Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

VISION

Tarlac State University is envisioned to be a premier University in the Asia-Pacific.

MISSION

Tarlac State University commits to promote and sustain the offering of quality and
programs in higher and advanced education ensuring equitable access to education for
people empowerment, professional development, and global competitiveness.

Towards this end, TSU shall:

1. Provide high quality instruction through qualified, competent and adequately trained faculty
members and support staff.
2. Be a premier research institution by enhancing research undertakings in the fields of
technology and sciences and strengthening collaboration with local and international institutions.
3. Be a champion in community development by strengthening partnership with public and
private organizations and individuals.

CORE VALUES

E – xcellence
Q- uality
U – nity
I – integrity
T – rust in God, Transparency, & True Commitment
Y – earning for Global Competitiveness

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

1|Page
 Tarlac State University
College/Architecture and Fine Arts
Department of Fina Arts

Self-Learning Module in Techniques 1

Course History of Architecture 1 Course HOA 1

Title Code
Credit 2-units lecture Course None
Units Pre-/Co-
requisites
Course
Description Architectural manifestation of thoughts from the beginning of civilization started
during Pre-historic Architecture up to Romanesque Architecture in the British Isles
and Scandinavia.

Course After completing this course, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

Intended  Learn more architectural beginnings and discover the mutual reinforcements of
Learning culture and architecture reflected in the thoughts of the time .
Outcomes  Have a sufficient insight into the history of the human community with special
emphasis on the shelters built during those times.
(CILO)
 Adopt analytical procedures in assimilating relevant design goals set in
history and its relevance top current thoughts .
 Discover the effects of the structural principles and different architectural influences
applied to produce building character.

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

2|Page
THE DEVELOPER/S AND THEIR BACKGROUND:

Name LEONARDO S. HIRANG

Position/ Permanent/Assistant Professor 1

Designation
CONTACT DETAILS
hirangls@yahoo.com.ph;
Email:

Facebook:
Social Media

Mobile/ 09156174160, 09223033284,

Telephone 09463712953, 09159301940

MS Teams lshirang@tsu.edu.ph
Account:
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
YEAR GRADUATED
LEVEL NAME OF SCHOOL DEGREE COURSE HIGHEST LEVEL/ UNITS
EARNED
TECHNOLOGICAL
1981-1986
Bachelor’s Degree INSTITUTE OF THE BS ARCHITECTURE
PHILIPPINES
TSU COLLEGE OF MS IN PUBLIC ADMIN. 15 UNITS
Graduate Studies EDUCATION - MS BUSINESS ADMIN. 6 UNITS
GRADUATE SCHOOL MS GRAPHICS TECHNO. 12 UNITS

Vocational/Trade
MICROCADD AUTOCADD 5/26/2007-7/21/2007
Course

RELATED WORK EXPERIENCE

YEAR POSITION/INSTITUTION
Instructor- Assistant Professor, Architecture Dept., Tarlac State University,
1987-2020
College of Architecture and Fine Arts
2010

2006- 2009

AWARDS ANDRECOGNITION
YEAR AWARD/ SPONSORING AGENCY/ VENUE

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

3|Page
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

4|Page
 RATIONALE
A history of architecture is a record of man’s effort to build beautifully. The erection of
structures devoid of beauty is mere building, a trade and not an art. Edifices in which strength
and stability alone are sought, and in designing in which only utilitarian considerations have
been followed – are properly works of engineering. Only when the idea of BEAUTY is added to
that of USE (FUNCTION) does a structure takes its place among works of architecture. We may
then define architecture as:

The art which seeks to harmonize in buildings the requirements of UTILITY and
BEAUTY.

Architecture is the most useful of the fine arts and the noblest of the useful arts. It
touches the life of man at every point.

This module will provide a structured environment for students to learn about the
techniques for effectively using dry media to solve problems in defining volume in terms of
“Chiaroscuro” (the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting). This will also help
them develop their fundamental skills and techniques in drawing. The module will also
enable students to develop competency in the use and selection of dry media to appropriate
rendering challenges.

Students’ learning will be significantly transformed and supplemented by the creative

use of technology in teaching. Interactive classroom technologies, dynamic assessments,
electronic feedback, and audio or video recordings are examples of learning technologies that
can be effectively introduced to supplement learning experiences which will be employed in
this module.

INSTRUCTION TO THE USERS

This module is anchored on a set of learning objectives which serves as students guide
in what to expect and achieve at the completion of this module. A timeline/schedule is also
included which will serve as a guide in students management of their time and submissions.

Key concepts, terminologies, processes /procedures, information sheets, templates

are included in this module and will be supplemented by online content such as e-books,
video tutorials and similar learning materials.

Quizzes or short test will be used to evaluate your knowledge of basic concepts and
rubrics will be used to evaluate student performance and output.

The use of Unified Communication and Collaboration Platform such as Microsoft

Teams will be utilized for online submissions since every student enrolled in the University
has a Microsoft 360 account.

(for new students please contact the University MISO for the registration of your account and
access to student portal , please visit https://www.tsu.edu.ph/ )

The submission of actual outputs, projects and other requirements will be coordinated
through your LGU ( Local Government Unit). Please coordinate with your assigned instructor.

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

5|Page
 A list of reference of readings, textbooks and links to online resources will also be
provided.

For consultations, inquiries and clarifications you may contact your instructor through
the contact details he/she has provided.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this course, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO

 Learn more architectural beginnings and discover the mutual reinforcements of culture and
architecture reflected in the thoughts of the time .
 Have a sufficient insight into the history of the human community with special emphasis on the
shelters built during those times.
 Adopt analytical procedures in assimilating relevant design goals set in history and its
relevance top current thoughts.
 Discover the effects of the structural principles and different architectural influences applied to
produce building character.

COURSE OUTLINE
WEEK DURATION CHAPTER/LEARNING UNIT
1 1. Introduction of history of Architecture
2 2. Prehistoric Architecture
3-4 3. Egyptian Architecture
5 4. West Asiatic Architecture/Near Eastern Architecure
6-9 5. Greek Architecture
10-13 6. Roman Architecture
14-15 7. Byzantine Architecture
16-18 8. Saracenic Arcitecture

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

6|Page
 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE

AIMS OF ARCHITECTURE

From the beginning of its history architecture has been three fold problem or AIM: to
build structure at once which is:

1. Commodious
2. Strong
3. Satisfying to the artistic sense

A history of architecture is a record of man’s effort to build beautifully. The erection of

structures devoid of beauty is mere building, a trade and not an art. Edifices in which strength
and stability alone are sought, and in designing in which only utilitarian considerations have
been followed – are properly works of engineering. Only when the idea of BEAUTY is added to
that of USE (FUNCTION) does a structure takes its place among works of architecture. We may
then define architecture as:

The art which seeks to harmonize in buildings the requirements of UTILITY and
BEAUTY.

Architecture is the most useful of the fine arts and the noblest of the useful arts. It
touches the life of man at every point.

HISTORICAL SCOPE OF ARCHITECTURE

1. Architecture is generally shelter but also expresses men’s desire for worship, amusement,
business and other endeavors.

2. Architecture engages the services of a larger portion of the community and involves a greater
outlay of money than any other occupation (except agriculture).

3. Architecture is an index of a civilization, of an age, a race, or a people

STYLES IN ARCHITECTURE

Character Style– a quality or expression in architecture of definite conception as of

GRANDEUR, SOLEMNITY, MONUMENTALITY or PROSPERITY.

Historical Style – the particular phase; the characteristic manner of design which
prevails at a given TIME and PLACE.

(Note – STYLE is not the result of mere accident nor caprice, but of intellectual, moral,
religious, social, and even political considerations.)

STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES

All architecture is based on one or more of the three fundamental structural principles;
that of POST and LINTEL (TRABEATED), or ARCH or VAULT (ARCUATED), and of
TRUSS (CLOSED FRAME).

