ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

 INTERNAL STRUCTURE An atom that has an atomic number of 18 and a mass number of 39.95.
o PROTON – positively charge particle
Argon (Ar) A = 39.95
o ELECTRON – negatively charge particle
o NEUTRON – neutral particle; no charge Z = 18

PROTON ELECTRON NEUTRON n = 21.95

CHARGE 1+ 1- 0 E = 18
NATURAL MASS 1.673 x 10-24g 9.109 x 10-28g 1.675 x 10-24g TOTAL PARTICLE = 57.95
RELATIVE MASS 1837 1 1839 ISOTOPES – each of two or more of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but differ in
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties.
ARRANGEMENT OF STRUCTURE OF PARTICLE  PROTIUM – hydrogen 1-, the most common isotope of the element, with one proton and no neutrons.
o Proton -1
o Neutron -0
o Electron -1
 DEUTERIUM – contains one proton and one neutron, whereas the far more common hydrogen
isotopes.
o Proton -1
o Neutron -1
o Electron -1
 TRITIUM – contains one proton and two neutrons.
o Proton -1
ATOM – number of proton is equal to the number of o Neutron -2
electron and atomic number. o Electron -1

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) – the number of proton on the nucleus of an atom.

A=Z+n
MASS NUMBER (A) – total number of proton and neutron.
N=A-Z
Ex.
Scandium (Sc) Actinium (Ac)
A = 44.96 A = 227
Z = 21 Z = 89 17 17
Ex: Cl35 Cl37
n = 23.96 n = 138
Neutron = 18 Neutron = 20
 14 14 14
Si28 Si29 Si30 d (10) d (10)
f (14)
Neutron = 14 Neutron = 15 Neutron = 16 PERIOD – present electrons in shell.
Lithium: 7.42% 6Li (6.01 amu) and 92.58% 7Li (7.02 amu) BOXES:
7.42% s – 1x2 = 2 d – 5x2 = 10
6 Li = x (6.01 amu) = 0.45 amu
100
p – 3x2 = 6 f – 7x2 = 14
92.52 %
7Li = x (7.02 amu) = 6.50 amu
100
Iodine (I) = 53e-
FINAL ANSWER: 0.45 + 6.50 = 6.95 amu
= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

= ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑ a

Silver: 51.82% 107Ag (106.9 amu) and 48.18% 109Ag (108.9 amu)
Nitrogen (Ni) = 28e-
51.82%
107 Ag = x (106.9 amu) = 55.40 amu = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8
100
= ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓ a
48.18 %
109Ag = x (108.9 amu) = 52.47 amu
100 Oxygen (O) = 8e-

FINAL ANSWER: 55.40 + 52.47 = 107.87 amu = 1s2 2s2 2p4

= ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ a

Silicon: 92.21% 28Si (27.98 amu), 4.70% 29Si (28.98 amu) and 3.09% 30Si (29.97 amu) Yttrium (Y) = 39e-

92.21 % = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1
28 Si = x (27.98 amu) = 25.80 amu
100 = ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓ ↑↓↑↓↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ a

4.70 %
29 Si = x (28.98 amu) = 1.36 amu
100
CHEMICAL BONDS
3.09 % Binding between 2 or more elements forming chemical compounds.
30Si = x (29.97 amu) = 0.93 amu -
100 - A lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical
compounds.
FINAL ANSWER: 25.80 + 1.36 + 0.93 = 28.09 amu
Ex. H2O H2 + O → H2O WATER
SUBSHELL – one or more orbitals in the electron shell of
an atom with the same energy level. This have different CO2 C + O2 → CO2 CARBON DIOXIDE
shapes and are distinguished by their magnetic quantum
number. H2O2 H2 + O2 → H2O2 AGUA OXINADA

