con-
centration of these carbohydrates. In addition, the pH of the electrolyte was only
slightly affected by the concentration of these carbohydrates. In this work, the pa-
rameters of capacitors impregnated with the electrolytes were periodically measured
under storage conditions and loading at 105°C for such quantities as capacitance (Cp),
dissipation factor (DF) and leakage current (Lc). Experimental results show that the
capacitor impregnated with electrolyte, containing 8% dextrose, exhibited satisfac-
tory durability.

Key Words: aluminum electrolytic capacitors, capacitance, carbohydrates, sparking

voltage.

I. INTRODUCTION 2001; Tsai et al., 2002a; Tsai et al., 2002b; Tsai et

Recent studies on electrolytic aluminum capaci-
tors have attracted much attention since the capaci-
tors offer smaller size, higher capacitance, greater
reliability, and more safety. The advantage of alu-
minum electrolytic capacitors is their high capaci-
tance despite their small size. High-performance
characteristics have come to be of great importance
for electrolytic capacitors. The factors, which affect
the characteristics of electrolytic aluminum
capacitors, are materials and surface morphologies of
electrodes, composition of electrolytes, assembly of
capacitors and so on. It has been revealed that the
composition of electrolytes is one of the most impor-
tant factors affecting the textural characteristics of
electrolytic aluminum capacitors (Roland,1983;
Kazuhiko et al., 1988; Shoichiro et al., 1988; Ryutaro,
1994; Munehiro, 2000; Akihiko et al., 2001; Tsai,
*Corresponding author. (Tel: 886-4-23924505 ext.7510; Fax:
886-4-23926617; Email: mltsai@chinyi.ncit.edu.tw)
The authors are with the Institute of Materials and Chemical
Engineering, National Chin Yi Institute of Technology, Taichung,
Taiwan 411, R.O.C.
al., 2005).
There are primarily three kinds of issues regarding
the solvent was used for the aluminum electrolytic
capacitors; i.e., ethylene glycol, γ -butyrolactone and
solid electrolytes system, respectively (Roland, 1983;
Shoichiro et al., 1988; Niwa, et al., 1988; Ryutaro,
1994; Nishiyama et al., 1995; Amano et al., 1996;
Yamamoto, et al., 1996,1999; Munehiro, 2000; Naoi
et al., 2000; Akihiko et al., 2001). In general, elec-
trolytes using ethylene glycol/H 2O as the solvent are
used in lower voltage aluminum electrolytic capaci-
tors (Tsai, 2001; Tsai et al., 2002a; Tsai et al., 2002b;
Tsai et al., 2005). In addition, γ-butyrolactone is gen-
erally added for medium or high voltage aluminum
electrolytic capacitors (Ue et al., 1996). Furthermore,
the two types of capacitor on the market which use a
solid electrolyte are both solid aluminum capacitors,
those using 7,7,8,8-tetra- cyano-1,4-quinodimethane
(TCNQ), and those using a conducting polymer as
the ionic transfer medium, respectively (Niwa and
Taketani, 1996; Kudoh et al., 1999).
Some additives are added to promote the per-
formance of electrolytes that are used for low volt-
age aluminum electrolytic capacitors, e.g., ammonium
 154 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2006)
salts (Tsai, 2001; Tsai et al., 2002a; Tsai et al., 2005).
Not only is the solvent, γ -butyrolactone used, instead
of an ethylene glycol and water system, but also the
additives generally vary when electrolytes are used
in medium or high voltage aluminum electrolytic ca-
pacitors (Ue et al., 1996).
Generally, aluminum electrolytic capacitors are
composed of 8 elements, including (1) aluminum foil,
(2) connecting wire, (3) electrolytic paper, (4)
electrolyte, (5) packing, (6) aluminum shell, (7) gel
tube and (8) adhesive. Among these elements, elec-
trolyte with various additives is the most important