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

7|Page
 POST AND LINTEL – the principle of the post and lintel is that of
resistance to transverse strain and appears in all construction in which a
cross piece of beam rests on two or more vertical supports.

ARCH or VAULT – the arch or vault makes use of several pieces to span
an opening between two supports. These pieces are in compression and
exert lateral pressure or thrust which are transmitted to the support or
abutment. The thrust must be resisted either by the massiveness of the
abutment or by the opposition of a counter-thrust from other arches or
vaults. A tie-beam of wood, masonry or metal may also check this lateral
push.

TRUSS – the truss is a framework so composed of several pieces of wood

or metal that each shall be resisting a particular strain, whether of tension
or compression, the whole forming a compound beam or arch.

INFLUECES (or FACTORS) affecting the DEVELOPMENT of ARCHITECTURAL

STYLES:

1. Geographical – considers the location of the country which affects the development of commerce,
industry, immigration and civilization.

2. Geological – deals with rock and soil formation of a locality which dictate available building
materials.

3. Climatic – shows how climate determines character and thickness of wall, type of roof, size of
windows.

4. Religious – reflects on building the result of emotional and spiritual concepts and devotion of the
people.

5. Social and Political – deals with the form of government, also the standard of living of the people.

6. Historical – shows how styles are affected by wars, historical upheavals, invasions, and conquests.

GUIDES TO STUDY OF HISTORICAL STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE

Historical Group

Egyptian Architecture (circa BC 5000 – AD 1st Cent.)

West Asiatic Architecture (circa BC 4000 – BC 4th Cent.)
Greek Architecture (Early Period: circa BC 3000 – BC 700)
Hellenic : BC 700 – BC 146
Roman Architecture (BC 146 – AD365, preceded by
ETRUSCAN: BC 750 – BC 100)
Early Christian Architecture (AD 4th – 12th Century)
Byzantine Architecture (AD 324 – 15th Century and later)

Romanesque in Europe (AD 8th – 12th Century)

Italian (AD 8th – 12th)

French (AD 8th – 12th
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

8|Page
 German (AD 9th – 13th)

Gothic in Europe (AD 12th – 16th Century)

English Medieval (AD 5th – 16th)

Scottish (AD 12th – 18th)
Irish (AD 6th – 16th)
French (AD 12th – 16th)
Dutch and Belgian (AD 12th – 16th)
German (AD 13th – 16th)
Italian (AD 12th – 16th)
Spanish (AD 12th – 16th)

Renaissance in Europe (AD 15th – 19th Century)

Italian (AD 15th – 19th)

French (AD 15th – 19th)
German (AD 16th – 19th)
Dutch and Belgian (AD 16th – 19th)
Spanish (AD 16th – 19th)
English (AD 16th – 19th)

Modern Architecture in England. (AD 19th to the present)

(Includes Architecture of the British Dominions)

United States Architecture (AD 17th to the present)

NON-HISTORICAL GROUP

Indian Architecture (circa BC 250 to the present)

Chinese Architecture (BC 3rd century to the present)
Japanese Architecture (BC 7th century to the present)
Ancient American Architecture (Ad 12th – 16th century)
Saracenic Architecture (AD 7th century to the present)

Composed of:
1. Arabia
2. Syria
3. Egypt
4. Spain
5. Persia
6. Turkey
7. India

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

9|Page
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES:
I. GEOGRAPHICAL
1. Land consisting of a narrow fertile strip bound by desert area.
2. Most cities situated along the Nile River.

II. GEOLOGICAL
1. Natural products are timber, brick, clay, and stone.
2. Masonry materials consist of the following:
a) Limestone d) Hard syenite or granite
b) Sandstone e) Basalt
c) Alabaster f) Porphery
3. Sun or kiln dried bricks were used o palaces.
4. Timber used in limited form as follows:
a) Acacia (for boats)
b) Sycamore (for mummy cases)
c) Date palm (for roofing)

III. CLIMATIC
1. Egypt has two seasons (spring and summer) which greatly contributed to the
preservation of the buildings.
2. Brilliant sunshine resulted in reduced openings and in some cases total omission of
windows.
3. Due to absence of rain roofs were flat and made without drainage.

IV. RELIGIOUS
1. Religion and architecture were closely related as shown by such buildings as temple and
tomb.
2. The belief in life after death was greatly reflected in Egyptian Architecture.

V. SOCIAL
1. Centralized and despotic government made possible the employment of slave labor for
monumental constructions.

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

10 | P a g e
 2. Craftsmanship was highly developed and were in one way or another used in the
building trade.
a)Weaving b)Glass blowing c)Pottery
d)Metal work e)Jewelry f)Furniture
3. The sciences were thoroughly studied:
a) Astronomy b) Mathematics c) Philosophy

VI. HISTORICAL
1) Ancient Kingdom--------------------------BC 4400 – 2466
2) Middle Kingdom---------------------------BC 2466 – 1600
3) New Empire--------------------------------BC 1600 – 332
4) Ptolemaic Period--------------------------BC 332 – 30
5) Roman Period-----------------------------BC 30 – 395 AD
6) Later Period-------------------------------AD 395 – present day
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
1. Primitive stage was characterized by:
a) Padded clay and reed for roofing of building.
b) Sun baked bricks for wall.
2. Batter wall and gorge (hollow and roll) cornice were frequent in masonry construction.
3. Addition of mast ends to column and a post and lintel type of construction.
4. Massive columns and windowless walls were decorated with hieroglyphics, carvings, and
plant motifs such as lotus and papyrus.
5. Planning form was rectangular with an open court surrounded by colonnade.
6. Building were monumental and largely of columnar and trabeated style.
7. Columns were employed mainly for support and not as decoration.
8. Color was absolutely essential.

COLUMN DEVELOPMENT
1. Earliest examples (4thDynasty) were square monolithic piers without divisions or ornament.
2. First circular column occurring during the 5th Dynasty.
3. Capitals were patterned after palm, papyrus, or lotus.
4. Polygonal plan with concave flutings were introduced during the Middle Empire.
5. Novel column capital was the campaniform (inverted bell) which was decorated with lotus m
motif.
6. A few capitals showed the heads of the cow goddess (Hathor)
7. Height of column development was reached during the Saitic and Ptolemaic periods were they
were provided with smooth surfaces and drawn with motif of Egyptian flora.
8. Although of numerous column and capitals were devised through the long Egyptian period no
organization was done to achieve an orderly development
9. Column surface treatment included polychrome and hieroglyphics.

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE ORNAMENTS

(I)GEOMETRICAL FORMS
a) Zigzag b) Chevron c) Lozenge w/ zigzag
d)Circle motif e) Rosette f) Fret (key)
g)Spiral w/ Rosette h) Spiral w/ Scarab (sacred beetle)

(II) ANIMAL FORMS

a) Vulture
b) Oreaus (cobra motif)
c) Wall Imbrications (from animal scale)
d) Scarab (sacred beetle)

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

11 | P a g e
(III) PLANT FORMS
a) Palmetos
b) Palmiform
c) Campaniform (bell shape)
d) Rectilinear Planar

CLASSES AND EXAMPLES of BUILDINGS

I.SPHINX
A sculptural form of a semi-recumbent lion with the head of a man (Horus) god of the
rising sun.
Example: The GREAT SPHINX at Gizeh

II.TOMBS
(a) ROYAL PYRAMIDS
1. Square in plan with four nearly equilateral triangular walls (228 mts x 144 mts high).
2. The walls were oriented to face the cardinal points of the compass.
3. Entrance on North side and the interior was designed as follows:
a. Limestone and Sandstone
b. Casing
c. Grand Gallery
d. King’s Chamber
e. Queen’s Chamber
f. Air Shaft
g. Entry
h. Subterranean

4. The body was enclosed in granite sarcophagus, sycamore coffin, and bituminous
mummy cloth.
5. Exterior was originally encased with sloping face of limestone.

