Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 771–776

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Comparative study of soil stabilization with glass powder, plastic

and e-waste: A review
Amit Kumar Rai, Gaurav Singh ⇑, Atul Kumar Tiwari
Civil Engineering Department, Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar, 224122, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the Indian subcontinent, some soils possess significantly low California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and shear
Received 22 December 2019 strength. Such soils cannot withstand heavy loads. So, to overcome such problems treatment of soil is
Received in revised form 15 March 2020 needed to be done using different stabilizers like furnace slag, limestone fines, bitumen, etc. However,
Accepted 22 March 2020
some of these materials have problems with seasonal variations and flakiness behavior. Hence, instability
Available online 6 May 2020
of the foundation of buildings and subgrade of roads may occur. So, we need to look up for new additive
materials including modern wastes. This review paper is aimed at providing two solutions, the first one is
Keywords:
towards a comparative study of modern wastes like glass powder, plastic, and e-waste in soil stabilization
Wastes
Soil stabilization
and the other one is with the disposal problem of these wastes. For this various laboratory test results on
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) soil like Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), CBR, Proctor Test (PT), etc. were studied and compared
Disposal Problems by analyzing the known test results of the previous research studies.
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Con-
ference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development.

1. Introduction
In this contemporary world, due to the accretion in the quality
of living and industrial developments, hundreds of tonnes of differ-
ent wastes are generated every year globally [1]. The majority of
the wastes produced globally in a year are due to glass powder,
plastic, and e-waste, of which India contributes 2.48, 5.6, and 1.5
million tonnes respectively [2]. Recent survey reports of the envi-
ronmental committee of the government of India states that the
continuous unabated production of these wastes is causing the for-
mation of giant garbage dumps. This plague of discarded wastes on
rivers, roads, and on the open land areas are causing several ill
impacts on the health of the living beings as well as on the nature.
It is expected that soon the dumps of such wastes may over cross
high buildings like the dumps in the Ghazipur areas whose height
approximately leveled up the height of Qutub Minar in Delhi. If
these wastes are not recycled immediately then their disposal will
become a hugely challenging assignment due to constraint in the
availability of the land areas. To combat such problems these waste
materials should be utilized in the best possible way.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: gauravsinghmpi@gmail.com (G. Singh).
According to the recent research studies it has been found that
these materials can be used as a stabilizing agent in the weaker
soil. The previous studies showed that the weaker soil is not able
to withstand heavy loads during and after constructional works
which cause instability of the heavily loaded structures [3]. So,
for the durable and safe designing of massive structures on such
weaker soils, we need to study and analyze the engineering prop-
erties of such soil thoroughly. The previous researches also con-
cluded that variations in the climatic conditions of the
environment results in the significant changes in the properties
of these soils causing the development of cracks, damage in the
foundation of the structures and subgrade of the pavements. To
enhance the bearing capacity and reduction of the settlement of
these weak soils, numerous methods are available. Among them,
Soil stabilization using e-wastes, glass powder, and plastic waste
are some of the effective methods in which there will be a healthy
increase in many engineering and index properties [25]. These
methods eventually proved to be an effective alternative solution
for the disposal of wastes and soil stabilization at a lesser cost
[4–6]. The present investigation provides a comparative approach
including all the aspects of the change in the properties of the soil
by using such wastes, their use areas, and case studies related to
the application of these waste materials in soil stabilization in
the field of Civil Engineering.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.570
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable
Development.
772 A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 771–776

2. Literature review Table 2

Features of Black cotton soil.

2.1. Soil S. no Parameters Features References

1. Rich in Fe, Cao, Ca, K, Al, Mg [7]
The soil sample used in this comparative study was collected 2. Deficient in Nitrogen, Phosphorus and organic matter [7]
from different locations like Pune, Dharawad, Yamatu Deba, etc. 3. Color Deep black-light black [7]
4. Texture Clayey [7]
as shown in Table 1. The Table 1 also shows the various physical
and index properties of soil. Table 2 shows the various features
of the generally used black cotton soil by the researchers (See
Table 3).  Inherent flexibility
Why choose glass powder, plastic, and e-waste as a stabilizer?  Cost effective
Glass powder, plastic, and e-waste are good stabilizers due to
the following properties [4–6]: 2.1.3. E-waste

2.1.1. Glass powder  Heat resistance

 Corrosion resistance
 Heat resistance  Flexibility
 Transparency  Light weight
 Breakage and Pressure resistance  Durability
 Cost effective  Cost effective
 Chemical resistance
2.2. Various properties of glass powder, plastic and e-waste
2.1.2. Plastic waste
Glass powder, Plastic and e-waste are the discarded materials
 High elasticity obtained from various industries and households things. These
 Water resistant wastes consists of different chemical compounds which are inert
 Electrical resistant in nature, and therefore they have very slow rate of degradation
 Chemical resistant i.e. they are non-biodegradable in nature. Due to presence of inert

Table 1
Properties of soil.

