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Test 1 Book Notes Examples 1 PDF
Test 1 Book Notes Examples 1 PDF
Test 1 Book Notes Examples 1 PDF
DAB for a gas is constant; P is constant meaning C is also constant; flux is constant at steady
state.
D C C A2 D P PA2
Flux, J AZ AB A1 if C = P/RT J AZ AB A1
z 2 z1 RT z 2 z1
Substitute in values:
J AX
0.687 10 0.6 0.2 5.63 10
4
6
kgmol/m2s
82.0572980.2
Equimolar Counterdiffusion I II
Example 6.2-1, page 415 d PCO2 =
PCO2 =
Ammonia gas (A) is diffusing through a uniform tube 0.10m 456 mmHg 76 mmHg
long containing N2 gas (B) at 1.0132x105 Pa pressure and
298K. At point 1, PA1 = 1.013x104 Pa and at point 2,
PA2 = 0.507x104 Pa. DAB = 0.230x10-4 m2/s. L
Calculate the flux J*A and J*B at steady state.
J AZ
D AB PA1 PA2 0.230 10 4 1.013 10 4 0.507 10 4
4.70 10 7 kgmol A/m2 s
RT z 2 z1 8314.32980.1
Diffusion of Water Through Stagnant, Nondiffusing Air
Example 6.2-2 page 419
Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at a constant
temperature of 293K. The total pressure of air (assumed dry) is
1.01325x105 Pa (1.0atm) and the temperature is 293K.
Water evaporates and diffuses through the air in the tube, H2O
and the diffusion path z2 – z1 is 0.1524 m long. Calculate the
rate of evaporation at steady state. The diffusivity of water vapor at 293K and 1 atm is
0.250x10-4 m2/s. Assume that the system is isothermal.
PB 2 PB1 1 0 1 0.0231
PBM 0.988 atm
PB 2 1 0
ln ln
B1
P 1 0.0231
D AB P
NA PA1 PA2
RT z 2 z1 PBM
NA
0.250 10 1.0
4
0.0231 0 1.595 10 7 kgmol/m2s
82.0572930.15240.988
Diffusion in a Tube with Change in Path Length
Example 6.2-3, page 419
Water in the bottom of a narrow metal tube is held at a constant temperature of 293K. The total pressure of air
(assumed dry) is 1.01325x105 Pa (1.0atm) and the temperature is 293K. At a given time, t, the level is z meters from
the top. As water vapor diffuses through the air, the level drops slowly. Derive the equation for the time t F for the
level to drop from a starting point of zo m at t = 0 and zF at t = tF seconds.
We can assume a pseudo-steady state condition because the level drops slowly. Now, both NA
and z are variables.
NA
DAB P
PA1 PA2
RT z2 z1 PBM
Assuming a cross-sectional area of 1 m2, the level drops dt in dz seconds, and the leftover kgmol
of A is PAdz/MA:
dz 1
N A 1 A
M A dt
Rearranging and integrating:
A zF D P
zdz AB PA1 PA2 dt
tF
M A z0 RTPBM 0
A z F2 z 02 RTPBM
tF
2M A D AB PPA1 PA2
Diffusion Through a Varying Cross-Sectional Area – Evaporation Derivation
HW1.1 In the lecture we showed that the molar rate of material A evaporating from a spherical
drop immersed in material B could be written as
N A 1 1 DAB P P p A,1
ln
4 r1 r2 RT
P p A, 2
where
N A is the molar rate of material A leaving
the drop R is the ideal gas constant
r1 and r2 are two radial points away from T is the system temperature
the sphere center pA,1 is the partial pressure of A at point 1
DAB is the diffusion coefficient P is the total pA,2 is the partial pressure of A at point 2
system pressure
Starting with this equation, derive the following approximate equation for the molar flux at the particle
surface, NA,1
N A,1
2 DAB
cA,1 cA,2
D1
where D1 is the diameter of the spherical drop
cA,1 is the molar concentration of material A at the surface of the drop
cA,2 is the molar concentration of material A far from the drop
Stagnant B
Assume point 1 is at the drop’s surface
Assume point 2 is very far away from the drop, so r2 >> r1 r2
N A 1 1 D AB P P PA2 N D P P PA2
ln A AB ln r1
4 r1 r2 RT P PA1 4r1 RT P PA1
Diffusing
Now multiply the equation by 1/r1, rewrite the radius as 2/D on the right A
side, substitute for surface flux, NAs, and PBM:
2 D AB PA1 PA2
So we rewrite the equation as: N AS
DRT PBM
Assume low vapor pressure, so PA1, PA2 << P and use a Taylor Series approximation ln(x) = x-1:
P PA2 P PA2 P PA2
is approaching 1, so ln 1
P PA1 P PA1 P PA1
PBM
PB 2 PB1 1.01325 10 5 0 1.01325 10 5 74
1.0129 10 5 Pa
P 1.01325 10 0
5
ln B 2
PB1
ln
1.01325 10 74
5
NA
D AB P
PA1 PA2
6.92 10 6 1.01325 10 5
9.68 10 8 kgmol A/m2s
RT r1 r0 PBM
8314.33180.002 1.0129 105
6.2-5.) Mass Transfer from a Napthalene Sphere to Air
Mass transfer is occurring from a sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 10mm. The sphere is in a
large volume of still air at 52.6ºC and 1atm absolute pressure. The vapor pressure of naphthalene at
52.6ºC is 1.0 mmHg. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 0ºC is 5.16 x 10-6 m2/s. Calculate the rate
of evaporation of naphthalene from the surface in kg mol/s m2. [Note: the diffusivity can be corrected
for temperature by using the temperature correction factor from the Fuller et al. equation (6.2-45)]
Assumptions:
the system is at steady-state, so the radius of the sphere is not changing
point 1 is at the surface of the sphere and point 2 is very far away , so r2 >> r1
NA
ln
7.023 10 6 1.01325 10 5 1.01325 105 133.322
= 4.34736 x 10-11 kgmol/s
4 0.1 8314325.75 1.01325 10 0
5
dV
Volume of the sphere, V 4 r 3 so the derivative of volume is: 4r 2
3 dr
Plug this volume derivative into molar flux equation for dV:
A 4r 2 dr
NA
M A dt
Now set N A equal in each equation:
A 4r 2 dr
1 D P P PA2
AB A1
M A dt 4r 2
RTr PBM
Separate variables and integrate both sides:
t A RT PBM r A r 2 RT PBM
0 M A DAB P PA1 PA2 0
dt rdr t
2M A D AB P PA1 PA2
(b) Now use the equation to find the time in seconds:
1.22m
N A 1514.8
DAB PA2 PA1 0.230 10 4 5066 25330
N A = 1.24 x 10-10
RT 8314298.15
kgmol/s
Now solve for NA:
1.24 10 10
NA = N A /A = at any point along the length, L
1 0.025L 0.06102 tan 60
4
Molecular Diffusion in Liquids
Calculate Cavg:
1 1 1 991.7 961.7
C avg 2 54.435 kgmol/m
3
2 M 1 M 2 2 17.9806 17.9031
Calculate XBM:
Xw1 = 1-0.02 = 0.98
Xw2 = 1-0.1 = 0.9
X B 2 X B1 0.9 0.98
X BM 0.939432
ln X B 2 X B1 ln 0.9 / 0.98
NA =
D AB C avg X A1 X A2 1.24 10 9 54.4350.02 0.1
= 1.437 x 10-6 kgmol/m2 s
z 2 z1 X BM 0 0.0040.939432
Prediction of Diffusivities in Liquids
Prediction of Liquid Diffusivity
Example 6.3-2, page 432
Predict the diffusion coefficient of acetone in water at 25ºC and 50ºC using the Wilke-Chang equation. The
experimental value 1.28x10-9 m2/s at 298K.