factor for to promote the performance of electrolytic
aluminum capacitors (Tsai, 2001; Tsai et al., 2005).
Downloaded by [University of Western Ontario] at 23:05 13 November 2014
In our previous studies, performance of electro-
lytes used in aluminum electrolytic capacitors was
significantly promoted by adding various additives,
such as Tetra-alkyl ammonium salt and organic Am-
monium salts (Tsai, 2001; Tsai et al., 2002a; Tsai et
al., 2005). It is hoped that the conductivity, sparking
voltage, and the pH value of aluminum electrolytic
capacitor may be improved by the addition of these
salts into the electrolytes when ethylene glycol/H 2O
is used as a solvent. Furthermore, the durability may
be increased in the presence of these various
additives. Previously, there have been few published
papers showing that the electrolyte in aluminum elec-
trolytic capacitors becomes more active to improve
performance, when chemicals whose molecules con-
tain hydroxyl or carbonyl functional groups are added
(Tsai et al., 2002b). Hence, in this study, carbohy-
drates were added into the raw electrolytes based on
an ethylene glycol/H2O mixing solvent to improve the
characteristics of the electrolytes. The performance
of electrolytic aluminum capacitors using varying
electrolytes was also investigated.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
1. Materials
The raw electrolyte solution was supplied by the
Her Mei Electronic Co. Ltd (Taiwan) (Tsai, 2001).
All of the chemicals (e.g. dextrose extra pure grade >
99% Wako), lactose (extra pure, Merck), sucrose (extra
pure grade > 99%, Sigma), fructose (extra pure grade
> 99%, Sigma), and ethylene glycol (100%, J. T. Baker)
used in this work were not further purified before use.
The electrolytes were prepared by adding the desired
amount of additives into the commercial electrolyte,
Her Mei 2001. Comparisons between Her Mei 2001
were used for measuring characteristics, such as
conductivity, pH, and sparking voltage. The capaci-
tors were prepared by impregnating the condenser
element (Her Mei) in the electrolytes under vacuum
for 40 min.
1
2
A 3
V
4 5
6 7
8
Fig. 1 The apparatus for the measuring of sparking voltage.
1.Power supply; 2. Ampere meter; 3. Volt meter; 4. An-
ode 5. Cathode; 6. Electrolyte; 7. Cell; 8. Agitator
2. Instruments
The pH, conductivity (κ), dissipation factor (DF)
and leakage current (Lc) of the electrolytes were mea-
sured by pH meter (SUNTEX SP-701), conductivity
meter (Mettler Toledo MC 126), LCR meter (Motech
MT 4080A) and leakage current tester (Zentech CLC-
203), respectively. The values of capacity (C) and
DF were measured at the frequency of 120 Hz, and
the value of Lc was obtained at the loading of 11.5 V
for 60 s.
3. Sparking Voltage
Two aluminum foils (> 99.7% AXX1005) were
placed into a suitable volume of electrolyte prepared
as above. A constant current density of 10 mA cm −2
was applied by a power source (Chroma 6208K-500)
and the cell potential was recorded until sparking
occurred at the anodic surface. The experimental set-
up for sparking voltage is shown in Fig. 1.
4. Capacitor Durability
The durability of electrolytes prepared in this work
was tested under the conditions of low temperature
storage, high temperature storage and high tempera-
ture with loading. The characteristics of capacitors,
including C, DF and Lc, were periodically measured
under the various conditions described above. For the
conditions of low and high temperature storages, the
capacitors impregnated with various electrolytes were
 M. L. Tsai and H. Y. Lin: Electrolyte for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor–Effect of Carbohydrates 155