S. no. Type of waste Type of soil Property Value References

1 E-Waste Black cotton soil (Pune, Maharastra state, India) Dry Density 13.5 kN/m3 [4]
Grain Size Distribution (GSD)
a) Sand 13.44%
b) Gravel 0.56%
c) Clay 86%
Plastic Limit (WP) 61.50%
Liquid Limit (WL) 80.30%
Plasticity Index (IP) 18.80%
IS classification of soil CH or MH
Specific Gravity 2.38
Compaction
a) Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) 25%
b) Maximum Dry Density (MDD) 15 kN/m3
Direct Shear Test
a) Angle of Friction (U) 9.09
b) Cohesion 471 kN/m2
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) 11.03 kN/m3
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
a) Un soaked 19.65%
Free Swell Index 73.68%
2 Plastic Waste Black cotton soil (Dharawad. Karnataka state, India) Liquid limit (WL) 51.90% [5]
Specific Gravity 2.45
Plastic limit (WP) 42.25%
Shrinkage Limit 7.46%
Plasticity index (IP) 9.65%
Classification of soil CH
Differential free swell 22%
Maximum Dry Density (MDD) 50%
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) 1.38 kN/m3
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
a) Un soaked 6.69%
b) Soaked 1.19%
Unconfined compression strength 112.8 kN/m2
3 Glass Powder Waste Black cotton soil (YamatuDeba, Gombe state, Nigeria) Plastic Limit (WP) 22% [6]
Liquid Limit (WL) 79%
Plasticity Index 56%
Maximum Dry Density 1.5 mg/m3
Optimum Moisture Content 20.5
 A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 771–776 773

Table 3
Various Properties of glass powder, plastic and e-waste.

S. no. Type of waste Properties Values References

1 E-Waste Natural moisture content 18% [4]
Specific gravity 1.25
Dry unit weight 10.01 kN/m3
Natural unit weight 8.483 kN/m3
Porosity 0.183
Void ratio 0.225

2 Waste Glass Powder Specific gravity 2.62 [6]

Fineness Passing 150 mm 99.5
Fineness Passing 90 mm 98
pH 10.25
Color Grayish white
Compression resistance 800–1000 Mpa
Density 2500 Kg/m3
Modulus of elasticity 70,000 Mpa
Hardness 5.5 mosh Hardness
Bending strength 45 Mpa
3 Plastic Waste Density 1.38 g/cm3 [5]
Water absorption 0.10%
Flexural Strength 103.42 N/mm2
Melting Properties 490 0F
Heat deflection 175 0F

chemical compounds they can withstand climatic changes and
remain unaffected i.e. makes the soil durable when mixed. How-
ever, these materials have good mechanical and thermal properties
which makes them feasible in the process of soil stabilization
[4–6].
2.4. Experimental findings by different researchers on the glass
powder, plastic, and e-waste
In the Table 4 variation in the results of the MDD, UCS, and CBR
values was compared when the different proportion of wastes was
used by different researchers.