From Appendix A.2, the viscosity of water at 25ºC is μB = 0.8937 x 10-3 Pa s and at 50ºC is 0.5494 x 10-3 Pa
s. From Table 6.3-2 for CH3COCH3 with 3 carbons + 6 hydrogens + 1 oxygen.
For the water association parameter φ = 2.6 and MB = 18.02 kg mass/kgmol. For 25ºC:
D AB 1.173 10 16 M B
1/ 2 T
1.173 10 16 2.6 18.02
1/ 2 298
1.277 10 9 m2/s
BV A
0.6
0.89370.07400.6
For 50ºC:
D AB 1.173 10 16 M B
1/ 2 T
1.173 10 16 2.6 18.02
1/ 2 323
2.251 10 9 m2/s
BV A
0.6
0.54940.07400.6
T = 298 K
MA = 67500 kg/kgmol from Table 6.4-1 (pg 437)
μwater = 0.8937x10-3 Pa s
We can use the equation for the prediction of diffusivities for biological solutes:
9.40 10 15 T 9.40 10 15 298
D AB 7.70 10 11 m2/s
M A 1/ 3
0.8937 10 67500
3 1/ 3
This value is different from the experimental value because the shape of the molecule differs greatly from a
sphere.
T = 278 K
DAB = 0.727x10-9 m2/s from Table 6.4-2 (page 440)
CA1 = 0.2 kgmol/m3
CA2 = 0 kgmol/m3
Because XA1 is less than 0.01, the solute is very dilute and XBM ≈1.0.
NA
D AB C A1 C A2 0.727 10 9 0.2 0
3.63 10 9 kgmol/m2s
z 2 z1 0.04
Molecular Diffusion in Solids
P1 = 2.0 atm N2
P2 = 0 atm
PN2/Ny = 0.152 x 10-12 m2/s atm 2.0 atm 0 atm
When there are several solids with thicknesses L1, L2,…, we can write the flux as:
NA
PA1 PA2 1
2.0 0 1 1.256 10 12 kmole/m2s
22.414 L L 22.414 0.001 0.008
1
2 12
PM 1 PM 2 0.0152 10 1.52 10 12
Diffusion in Porous Solids That Depends on Structure
1.25m
D P PA2 .142 10 4 0.30 2.026 103 0
N A AB A1
RT z 2 z1 8.3142761.871.25 0
On Figure 5.3-5 “Unsteady State Conduction in a Large Flat Plate” when X = 0.685, m = 0, n = 0
c
Y 0.275 c = 0.0275 kgmol/m3
0.1
On Figure 5.3-5, when X = 0.658, m = 0, n = 0.00254/0.00508 = 0.5: (n is not 0 now because not at center)
c
Y 0.172 c = 0.0172 kgmol/m3
0.1
(b)
If the thickness is halved, X becomes:
D t
X AB 2 4.72 10 36000
10
2.632
X1 0.002542
Relative position, n = 0, m = 0
c
Y 0.0020 c = 0.0002 kgmol/m3
0.1
7.1-5 Unsteady State Diffusion in a Cylinder of Agar Gel – Radially and Axially
A wet cylinder of agar gel at 278K containing a uniform concentration of urea of 0.1 kgmol/m3 has a
diameter of 30.48mm and is 38.1mm long with flat parallel ends. The diffusivity is 4.72 x 10-10 m2/s.
Calculate the concentration at the midpoint of the cylinder after 100h for the following cases if the cylinder
is suddenly immersed in turbulent pure water.
(a) For radial diffusion only
(b) Diffusion occurs radially and axially
Assume surface resistance is negligible; assume k = 1.0 because properties are similar
T = 278 K
C0 = 0.1 kgmol/m3
C1 = 0 for pure water
D = 4.72 x 10-10 m/s
Time, t = 100h = 360000 seconds
c k c 0 1.0 c c
Y 1
c1 k c0 0 1.0 0.1 0.1
(a)
r1 = 0.01524 m
r0 = 0 m (center line)
X
DAB t 4.72 10 10 360000
0.731601
r12 0.01524
Relative position at midpoint of the cylinder, n = 0/0.1524 = 0
Relative resistance, m ≈ 0 because kc is assumed to be very large
(b)
X1 = L/2 = 38.1 mm / 2 = 19.05 mm = .01905 m
D t 4.72 10 10 360000
X AB2 0.468
r1 0.01905
From Figure 5.3-7, Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in a Long Cylinder:
Using X = 0.468, m = 0, n = 0 Y = 0.375
Kk c
D AB t
2.02 10 7 4 10 3000 1.095
9
9
D AB 4 10
For x = 0.01:
x 0.01
0.457
2 D AB t
2 4 10 -9 3000
From the chart 5.3-3 “Unsteady State Heat Conducted in a Semi-Infinite Solid with Surface Convection”:
C C0 C 0.01
1Y 0.26 C = 2.04x10-2 kgmol/m3
C1 / K C0 0.1 / 2 0.01
For x = 0
x 0
0
2 D AB t 2 4 10 -9 3000
From the chart 5.3-3 “Unsteady State Heat Conducted in a Semi-Infinite Solid with Surface Convection”:
C C0 C 0.01
1Y 0.62 C = 3.48x10-2 kgmol/m3
C1 / K C0 0.1 / 2 0.01
This is the same value as Ci. To calculate CLi:
C Li KCi 2.03.48 10 2 6.96 10 2 kgmol/m3
7.1-6 Drying of Wood – Unsteady State Diffusion in a Flat Plate
A flat slab of Douglas fir wood 50.8mm thick containing 30 wt% moisture is being dried from both sides
(neglecting ends and edges). The equilibrium moisture content at the surface of the wood due to the drying
air blown over it is held at 5 wt% moisture. The drying can be assumed to be represented by a diffusivity of
3.72 x 10-6 m2/h. Calculate the time for the center to reach 10% moisture.