Examples: A. PYRAMIDS of Gizeh

B. The GREAT PYRAMID of Cheops
C. The PYRAMIDS of Chephren

(b) MASTABA
1. Rectangular structures with sloping walls (75 degrees) and flat roof.
2. Interior consisted of the following:
OUTER CHAMBER = a decorated with festive and historical scenes and where offerings
to the dead were given.
MIDDLE CHAMBER (SERDAB) = which contained statues of the dead members of the
family.
SARCOPHAGUS = containing the body; the chamber accessible from the outer one only
through an underground shaft.

Examples: MASTABA of THI, Sakkara

(c) ROCK-HEWN TOMBS

Tombs cut deep into mountain rock where the entrance is the only exposed structure.

Examples: A. TOMB at Beni Hassan

B. TOMBS of the KINGS, Thebes

III. TEMPLES

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

12 | P a g e
 1. Erected primarily for the kings and priests.
2. No uniform system of orientation.

Examples: A. TEMPLE of Khons, Karnak

a) The entrance is between Pylons (massive sloping towers fronted by Obelisks) was
approached by an avenue of Sphinxes.
b) Plan consisted of:
1. HYPAETHRAL = large outer court
2. Surrounding DOUBLE COLONNADE.
3. HYPOSTYLE HALL with clerestories
4. SANCTUARY
5. Small colonnaded hall
6. Passages and chambers
7. High girder wall

B. The GREAT TEMPLE of AMMON, Karnak

C. The TEMPLE of AMMON, Luxor
D. The TEMPLE of AMMON, Der-el-Bahari
E. TEMPLE of SETI I, Abydos
IV. OBELISKS
1, Square monolithic monumental pillars tapering into a pyramidal top with metal capping.
2, Height varied from nine to ten times the base diameter.

Examples: A. OBELISK in the PIAZZA of S. John Lateran

B. CLEOPATRA’S NEEDLE, Thames Embankment, London

V. DWELLINGS
Crude planning which consisted of an open courtyard, external steps leading into upper
stories, flat or rounded roofs made of padded clay or sun-dried bricks.

Examples: EGYPTIAN HOUSE, Tel-el-Amarna

WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE

PERIODS: MAJOR
Chaldean (Babylonian) BC 4000 – 1275
Assyrian BC 1275 – 538
Persian BC 538 -333

EXTENSIONS
Lycian (Seleucid and Sassanian)
Jewish

INFLUENCES:

I. GEOGRAPHICAL

1. The wide plain of Mesopotamia was irrigated by the twin river of Euphrates and the Tigris.
2. Architecture was concentrated at the mouth of these rivers.
3. Chaldea taken as center, Assyria was located north, Persia to the east, and the Jewish state
to the southwest toward Jaffa and Jerusalem.

II. GEOLOGICAL

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

13 | P a g e
 1. Chaldea (Lower Mesopotamia) had mud, clay, plain and glazed bricks, bitumen and pitch for
cementing purposes, and calcareous earth for mortar. No timber nor good building stone.
2. Assyria though abounding in stone used brick extensively, alabaster and limestone for
facing.
3. Persia used hard and colored limestone, timber for roof, textured and highly colored tiles.

III. RELIGIOUS

1. Chaldean and Assyrian worship countered on the heavenly bodies thus we have astrologer-
priests, the ZIGGURATS. (“Towering fingers pointing heavenward”).

2. Multiple gods included:

ANU – god of heaven SHAMASH – sun god
BAAL – god of earth SIM – moon god
EA - god of water ISTHAR – god of life

3. Superstition and symbolism were shown in headed bulls and other architectural motifs.

4. Persian adoration of Zoroaster in the form of fire worship needed sacrificial altars hence few
temples were erected.
V. SOCIAL

Chaldean:
1. Priests and physicians formed the ruling class.
2. Traders, workers, and slaves form the major group.
3. The Babylonian code of laws by Khammurabi showed distinct social order – family unit,
freedom of women, rights and charters of citizens, postal system, police and legal
organizations, and civil taxation.

Assyrian
1. A military class was the dominant social group. Assyrians being then more of a fighter and a
sportsman rather than a trader.
2. Little of religion is a traceable but instead were depicted scenes of war, chase, and cruelty.
3. Dwellings were quite crude and provided with the simplest of furniture although the social
aspect was made of carpenters, scientists, mathematicians, smiths, and craftsmen of all
kinds, poets, and musicians.

Persia
1. Persia dominance was the result of hard militaristic life; landowners were horsemen and the
people were the infantry.
2. Persian royal palaces showed an infiltration of Greek and Egyptian arts.

VI. HISTORICAL

1. West Asiatic (major divisions) maybe divided into the following:

Chaldean (or Babylonian) (c. BC 4000 – 1275)

- Khammurabi established a powerful Babylon and formulated his Code of Laws.

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

14 | P a g e
 Assyrian (BC 1275 – 538)
- Conquest of Babylon
- Defeat of Egyptian army
- Hanging Garden of Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar

Persian (BC 538 – 333)

- Persian supremacy under the rule of Syrus
- Contact with Greece thru Darius and Xerxes
- Her fefeat by Alexander the Great and passage into Seleucid and Sassanian dynastic
rule.

CHALDEAN AND ASSYRIAN

1. Few stone and timber materials were suitable for buildings purposes, walls and palace platforms
were made of sun or kiln-dried bricks.
2. Chaldean wall finish was the multi-colored glazed tiles.
3. Assyrians used slabs of alabaster for wall finishing.
4. Wall ornaments included:
a. Series of half columns or gigantic readings.
b. Accidental arch form by use of small Radiating Voussoirs or corbelled horizontal courses.
c. Colossal winged bull and bas relief.
5. Columnar construction was not extensively developed due to poor masonry materials.

PERSIANS

1. Persian architecture was a mixture of Assyrian, Egyptian, and Asiatic Greek styles.
2. Stone was employed and superseded the many primitive wooden construction.
3. Persian palaces symbolized the love of beauty and luxurious surroundings (which can be seen in
the work of Omar Khayyam).
4. Wall finishes included:
a. Highly colored glazed tiles
b. Delicate floral design
c. Window architrave

LYCIAN

Stone structures were evidently influenced by earlier wood construction both in design and
details.

a. Double podium
b. Notched beam
c. Tightening wedge

CHALDEAH

A.) The ZIGGURAT, Birs-Nimrod (Borsippa)

1. Lofty staged pyramidal tower by Nobuchadnezzar.
2. Plan: 82 motors square and 50 meters high.
3. Temple shrine (to god Nebo) located on top.
4. Whole structures made up of seven storey and finished in glowing glazed tiles.
B.) The City of Babylon: (Babel: the gate of god)

1. Covered 200 square miles and showed the apparent grid pattern
2. Features: 250 TOWERS and 100 BRONZE DOORS
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

15 | P a g e
 3. Palace by Nebuchadnezzar was famed due to HANGING GARDENS (elevated an
average of 23 meters, watered by special screw devices)

ASSYRIAH

A.) Palaces of SARGON, Khorsabad

1. Entrance portals flanked with statues of winged bulls and lions, plan contained 700
divisions.
2. Palace divided into three apartments:
a. SERAGLIO (palace proper): King’s residence, state, hall, men’s court,
apartments, reception rooms.
b. HAREM: private family apartment
c. KHAN: service chamber

PERSIAH

A. PALACE PLATFORM: Persepolis

450x300 plan and 12 motors high, partly howned from solid rock and partly built
of solid mortarless blocks.

B. The TOME of DARTUS, Naksi-i-Rustan

Rock hownedscpulchrc with façade of four double bull columns.

LYCIAH (Saleucid and Sassanian)

Lycian architecture succeeded that of Assyrian and served as the link between West
Asiatic Style and Byzantine.
A. The PALACE at Sarvistan
Rectangular plan with court and a beehive dome and a long side barrel vault.
Triple arches typical on the front.
B. The PALACE at Feruz – Abad
Entrance led into the three-domed hall.
C. The PALACE at Ctesiphon
Consist of a great arch portal.