40 180
Dextrose 160
35
Lactose
140
30 Fructose

Sparking voltage, V
Conductivity, mS/cm

120
Sucrose
25
100
Dextrose
20 80
Lactose
15 60
Fructose
40 Sucrose
10
20
5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Downloaded by [University of Western Ontario] at 23:05 13 November 2014

Weight fraction, % Weight fraction, %

Fig. 2 Effect of the concentration of carbohydrates on the Fig. 3 Effect of the concentration of carbohydrates on the spark-
conductivity. Temperature: 299 K ing voltage. Temperature: 299 K

9
placed either in a refrigerator maintained at −4 or in a
105°C oven, respectively. Some of the preparing ca- 8
pacitors were maintained at 105°C with a voltage loading
of 11.5 V to test the capacitors’ durability. 7

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6

pH

1. Effect of Carbohydrates 5 Dextrose

(i) Effect of the Carbohydrates on Conductivity
The relation of the conductivity variation of the
electrolyte in the presence of carbohydrates, i.e.,
dextrose, fructose, lactose and sucrose, respectively,
is as shown in Fig. 2. According to the experimental
data, the conductivity of electrolytes was decreased
by adding any kind of carbohydrates to the raw
solution, and the conductivity decreased from 31.00
to 13.30 mS/cm when the concentration of lactose
increased from 1.37 to 12.33%. The tendency to de-
creasing conductivity of electrolytes with carbohy-
drates added is apparently due to the fact that the
carbohydrates do not dissociate to produce ions.
Further, by adding carbohydrates, the solution has
become over saturated and will produce precipitates
in the aqueous solution (Kudoh et al., 1999).
(ii) Effect of the Carbohydrates on Sparking Voltage
Figure 3 shows the effect of the kind of carbo-
hydrates on the sparking voltage of the ethylene/wa-
ter system. It is apparent from Fig. 3 that the increase
of sparking voltage is mainly dependent on the con-
centration of carbohydrates, since the sparking volt-
age increases from 50 to 130 V as the concentration
of lactose increases from 1.37 to 5.50%. Increases in
Lactose
4
Fructose
3 Sucrose
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Weight fraction, %
Fig. 4 Effect of the concentration of carbohydrates on the pH.
Temperature: 299 K
sparking voltage indicate that the film of aluminum
oxide becomes stronger at the surface of the alumi-
num foil due to the increase of carbohydrates. It has
been reported that the hydroxyl group of dextrose
could protect the aluminum oxide film at the anode
and that also could inhibit the generation of hydro-
gen at the cathode during the charge-discharge pro-
cess (Ryutaro, 1994). Furthermore, the tendencies
of variations in the sparking voltage are similar in
the presence of other kinds of carbohydrates, e.g.,
fructose, dextrose and sucrose, as shown in Fig. 3.
(iii) Effect of the Carbohydrates on pH
Figure 4 shows the variation of pH value accord-
ing to the kind of carbohydrate. The pH of electro-
lytes for various concentrations of carbohydrates
 156 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2006)

Table 1 The properties of electrolytes

Conductivity* Sparking Voltage pH Electrolyte Stability # Capacitor Stability &
Additive
mS/cm V at 269 K at 378 K
Raw electrolyte 22.3 70 6.06 precipitation failure
Dextrose 23.0 137 6.80 clear > 750 h
Lactose 22.5 128 6.78 precipitation failure
Fructose 22.1 128 6.32 precipitation failure
Sucrose 22.3 132 6.88 precipitation failure
*: The conductivity was measured at 299bK.
#: Storing the capacitor impregnated with the preparing electrolyte at 269 K for 7 days tested the stability.
&: Storing the capacitor impregnated with the prepared electrolyte at 378 K. The case of failure means the can
of the capacitor expanded and exploded.
Downloaded by [University of Western Ontario] at 23:05 13 November 2014

found from Fig. 4 was nearly neutral, in the range 2.0

storage Dextrose 8.0%
from 6.22 to 6.89. The lowest value of pH decreased
from 6.60 to 6.22 by increasing the fructose concen- Lactose 3.3%
tration from 1 to 10%. Otherwise, the pH value was Lactose 3.9%
1.6
at the highest, about 6.88, in the presence of sucrose, Sucrose 5.2%
Capacity, µ F

and so on. Here, the electrolyte pH did not vary with Sucrose 8.0%
the addition of these carbohydrates because the mol-
ecules of carbohydrates could not dissociate to alter 1.2
the concentration of H + in the solution, as shown in
Fig. 4.
0.8
2. Characteristics and Durability of Capacitor

(i) The Properties of Preparing Electrolyte
Table 1 shows electrolyte properties after add-
ing the different types of carbohydrates to the raw
solution, as well as the conductivity, pH, sparking voltage
and stability as functions of the kind of carbohydrates.
The results show that the sparking voltage was strongly
affected by adding the carbohydrates to the raw
electrolyte; for example the sparking voltage increased
from 70 V with zero dextrose to 137 V in the pres-
ence of 8% dextrose solution. Furthermore, in this
case the values of conductivity and pH of solution
were only slightly changed. On the other hand, the
aluminum electrolytic capacitor was more stable over
750 h by composed of 8% dextrose in the raw electrolyte.
However, the aluminum capacitors using these elec-
trolytes were failures. This is shown in Table 1, test-
ing stability at 269 and 378 K.
(ii) High Temperature Storage
Figure 5 shows the durability of capacitors im-
pregnated with electrolyte-containing carbohydrates
tested at 378 K without loading voltage. The capac-
ity of the capacitors containing 8.0% dextrose de-
creased from 1.400 to 1.180 µF with increase in time
from 0 to 500 h when the capacitor was stored at 378
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time, h
Fig. 5 The variation of capacity for capacitors stored at 378 K
without loading. Frequency: 120 Hz
K without voltage loading. In addition, the variation
of DF increased from 6.00 to 8.50 with time in the
storage period, as shown in Fig. 6. On the other hand,
in the capacitors stored at 378 K without voltage
loading, the leakage current increased from 44 to 1550
µA with the increase in testing time from 0 to 250 h.
In addition, the leakage current decreased from 1555
to 56 µA as testing time increased from 250 to 500 h
for capacitors stored at 378 K without loading, as
shown in Fig. 7. There are many salts in the raw
electrolyte, such as ammonium formate, ammonium
dihydrogen phosphate, and ammonium adiapate and
so on (Tsai, 2001; Tsai et al., 2002a; 2002b). Under
high temperature storage, i.e., 378 K, these salts could
react with ethylene glycol or dextrose to undergo es-
terification to produce esters after 250 h storage.
Furthermore, the concentration of dextrose decreased
in the raw electrolyte. Hence, the capacitor was stored
without loading, the passive oxide film was attacked
by electrolyte, and the leakage current increased
 M. L. Tsai and H. Y. Lin: Electrolyte for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor–Effect of Carbohydrates 157