At t = 0, c0 = 0.3, c1 = 0.05
At t = ?, c = 0.1
DAB = 3.72 x 10-6 m2/h
From Chart 5.3-5, “Unsteady State Heat Conduction in a Flat Plate”: X = 0.75 = 0.005766t
Time, t = 130.073 hours
Convective Mass Transfer Coefficients
NA = 0.1414 lbmol/ft2h
NA = 1.92 x 10-4 kgmol/m2s
Mass Transfer Under High Flux Conditions
P = 1.50 atm
PA1 = 609 (CA1) = 609(2 x 10-5) = 0.01218 atm
PA2 = 0.05 atm
T = 30 ºC = 303.15 K 1 2
k’c = 9.567 x 10-4 m/s
XA1 = 2 x 10-5
Henry’s Law: PA = 609XA
R = 82.057 x 10-3 m3 atm/kgmol K
kc' P 9.567 10 4
kG' P k G' 3.846 10 5 kgmol/m2s atm
RT
82.057 10 303.15
3
N A kG PA1 PA2 3.846 10 5 0.01218 0.05 1.455 10 6
1.829 m
Pure Water
T = 26.1ºC 0.00635 m
v = 3.05m/s
1.22 m
So now we plug this into the log mean driving force equation:
C A2 C A1
vC A2 C A1 A K C
C C A1
ln Ai
C Ai C A2
CA1 = 0, so it cancels out of the equation:
vC A2 A K C
C A2
C Ai
ln
C Ai C A2
Now plug in:
3.05C A2 0.003175 2 1.59 10 4 C A2
0.02948
ln
0.02948 C A2
CA2 = 0.001151 kgmol/m3
(c)
Rate of benzoic acid dissolved = NA:
vC A2 C A1 3.050.001151 0
NA 1.11 10 7
A 0.0031752
Mass Transfer for Flow Outside Solid Surfaces
Because the solution is dilute, we can use the properties of water for the solution:
ρ = 996 kg/m3
μ = 8.71 x 10-4 Pa s
’
Since the gas is dilute, k G ≈ kG. Using that we can solve for the flux:
N A k G PA1 PA2 2.163 10 9 73 0 1.599 10 7 kgmol/m2 s
7.3-1 Mass Transfer from a Flat Plate to a Liquid
Using the data and physical properties from Example 7.3-2, calculate the flux for a water velocity of 0.152
m/s and a plate length of L = 0.137 m. Do not assume that xBM = 1.0 but actually calculate its value.
Benzoic Acid
0.137 m
0.152 m
P = 202600 Pa
R = 8314.34 m3 Pa/kgmol K
T = 325.6 K
Mw = 28.8 kg/kgmol
Correct DAB:
1.75 1 1.75 1
T P 325.6 202.6
D AB 325.6 K ,202.6kPa o o 3.51182 10 6 m2/s
T P 273 101.3
Calculate ρ and μ:
n 0.768
T 325.6
o 0.0171cP
o
0.1958 cP = 1.958 x 10-5 kg/m s
T 273
M wP
28.8202600 2.155 kg/m3
RT 8314.34325.6
(a)
Calculate NRe:
N Re
L
0.1521.5242.155 25495.5
1.958 10 5
Because NRe > 15000:
0.036 25495.5
0.2 0.2
J D 0.036 N Re 0.004732
1.958 10 5
N SC 2.58722
D AB
2.155 3.51182 10 6
' '
K K
JD C 2/3
N SC 2.587222 / 3
0.004732 C
K’C = 0.003827 m/s
1.524
'
K 0.003827
KG C 1.41366 10 9 kgmol/m2 Pa s
RT 8314.34325.6
(b)
Dp = 0.0127 m
K C' 0.012735
KG 4.70 10 9 kgmol/m2 Pa s
RT 8314.34325.6
Mass Transfer of a Liquid in a Packed Bed
Example 7.3-4, page 485
Pure water at 26.1ºC flows at the rate of 5.514x10-7 m3/s through a packed bed of benzoic acid spheres
having diameters of 6.375mm. The total surface area of the spheres in the bed is 0.01198 m2 and the void
fraction is 0.436. The tower diameter is 0.0667m. The solubility of benzoic acid in water is 2.948x10-2
kgmol/m3.
(a) Predict the mass transfer coefficient kc.
(b) Using the experimental value of kc, predict the outlet concentration of benzoic acid in the water.