1st Shell 2nd Shell 3rd Shell 4th Shell CO2 → Diatomic Molecule
s (2) s (2) s (2) s (2)
2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BOND
p (6) p (6) p (6)
IONIC BOND Electron = 17 Electron = 10
- Complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. Atomic number – Group = Electron
- Require at least one electron donor and one electron acceptor.
OCTET RULE – a chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to
Ex. combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic
configuration as a noble gas.
+ → LOSES electron
- → GAINS electron
Ex: Na+ + Cl- → NaCl
BOND – the process.
LEWIS SYMBOL – consist of the element symbol surrounded by “dots” to represent the number of electrons in the
COMPOUND – the product. outer energy level as represented by a Bohr Diagram.
ION – an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Ex: Lithium → Li Nitrogen → N
 CAT ION – positively charge polyatomic. Beryllium → Be Oxygen → O
 ANION – negatively charge polyatomic.
Boron →B Fluorine → F
VALENCE ELECTRON
Carbon → C Neon → Ne
- Found in outer most shell of the atom.
- Determine the charge of a certain element that can participate in the form of chemical bond. Sodium → Na Chlorine → Cl
o LESSER than 4 (POSITIVE) – present valence is the charge. IONIC PAIR – a duplex charged particles (ordinarily charged atoms or molecules), one positive, the other
o GREATER than 4 (NEGATIVE) – absent valence is the charge. negative.
Ex: Na+ + Cl- → [ Na ]+ + [ Cl ]- → NaCl
Mg2+ + O2- → [ Mg ]2+ + [ O ]2- → MgO
+ + 2- + 2-
Na + Na + O → [ Na2 ] + [ O ] → NaO
Al3+ + N3- → [ Al ]3+ + [ N ]3- → AlN
THORPE’S CRISS-CROSS METHOD – change of the method because the subscript of non-metal vis-à-vis.
Created by teacher Kim Thorpe.
Ex: Ca2+ + No1-3 → [ Ca ]2+ + [ NO3 ]1- → Ca(NO3)2
Ex: Sodium (Na)
+
Sodium (Na ) Al3+ + OH1- → [ Al ]3+ + [ OH ]1- → Al(OH)3
Proton = 11 Proton = 11 Ba2+ + SO2-4 → [ Ba ]2+ + [ SO4 ]2- → BaSO4
Electron = 11 Electron = 10 Na1+ + PO3-4 → [ Na ]1+ + [ PO4 ]3- → Na3PO4
1+ 2- 1+ 2-
K + SO 4 → [ K ] + [ SO4 ] → K2SO4
Chlorine (Cl) Chlorine (Cl-) ATOM (e = p) – neutral number of proton is equal to number of electron.
Proton = 17 Proton = 17 ION (e ≠ p) – charge number of proton is not equal to number of electron.
NAME OF IONIC COMPOUND H–S–H

Ex: Li + Li + S → Li2S Lithium sulfide N + F → NF

Al + N → AlN Aluminium nitride N–F

Mg + O → MgO Magnesium oxide O + F → OF4

Ca + F + F → CaF2 Calcium fluoride F

Hg + Hg + SO + SO + SO + SO → Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulphate F–O–F

K + Br → KBr Potassium bromide F

COVALENT BOND – also called molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs NAME OF COVALENT COMPOUND
between atoms.
1 – Mono 4 – Tetra 7 – Hepta 10 – Deca
TYPES OF BONDS
2 – Di 5 – Penta 8 – Octa
SINGLE BOND (−) – a chemical bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.
3 – Tri 6 – Hexa 9 – Nona
DOUBLE BOND (=) – a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
Ex:
TRIPLE BOND (≡) – a chemical bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
Formula Common Name Prefix Name
GROUPS: V → Triple bond CH4 Methane Carbon tetrahydride
VI → Double bond NH3 Ammonia Nitrogen trihydride
H2O Water Dihydrogen monoxide
VII → Single bond
HCl Hydrogen chloride
Ex: C+ + O2- → CO2 PH3 Phosphorus trihydride
O=C=O CO Carbon monoxide
HI Hydrogen monoiodide
C + H + H + H + H → CH4
N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
H SCl6 Sulfur hexacholirde
H=C=H SO2 Sulfur dioxide

H
MONATOMIC ION – an ion formed from single atom that loses or gains electron.
N + N → N2
Ex:
N≡N
CATION NAME ANION NAME
N + F + F + F + F → NF4 H+ Hydrogen H- Hydride
Li+ Lithium F- Fluoride
F–N–F Na+ Sodium Cl- Chloride
F K+ Potassium Br- Bromide
Cs+ Cesium I- Iodide
H + S → H2S Be2+ Beryllium O2- Oxide
 Mg2+ Magnesium S2- Sulfide POLYATOMIC IONS
Ca2+ Calcium
Ba2+ Barium Ex: (NH4)2CO3 - Ammonium carbonate - NH4+ + CO32-
Al3+ Aluminium
Ca3(PO4)2- Calcium phosphate - Ca32+ + PO4
Ag+ Silver
(NH4)2HPO4 - Ammonium diphosphate - NH4+ + HPO42-
POLYATOMIC ION – an ion formed from group of atoms that has own charge.
Ex:
CATION NAME
NH+4 Ammonium ion
ANION NAME ANION NAME MASS OF COMPOUNDS
C2H3O2- Acetate ion OH- Hydroxide ion
CO32- Carbonate ion ClO- Hypochlorite ion  Chemical Calculations
ClO3- Chlorate ion NO3- Nitrate ion
Ex: H2O → determines the number of atomic
ClO2- Chlorite ion NO2- Nitrite ion
CrO42- Chromate ion ClO4- Perchlorate ion H2 + O
CN- Cyanide ion MnO4- Permanganate ion
Cr2O72- Dichromate ion PO43- Phosphate ion FORMULA MASS – sum of atomic masses of all the atoms represented in the chemical formula of a substance.
HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate ion SO42- Sulfate ion
Ex: (NH4)2SO4 N = 2 x 14.01 = 28.02 amu
HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate ion SO32- Sulfite ion
H = 8 x 01.01 = 08.08 amu
COMBINATION OF MONATOMIC AND POLYATOMIC S = 1 x 32.07 = 32.07 amu
- If number is divisible or the same at should be cancelled. O = 4 x 16.00 = 64.00 amu
Ex: HNO3 H+ + NO3- → HNO3 Formula Mass = 132.17 amu
Ca2Co6 Ca2+ + Co32- → Ca2(Co3)2 → Ca2(Co6) WEIGHT – mass of an abject through the effect of gravitational form.
Na2SO4 Na+ + SO42- → Na2SO4 w=mxg
- 3 or more products it is polyatomic ions. w – weight
Ex: ClO4- - Perchlorate KClO4- - Potassium perchlorate m – mass
ClO3- - Chlorate KClO3- - Potassium chlorate g – gravity
ClO2- - Chlorite KClO2- - Potassium chlorite MASS – is constant.
ClO- - Hypochlorite KClO- - Potassium hypochlorite MOON – 1/6 weight from earth.
Formula:
REACTANTS → PRODUCT Atomic number x Atomic Weight
Na+ + Cl- → NaCl Ex: H2O H = 2 x 01.0 = 02.0 amu
 O = 1 x 16.0 = 16.0 amu Formula Mass = 136 amu
Formula Mass = 18.0 amu
MOLE – chemist counting unit to determine the particles present ion a certain substance.