JEWISH

The character of Hebrew architecture was derived from Chaldea, Egypt, and the
Phoenicians.

The TEMPLE OF SOLOMON, Jerusalem

NOTE:The term Assyrian under this section shall be taken to include Chaldean(or Babylonian).

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

PERIODS

HAMLIN SIR BANNISTER

Primitive (Or Heroic) Age Early Period (circa 3000-700 BC)
(Minoan, Mycenaean, Pelagic, or
Primitive)

Greek Period
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

16 | P a g e
 Archaic 650-500
Transitional 500-400
Periclean 460-400
Florid or 400-300
Alexandrian
Decadence Roman 100-200 AD
Hellenic Period 700-146 BC

INFLUENCES

A. GEOGRAPHICAL
1. Ancient Greece was occupied by Durian colonies located in Sicily and South Italy.
2. The mountainous aspect of Greece influenced the separation of rival groups or clans.
3. A land of numerous harbors – conducive to commerce and communication with
neighboring regions.

B. Geological
1. The chief mineral wealth is excellence marble.
2. Fine grain marble finish was approximated when using coarse grained limestone by a
layer or marble stucco.

C. Climate
1. Climate was midway between rigorous cold and relaxing heat.
2. Ricky nature of country and absence of forest developed the love of precise and
contributed to many open air structures.
3. Favorable climate contributed to many open air structures.
4. Porticos and colonnades were provided for against rain and hot sunshine

D. Religious
1. Greek religion centered on worship of natural phenomena and personified gods and
goddesses.
2. Greek and Roman religion were interrelated as shown by the common deities as
follows: (The Twelve Olympians)

GREEK ROMAN
1. Zeus Supreme god, ruler of skies Jupiter (Jove)
2. Hera Wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage Juno
3. Apollo God of law, reason, art, music, poetry, Apollo
founder of cities
4. Athena Goddess of wisdom and learning Minerva
5. Poseidon God of the sea Neptune
6. Dionysus God of wine, feast and revelry Bacchus
7. Demeter Goddess of Earth & Agriculture Ceres
8. Artemis Goddess of the Chase Diana
9. Hermes Messenger, God of commerce Mercury
10. Aphrodite Goddess of love and beauty Venus
11. Hephaestus God of fire, flame, and forge Vulcan
12. Ares God of war Mars
13. Hestia Goddess of the hearth (sacred fire) Vesta
14. Helios Sun God Sol
15. Selene Moon Goddess Luna
16. Pan God of the flocks Pan
17. Heracles God of strength and labor Hercules
(Mortal)
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

17 | P a g e
18. Asclepius God of healing Aesculapius
(Mortal)

E. SOCIAL

1. Early period was composed of successive inhabitants – Peslagic, HonericGreeeks (or

Acheans), and Dorians.
2. During the Classical times the population was composed of Indians (from Peslagic),
Aeolians (from Acheans), and Dorians.
3. Greek state was united because of common interest in:
a. Religion and religious festivals
b. Music
c. Drama
d. Fine arts
e. National games, sports, and contests
4. Colonization was demanded by over population hence immigration to and occupation
of Asia Minor, South Italy, Sicily and the coasts of the Mediterranean. (IONIC
developed in Asia Minor; DORIC in South Italy and Sicily.)

F. HISTORICAL

1. Governmental structure had assumed various forms:

a. Tyrannical
b. Aristocratic
c. Democratic

2. Historic periods which comprised the HELLENIC AGE:

a. Arcade
b. Transitional
c. Periclean
d. Florid or Alexandrea
e. Decadences

HISTORIC PERIOD DEVELOPMENT

I ARCHAIC PERIOD (BC 65a – BC 500)

1. Characterized by the exclusive use of the Doric order.
2. Though complete in details the order was heavy in proportion (4 1/3 to 4 2/3 in height)
3. Construction generally coarse.
Examples:
a. Northern Temple, Acropolis at Selinus
1. Made of coarse limestone with marble stucco.
2. Wide spaced columns, very high entablature

b. Temple of Zeus, Selinus

1. Earliest of the five colossal Greek temples (103 m to 50m) but never completed.

c. Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum

1. Second of the colossal group
2. External wall face engaged columns
3. Internal heavy piers supported atlantes
4. Statues applied under the ceiling.

II. TRANSITIONAL PERIOD (BC 500 to BC 460)

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

18 | P a g e
 1. Marked improvement in proportion, details, and workmanship.
2. Columns were made ore slender and entablature higher.
3. The cella was much broader.
4. Moldings especially of capitals, became more subtle and refined.
5. Early forms of ionic order accomplished during this period.

EXAMPLES:
a. Temple of Zeus, Olympia
b. Theseum
Most perfectly preserved building
c. Heraium (also called Temple of Hers)
Originally of wood columns – later of stone.

III. PERICLEAN PERIOD (BC 460 to BC 408)

1. Period following expulsion of the Persians.
2. Revival of building activities under reign of periclesand guidance of skilled artists (Ictinus,
Phidias).
Example:
a. 1. The Parthenon, Athens, also known as shrine of Athena parthenos
2. Most multless building in design and execution.
3. Designed by Ictinus and Callicrates
4. Statue by Phidias (was 12 m high)

b. Erectheum
1. Irregular plan showed disregard for formation.
2. Noted for its caryatids porch
3. 70 years to build (unknown architect)

c. Temple of Nike Apteros (the wingless victory)

1. First building completed in the Acropolis
2. 4m x 8m plan has a square cella

d. Propylea
1. Monumental gateway leading into Acropolis
2. Combined Doric and ionic orders
3. Masterpiece of mnesicles

e. Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Philgalaea

1. Designed by Ictinus
2. Of Ionic design but a single Corinthian order was included.

IV. ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD (or FLORID) (BC 400 to BC 300)

1. Characterized by succession of disastrous wars (Silician, Peloponesian, Corinthian) lasting 75

years.
2. Later part of period, however, was marked by new era of architectural splendor.
3. The Corinthian order came into general use as if the Ionic was not enough to depict the
magnificencesumptuous taste of the period.
Examples:
a. Temple of Apollo Didymaeus
Biggest (110 x 50) of the colossal group

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

19 | P a g e
 b. Artemisium (Temple of Artemisiar Diana) former drums of column were enriched with
statues.

V. DECADENCE (BC 320 TO BC 100)

The period which marked the decline of the Alexandrian Age from whence Greek art never
recovered.

Examples:
a. Stoa of Attalus
b. Tower of the winds (Clepsydra of Andronieus, Cyrrhestas)
c. Altar at Pergamon
d. Temple of Zeus, Aizanoi

VI. ROMAN PERIOD (second and first century BC)

Period characterized by the spread of Roman influence over Greek territory; buildings
showed a pronounced mixture of Roman and Greek arts.

Examples:
a. Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
Begun by Antiochus Epiphanus and carried on by Roman architect Cossutius.
b. Arch of Hadrian
c. Odeon de Regilla
d. Agora gate

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORDERS

1. The Classical Greek orders were developed by the Dorian and Ionian.
2. Columns, an important temple ornament, were used chiefly for an imposing exterior effect.
3. Column details remained unchanged from beginning to end.
4. The Greek Orders consisted of: DORIC, IONIC and CORINTHIAN.

The GREEK DORIC ORDER

1. Doric freeze and cornice were reminiscent of a primitive wooden construction.

2. Triglyphs suggested the chamfered ends of three cross beams.
3. Early construction omitted the metope.
4. In the early peripteral temples, the triglyph-freeze portion was retained inside the building where
it has no functional value.
5. Though the perfection of the Doric order was attributed to the Greeks, early forms of the order
may be found in some Egyptian columns.

CHARACTERISTICS of the DORIC ORDER:

1. The capital was made up of a circular cushion called Echinus adorned with fine grooves (Annulet)
and capped with a plain square Abacus.
2. The tapered shaft was fluted with sixteen to twenty shallow channelings meeting at a sharp line
called Arris.
3. The column was not provided with any base and rested directly on the temple platform
(Stylobate).
4. The entablature was made up of three horizontal divisions: cornice, frieze and architrave (or
entablature).

