Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IP Terms: Octets or Bytes, Each Containing 1 Byte (8 Bits)
IP Terms: Octets or Bytes, Each Containing 1 Byte (8 Bits)
IP Terms: Octets or Bytes, Each Containing 1 Byte (8 Bits)
IP Terms
Byte = 8 bits.
Network address The designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network,
Broadcast address Used by applications and hosts to send information to all nodes on a
Network.
Network 10.0.0.0.
An IP address consists of 32 bits of information. These bits are divided into four sections, referred to as
octets or bytes, each containing 1 byte (8 bits).
1) Dotted-decimal, as in 172.16.30.56
2) Binary, as in 10101100.00010000.00011110.00111000
3) Hexadecimal, as in 82 39 1E 38
IMP Points (About IP Address)
3) Consists of 32 Bits
xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 = 0.0.0.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 = 255.255.255.255
Classes of Networks
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Class D Multicast
Class E Research
Class A
0xxxxxxx
127.255.255.255
Class B
Rule: The first two bit of the first byte must always be 1 0
10xxxxxx
191.255.255.255
Class C
Rule: The first three bit of the first byte must always be 1 1 0
110xxxxx
223.255.255.255
Class D
Rule: The first four bit of the first byte must always be 1 1 1 0
1110xxxx
239.255.255.255
Class E
Rule: The first four bit of the first byte must always be 1 1 1 1
1111xxxx
11110000=240 (Turn the other 4 bits all off)
255.255.255.255
Some IP addresses are reserved for special purposes, and network administrators shouldn’t assign these
addresses to hosts.
FUNCTION ADDRESS
1)Class A
Networ
Host Host Host
k
0.0.0.0
127.255.255.255
255.255.255
255.255.254
1.0.0.1
126.255.255.254
2)Class B
Networ Networ
Host Host
k k
128.0.0.0
192.255.255.255
192.255
192.255
255.255
255.254
128.0.0.1
191.255.255.254
3)Class C
223.255.255.255
192.255.255
223.255.255
255.255
192.0.0.1
223.255.255.254
Clas Format No. No. No. of N/W Host IP Address No. of No. of No. of IP
s of of Reserved Address Address Range Networks Hosts Addresses
N/W Host Bits Range Range
Bits Bits
Subnetting
A one larger network breaks into many smaller networks is known as subneting.
Benefits of Subnetting:
1) Simplified management
It’s easier to identify and isolate network problems in a group of smaller connected networks
than within one gigantic network
The smaller broadcast domains you create the less network traffic on that network segment.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is a 32-bit value that allows the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network
ID portion of the IP address from the host ID portion of the IP address.
Class Format Default Subnet Mask
A N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0
B N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
C N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0
Note: You can define any subnet mask below any class range.
Rule:
1) Subnet bits start at the left and go to the right, without skipping any single bit.
This means that subnet masks can be
XXXXXXXX
11000000=192 /26
11100000=224 /27
11110000=240 /28
11111000=248 /29
11111100=252 /30
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
Ex. 255.255.255.192.
192=11000000
Rule: The subnet bits can’t be both off or on at the same time,
TABLE: Subnet 64
Subnet Bit Host Bit Meaning
TABLE: Subnet 64
TABLE: Subnet 64
B] Alternate Method:
Subnetting a Class C Address
Questions:
Answers:
Keep adding the base no. to itself until you reach the subnet mask
i.e. Add On
4. Valid hosts are the numbers between the subnets, minus all 0s and all
1s.
1] 255.255.255.192
192 = 11000000
1) No. of subnets = 22
=4
0.0+64=64,64+64=128. 128+64=192
= 62
4) Valid Hosts
2] 255.255.255.224
1) No. of subnets = 23
=8
= 30
4) Valid Hosts
3] 255.255.255.240
1) No. of subnets = 24
= 16
= 14
4) Valid Hosts
4] 255.255.255.128
Earlier stated that only one subnet bit was illegal and not to use it.
Breaking the rule, this mask can be used when you need two subnets, each with 126 hosts.
To use this, use ip subnet-zero command on the global configuration mode to tell your router to break
the rules and use a 1-bit subnet mask.
128 = 1000000
00000000 = 0
10000000 = 128
11000000.00000000=255.255.192.0 /18
11100000.00000000=255.255.224.0 /19
11110000.00000000=255.255.240.0 /20
11111000.00000000=255.255.248.0 /21
11111100.00000000=255.255.252.0 /22
11111110.00000000=255.255.254.0 /23
11111111.00000000=255.255.255.0 /24
11111111.10000000=255.255.255.128 /25
11111111.11000000=255.255.255.192 /26
11111111.11100000=255.255.255.224 /27
11111111.11110000=255.255.255.240 /28
11111111.11111000=255.255.255.248 /29
11111111.11111100=255.255.255.252 /30
1] 255.255.192.0
192.0 = 11000000.00000000
1) No. of subnets = 22
=4
= 16382
4) Valid Hosts
2] 255.255.240.0
240.0 = 11110000.00000000
No. of subnet bits X=4, No. of host bits Y=12
1) No. of subnets = 24
= 16
= 4096
3] 255.255.255.192
255.192 = 11111111.11000000
1. 210=1024 subnets.
2. 256–192=64 and 128. However, as long as all the subnet bits on the
third are not all off, then subnet 0 in the fourth octet is valid. Also, as
long as all the subnet bits in the third octet are not all on, 192 is valid
The subnets are 0.64, 0.128, 0.192, 1.64, 1.128, and 1.192 …
3. 26–2=62 hosts.
10000000.00000000.00000000=255.128.0.0 Illegal /9
11000000.00000000.00000000=255.192.0.0 /10
11100000.00000000.00000000=255.224.0.0 /11
11110000.00000000.00000000=255.240.0.0 /12
11111000.00000000.00000000=255.248.0.0 /13
11111100.00000000.00000000=255.252.0.0 /14
11111110.00000000.00000000=255.254.0.0 /15
11111111.00000000.00000000=255.255.0.0 /16
11111111.10000000.00000000=255.255.128.0 /17
11111111.11000000.00000000=255.255.192.0 /18
11111111.11100000.00000000=255.255.224.0 /19
11111111.11110000.00000000=255.255.240.0 /20
11111111.11111000.00000000=255.255.248.0 /21
11111111.11111100.00000000=255.255.252.0 /22
11111111.11111110.00000000=255.255.254.0 /23
11111111.11111111.00000000=255.255.255.0 /24
11111111.11111111.10000000=255.255.255.128 /25
11111111.11111111.11000000=255.255.255.192 /26
11111111.11111111.11100000=255.255.255.224 /27
11111111.11111111.11110000=255.255.255.240 /28
11111111.11111111.11111000=255.255.255.248 /29
11111111.11111111.11111100=255.255.255.252 /30
1] 255.255.0.0
255.0.0= 111111111.00000000.00000000
= 254
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6……………254.
= 65534
*********************************************************************************