Because the solution is dilute, we can use the properties of water for the solution:
ρ = 996 kg/m3 AS = 0.01198 m2
μ26.1ºC = 8.71 x 10-4 Pa s ε = 0.436
-4
μ25ºC = 8.94 x 10 Pa s D = 0.0667m
V = 5.514x10-7 m3/s S = 2.948x10-2 kgmol/m3
Dp = 6.375mm
DAB(25ºC) = 1.21x10-9 m2/s from Table 6.3-1
Correct DAB:
T 299.1 0.8940 10
3
D AB 26.1 D AB 25 new old 1.21 10 9 1.254 10 9 m2/s
3
Told new 298 0.8718 10
Calculate the area of the column:
A D 2 0.0667 3.494 10 3 m2
4 4
Now use the area and volumetric flow to find the velocity:
v V / A 5.514 10 7 / 3.494 10 3 1.578 10 4 m/s
Calculate the Schmidt Number:
8.71 10 4
N Sc 702.6
D AB 996.7 1.245 10 9
Calculate Reynolds number:
N Re
D p 0.006375 1.578 10 4 996.7 1.150
8.71 10 4
Calculate JD:
JD
1.09
N Re 2 / 3 1.09 1.1502 / 3 2.277
.436
’
Then, assuming k c = kc for dilute solutions,
k c' k c'
J D N Sc 2.277 702.62 / 3 k c' 4.447 10 6 m/s
2/3
4
v 1.578 10
Now set the log mean driving force equation can be set equal to the material balance equation on
the bulk stream:
C C A1 C Ai C A2
Ak c Ai V C A2 C A1
C Ai C A1
ln
C Ai C A2
where CAi = 0.02948 (the solubility)
CA1 = 0
A = 0.01198 m2 (the surface area of the bed)
V = 5.514x10-7 m3/s
CA2 = 2.842 x 10-3 kgmol/m3
7.3-5 Mass Transfer to Packed Bed and Driving Force
Pure water at 26.1ºC is flowing at a rate of 0.0701ft3/h through a packed bed of 0.251-in.
benzoic acid spheres having a total surface area of 0.129 ft2. The solubility of benzoic acid in
water is 0.00184 lbmol benzoic acid/ft3 solution. The outlet concentration is cA2 is 1.80 x 10-4
lbmol/ft3. Calculate the mass transfer coefficient kc. Assume dilute solution.
So now we plug this into the log mean driving force equation:
C A2 C A1
vC A2 C A1 A K C
C C A1
ln Ai
C Ai C A2
CA1 = 0, so it cancels out of the equation:
C A2
vC A2 A K C
C Ai
ln
C Ai C A2
We can now plug in given numbers:
1.80 10 4
0.0701 1.80 10 4 0.129K C KC = 0.0559 ft/hr
0.00184
ln 4
0.00184 1.80 10
Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles
Calculate NSc:
c 6.947 10 4
N Sc 215
c D AB
994 3.25 10 9
’
Now calculate k L:
1/ 3
2 D AB 2 / 3 c g
k
'
0.31N Sc
L 2
Dp c
k '
2 3.25 10 9
0.31 215
2 / 3 994 1.13 6.947 10
4
9.806 2.29 10 4 m/s
1/ 3
L
1 10 4 2
994
’
Assuming k L = kL for dilute solutions,
N A k L C A1 C A2 2.29 10 4 2.26 10 7 0 5.18 10 8 kgmol O2/m2 s
Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction
From Table 7.5-1 (page 490), substituting A A for jA and B B for jB, and rearranging:
A A A B B B 0 A A B B A B 0
A
A B B and A B
A A B B A A B B 0 A A B B A A B B 0
Thus the identity is proved.
PA2 = XA2 = 0 because no A can exist next to the C = P/RT = 101320/(8314*300) = 4.062 x 10-2
catalyst surface kgmol/m3
XA1 = PA1/P = 1.0 NB = -2NA
δ = 0.002 m DAB = 0.15 x 10-4 m2/s
T = 300 K k’1 = 5.63x10-3 m/s
(a)
NA
CD AB
ln
1 X A1
ln
4.062 10 2 0.15 10 4 1 1.0
2.112 10 4 kgmol A/m2s
1 X A2
0.002 1 0
(b)
NA
Substitute X A2 in for XA2:
k1' C
CD AB 1 X A1
NA ln
N
1 A '
k1C
4.062 10 0.15 10 ln
2 4
1 1.0 4
1.004 10 kgmol A/m s
2
NA N
0.002 1 A
5.63 10 3 4.062 10 2
7.5-7 Unsteady State Diffusion and Reaction
Solute A is diffusing at unsteady state into a semi-infinite medium of pure B and undergoes a first-order
reaction with B. Solute A is dilute. Calculate the concentration CA at points z = 0, 4, and 10 mm from the
surface for t = 1 x 105 seconds. Physical property data are DAB = 1 x 10-9 m2/s, k’ = 1 x 10-4 s-1, CA0 = 1.0 kg
mol/m3. Also calculate the kg mol absorbed/m2. Find CA and Q.
For un-steady state diffusion and homogenous reaction in a semi-infinite medium,, the general solution is:
CA 1 k1' z k1' z
2 exp z erf k i t 1 2 exp z erf ki t
C D AB 2 tD AB D AB 2 tD AB
For z1=0m:
CA 1
1.0
2 exp 0 erf 1 10 4 1 10 5 1 2 exp 0 erf 1 10 4 1 10 5
C A 1 2 exp 0 2 1 2 exp 0 0 1.0 kgmol/m3
For z2=0.004m
CA
1 10 4 erf 0.004 4
1 10 1 10 5
exp 0.004
2 1 10 1 10
1
1 10 9
2
1.0 5 9
1 10
4
erf 0.004
1 10 1 10
4 5
exp 0.004
1 10 2 1 10 1 10
1
2 9
5 9
C A 1 2 exp 0.004
1104
exp 0.004
4
110 0 0.2822642 0.28226 kgmol/m3
2
110
1 1
9 9
2 2
1 10
For z2=0.01m
CA 1
2 exp 0.01
1 10 4
erf
0.01
1 10 4 1 10 5
9
1.0 1 10
2 1 10 5 1 10 9
1 10 4
0.01
4
5
1 exp 0.01 erf 1 10 1 10
1 10 9
2
2 1 10 5 1 10 9
C A 2 exp 0.01
1 10 4
1.9998 2 exp 0.01
1 10 4
0 1 2 0.0423291.9998
9 9
1 1
1 10 1 10
C A 0.0.0423 kgmol/m 3
(b)
The total amount, Q, of A absorbed up to time t is represented by:
D AB ' 1 k ' t k 't
Q c A0
k t 2 erf k t
'
e
k '
Plugging in and solving for Q, we get:
Q 1
110 1 10 110 erf 1 10 110 1 10 110 e
9
4 5 1 4 5
4 5
110 4 1105
110
4 ' 2
Q 0.0332 kgmol/m 2
7.5-11 Effect of Slow Reaction Rate on Diffusion
Gas A diffuses from point 1 to a catalyst surface at point 2, where it reacts as follows: 2A B. Gas B
diffuses back a distance δ to point 1.