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

20 | P a g e
5. Architrave and frieze were separated by a narrow fillet called Taenia.
6. The frieze was divided into square panels (Metope) which are separated by Triglyph.
7. Details such as Regula and Guttae showed an early wood construction.
8. Carved ornaments (acroteria) commonly adorned the three angles of the pediment.

THE GREEK IONIC ORDER:

There was much controversy regarding the origin of the Ionic order. The volute or scroll
itself as an independent detail may have originated in successive variation of the Egyptian lotus
pattern. But the combination of these diverse elements into the final Ionic form was the work of
the Ionian Greeks.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IONIC ORDER:

1. The capital was the most peculiar feature of the order. It consisted of the usual echinus but had a
horizontal band ending in a scroll or involute in the center of which was the eye.
2. A thin abacus separated the capital from the architrave.
3. The ionic capital was marked by two awkward features:
a. The protusion of the echinus beyond the scroll band above it.
b.The disparity between the front and side views.
4. The shaft have twenty-four deep flutings which were separated by narrow fillet.
5. The base is usually composed of two torn which were separated by a scotia mould. A plinth was
sometimes provided.
6. Greater slenderness of proportion and elegance of detail was obtained from an 8 - 10Ø height as
against the 4 1/3 – 7 of the Doric order.
7. A crowning mould (cymatium) of the cornice was treated with anthemion ornaments.
8. Pediments were rarely or never adorned with sculptural figures.
9. Depended more on carvings rather than color for the decoration of this members.

THE GREEK CORINTHIAN ORDER

The late outgrowth of the Ionic order.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CORINTHIAN ORDER:

1. The capital consisted of an inverted high bell shaped core surrounded by one or two rows of
acanthus leaves. Other details of the capital were:
a. Fleuron – fleural form of abacus.
b. Lip – corner of torch.
c. Bud
d. Caulicolus
e. Involute

2. The entablature was identical with that of the Ionic order.

3. There was a wide variety and disparity among the many different examples of Corinthian capital.

BASIC PARTS OF A TYPICAL GREEK TEMPLE

1. Stylobate – temple platform usually consisting of three steps continuously around.

2. Cella - the combines naos and opisthodomus independent of any external
colonnade.
3. Pronaos - colonnaded front porch.

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

21 | P a g e
4. Naos - foremost chamber of the temple; also the room which contained the statue
of the gods.
5. Opisthodomus - smaller chamber behind the naos; served as a treasury. (In some temples,
as in the Parthenon, the opisthodomus may function as a posticum.)
6. Epinaos - also called Posticum, colonnaded rear porch.
7. Gallery - elevated passageway along the longer sides of the naos. (Considered a
rarity in Classic architecture but still an important feature since its use was
found through the introduction of smaller superimposed columns to
support the hypaethral.)
8. Hypaethral - roof opening over the naos for interior lighting.
9. Pteroma - external aisle or corridor between the wall of the cella and the lateral
colonnade.
10. Temenos - sacred enclosure wherein the temple was placed.
11. Peribolus - the fence around the temenos.
The various methods of arranging the columns gave the distinct names to the forms of the
temples, and the nomenclature which follows was derived from the works of Roman architect
VITRUVIUS.
I. According to number of FRONT COLUMNS
ODD NUMBER EVEN NUMBER
Henostysle 1 column Distyle 2 columns
Tristyle 3 columns Tetrastyle 4 columns
Pentastyle 5 columns Hexastyle 6 columns
Heptastyle 7 columns Octastyle 8 columns
Enneastyle or Nonastyle) 9 columns Decastyle 10 columns
Dodescastyle 12 columns

II. According to layout of EXTERIOR COLUMNS)

1. Prostylar (Prostyle) – with front colonnade only
2. Amphiprostylar – with colonnade at front and roar
3. Peripteral (peristylar) – single range of column around
4. Perypteral circular – ring of columns surrounding a circular naos.
5. Pseudoperipteral – same as peripteral but with flank colonnade attached to cella (sometimes
also front and roar)
6. Dipteral – double ranges of columns around
7. Pseudo – dipteral – same as dipteral but with inner lateral columns omitted.

Particular treatments:

a. Astylar – no external columns

b. Apteral – no side colonnade
c. In antis – front columns enclosed in anta (Greek pilaster) from 2-4 columns; 2 more usual)
d. Amphi-antis – front and rear columns enclosed in anta (from 1 – 4, 2 more usual).
e. Irregular – non symmetrical plan or one which cannot be classified into any category above.

TEMPLE CONSTRUCTION

1. Basic plan type – peripteral

2. Temples generally stood in a temenos and were raised on a stylobate of three steps.
3. The naos contained the statue of the god or goddess with an occasional opisthodomus (treasury)
behind.
4. Orientation primarily considered the lighting up of the statue. The front entrance was faced
toward the west.
5. The naos and opisthodomus were furnished with interior columns for intermediate support of
roof.
6. To avoid massiveness of interior columns they were erected in two stages (superimposed) thus
creating a gallery.
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

22 | P a g e
7. Roofs were of timber framing covered with marble or terra-cotta slabs with end joints along the
cave covered with antefixae ornaments.
8. The ceilings were paneled (coffered) on the underside and richly decorated with color and gold
leaf.
9. The pteroma had ceilings of stone or marble which were deeply paneled.
10. Triangular pediment, usually but not always filled the sculpture, terminated in a simple roof.
11. All the known temples were of stone although it is evident that wood was utilized in earlier
construction.
12. Solid marble pieces was standard. Rough stone walls were finished with thin veneer of fine
marble stucco or granolyte
13. Windows were generally absent. Ventilation and/or illumination achieved through doorways,
clerestories, hypaethrals, translucent marble (a labaster) and by oil lamps.

TEMPLE PLAN PECULIARITIES:

1. Temples serving as treasuries were usually of distyle in antis or tetrastyleprostylar plans.

2. Larger Doric temples were of Hexastyle or Octastyle colonnade.
3. Pseudo-Peripteral (rare in Greek) was favorite form of the Romans.
4. Ionic temples of Asia Minor generally Dipteral or Pseudo-dipteral with deep proneos and shallow
or omitted opisthodomus.
5. Corinthian was used extensively only at later period.
6. Few temples had irregular plan (as in the Erectheion)
7. The few circular temples were of Peripteral type (as in the Phylippeion at Olympia and the Tholos
at Epidauros).

A. TEMPLES

DORIC TEMPLES:

The Heraion, Olympia c BC 640

Temple of Apollo, Corinth c BC 535
Temple of Poseidon, Paros BC 6th century
Temple of Apollo, Delphi BC 530 – 514
Temple of Aphaia, Aegina BC 490
Temple of Zeus, Olympia BC 460
The Theseion, Athens BC 428
Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassae c BC 450
The Parthenon, Athens BC 447
Temple of Posiedon, Sunium c BC 425
Temple of the Mysteries, Eleusis BC 453 – 310
The Tholos, Epidauros c BC 350
Temple of Themis or hemesis, Rhamnus BC 500
Temple of Aesculapius, Epidauros c BC 380
Temple of Apollo, Delos BC 300

IONIC TEMPLES

Archaic Temple of Artemis, Ephesus c BC 560 – 430

Temple of Nera, Samos c BC 500
Temple of the Ilissus, Athens c BC 450
Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens c BC 426
Temple of Apollo Epicurius, BAssae c BC 420
The Erectheion, Athens c BC 420 - 393
Temple of Artemis, Ephesus BC 356
The Philippeion, Olympia c BC 338

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

23 | P a g e
 Temple of Apollo Didymaeus, near Miletus BC 335 – 320
Temple of Athena Polies, Priener c BC 335
Temple of Dionysos, Teos c BC 200