2.0
10 Storage
Loading
Dextrose 8.0%
1.8 Lactose 3.3%
8 Lactose 3.9%
1.6 Sucrose 5.2%

Capacity, µ F
6 Sucrose 8.0%
1.4
DF

Dextrose 8.0%
4 Lactose 3.3%
1.2
Lactose 3.9%
Sucrose 5.2%
2
Sucrose 8.0% 1.0

0 0.8
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Downloaded by [University of Western Ontario] at 23:05 13 November 2014

Time, h 0 250 500 750 1000

Time, h
Fig. 6 The variation of DF for capacitors stored at 378 K without
loading. Frequency: 120 Hz Fig. 8 The variation of capacity for capacitors stored at 378 K
with loading. Frequency: 120 Hz, loading voltage: 11.5 V

8000
storage 12
Dextrose 8.0%
Loading
Lactose 3.3%
6000 Lactose 3.9%
Sucrose 5.2% 9
Sucrose 8.0%
LC, µ A

4000
DF

2000 Dextrose 8.0%

Lactose 3.3%
3 Lactose 3.9%
Sucrose 5.2%
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Sucrose 8.0%
Time, h
0
0 250 500 750 1000
Fig. 7 The variation of Lc for capacitors stored at 378 K without
Time, h
loading
Fig. 9 The variation of DF for capacitors stored at 378 K with
loading. Frequency: 120 Hz, loading voltage: 11.5 V

(Tsai, 2001; Tsai et al., 2002a; Tsai et al., 2002b;