(c) Derive an equation for NA for a slow first-order reaction where k1’ is the reaction velocity constant.
(d) Calculate NA and xA2 for part (c) where k1’ – 0.53 x 10-2 m/s.
(c)
Begin with the convective diffusion equation:
dC A C A
N A D AB N A N B where: x A C A , N B 12 N A
dz C C
Plugging in:
x
x A 12 N A
A2
dx A dx
N A CD AB N A dz CD AB
dz 0 x A1
1 xA 2
2CD AB 1 x A2 2
NA ln
1 x A1 2
N
For a slow reaction, x A2 ' A . Plugging into the flux equation and replacing C with P/RT:
k1 C
NA
2 PD AB 1 N A RT 2k1' P
ln
RT 1 x A1 2
(d)
Plugging in the values, we get:
NA
2 1.01325 10 5 0.2 10 4 1 N A 8.314298 2 0.53 10 2 1.01325 10 5
ln
8.3142980.0013 1 0.97 2
4
N A 1.76 10 kgmol/m s 2
Calculate the maximum drop size allowable so that the final drop after a 2.0 second fall contains an average
of 0.1 wt % carbon. Assume that the mass transfer rate of gases at the surface is very great, so there is no
outside resistance. Assume no internal circulation of the liquid. Hence, the decarburization rate is
controlled by the rate of diffusion of carbon to the surface of the droplet. The diffusivity of the carbon in
iron is 7.5 x 10-9 m2/s (S7). Hint: use figure 5.3-13
For unsteady-state diffusion through a spherical geometry where we are looking at average temperature and
time, Figure 5.3-13 (page 377) can be used. So, to find the radius, r, we need to find Y, and X, where:
C C ave 0 0.001
Y 1 0.025
C1 C0 0 004
Because A reacts instantly, we know that C1=0. From the graph for a sphere at Y, X=0.32
Solving for r:
D t
X 0.32 AB2
7.5 10 9 2
r 0.000217 m
r1 r12
Unsteady State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium
Find DAM:
XB 0.4
At point 1: X B' 0.667
1 X A 1 0.4
XB 0.6
At point 2: X B' 0.667
1 X A 1 0.1
XC 0.2
X C' 0.333
1 X A 1 0.4
1 1
D AM ' 2.635 10 5 m2/s
0.333
'
XB X 0.667
C 2.02 10 5 6.75 10 5
D AB D AC
Calculate PiM:
Pi1 P PA1 1.0 0.4 0.6 atm
Pi 2 P PA2 1.0 0.1 0.9 atm
Pi 2 Pi1 0.9 0.4
PiM 0.740 atm
ln
Pi 2 ln 0.9
0.4
Pi1
Now solve for NA:
NA
D AM P
PA1 PA2
2.635 10 5 1.0
0.9 0.6 8.74 10 5 kgmol A/m2s
RT z 2 z1 PiM 82.0572980.0050.740
7.5-8 Multicomponent Diffusion
At a total pressure of 202.6 kPa and 358 K, ammonia gas (A) is diffusing at steady state through an inert,
nondiffusing mixture of nitrogen (B) and hydrogen (C). The mole fractions at z1 = 0 are xA1 = 0.8, xB1 =
0.15, and xC1 = 0.05; and at z2 = 4.0 mm, xA1 = 0.2, xB1 = 0.6, and xC1 = 0.2. The diffusivities at 358 K and
101.3 kPa are DAB = 3.28 x 10-5 m2/s and DAC = 1.093 x 10-4 m2/s. Calculate the flux of ammonia.
Calculate CAM:
P 202.6 10 3
C 68.0647 mol/m3
RT 8314358
C A1 Cx A1 68.0647 0.8 54.45 mol/m3
C A2 Cx A2 68.0647 0.2 13.61 mol/m3
C AM
C C A1 C C A2
68.0647 54.45 68.0647 13.61 29.4605 mol/m3
C C A1 68.0647 54.45
ln ln
C C A2 68.0647 13.61
NA
D AM C
C A1 C A2 1.9878 10 68.0647 54.45molm 3 13.61molm 3 4.68 10 4
5
z 2 z1 C AM 0.004 029.4605
N A 4.68 10 4 kgmole/m2s
Knudsen Diffusion of Gases
P = 1.01325x105 Pa
T = 373K
r = 60 angstroms = 6.0x10-9
MA(H2) = 2.016
1 1
T
373
2 2
DKA 97.0r 97.0 60 10 9
7.92 10 6 m2/s
MA 2.016
Flux Ratios for Diffusion of Gases In Capillaries
(a)
1 1
T 2
DKA 97.0r
97.0 2.5 10 6
273 2 4
7.91 10 m /s
2
A
M 28.02
In an open system with no chemical reaction, the ratio of NA/NB is constant:
NB MA 28.02
2.645
NA MB 4.003
Now we can solve for the flux factor, α:
N
1 B 1 2.645 1.645
NA
Now we can solve for the transition region NA:
D P 1 x A2 D AB / DKA
N A AB ln
RTL 1 x A1 D AB / DKA
NA
6.98 10 1.013 10
5 4
1 1.6450.2 6.98 10 5 / 7.91 10 4
6.40 10 5 kgmol/m2s
ln
1.6458314.32980.010 1 1.6450.8 6.98 10 / 7.91 10
5
4
(b) If we estimate that equimolar counterdiffusion is taking place at steady state, α = 1-1 = 0. We can
estimate the diffusivity, D’NA:
1 1
'
DNA 3.708 10 4 m2/s
1 1
1 1
D AB DKA 6.98 10 5 7.91 10 4
Now we can solve for the approximate flux:
D' P
N A NA X A1 X A2
3.708 10 4 1.013 10 4
0.8 0.2 9.10 10 5 kgmol/m2s
RTL 83142980.010
7.6-4 Transition-Region Diffusion in Capillary
A mixture of nitrogen gas (A) and helium (B) at 298 K is diffusing through a capillary 0.10 m long in an
open system with a diameter of 10 μm. The mole fractions are constant at XA1 = 1.0 and XA2 = 0.0. DAB =
6.98 x 10-5 m2/s at 1 atm. MA = 28.02 kg/kg mol, MB = 4.003.
(a) Calculate the Knudsen diffusivity DKA and DKB at the total pressures of 0.001, 0.1 and 10 atm.
(b) Calculate the flux NA at steady state at the pressures.