CORINTHIAN EXAMPLES

Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bessae c BC 420

The Tholos, Epidauros c BC 350
The Philippeion, Olympia c BC 338
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates c BC 335
Temple of Apollo Didymaeus c BC 335 - 320
The Olympieion, Athens BC 174 – AD 131
Tower of the Winds, Athens BC 100 - 35

NOTE: make a further study of those buildings marked with (*)

B. THEATRES
1. Greek theaters were generally hollowed from hillside, uncovered, and intended for daytime
use.
2. The basic parts were:
a. Auditorium – tiers of seats curved from rock hills
b. Orchestra – circular area fronting the stage for choral chant.
c. Logeoin (Gr: speaking place) – long narrow platform of stage with a permanent
background.
d. Skene – background of the logion
e. Paraskenai – building containing booths and dressing
f. Stoa – colonnade behind paraskenai
Examples:
a. Theatre of Dionysos, Athens
b. Theatre at Epidauros
c. Theatre at Bradfield College

C. ODEON
The odeon differed from the theatre principally in being smaller and entirely covered with
wooden roof.
Examples:
Odeon of Regilla, Athens (AR – Herodes Atticus)

D. PROPYLEA
1. Monumental gateway giving access to a temple enclosure.
2. Anta columns were sometimes used.
Example:
The propylea in Athens

E. TOMBS
1. Not as numerous as Egyptian tombs.
2. Good example is the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.
a. Erected to King Mausolos by widow Artemisia.

b. Achitects were Satyrus and Pythtus, Scopa was the master sculptor.
c. Consisted of a square podium, a tomb chamber with Ionic columns, a pyramidal
roof with marble quadriga (4 horse chariot).

Examples:

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

24 | P a g e
 a. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
b. The Lion tomb, Cnidos
c. The Meread Monument, Kanthos
d. The Stele – a decorated slab of stone placed vertically as a tombstone.

F. ALTARS
1. A small building placed before a temple.
2. A small room was located at the rear and served as a treasury for ceremonial robes and
offerings.
3. A hearth was placed on top for sacrificial rites.
4. A platform at stylobate level connected the altar with the temple.

G. AGORA
1. Open air meeting place for transaction of business.
2. Served as an access to public buildings and linked by continuous colonnade.

H. STOA
Colonnade which connected various public buildings and serve as a covered passage.

I. STADION
Originally a foot racetrack but eventually use for other athletic performances.

J. HIPPODROME
The building and compound used for horse and chariot race. (Prototype of Roman Circus)

K. PALAESTRA
The gymnasium of the Greeks which contained:
a. Athletic courts
b. Pescina (swimming tank)
c. Exedra (lecture hall)
d. Spectator seats.

L. BOULEUTERION

A roofless rectangular council house containing low seats with a platform at one end.

M. MEGARON
Open court in the middle of buildings for access and ventilation of various rooms.

N. DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
1. Resembled palaces in general appearance.
2. Usually of one story and grouped around a megaron.
3. There was peristylium on the three sides.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES

Etruscan Period BC 750 – BC 100

Roman Period BC 146 – AD 365

I. GEOGRAPHICAL
1. Long simple coast line in contrast with rugged Greek shares.
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

25 | P a g e
 2. Italy has few natural harbours and islands along her shores.
3. Much of the country is very mountainous but is not broken up into small valleys as in
Greece.
4. Central position of Italy enabled her to spread arts and civilization over Europe,
Western Asia, and North Africa.
5. Romans followed a logical sequence in empire building:
a. Conquest by war
b. Domination by forced of character
c. Rule by laws
d. Civilization by arts and letters.

II. GEOLOGICAL
1. Aside from marble the Romans have many other forms of masonry materials:
a. Limestone – mineral calcite deposits formed from solid remains of animals.
b. Travertine – a hard porous form of marble.
c. Tufa – chromatic volcanic stone
d. Alabaster – translucent calcite stone.
e. Terra – Cotta – mixture of clay and fine sand.

3. Revolutionary material was PUZZOLANA – clean sandy earth deposit mixed with
lime to get excellent Roman concrete.

III. CLIMATIC
1. North Italy is temperate.
2. Central Italy is genial and sunny.
3. Southern region almost tropical.

IV. RELIGIOUS
1. Religion of ancient Rome was part of state constitution.
2. Religious feeling had not so strong a hold on the Romans as upon the Greeks; hence
public buildings received the same material expression as temple architecture.
3. Every house (palace, villa or domus) was provided with an altar for the divinity.

V. SOCIAL
1. Ancient Rome was inhabited by many races
2. The social life of the Romans is clearly revealed in their architecture.

VI. HISTORICAL
The following events are high lights in the history of the Great Roman Epire;
BC 753 – 509 Development and foundation of Rome by early kings.
BC 390 The Republic was engaged in many wars including the conquest of
Etruscan cities but was later occupied by the Gauls.
BC 343 Marked the beginning of Roman conquest of Italiana cities.
BC 264 - 241 Annexation of many territories including that of Sicily during the First
Punic War.
BC 218 – 201 Second Punic War found Italy occupied by Hannibal of Carthage.
Hannibal withdrew when the Italian army led by Scipio attacked
Carthage.
BC 190 Conquest of Syria.
BC 169 Conquest of Macedonia.
BC 140 – 146 Third Punic War resulted in the acquisition of Carthagenian territory in
Africa.
BC 146 Conquest of Greece
BC 133 Subjugation of Western Asia and conquest of Spain.
BC 58 – 49 Occupation of the Rhine and the English Channel.
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

26 | P a g e
 BC 43 England became a province of Italy.
BC 30 Annexation of Egypt.
AD 324 The height of the Roman Empire was reached during this period.
Transfer of the empire capital under Constantine into Byzantium for
better central of the over extended territories.
Division of Italy into East and West under two emperors.
AD 475 Marks the end of Western Roman Empire by election of Odoacer as
first King of Italy.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE
1. The Etruscan, who were early inhabitants of Central Italy exerted the earliest known
architectural influence on the Romans.
2. Noted for the use of the true or radiating arch and walls of solid cyclopean masonry.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
1. The Romans adopted the columnar and trabeated style of the Greeks and developed the
arch, vault, and dome of the Etruscans.
2. The orders of architecture were used by the Romans as decorative feature.
3. The original orders of architecture (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian) were supplemented with
Tuscan and Composite.
4. The complex civilization and varied needs of the Romans resulted in the creation of multi-
storied buildings (colosseums, thermas, amphitheaters, aqueducts, tombs).
5. Roman practicability is shown in the discovery of concrete; (called Buzzolana) a hard
composition made of small stones such as tuffa, peperino, marble, pumice stone or even
broken brick and mixed with lime.
6. Roman walls, both of stone and concrete, were:

Stone Wall:
a. Opus Quadratum – regular rectangular blocks of stone with or without mortar joints.
b. Alternate Opus Quadratum – two sizes of stone blocks arranged in alternate courses.

Concrete Wall faced with

a. Opus Incertum – irregularly shaped stone
b. Opus Recticulatum – so called because of diagonal joints being similar to mesh of
fishing net (recticulum)
c. Opus Testaceum – made of bricks (testae) which are triangular in plan.
d. Opus Mixtum – which consisted of bands of tuffa introduced at interval in ordinary
brick facing.

7. The character of Roman Architecture depended largely on the extensive use of vaulting
inherited from the Etruscans.
The basic forms maybe divided into:
a. Barrel Vault (also known as tunnel, semi-circular, wagon-headed, or longitudinal
vault).
b. Cross Vault (also intersecting vault) – producing the groin and cloister forms.
c. Hemispherical Dome or cupola – used over circular

8. Extensive use of stucco (Opus Albarium). Although concrete is one of the best structural
materials, decoration had little connection with construction. Unlike Greek wall, which
consisted of solid blocks of marble, concrete construction does not permit the complete
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

27 | P a g e
 inclusion of decoration in the actual process of building thus requiring veneering or
finishing material. Such demand in veneers resulted in the development of Roman stucco
and others (such as multi-colored marble finishes).