Tsai et al., 2005). The leakage current decreased from
1555 to 56 µA when the storage time was over 250 h
because the esterification is reversible.
(iii) High Temperature Loading
The experimental results of the high tempera-
ture loading test (11.5 V and 378 K) show perfor-
mance of the aluminum electrolytic capacitor as tested
for 250 h with the addition of different kinds of
carbohydrates, e.g., fructose, lactose and sucrose, to
the raw electrolyte, as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 8.
Furthermore, the aluminum capacitor with 8.0% dextrose
in the raw electrolyte was still more stable, and the
variation of capacity decreased from 1.380 to 1.200
µF. In addition, the DF changed from 6.30 to 9.15
and the leakage current decreased from 36.0 to 12.0
µA with the increase in testing time from 0 to 750 h
for capacitors stored at 378 K with loading of 11.5
V., as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Comparison of the
leakage current variation with loading and without
loading show large differences as shown in Figs. 7
and 10. Leakage current could be up to 1555 µA for
a 250 h test without loading at 378 K because the
film of aluminum oxide could not be repaired as shown
in Fig. 7. Furthermore, the value of leakage current
became smaller because the aluminum oxide film could
be repaired by the loading voltage of 11.5 V. Hence,
the lifetime of a capacitor became longer due to the
stronger aluminum oxide film that is renewed in the
loading process.
 158 Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2006)
100
Loading
Dextrose 8.0%
80 Lactose 3.3%
Lactose 3.9%
Sucrose 5.2%
60 Sucrose 8.0%
LC, µA
40
20
0 and Shimada, A., 2000, “Simultaneous Electro-
Downloaded by [University of Western Ontario] at 23:05 13 November 2014
0 250 500 750 1000
Time, h
Fig. 10 The variation of Lc for capacitors stored at 378 K with
loading.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The preparation and the textural characteristics
of electrolyte solutions containing carbohydrates such
as dextrose, lactose, fructose, or sucrose have been stud-
ied and capacitors impregnated with the above elec-
trolytes have been tested. Experimental results show
that a capacitor impregnated with an electrolyte con-
taining dextrose exhibited a satisfactory durability.
Comparied with the original commercial electrolyte,
the sparking voltage increased by 96% when the elec-
trolyte had 8.0% dextrose as additive. The capacity
of a capacitor impregnated with electrolyte contain-
ing 8.0% dextrose increased slightly, and the DF value
increased slightly with the increased storage time, both
with and without voltage loading at 378 K. The leak-
age current increased from 44 to 1550 µ A with the
increase in testing time from 0 to 250 h and the leak-
age current decreased from 1555 to 56 µ A with the
increase in testing time from 250 to 500 h for capaci-
tors stored at 378 K without loading. In addition, leakage
current decreased from 36.0 to 12.0 µA when the ca-
pacitor was stored at 378 K with 11.5 V loading.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful, for financial support
from the National Science Council of the Republic
of China (NSC 91-2214-E-167-002), to the Her Mei
Electronic Co. Ltd., for their co-operation during the
present work, and also to the National Chin-Yi Insti-
tute of Technology.
REFERENCES
Akihiko, K., and Tetsushi, O., 2001, “Electrolytic
Solution for Electrolytic Capacitor and Electro-
lytic Capacitor Using the Same,” J. P. Patent 6,
288,889, September, 11.
Kazuhiko, I., Shoichiro, M., and Makoto, U., 1988,
“Electrolyte for Aluminum Electrolytic
Capacitor,” J. P. Patent 4,786,429, November, 22.
Kudoh, Y., Akami, K., and Matsuya, Y., 1999, “Solid
Electrolytic Capacitor with Highly Stable Con-
ducting Polymer as a Counter Electrode,” Syn-
thetic Metals, Vol. 102, No. 1-3, pp. 973-974.
Munehiro, M., 2000, “Aluminum Electrolytic
Capacitor,” J. P. Patent 6,128,179, October, 03.
Naoi, K., Takede, M., Kanno, H., Sakakura, M.,
chemical Formation of Al 2O 3:Polypyrrole Layers
(I): Effect of Electrolyte Anion in Formation
Process,” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 45, No. 20,
pp. 3413.
Niwa, S., and Taketani, Y., 1996, “Development of New
Series of Aluminium Solid Capacitors with Organic
Semiconductive Electrolyte (OS-CON),” Journal
of Power Source, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 165-171.
Roland, F. D., 1983, “Glycol Fill Electrolyte Therefor,”
U.S. Patent 4,408,258, October, 04.
Ryutaro, N., 1994, “Electrolytic Capacitor Solution for
Hydrogen Generation,” J. P. Patent 06,124,852.
Shoichiro, M., Kazuhiko, I., and Makoto, U., 1988,
“Electrolyte for Aluminum Electrolytic
Capacitor,” J.P. Patent 4,774,011, September, 27.
Tsai, M. L., 2001, “Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors,”
ChIChE. Annual Meeting and Conferences, Tung-
hai University, Taiwan, pp. 165.
Tsai, M. L., Lin, S. Y., 2005, “Electrolyte for Alumi-
num Electrolytic Capacitor- Effect of the Organic
and Inorganic Ammonium Salts,” Journal of the
Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 36,
No. 2, 161-167.
Tsai, M. L., Lin, S. Y., and Do, J. S., 2002a, “Charac-
terization of Electrolyte - Effect of the tetra-Alkyl
Ammonium Salt Surfactant on the Electrolyte Per-
formance of Ethylene Glycol and Water System,”
Journal of Technology, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 123-32.
Tsai, M. L., Lu, Y. F., and Do, J. S, 2002b, “ High-
Performance Electrolyte in the Presence of
Dextrose and its Derivatives for Aluminum Elec-
trolytic Capacitors,” Journal of Power Sources,
Vol.112, No. 2, pp. 643-648.
Ue., M., Takeda, M., Suzuki, Y., and Mori, S., 1996,
“Chemical Stability of γ-Butyrolactone-Based Elec-
trolytes for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors,”
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 185-
190.
Manuscript Received: Aug. 31, 2004
Revision Received: Mar. 25, 2005
and Accepted: May 23, 2005