2.3. Preparation of wastes as a soil stabilizer

2.5. Review of research paper
The following given steps are used in the preparation of the dif-
ferent waste materials as stabilizers [8–10]: Zaid and Noor [11] investigated the effect of using the waste
glass powder (i.e. 3%, 5%, 7% & 9% by dry weight of the soil) in
the subgrade soils of the pavements, for its effective utilization
2.3.1. Glass powder and disposal in the environment. The soil sample was collected
from the Diwaniyah city of Qadisiyah governorate in Iraq and
 Collection of Ground glass was classified as poor subgrade clay (A-7–5) as per American Asso-
 The squashing of collected material is done. ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). In
 Cindering of squandered glass is done with the help of ball mill their study, the researchers used the waste glass powder which
 Glass powder was crushed till a size < 0.075 mm is attained. was passing through the sieve of opening size 0.075 mm and
 Gradation is done as per required size mixed it with the cohesive soil to obtain the optimum percentages
of the healthy increment in the UCS and CBR values. A number of
2.3.2. Plastic waste UCS and CBR tests were carried out by using the different percent-
ages of the waste glass powder blended with the expansive soil. By
 Collection of bottles thorough analysis of these test results of the blended soil, it was
 Cleaning of bottles concluded that the addition of 7% waste glass powder gives the
 Crushing of bottles optimum values of CBR and UCS tests. It was recommended in
 Grinding is done to get the powdered form the study that the percentage of the used glass powder must be
 Gradation is done as per required size constrained, as a high percentage of the glass powder makes the
 The powdered bottles was changed into granules by heating soil similar to the sand. While constrained percentages of the glass
and cooling off process. powder raise the layer coefficient and thus to minimizes the thick-
ness and initial cost of the pavement subgrade. In this study, it was
also concluded that the use of the waste glass in the pavement sub-
2.3.3. E-waste grade minimizes the problems of subgrade failure and the need for
maintenance.
 Collection of waste Muhammad et al. [12] analyzed the outcomes of using Waste
 Separation of e-waste Glass Powder (i.e. 4%, 8% & 12% by the dry weight of the soil) on
 Crushing of the collected e-waste loose soils as a stabilizer. So, that it can be used in the subgrade
 Grinding of crushed e-waste to get powder form of the pavements and other constructional works. The sample
 Collection in the powdered form was taken from the Pabbi city of Peshawar state in Pakistan and
 Gradation of the powdered e-waste as per required size was classified as loose expansive soil as per Unified Soil
774 A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 771–776

Table 4
Various Properties of glass powder, plastic and e-waste.

S. no. Type of Location of the Experiment Conclusion References

waste collection of soil
1. E-Waste Pune, Maharastra Proctor MDD increased upto 5% and starts decreasing gradually with more addition of sample [5]
state, India Test
2
UCS UCS value keep increasing at a rate of 2 KN/mt with addition of fixed percentage of waste
CBR CBR value keeps increasing with addition of E-waste
2. Plastic Dharawad. Karnataka Proctor Maximum value of MDD will be obtained at 6% and after that MDD value will get starts [4]
Waste state, India Test decreasing
UCS UCS value will be increased up to 6% and after that gradual decrease will be shown with
the addition of more plastic waste
CBR Maximum soaked CBR value will be obtained at 6%. And after that gradual decrease will
be observed with more addition of plastic waste
3. Waste Glass YamatuDeba, Gombe Proctor Highest value of MDD will be obtained at 4%and its least value was recorded at 6% [6]
Powder state, Nigeria Test
UCS Maximum value of UCS was recorded at 4% with the application of 0.6 mm axial strain
CBR Peak values was obtained at 6% addition of glass powder and the results shows that 95%
value will get increased.