9. Mural paintings – were also executed on prepared stucco and classified as

a. Fresco – a method of painting on wet plaster.
b. Tempera – painting technique using water soluble paint with white of egg as binder.
c. Varnish – liquid resinous compound resulting in a hard glossy finish.
d. Caustic painting – process requiring corrosion of surface by means of chemical action
(similar to etching)

10. Common Veneering materials:

Marble, alabaster (near white, translucent, fine textured stone), porphyry, and jasper.
The veneer slab was attached by means of metal clamp.

11. Mosaic was used on walls, floors, and vaults. Classified as:
a. Opus Tesselatum – made of square tesserae of stone, marble or many colored glass to
form pattern or picture.
b. Opus Sectile (Scultulatum) – tesserae of marble, porphyry or glass cut into required
shape to form more fitted layout.
c. Opus Spicatum – made of paving bricks set in herring bone pattern.

12. The abundance of statues brought from Greece led to the formation of wall niches for their
reception.
a. Opus tesselatum b. sectile c. opus spicatum

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE
The remains consisted chiefly of tombs, city walls, gateways, bridges, and aqueducts,
were similar in character to early Pelasgic works.

Examples:
A. Cloach Maxima, Rome
1. Oldest European sample of true arch construction.
2. An open drain vault of three concentric rings of voussoirs each 2 ½ feet high.

B. Arch of Augustus, Perugia

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

28 | P a g e
 1. Built of travertine stone without mortar.
2. Surmounted by Doric – like frieze with triglyph of dwarfed Ionic columns.

C. Temple of JupiterCapitolinus, Rome

1. Typical example of temple where cella was divided into three chambers to contain
statues of Jupiter, Minerva and June.
D. Temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium

The plan had three cells and front portico with two rows of four columns; type adopted by
the Romans.

E. Temple at Alatri

1. The temple rests on a podium and a sloping ramp gave access to a practice of two
columns.
2. Entablature enriched with terra-cotta, pediment with acroteria and caves with
antefixae.

F. Etruscan Tomb, corneto

1. Tomb cut, cut from rock formation and noted for its rich wall painting.
2. Plan consists of two chambers. Outer one is mortuary chapel provided with central
shaft for light and ventilation; the other portion located on a lower level is the burial
chamber.

G. Necropolis

H. Etruscan Tomb, Vulei

Original entrance provided with forerunner of Corinthian columns; at base were two
encrouching liens.

I. Etruscan Sarcophagus

It had relief of marine monster on the side and a reclining figure holding the coin plate.

J. The Sarcophagus at Cerveteri

Made of terra-cotta and resembled a couch supporting two reclining figures.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Examples include not only those found in Italy but also in places where Roman
government extended: France (Nimes and Arles), Spain (Tarragona and Segovia, Germany
(Treves and Aix-la-Chapelle), North Africa (Constantine, Leptis Magna and Timgad), Syria
(Baalbek and Palmyra), England (Silchester and Bath).

I. FORUM
1. Corresponded to the Greek agora.
2. Composed of open central space used as meeting place, market or rendezvous for
political demonstration.

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

29 | P a g e
 Examples:

A. Forum Romanum, Rome

1. Oldest and most important of all; originally used as a hippodrome and for
contests which later were played in amphitheaters.
2. Served as the center for other public buildings which included temples, basilicas,
shops, and tabularium, (public archieve).

B. Forum of Trajan, Rome

Largest of all Roman fora

II. RECTANGULAR TEMPLES

1. Roman temples were an amalgamation of Etruscan and Greek types.
2. Pseudo peripteral was the most typical plan used.
3. The steps to the principal entrance were flanked by low massive walls which
supported statues.
4. Roman temples were shorter in proportion with cella practically occupying whole
width of building.
5. Intercolumniation was wider than in Greek temples.
6. Architrave and frieze were built in voussoirs as flat archas.
7. Cella coiling may be coffered on timber beams or vaulted.
8. General absence of surrounding colonnade and continuous stylobate.
9. Emphasis was laid on front steps and portico which faced the forum regardless of
orientation.

Examples:
a. Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome
Pseudo – peripteraltotrastyle Ionic temple.

b. Temple of MarsUltor, Romes

Dedicated to Mars the Avenger on the death of Julius Caesar.

c. Temple of Concord, Rome

Main portico located on longer side.

d. Temple of Gastor and Pollux, Rome

Peripteral temple rebuilt by Tiberius.

e. MaisonCarree, Nimes
Best preserved Roman temple, prestylehoxastyle, pseudoperipteral.

f. Temple of Diana, Nimos

A nympheum connected with therma; with vaults.

g. Temple of Vespasian, Rome

HexastyleProstyle Corinthian by Domitian.

h. Temple of Venus and Rome, Rome

Decastyle Pseudo-dipteral; two collas with apses placed back to back. Architect –
Apollodorus.

i. Temple of Antoninus and Faustinu, Rome

HexastleProstylar.
j. Temple of Saturn, Rome
Hexastyle pseudo – peripteral
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

30 | P a g e
 k. The GreatTemple, Baalbek
Corinthian dodecastyle in antis; hexagonal forecourt.

l. Temple of Jupiter, Baalbak

OctastylePeripteral.
III. CIRCULAR AND POLYGONAL TEMPLES
The Romans frequently employed the circular and polygonal forms, which was probably
derived from the temples of the Etruscans. Since no standard form exist to enable us to
discuss them in a typical manner – each building shall be directly mentioned here:

A. Temple of Vesta, Rome

Had undergone many rebuilding, the last one by Septinius Severus. A 9 meter Ø
cella was elevated on a 3 meter high podium and surrounded by 18 5.25 meter high
Corinthian columns. The most sacred shrine in the Imperial City and where an
eternal fire was lit to symbolize Roman life and power.

B. Temple of the Sybil, Tivoli

Circular peripteral temple with podium, cella and 18 Corinthian columns. Provided
with more slender columns since it was located or a lower level.

C. Temple of MaterMatuta, Rome

Circular peripteral temple with 20 columns on circular stylobate. Roof of timber
rafter covered with bronze tiles.

D. Temple of Venus, Baalbek

Circular peripteral temple with a pedimented portico. Lateral columns rested on
scalloped podium. External wall was marked by semi-circular niches.

E. The Pantheon, Rome

6 meter thick circular cella with 43 meter internal Ø and height. Inside are 3 semi-
circular recesses and 4 rectangular exedrae. Hidden arches over Corinthian column
equally distributed the load. Paneled hemispherical dome decorated with bronze
ornament. 5 meter Ø eye is at the apex. Front entry with an octastylepedimented
portico.

F. Temple of Jupiter, Spalato

Octagonal exterior with low peristyle Corinthian columns. Circular cella had four
semi-circular and three rectangular recesses.

IV. BASILICAS
1. Designed as justice hall and commercial exchange.
2. Rectangular plan with length being twice its width.
3. 2 or 4 internal colonnade divided plan into 3 or 5 aisles.
4. Galleries had columns for internal roof support.
5. Entrances placed laterally or at the ends.
6. Apses generally provided at the ends.
7. Simple and unadorned exterior compared with its interior.

Examples:
a. Trajan’s Basilica, Rome (AR – Apollodorus)
b. Basilica of Constantine, Rome
c. Basilica Porcia, Rome (the oldest)
d. Basilica Emilia
TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

31 | P a g e
V. THERMAE
1. Roman palatial public bath patterned after Greek gymnasia.
2. Basically designed for bathing but also used as social, lecture, and athletic club.
3. Attendant incudes: anointers, manicurists, barbers, shampooers, stokers,
lamplighters, janitors, and hundreds of slaves.
4. Plan consisted of 3 major units and subdivisions:
a. Great Central Structure (the therma proper)
1. Apodyteria – dressing room
2. Tepidarium – warm lounging area
3. Calidarium – hot room with hot water bath
4. Sudatorium (Laconicum) – ottest room
5. Piscina – swimming bath
6. Frigidarium – cooling room
7. Unctoria – massage room with oil and unguent
8. Spilaeresterium – game room
9. Library
10. Small theater (optional)

b. Large Open Space – park-like unit surrounding therma structure complete with
gardens.
c. Surrounding wall
Made up of apartments containing lecture rooms, exedrae, reservoir, shops, slave
quarters.