(c) Plot NA versus P on log-log paper. What are the limiting lines at lower pressures and very high
pressures? Calculate and plot these lines.
(a)
The Knudsen diffusivity for A and B will be the same at all pressures (it is independent of pressure):
1
T
2
DK 97.0r
A
M
1
298
2
6
DKA 97.0 5 10 0.001582 m /s
2
28.02
1
298
2
6
DKB 97.0 5 10 0.004185 m /s
2
4.003
(b)
For the transition region, flux is calculated using:
D P 1 x A2 DAB DKA
N A AB ln
RTL 1 x A1 DAB DKA
For P = 0.001:
NA
6.98 10 2 0.001
1 1.6457 0 6.98 10 2 0.001582 7
6.21 10 kgmol/m s
2
ln
1.64570.0821572980.1 1 1.64571 6.98 10 0.001582
2
For P = 0.1:
NA
6.98 10 2 0.1
1 1.6457 0 6.98 10 2 0.001582 5
1.321 10 kgmol/m s
2
ln
1.64570.0821572980.1 1 1.64571 6.98 10 0.001582
2
For P = 10:
NA
6.98 10 2 10
1 1.6457 0 6.98 10 2 0.001582 5
1.68 10 kgmol/m s
2
ln
1.64570.0821572980.1 1 1.64571 6.98 10 0.001582
2
(c)
Lower limit is representative of Knudsen diffusion and the upper limit is representative of molecular
diffusion.
9.3 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity
From the steam tables at 26.7ºC, the vapor pressure of water is pAs = 3.50 kPa. Also pA = 2.76 kPa and P =
101.3 kPa. For part (a):
18.02 p A 18.022.76
H 0.01742 kg H2O/ky dry air
28.97 P p A 28.97101.3 2.76
For part (b)
18.02 p As 18.023.50
H 0.02226
28.97 P p As 28.97101.3 2.76
H 0.01742
H p 100 100 78.3%
Hs 0.02226
For part (c)
p 2.76
H R 100 A 100 78.9%
p As 3.50
The dew point of 26.7ºC is the temperature when the given mixture is at 100% saturation. Starting at 26.7ºC,
and drawing a vertical line until it intersects the line for 100% humidity, a humidity of H = 0.0225 kg
H2O/kg dry air is read off the plot. This is the actual humidity of the air at 60ºC. Stated in another way, if
air at 60ºC and having a humidity of H = 0.0225 kg H2O/kg dry air is cooled, its dew point will be 26.7ºC.
Locating this point where H = 0.0225 and T = 60ºC on the chart, the percentage humidity HP is found to be
14% by linear interpolation vertically between 10 and 20% lines. The humid heat for H = 0.0225 is from Eq.
(9.3-6):
cs 1.005 1.880.0225 1.047 kJ/kg dry air K
For part (a), the point H = 0.030 and T = 87.8ºC is located on the humidity chart. The adiabatic saturation
curve through this point is followed upward to the left until it intersects with the 90% line at 42.5ºC and H =
0.0500 kg H2O/kg dry air.
For part (b), the same line is followed to 100% saturation where T = 40.5ºC and H = 0.0505 kg H2O/kg dry
air.
The wet bulb temperature of 29.5ºC can be assumed to be the same as the adiabatic saturation temperature
TS, as discussed. Following the adiabatic saturation curve of 29.5ºC until it reaches the dry bulb temperature
of 60ºC, the humidity is H = 0.0135 kg H2O/kg dry air.
From Figure 9.5-1a for X1 = 0.38, t1 is read off as 1.28 hours. For X2 = 0.25, t2 = 3.08 hours. Hence the time
required is t = t2 – t1 = 3.08 – 1.28 = 1.80 hours.
For Figure 9.5-1b, a value of 21.5 for LS/A was used to prepare the graph. From the figure, RC = 1.51 kg
H2O/m2hours. Substituting into Eq. 9.6-2:
L
t S X 1 X 2 0.38 0.25 1.85 hours
21.5
ARC 1.51
9.6-3 Prediction of Constant Rate Drying
An insoluble wet granular material is to be dried in a pan 0.457 by 0.457 m and 25.4 mm deep. The material
is 25.4 mm deep in the pan, and the sides and bottom can be considered insulated. Heat transfer is by
convection from an air stream flowing parallel to the surface at a velocity of 6.1 m/s. The air is at 65.6ºC
and has a humidity of 0.010 kg H2O/kg dry air. Estimate the rate of drying for the constant rate period.
For a humidity of H = 0.010 and a dry bulb temperature of 65.6ºC, using the humidity chart, the wet bulb
temperature TW = 28.9ºC and HW = 0.026 by following the adiabatic saturation line to the saturated humidity.
Using Eq 9.3-7 to calculate the humid volume,
vH 2.83 10 3 4.56 10 3 H T 2.83 10 3 4.56 10 3 .01 65.6 273 0.974 m3/kg dry air
At TW = 28.9ºC, λW = 2433 kJ/kg from the steam tables. Substituting into Eq. 9.6-8:
RC
h
T TW 3600 62.45 65.6 28.93600 3.39 kg/m2h
W 2433 1000
From Figure 9.5-1b, the critical free moisture content is XC = 0.195 kg H2O/kg dry solid. Hence the drying
occurs in the constant-rate and falling-rate periods.
For the constant-rate period, X1 = 0.38 and X2 = XC = 0.195. From Figure 9.5-1b, RC = 1.51 kg H2O/m2h.
Substituting Eq. 9.6-2:
L
t S X 1 X 2 0.38 0.195 2.63 hours
399
ARC 18.581.51
For the falling-rate period, reading values of R for
various values of X from Figure 9.5-1b, the X R 1/R ΔX (1/R)avg (ΔX)( 1/R)avg
following table was prepared. To determine this 0.195 1.51 0.663 0.045 0.745 0.0335
area by numerical integration using a spreadsheet, 0.150 1.21 0.826 0.050 0.969 0.0485
the calculations below are provided. The area of the 0.100 0.9 1.11 0.035 1.260 0.0441
first rectangle is the average height (0.663+0.826)/2 0.065 0.71 1.41 0.015 2.055 0.0308
= 0.745, times the width ΔX = 0.045, giving 0.0335. 0.050 0.37 2.70 0.010 3.203 0.0320
Other values are similarly calculated and all the 0.040 0.27 3.70 -- Total = 0.1889
values are summed to give a total of 0.1889.
