Petroleum & their aspect in Bangladesh

Topic:
বিবিন্ন জায়গা থেকে সংগ্রহ েরকে হকি।িই,পত্র-পত্রত্রো, বিখবি। বে ধরকির
থপকরাবিয়াম িাংিাকেকে পাওয়া থেকে পাকর।বেিাকি উকতািি েরা হয়। সাকিের
মকো,িেেমাি অিস্থায় িেু ি িেু ি থে থেত্রগুকিা আবিষ্কার হকে থসগুকিা আকিাচিা
েরকে হকি। বেিাকি তেবর হকয়কে। েেটুেু উকতািি েরা থেকে পাকর।

2. ইবেহাস

৩ বে ধরকির থপকরাবিয়াম িাংিাকেকে আকে?

৪ বেিাকি উকতািি েরা হয়?

৫ িেেমাি অিস্থা বে?

৬ িেেমাকি িেু ি ো আবিষ্কার অকে োর িররিিা

৭ িবিষ্যকে বে হকে পাকর

8 বে ধরকির থপটড়বিয়াম থোোয় আকে

েেটুেু উকতাওিি েরা থেকে পাকর

বেিাকি থপকটাবিয়াম তেরী হকয়কে

What is petroleum
petroleum is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons which is present in suitable rock
strata and can be extracted and refined to produce fuels including petrol, paraffin,
and diesel oil, oil etc.

History of petroleum
According to Herodotus, more than four thousand years ago natural asphalt was
employed in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon, great quantities
of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, one of the tributaries of the
Euphrates, and this fact confirmed by Diodorus Siculus. In China, petroleum was
used more than 2000 years ago. The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China
in AD 347 or earlier. They had depths of up to about 800 feet and were drilled
using bits attached to bamboo poles. The oil was burned to evaporate brine and
produce salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells
with salt springs. The modern history of petroleum began in the 19th century with
the refining of paraffin from crude oil.

Bangladesh is the nineteenth-largest producer of natural gas in Asia. Gas supplies

meet 56% of domestic energy demand. Bangladesh is a net importer of crude
oil and petroleum products.
The Indo-Burma Petroleum Company drilled the first oil wells in Eastern Bengal
between 1908 and 1914 in Chittagong District.The Burmah Oil Company
discovered the first gas field in East Bengal in 1955. Industrial use of natural gas
began in 1959.The Shell Oil Company and Pakistan Petroleum discovered seven
major gas fields in the 1960s.

After the Bangladesh Liberation War, the first government of Bangladesh led by
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, with Dr. Kamal Hossain as Minister of Energy, enacted
the Bangladesh Petroleum Act in 1974. The government welcomed many
international oil companies to explore the country. It established Petrobangla as the
national mineral resources company. Petrobangla accelerated exploration activities
in 1980s and discovered nine major gas fields; and also established the first
commercial oil facility in Haripur in 1986. The Jalalabad, Maulvi Bazar, Bibiyana
and Bangura-Lalmai gas fields were tapped in the 1990s by numerous
multinational oil and gas companies, including Shell and Unocal. The energy giant
Chevron acquired the assets of Unocal in Bangladesh in 2005.
In 1974 the government awarded seven shallow water offshore blocks on the
continental shelf of Bangladesh to six international oil companies. However, these
companies left Bangladesh in 1978 amid technical difficulties and political
instability. Oil was their primary target and early exploration indicated that the area
possessed gas rather than oil. The world petroleum scenario had since changed and
interest in gas exploration increased among IOCs, despite challenges in offshore
deep water exploration. In 1998, the Bangladeshi government awarded four
shallow water blocks for to a new group of IOCs. Shell, Cairn Energy and Santos
operated the offshore Sangu gas platform.

Since 2009, the Bangladeshi government has launched bidding rounds for
awarding oil platform blocks. ConocoPhillips and Tullow Oil won the first round
of bids. The victory of Bangladesh over Myanmar in securing maritime territory in
the Bay of Bengal has increased the number of exploratory blocks in the Exclusive
Economic Zone to 27.
The Bengal delta has a hydrocarbon-bearing sediment structure with rich mineral
deposits. The northeastern Sylhet Division is the country's largest natural gas and
crude oil producer, followed by Chittagong Division, Dhaka Division and Barisal
Division; while dozens of offshore blocks lay in the Bay of Bengal. Natural gas
from Bangladesh is renowned for being very pure with a composition of 95–99%
methane and almost no sulphur.

Natural Gas of Bangladesh

Chemical Composition

Water Content (Lb/ MMscf) 0-4%

Methane 94-98%
Ethane 1-3%
Propane 0.2-0.9%
Iso- Butane 0-0.3%
N-Butane 0-0.25%
N2 0.1-0.4%
CO2 0.01-0.8%
 Hydrogen Sulphide Nill

Specific Gravity 0.5-0.6

Gross Calorific (Btu/cft) ~1000

 ### Bangladesh produces 4,105.00 barrels per day of oil (as of 2016)
ranking 99th in the world.

Oil Reserves 28,000,000 barrels

How Are Oil/Natural Gas Formed?

Stage 1 - All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean millions of
years ago. As these microscopic plants and animals lived, they absorbed energy from the sun, which was stored as
carbon molecules in their bodies. When they died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, layer
after layer of sediment and other plants and bacteria were formed.
Stage 2 - As they became buried ever deeper, heat and pressure began to rise. The amount of pressure and the
degree of heat, along with the type of biomass, determined if the material became oil or natural gas. More heat
produced lighter oil. Even higher heat or biomass made predominantly of plant material produced natural gas.
Stage 3 - After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate through tiny pores in the surrounding rock.
Some oil and natural gas migrated all the way to the surface and escaped. Other oil and natural gas deposits
migrated until they were caught under impermeable layers of rock or clay where they were trapped. These trapped
deposits are where we find oil and natural gas today.