Classification System (USCS). In this study, the researchers mixed
the very finely grinned glass powder with the soil. The healthy
increment of CBR, direct shear test, modified proctor values were
found at an 8% mix of the glass powder. Moreover, it was also con-
cluded that the powdered glass can be successfully utilized as a soil
stabilizer since it could create impressive changes in the geotech-
nical properties of the expansive soil and the use of this method
also have technical, economic and environmental advantages.
Babatunde et al. [6] analyzed the effect of using waste glass
powder (i.e. 2%, 4%, 6% & 8% by dry weight of soil) on the engineer-
ing properties of black cotton soil. The soil sample was collected
from the Yamaltu Deba district of the Gombe state using the dis-
turbed sampling method. The soil was classified as loose expansive
soil as per Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). In their paper,
the researchers performed several tests like CBR and UCS for
obtaining the efficient percentages of waste glass powder at which
maximum positive results were obtained. In this study, the opti-
mum values of UCS and CBR tests were obtained at the addition
of 4% waste glass powder. It was concluded from the study that
the soil which was stabilized by this method has a good bearing
capacity.
Poweth et al. [13] examined the effect of plastic granules on the
geotechnical properties of the weak soils. In a proportion of 0.25%,
0.5% & 0.75% by the weight of dry soil, plastic granules were added
in the soil sample which was collected from the Kothamangalam
city of Ernakulam district in Kerala (India) and was classified as
clay of intermediate compressibility (CI) as per Indian Standard
Soil Classification System (ISSCS). The study concluded that the
proposed method was an effective method to improve the engi-
neering properties of the clayey soil in terms of compressive, ten-
sile, and shear strength, which further enhanced the stability and
durability of the soil. Based on the compressive strength, California
Bearing Ratio (CBR), shear strength, and failure characteristics of
the reinforced soils, the optimum amount of plastic granule mix
was obtained at 0.25% addition by the weight of dry soil.
Jaswinder and Vinod [14] studied the effect of using the waste
plastic PET bottle scrap in various percentages (i.e. 2%, 4% & 6%)
by the dry weight of the soil, for productive and safe disposal of
this waste plastic PET bottle scrap by using them in the subgrade
of the pavement. The soil sample was collected from the Banur city
of Mohali in Punjab and was classified as clay of low compressibil-
ity (CL) as per Indian Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS). In
their paper, a series of compaction and CBR tests were carried out
with three different sizes of PET strips (i.e. 25 mm  5 mm,
35 mm  10 mm & 50 mm  15 mm) to determine the optimum
percentages of waste plastic PET bottle scrap in soil reinforcement.
The study reveals that appreciable increments in the dry density
and CBR values of the reinforced soil were found at 6% scrap rein-
forcement, having a size of 25 mm  5 mm PET scrap strip. The
study also reveals that the optimum dosage of scrap causes a sub-
stantial reduction in the thickness of pavement and hence reduces
the total cost of the project. Hence, it was concluded that the
method is an economical and eco-friendly method to dispose of
the waste plastic because good quality soil is scarce for embank-
ments and fills.
Mallikarjuna and Mani [15] examined the effect of using the
plastic bottle strips (i.e. 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% & 2.5% by dry weight
of soil) with the expansive soils for providing the solution to the
stability problems of the weak soils. The soil sample was collected
from the Bidadi city in the Banglore district of the Karnataka state
(India) and was classified as clay of intermediate compressibility
(CI) as per Indian Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS). In this
study, the researchers carried out different tests like UCS and CBR
for finding out the optimum doses of the waste for blending with
the soil. They found that 2% of waste gives a healthy increment
in UCS and CBR values. It can be concluded from the study that
the strength of subgrades of the pavements can be enhanced by
using the optimum doses of plastic bottle strips.
Tarun et al. [16] examined the effect of using plastic waste in
various percentages 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% by the dry weight of the soil,
for productive and safe disposal of this waste plastic by using it for
stabilization of soil. The soil sample was collected from the Nazir-
abad city in the Kolkata district of West Bengal state (India) and
was classified as a silt of Low Compressibility (ML) as per Indian
Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS). In their paper, the
researcher obtained the peak values of CBR and UCS test results
with the 6% blend of plastic waste. The outcomes of this study con-
cluded that the soil that was blended with 6% plastic waste could
be effectively used for soil stabilization in an environmentally
friendly and economic manner.
Rahul and Anand [17] utilized the E-waste of fineness modulus
1.48 by blending it with the Black Cotton Soil (BCS) in different
proportions (i.e. 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by dry weight of the soil) for
enhancing the various properties of the soil. The soil sample was
collected from the Badanavalu city of Chamarajanagar district in
Karnataka state (India) and was categorized as high compressible
clay (CH) as per Indian Standard Soil Classification System (ISSCS).
In their research paper, the researchers were desired to determine
the optimum doses of the E-waste which could be blended with
the expansive soils to give the test results with improved values.
In their paper, the changes in the engineering properties (like
UCS, CBR and shear strength) of the Black cotton soil were
increased sharply up to the addition of 6% of e-waste and after that,
the increasing rate becomes less. So, the researchers concluded
 A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 771–776
that the 6% blend of e-waste, gives the optimum percentage of
blending it with the black cotton soil. It was also concluded by
the study that, only the constrained percentages of e-waste could
give the solution of effective disposal of it.
Mangesh et al. [18] observed the use of e-waste in different pro-
portions (i.e. 2%, 5% & 8%) in the stabilization of black cotton soil as
an effective solution for the disposal problem of this waste. In their