RC = 1.51 kg H2O/m2h and XC = 0.195. Drying in the falling rate region is from XC to X2 = 0.040.
Substituting into Eq. 9.7-8
L X X 3990.040 0.195
t S C ln C ln 4.39 hours
ARC X 2 18.581.51 0.040
This is comparable to the value of 4.06 hours obtained in Example 9.7-1 by numerical integration
10.2 Equilibrium Relations between Phases
Given: p A 0.21atm
From Appendix A.3 at 293K -Henry’s Law Constant: H 0.142 10 4 atm / molfrac
H ' H / P 0.142 10 4 / 1.0 0.142 10 4 mol frac gas / mol frac liquid
y A1 H ' x A1
0.142 10 4 x A1
0.030
y A1 0.00101
29.73
0.27
x AN 0.00300
90.27
*Since the liquid flow does not vary significantly, the operating line is assumed to be straight.
Plot the operating line and equilibrium line and step off stages. 5.2 theoretical stages required.
10.3-3 Number of Stages by Analytical Equations
It is desired to absorb 90% of the acetone in a gas containing 1.0 mol% acetone in air in a countercurrent
stage tower. The total inlet gas flow to the tower is 30.0kgmol/h, and the total inlet pure water flow to be
used to absorb the acetone is 90kgmolH2O/h. The process is to operate isothermally at 300K and a total
pressure of 101.3kPa. The equilibrium relation for the acetone (A) in the gas-liquid is yA=2.53xA. Determine
the number of theoretical stages required for this separation. Solve using the Kremser analytical equations
for countercurrent stage process.
0.030
y A1 0.00101
29.73
0.27
x AN 0.00300
90.27
L L 90.0
A1 0 1.20
mV mV1 2.53 29.73
A A1 A2 1.20(1.19) 1.195
LN 90.27
AN 1.19
mVN 1 2.53 30.0
y mx0 1 1 0.01 2.53(0) 1 1
ln N 1 1 ln 1
y1 mx0 A A 0.00101 2.53(0) 1.195 1.195
N 5.04 stages
ln A ln 1.195
Plotting this, we get yAi=0.183 and xAi=0.247. Use these new values to re-estimate slope:
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG ) (1 0.183) (1 0.380)
(1 y A ) iM 0.715
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 0.183) /(1 0.380)]
(1 x AL ) (1 x Ai ) (1 0.100) (1 0.247)
(1 x A ) iM 0.825
ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )] ln[(1 0.100) /(1 0.247)]
k x' /(1 x A ) iM 1.967 10 3 / 0.825
slope 1.163
k y' /(1 y A ) iM 1.465 10 3 / 0.715
Plotting this, we get yAi=0.197 and xAi=0.257. Use these new values to re-estimate slope:
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG ) (1 0.197) (1 0.380)
(1 y A ) iM 0.709
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 0.197) /(1 0.380)]
(1 x AL ) (1 x Ai ) (1 0.100) (1 0.257)
(1 x A ) iM 0.820
ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )] ln[(1 0.100) /(1 0.257)]
k x' /(1 x A ) iM
1.967 10 3 / 0.820
slope 1.160
k y' /(1 y A ) iM 1.465 10 3 / 0.709
This is essentially the same slope so use the interfacial values obtained before.
k x' 1.967 10 3
NA ( x Ai x AL ) (0.257 0.100) 3.78 10 4 kgmol / sm 2
(1 x A ) iM 0.820
10.4-2 Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients from Film Coefficients
Using the same data as in Example 10.4-1, calculate the overall mass-transfer coefficient Ky’, the flux, and
the percent resistance in the gas and liquid films. Do this for the case of A diffusing through stagnant B.
y Ai y *A 0.197 0.052
m' 0.923
x Ai x AL 0.257 0.100
From the previous example:
k y' 1.465 10 3 k x' 1.967 10 3
and
1 y A iM 0.709 1 x A iM 0.820
(1 y *A ) (1 y AG ) (1 0.052) (1 0.380)
(1 y A ) *M 0.733
ln[(1 y ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 0.052) /(1 0.380)]
*
A
1 1 1
' '
K y /(1 y A ) *M k y /(1 y A ) iM k x /(1 x A ) iM
'
1 1 0.923
3
3
K y' 8.90 10 4
K / 0.773 1.465 10 / 0.709 1.967 10 / 0.820
'
y
K y' 8.90 10 4
Calculate the Flux: N A ( y AG y *A ) (0.380 0.052) 3.78 10 4 kgmol / sm 2
(1 y A ) *M 0.773
10.6 Absorption in Plate and Packed Towers
10.6-1 Pressure Drop and Tower Diameter for Ammonia Absorption
Ammonia is being absorbed in a tower using pure water at 25C and 1.0 atm abs pressure. The feed rate is
1140 lbm/h (653.2 kg/h) and contains 3.0mol% ammonia in air. The process design specifies a liquid-to-gas
mass flow rate ratio GL/GG of 2/1 and the use of 1-in metal Pall rings.Calculate the pressure drop in the
packing and gas mass velocity at flooding. Using 50% of the flooding velocity, calculate the pressure drop,
gas and liquid flows, and tower diameter.
Size the tower for the largest flows (at the bottom of the tower). Assume all ammonia is absorbed.
MW gas 28.97(0.97) 17.0(0.03) 28.61 and x ammonia 0.03(17) /( 28.61) 0.01783
492 28.64
G 0.07309lbm / ft 3
460 77 359
L 0.99708(62.43) 62.25lbm / ft 3
v / 0.8937 / 0.99708 0.8963 centistokes
For Figure 10.6-5 for Random Packing: (GL / GG )( G / G ) 0.5 (2.0)(0.07309 / 62.25) 0.5 0.06853
From Figure 10.6-5 for 0.06853 and 1.925, the ordinate=1.7.
vG 6.663 ft / s
GG vG G 6.663(0.07309) 0.4870lbm /( sft 2 )
50% Flooding:
GG 0.5GG 0.2435lbm and for the liquid: GL 2.0(0.2435) 0.4870lbm / sft 2
New capacity parameter: 0.5(1.7) 0.85
From Figure 10.6-5 for Random Packing at 0.85 and 0.06853: 0.18 inches of water/ft
feedrate 1140 1
Solving for Diameter: AC lb / s lb m /( sft 2 ) 1.6427 ft 2
gas flow rate 3600 0.2435
AC 1.6427 ft ( / 4) D
2 2
D 1.446 ft
Given:
y1 0.022 V1 100.00 kgmol / h
x2 0 m 0.68
Plot the equilibrium line and points y1, y2, and x2.