CO2 C = 1 x 12 = 12 amu 1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 → Avogadro’s number (Amadeo Avogadro)

O = 2 x 16 = 32 amu UNITS:

Formula Mass = 44 amu  Atoms

 Particles
 Molecules
 Objects

Al(OH)3 Al = 1 x 27 = 27 amu MOLE – 1 mole

O = 3 x 16 = 48 amu MOLECULE – 6.023x1023

H = 3 x 01 = 03 amu GRAM – amu

Formula Mass = 78 amu How many objects present in 1.27 moles of Cu?

1.27 mole x
6.023 x 1023 object = 7.65 x 1023 object of Cu
(NH4)2CO3 N = 2 x 14 = 28 amu 1 mole

H = 8 x 01 = 08 amu
C = 1 x 12 = 12 amu How many particles present in 0.23 moles of C?

O = 3 x 16 = 48 amu 0.23 mole x

6.023 x 1023 particle = 1.39 x 1023 particle of C
Formula Mass = 96 amu
1mole

How many mole present in 1.43 x 1023 molecules of CO2?

Ca3(PO4)2Ca = 3 x 40 = 120 amu
P = 2 x 31 = 62 amu 1 mole
1.43 x 1023 x = 0.24 mole of CO2
6.023 x 1023
O = 3 x 6 = 48 amu
MOLAR MASS – formula mass of mole same value with that of formula mass. Gram per mole.
Formula Mass = 310 amu
Ex: 0.23 moles of CO2

(NH4)2HPO4 N = 2 x 14 = 32 amu
44 g
0.23 mole x = 10.12g of CO2
1mole
H = 9 x 01 = 09 amu
P = 1 x 31 = 31 amu
4.26 x 1023 particles of NaCl
O = 4 x 16 = 64 amu
 58 g Formula Mass = 74 amu/g
Na = 1 x 23 = 23 amu 4.26 x 1023 particles x = 41.02 g
6.023 x 1023 particles
Cl = 1 x 35 = 35 amu Carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant that enters the atmosphere primarily in automobile exhaust.
Calculate the MOLE of a 36.5g sample of this air pollutant.
Formula Mass = 58 amu/g
Vitamin C has the formula C 6H8O6 calculate the number of vitamin C MOLECULES present in a 0.250g
table of type vitamin C. 1mole
CO C = 1 x 12 = 12 amu 36.5g x = 1.3 mole
23
6.023 x 10 = 0.008555 x 1023 = 8.555 x 1020 28 g
C6H8O6 C = 6 x 12 = 72 amu 0.250g x
176 g O = 1 x 16 = 16 amu

H = 8 x 01 = 08 amu Formula Mass = 28 amu/g

O = 6 x 16 = 96 amu
Formula Mass = 176 amu/g

Acetaminophen, the pain-killing ingredient in Tylenol formulations, has the formula C 8H9O2N. Calculate
the mass in GRAMS of a 0.30 mole sample of this pain reliever.

151 g
C8H9O2N C = 8 x 12 = 96 amu 0.30 mole x = 45.3g
1mole
H = 9 x 01 = 09 amu
O = 2 x 16 = 32 amu
N = 1 x 14 = 14 amu
Formula Mass = 151 amu/g
The compound lithium carbonate, used to treat organic depression, has the formula Li 2CO3. Calculate
the number of MOLECULES present in a 500g sample of lithium carbonate.

Li2CO3 Li = 2 x 07 = 14 amu 500g x

6.023 x 1023 molecule = 41 x 1023 = 4.1 x 1024
74 g
molecule
C = 1 x 12 = 12 amu
O = 3 x 16 = 48 amu