Examples:
a. Therma of Caracalla (see Research)
b. Therma of Agrippa, Rome
c. Therma of Titus, Rome
d. Therma of Diocletiaw, Rome

VI. BALNEUM
Small residential or palatial private bath.
Example:
Minerva Medica, Rome

VII. THEATERS
1. Auditorium with tiers of seats arranged in a semi-circle.
2. Central portion was reserved for the dignitaries.
3. Concrete vaulting supplemented the original hollow cave construction.

Examples:
a. Theatre of Marcellus, Rome
b. Odeion of Herodes Atticus, Athen
c. Theatre at Ostia

VIII. AMPHITHEATERS
1. Of Roman origin; used as stage for mortal combat of gladiators and for training of warriors.
2. Plan consisted of an elliptical arena surrounded by tiers of seats.
3. Sand was used for flooring of the arena; sometimes flooded for miniature naval combat.

Examples:
a. Colosseum, Rome

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

32 | P a g e
 b. Amphitheater at Verona
c. Amphitheater at Pompeii

IX. CIRCUSES
1. Designed for chariot and horse races; patterned after the Greek hippodrome,
2. Small circus used for foot races and athletics generally attached to a therma.

Examples:
a. Circus Maximus, Rome
b. Circus of Maxertius, Rome

X. TOMBS
1. Roman tombs were more varied then Greeks and may include forms a burial, cremation and
interment.
2. Types of tomb as follow:
a. Caemetaria (subterranean vault) contained:
Columbaria – pigeon-hole like niches for cremation urns.
Loculi – wall recesses for coffins
Sarcophagus – decorated internment boxes
Catacomb – series of loculi
b. Monumental Tombs – square or circular shaped blocks on quadrangular base or
podium, crowned with pyramidal roof.
c. Pyramidal tombs
d. Temple Shaped tombs
e. Eastern Tombs
f. Cenotaphs – memorial structure to person buried elsewhere.
Examples:
Monumental Tombs
a. Tomb of Cecilia Matella, Rome
b. Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome
c. Mausoleum of Hadrian, Rome

Temple Shaped Tomb

Tomb of NaevoleiaTyche, Ponpeii
Eastern Tombs
a. Tombs of “El Khasne”, Petra in Syria
b. Tomb at Mylassa
Cenotaphs
a. Tomb of the Julii, S. Remy
b. Igel Monument, near Treves

XI. TRIUMPHAL ARCHES

1. Erected to emperors and generals; had either one or three openings.
2. Piers faced with Corinthian or composite columns.
3. Statues and bas-reliefs show victorious campaigns.
4. An attic story surmounted the arches and may contain dedicatory inscriptions.

Examples:
a. Arch of Titus, Rome
b. Arch of Trajan, Ancona
c. Arch of Trajan, Beneventum
d. Arch of Septimus Severus, Rome
e. Arch of Constantine, Rome

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

33 | P a g e
XII. TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS
Structures erected as entrance to towns-of bridges; formed part of the protective circuit.
Examples:
a. Gate of Herculaneum, Pompeii
b. PortaNigra, Treves
c. Porte S. Andre, Autun
d. Arch of Acaracalla, Tebessa
e. Portico of Octavio, Rome

XIII. PILLARS OF VICTORY

Memorial columns erected to record triumphs of victorious generals.
Examples:
a. Trajan column, Rome
b. Column of Antoninus Pius, Rome
c. Column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome
d. Rostral columns

XIV. PALACES
1. Palace planning was composed of:
a. Principal Portico
b. Public halls
c. Tablinum (throne room)
d. Religious and justice hall
e. Peristylium (square garden with colonnade)
f. Trilicnium (banquet hall)
g. Public courts with nymphea (open garden) and fountain
h. Minor chambers (for sleeping and service)

2. Planning was governed by axial line to obtain maximum vista.

3. Symmetrical planning was later unbalanced by additional structures.
4. Materials: pictorial mosaic (floor), marble (columns), fresco (walls) all in brilliant color
scheme.

Examples:
a. Palaces of the Emperors, Rome
b. Golden house of Nero, Rome
c. Palace of Diocletian, Spalato

XV. ROMAN HOUSES

Roman dwelling sere of three types:
1. Domus – private city house evolved from the Greeks with characteristic atrium and peristyle.
Narrow streets (8’, 12’, 12’) fronted the residences, the front portions rented as stores. Front
windows were absent for lack of glazing material and need for privacy. Generally one story;
no chimney but provided with brazier.
Examples:
a. Atrium vestae, Rome
b. House of Pansa, Pompeii
c. House of the Faun

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

34 | P a g e
 2. Villas – country houses characterized by surrounding gardens, terraces, colonnades, palaestra,
or therma.
Example:
Hadrian Villa, Tivoli
3. Insula – multi-storied tenement house generally limited to 75’ in height.

XVI. AQUEDUCTS

1. Bridge-like arched structure (single or superimposed) carrying water supply pipe or channel.
2. Pipe were either of bronze or lead.
3. Smooth channels (SPECUS) lined with hard cement.
Examples:
a. Aqua Marcia, Rome
b. Aqua Claudia, Rome
c. Pont du Gard,
d. Nimes in France
e.
XVII. BRIDGES
Roman bridges were simple, solid, practical and designed to offer strong resistance
against water pressure.
Examples:
a. Pont Sublicus, Rome
b. Pont Mulius, Rome
c. PNS Fabricus, Rome

XVIII. FOUNTAINS
1. Designed either with large basin (LACUS) or spouting jets (SALIENTES) or a combination of
the two.
2. Statues, niches, bronze objects were used as decorative adjuncts.

SUMMARY OF CLASSIC ROMAN BUILDING EXAMPLES:

1. Forum
2. Rectangular temple
3. Circular
4. Basilica
5. Therma
6. Balneum
7. Theatre
8. Amphitheatre
9. Circus
10. Tomb
11. Triumphal arch.
12. Topoh gateway and arch.
13. Palaces
14. Pillars or victory
15. Roman houses
16. Aqueducts
17. Bridges
18. Fountain

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

35 | P a g e
THE following Criteria will be used to evaluate your output:

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

36 | P a g e
 Basic History of Architecture on the Comparative Method by Banister Fletcher
Readings 1033 pages

 Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism by Rudolf Wittkower

Extended  Architect and Engineer by Andrew Saint
Readings
 Modern Architecture Since 1900 by William Curtis
 Life in the English Country House by Mark Girouard
 A Global in History of Architecture =
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SzigQy2SWU&feature=emb_logo
Online
 Global Architecture History=
Resources
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bSIm02DTNw

Theoretical
Performance and attendance ----------10
Research plates/assignments ----------15
Written quizzes -----------------------------20
Course
Seatwork -------------------------------------15
Assessment
Examinations --------------------------------40

Laboratory Works
TOTAL-----------100%
Committee Cluster Leader: Mr. Leonardo S. Hirang
Members Members: Ar. Engelbert Escoto, Ar. Hasigawa

Faculty Member : Leonardo S. Hirang

Email-address : lshirang@tsu.edu.ph
Consultation Consultation Hours :
Schedule Time and Venue : Faculty Room or via Microsoft Teams for distance
learning

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

37 | P a g e
Course Title AY/ Term of Prepared by: Recommending Approval Pages:
Effectivity

LEONARDO S. HIRANG
Asst. Prof 1

1st Semester, AY LEONARDO S.

HOA 1 9
2020-2021 HIRANG
AR. GARRY M. ADVENTO
Dean

Approved:

DR. Erwin Lacanlale

Vice President for Academic
Affairs

TSU CAFA HOA 1: Hstory of Architecture 1

38 | P a g e