Draw the operating line from y2, and x2 to point P for Lmin. At point P on the equilibrium line, xmax is:
x1 max y1 / m 0.022 / 0.68 0.03235
Plot the operating line with several points. The solution is dilute, so the line is straight.
Flow Rates:
V1 100.0 L2 L' 8886
V2 V ' /(1 y 2 ) 97.8 /(1 0.002244) 98.02 L1 L' / mV1 88.86 /(1 0.0218) 90.84
Calculating A for analytical solution:
A1 L1 / mV1 90.84 /( 0.68)(100) 1.336 A2 L2 / mV2 88.86 /( 0.068)(98.02) 1.333
A A1 A2 1.355
Calculate N:
1 y mx2 1 0.022 0
N ln 1 (1 1 / A) 1 / A ln (1 1 / 1.335) 1 / 1.335 4.04
ln A y 2 mx2 ln 1.335 0.002244 0
Given:
y1 0.026 L' 45.36kgmol / h x2 0
y 2 0.005 V ' 13.65kgmol / h
From Appendix A.3 for acetone-water and xA=0.0333 mol frac: p A 30.760 0.0395atm
y 0.0395
Equilibrium line: y A mx A
0.0395 m(0.0333)
y 1.186 x
Plot:
Using new points yi1=0.0154 and xi1=0.0130 continue trial and error:
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG ) (1 0.0154) (1 0.026)
(1 y A ) iM 0.979
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 0.0154) /(1 0.026)]
(1 x AL ) (1 x Ai ) (1 0.00648) (1 0.0130)
(1 x A ) iM 0.993
ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )] ln[(1 0.00648) /(1 0.0130)]
k x' a /(1 x) iM 6.16 10 2 / 0.993i
Recalculate the slope: slope 1.61
k y' a /(1 y ) iM 3.78 10 2 / 0.929
a)
V 3.852 10 3
( y1 y 2 ) k y' az ( y y i ) M
(0.0260 0.005) 3.78 10 2 z (0.00602)
z 1.911m
S 0.186
( xi1 x1 ) ( xi 2 x 2 ) (0.0130 0.00648) (0.0018 0)
b) ( xi x) M 0.00368
ln[( xi1 x1 ) /( xi 2 x 2 )] ln[(0.0130 0.00648) /( 0.0018 0)]
L 1.260 10 2
( x1 x 2 ) k x' az ( xi x) M
(0.00648 0) 6.16 10 2 z (0.00368)
z 1.936m
S 0.186
1 1 m' 1 1 1.186
' '
'
K y a /(1 y ) *M k y a /(1 y ) iM k x a /(1 x) iM
'
K y a / 0.983 3.78 10 / 0.979 1.16 10 2 / 0.993
2
V 3.852 10 3
( y1 y 2 ) K y' az ( y y * ) M
(0.0260 0.005) 2.183 10 2 z (0.01025)
z 1.944m
S 0.186
10.7 Absorbtion of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers
Given:
V ' 6.53 10 4 kgmolair / s y1 0.20 x2 0
L' 4.20 10 2 kgmol / s y 2 0.02
k x' a 0.152G x0.82 0.152(8.241) 0.82 0.857 , k y' a 0.0594G y0.7 G x0.25 0.0594(0.3164) 0.7 (8.241) 025 0.04496
Interface Compositions: Estimate the slope of PM by trial and error: Final yi=0.1685 and xi =000565
(1 y Ai ) (1 y AG ) (1 x AL ) (1 x Ai )
(1 y A ) iM 0.816 (1 x A ) iM 0.995
ln[(1 y Ai ) /(1 y AG )] ln[(1 x AL ) /(1 x Ai )]
k x' a /(1 x) iM
slope 15.6
k y' a /(1 y ) iM
Calculate (1-y), (1-y)iM, and (y-yi)
V 8.16 10 4
Integrate: f ( y ) 6.33
k y' aS 0.04496(0.0929)
(1 y )( y y i ) (0.8)(0.0315)
(1 y ) iM 0.816
After repeating for each y value from y1 to y2, numerically integrate to get z=1.588m.
From Appendix A.3-18 for CO2 at 1atm: p A 1.86 103 x A y A p A / 1.0 1.86 103 x A
From Appendix A.3-3 for air at 303K: 1.866 10 5 kg / ms and 1.166kg / m 3
From Table 6.2-1 for CO2 at 276.2K: DAB 0.142 10 4 m 2 / s
1.75
303 4 4
Correct the diffusivity to 303K: D AB 0.142 10 0.167 10 m / s
2
276.2
1.866 10 5
Calculate the Schmidt No: N Sc 0.958
D (1.166)(0.1670 10 4 )
From Table 10.6-1 for 1 ½ in metal Pall rings to 1 ½ in. Raschig rings: f p 1.34
HG H y
f 0.660 6.782 0.678
p
0.226 N Sc 0.5 G x 0.5 G y
0.35
HG H y
f 0.660 6.782 0.678
p
From Appendix A.2-4 for water at 303K: 0.8007 10 kg / ms and 995.68kg / m 3
3
At 298K: 0.8937 10 3 kg / ms
0.8007 10 276.2
0.8007 10 5
Calculate the Schmidt No: N Sc 354.3
D (995.68)(2.27 10 4 )
0.357 N Sc 0.5 Gx /
0.3
HL Hx
f 372 6.782 / 0.8937 10 3
p
0.3
4.069 / 0.8007 10 3
0.5
0.357 354.3
HL Hx 0.2306m
3
1.34 372 6.782 / 0.8937 10
For dilute air: V G y / MW 0.5424 / 28.97 0.01872kgmol / sm2
For water: L Gx / MW 4.069 / 18.0 0.2261kgmol / sm2
H OL H Ox H L ( L / mV ) H G
H OL H Ox 0.2306 (0.2261 / 1.86 10 3 (0.01872)) 0.2426
H OL H Ox 0.2306 0.001575 0.2322m