study, the soil sample was collected from the Ravet city of Pune
District in Maharashtra state (India). The sample was classified as
clay of low compressibility (CL) as per Indian Standard Soil Classi-
fication System (ISSCS). In their study, the peak values of UCS and
CBR tests were found on the addition of 5% e-waste with the soil.
Hence, it was concluded from their study, that the 5% doses of e-
waste with soil could be an economical and productive method
for soil stabilization.
Kiran and Praveen [19] examined the consequences of using E-
waste in different percentages (i.e. 6%, 8%, 12% and 15%) by the dry
weight of the sensitive loose clayey soil for improving the geotech-
nical properties of the soil. The soil sample was obtained from
Chembarambakkam city of Tamil Nadu state (India) at a depth of
1 m and the soil was classified as loose clayey (CL) soil as per
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi-
cials (AASHTO). This paper gives the idea of using E-waste as a soil
stabilizer and as an alternative solution for the disposal problem of
E-waste into the environment. The researchers performed the dif-
ferent tests (i.e. UCS, CBR, Direct Shear test) on the blended soil for
determining the optimum percentage of doses of E-waste in the
soil. The results of these tests showed some positive improvements
in the UCS, CBR values but at the 6% blend of e-waste, the maxi-
mum improvement was determined and hence 6% blend was
regarded as the optimum dose of the E-waste for soil stabilization.
Over all it can be concluded that the e-waste reinforced soil can be
considered to be a good ground improvement technique especially
in engineering projects on weak soils where it can act as a substi-
tute to deep/raft foundations, reducing the cost as well as energy.
3. Environmental aspects
3.1. Glass powder
Glass is mainly used in the packing of substances (food, juices,
drinks, etc.), building works and household works. When this
waste material is grounded or crushed, then it gets converted into
a very fine powder, breathing of which causes Silicosis and various
other respiratory problems. Recycling of this waste glass powder
isn’t possible and therefore an only possible alternative for the
management of this waste is disposing of it into land areas [26].
Since, due to constraints in landfill areas, its disposal is still a huge
issue. Long term ill effects of waste glass powder are still unknown
and are under the study of researchers [27].
3.2. Plastic waste
Plastic materials are commonly used in our day to day life. They
are used in various forms i.e. as packing material, plastics bottles,
etc. they consist of resins which are almost non-biodegradable
[20]. In India, about 5.6 million tonnes of plastic waste is generated
yearly and their rate of production is still increasing, causing ill
effects on the environment as well as living beings [24]. Along with
this, it is estimated that about 270,000 tons of plastic wastes are
floating in the oceans which are causing adverse impacts on aque-
ous species and if this continues then our oceans will contain more
plastic waste than fishes by the year 2050 [21].
775
3.3. E-waste
With the advancement of technology, various electronic devices
like DVD players, cell phones, computers, and other electronic gad-
gets came into existence which makes our life more comfortable.
Due to the excessive use and cheap availability, many such appli-
ances which are no more fitting in daily life, are leading to giant
garbage dumps of e-waste. So, there comes a problem related to
their disposal after use because they are non-biodegradable and
thus causing severe problems in the environment [22]. Since we
cannot prevent the production of e-waste because our technology
is dependent on electronic devices and with time the problem of e-
waste management will become only worse. Globally the Rise in
the production of e wastes is 33% in 2017 as compared to 2012
and it is also expected that the weight of this increased waste is
equal to the weight of 8 of the pyramids of Egypt [23]. These
wastes also have a very bad impact on the health of human beings
as they contain harmful chemical compounds including lead, mer-
cury, etc. which are eventually absorbed by human beings in the
form of drinking the contaminated water [28].
4. Conclusions
In this paper, we reviewed the use of modern non-
biodegradable wastes like glass powder, plastic, and e-waste in soil
stabilization by performing a comparative study on the various
index and engineering properties of soil with the addition of differ-
ent percentages of these wastes. The following observations were
obtained after studying different research works:
 The different types of used waste materials were blended at dif-
ferent proportions with the soil and it was found that various
engineering properties of cohesive loose soils are enhanced up
to a certain extent and hence providing adequate constructional
strength to the soil.
 In this study, the maximum healthy increment in the various
engineering properties was obtained at the intermediate mixing
proportion of the wastes as shown in Table 4.
 It was found that the proper and effective use of modern wastes
since improper handling and disposal of these wastes creates
huge problems towards the environment as well as human
and animal life.
 Since these wastes are very easily available and also cost-
effective so it is a good alternative to use as a soil stabilizer.
 This study also concluded that the waste glass powder, plastic,
and e-waste can be used in the different suited weather condi-
tions due to their inertness towards the many chemical and
physical actions.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Amit Kumar Rai: Visualization, Investigation. Gaurav Singh:
Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Data curation, Writing
- original draft. Atul Kumar Tiwari: Supervision, Software, Valida-
tion, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
776 A. Kumar Rai et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020) 771–776
Acknowledgements
We are profoundly grateful to our teachers for their guidance
and continuous encouragement throughout the whole work to
ensure that this review paper matches its target since its com-
mencement to its completion. We are also thankful to our college
Director Dr. Akhilesh Kumar Mishra, and our staff of the Civil Engi-
neering department for providing support throughout this work. I
would also thankful to our colleague and parents for providing
their support in this work. In the last, we are also grateful to
TEQIP-III for providing funds for this work.
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