Recent discovered
Field Year of Reserve Recoverable
discover estimated by Reserve (in BCF)

company year
 Sundalpur 2011 BAPEX 2012 20.37
Shahzadpur
Srikail 2012 BAPEX 2012 68.27
Bangura 2004 tullow 2011 65.01
Bhola North1 2018 BAPEX 2018 435.32
Rupganj 2014 BAPEX 2014 32.92

TABLE 3. ESTIMATED ENERGY RESERVES (2014)

Petroleum Natural Gas Coal Hydro

Uranium
(in billion barrels) (in BCF) (in million tons) (in TWh per year)
Total amount 0.025 14549.40 2700 1100 -------

Currently there are 29 natural gas fields in Bangladesh. The first gas field was discovered at
Haripur, Sylhet in 1955 and the last gas field was discovered in the 2017 at Bhola. Titas gas field is
the largest natural gas field in Bangladesh.

HOW PETROL PRODUCE

Millions of years ago, algae and plants lived in shallow seas. After dying and sinking to the
seafloor, the organic material mixed with other sediments and was buried. Over millions of years
under high pressure and high temperature, the remains of these organisms transformed into
what we know today as fossil fuels. Coal, natural gas, and petroleum are all fossil fuels that
formed under similar conditions.

Today, petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were located.
Petroleum reservoirs can be found beneath land or the ocean floor. Their crude oil is extracted
with giant drilling machines.

Crude oil is usually black or dark brown, but can also be yellowish, reddish, tan, or even
greenish. Variations in color indicate the distinct chemical compositions of different supplies of
crude oil. Petroleum that has few metals or sulfur, for instance, tends to be lighter (sometimes
nearly clear).

Petroleum is used to make gasoline, an important product in our everyday lives. It is also
processed and part of thousands of different items, including tires, refrigerators, life jackets,
and anesthetics.

When petroleum products such as gasoline are burned for energy, they release toxic gases and
high amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Carbon helps regulate the Earth’s
atmospheric temperature, and adding to the natural balance by burning fossil fuels adversely
affects our climate.

There are huge quantities of petroleum found under Earth’s surface and in tar pits that bubble to
the surface. Petroleum even exists far below the deepest wells that are developed to extract it.

However, petroleum, like coal and natural gas, is a non-renewable source of energy. It took
millions of years for it to form, and when it is extracted and consumed, there is no way for us to
replace it.

Oil supplies will run out. Eventually, the world will reach “peak oil,” or its highest production level.
Some experts predict peak oil could come as soon as 2050. Finding alternatives to petroleum
is crucial to global energy use, and is the focus of many industries.

Formation of Petroleum

The geological conditions that would eventually create petroleum formed millions of years ago,
when plants, algae, and plankton drifted in oceans and shallow seas. These organisms sank to
the seafloor at the end of their life cycle. Over time, they were buried and crushed under millions
of tons of sediment and even more layers of plant debris.

Eventually, ancient seas dried up and dry basins remained, called sedimentary basins. Deep
under the basin floor, the organic material was compressed between Earth’s mantle, with very
high temperatures, and millions of tons of rock and sediment above. Oxygen was almost
completely absent in these conditions, and the organic matter began to transform into a waxy
substance called kerogen.

With more heat, time, and pressure, the kerogen underwent a process called catagenesis, and
transformed into hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are simply chemicals made up of hydrogen and
carbon. Different combinations of heat and pressure can create different forms of hydrocarbons.
Some other examples are coal, peat, and natural gas.

Sedimentary basins, where ancient seabeds used to lie, are key sources of petroleum. In Africa,
the Niger Delta sedimentary basin covers land in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea.
More than 500 oil deposits have been discovered in the massive Niger Delta basin, and they
comprise one of the most productive oil fields in Africa.
Present status of the reservoir properties of
gas fields in
Bangladesh
The northeastern Sylhet
division is the country's largest natural gas and crude oil
producer, followed by Chittagong division, Dhaka division and
Barisal division; while dozens of offshore blocks lay in the Bay of Bengal Natural
gas in Bangladesh is renowned for
being very pure quality with a composition of 95%e99%
methane and almost no sulphur content. Bangladesh is the
ninetenth-largest natural gas producer in Asia. Around 56% of
domestic energy demand is being met by indigenous supply. Usually the reservoirs
lie
in the depth between 1000 m and 3500 m

FUTURE
Bangladesh is likely to exhaust its
gas reserve by about 2030. The few points that need to be
considered in this regard-
1. Gas production & supply will not static over the years.
2. Gas production & supply in Bangladesh are expected to
grow in future but the growth will not continue.
3. Production & supply will grow till certain time and start to
decline.
4. Finally estimated gas reserves may change with time due
to reserve addition from new discoveries and reserve
growth.

The depletion of natural gas in Bangladesh is visible

nowadays. For example, the production from the Kamta and
Feni is now suspended. The production from the Bakhrabad
field is likely to be suspended in near future. The Begumgonj
field has not yet been developed. The production from the
Chhatak gas field and the Haripur oil field is now suspended.
The gas production is expected to continue till 2030 and
perhaps beyond although in shorter and shorter volume with
time.