X B y S R W: - Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 660

Chapter 7 Tools and Strategies for Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills
Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills Question 1 Page 362
Using the product law:

a) x2 + 3 + 4 = x9 b)
6a5b4 c) x4y5 d) 6r2s
e) 5q2r f) v3w4 g) 4ab4
Using the quotient law:

a) k6 – 2 = k4 b) –6n c) 6x3y d) 2ab2
Using the product law then the quotient law:

5q 2 r q2 v 3 w4 4ab4
e) = f) = v 2 w2 g) = b4
10r 2 2r vw2 4a
Using the power law:

a) w2 × 4 = w8 b) 4u2v6 c) a6b3 d) x6y6
e) 8w6 f) a2b8 g) rs6
4a 3 2a 2
a) = , product and quotient laws
2ab b
b) (–27k3m9)(4k6 m4) = –108k9m13, product and power laws
(2x 3 y)(64x 2 y 4 )
c) 5
= 32 y 5 , product, quotient, and power laws
4x
(a 6 )a 3b6
d) 5 5
= a 4 b , product, quotient, and power laws
ab
MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 660

a) (x + 6)(x ! 4) = 0 b) 2m2 ! 9m + 10 = 0 c) (2a ! 1)(2a + 7) = 0

x = !6 or x = 4 (2m ! 5)(m ! 2) = 0 1 7
a= or a = !
5 2 2
m= or m = 2
2
d) q 2 ! q ! 20 = 0 e) 9b2 ! 1 = 0 f) (2 y + 1)(4 y + 1) = 0
(q ! 5)(q + 4) = 0 (3b ! 1)(3b + 1) = 0 1 1
y=! or y = !
q = 5 or q = !4 1 1 2 4
b= or b = !
3 3
g) x2 ! x ! 2 = 0 h) 2r 2 + 5r ! 3 = 0 i) (q + 4)(q + 1) = 0
(x ! 2)(x + 1) = 0 (2r ! 1)(r + 3) = 0 q = !4 or q = !1
x = 2 or x = !1 1
r= or r = !3
2
!6 ± 62 ! 4(1)(!5)
a) y= b) 4q 2 ! 2q ! 10 = 0
2(1)
!(!2) ± (!2)2 ! 4(4)(!10)
!6 ± 56 q=
y= 2(4)
2
!6 ± 14 " 4 2 ± 164
y= q=
2 8
!6 ± 2 14 2 ± 41" 4
y= q=
2 8
y = !3 ± 14 2 ± 2 41
q=
8
1 ± 41
q=
4

!2 ± 22 ! 4(2)(!10)
c) x2 + x ! 1 = 0 d) a =
2(2)
!1 ± 12 ! 4(1)(–1)
x= !2 ± 84
2(1) a=
4
!1 ± 5 !2 ± 21" 4
x= a=
2 4
!2 ± 2 21
a=
4
!1 ± 21
a=
2
e) x2 ! x ! 7 = 0 f) r 2 ! 5r + 3 = 0
!(!1) ± (!1)2 ! 4(1)(!7) !(!5) ± (!5)2 ! 4(1)(3)
x= r=
2(1) 2(1)
1 ± 29 5 ± 13
x= r=
2 2
!6 ± 62 ! 4(2)(3) 2
g) m= h) 3a ! 3a ! 4 = 0
2(2)
!(!3) ± (!3)2 ! 4(3)(!4)
!6 ± 12 a=
m= 2(3)
4
!6 ± 4 " 3 3 ± 57
m= a=
4 6
!6 ± 2 3
m=
4
!3 ± 3
m=
2

a) 4!2 = 2 2 b) 2 4 ! 5 = 2 ! 2 5 c) 9!2 = 3 2
=4 5
d) 3 9 ! 2 = 3 ! 3 2 e) 25 ! 3 = 5 3
=9 2
4 + 16 ! 3 4 + 4 3 2± 4!6 2±2 6
f) = g) =
2 2 2 2
= 2+2 3 = 1± 6
=2 ( 3 +1)
1 5
2 3 6
a) log 4 (4 ) = log 4 4 b) log 2 5 4
(2 ) = log 2 24 c) log 3 (33 )2 = log 3 36
=6 5 =6
=
4
d) log5 (52 )2 = log5 54 e) log 2 (25 )2 = log 2 210 f) log 3 34 = 4

=4 = 10
1 ! 1$
g) log 4 (42 )2 = log 4 44 h) log 2 = log 2 # 2 &
4 "2 %
=4
= log 2 2'2
= '2
1
log
log10 5 =& 2.322 log15
a) =& 2.096 b) c) =& 3.907
log 3 1 log 2
log
2
log17 log 3 log8

d) =& 2.044 e) =& 1.585 f) =& 1.893
log 4 log 2 log 3
log 20 log19
g) =& 2.161 h) =& 4.248
log 4 log 2

a) t log5 = log 4 b) 2t log1.2 = log1.6 c) t log 7 = log 2

log 4 log1.6 log 2
t= t= t=
log5 2 log1.2 log 7
t =& 0.86 t =& 1.29 t =& 0.36
1
d) 3t log = log 2 e) t log 3 = log 2 f) t log8 = log 3
4
log 2 log 3
log 2 t= t=
t= log 3 log8
1
3log t =& 0.63 t =& 0.53
4
t =& !0.17
g) t log 2 = log 9 h) 3t log 2 = log15

log 9 log15
t= t=
log 2 3log 2
t =& 3.17 t =& 1.30
y = bx
log y = log bx
log y = x log b
log y
x=
log b

Chapter 7 Section 1 Equivalent Forms of Exponential Equations
Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 1 Page 368
a) (22)6 = 212 b) (23)3 = 29
2
! 1$
( )
2
'3
c) #" 23 &% = 2 d) 2 k = 14
log 2 k = log14
= 2'6
k log 2 = log14
log14
k=
log 2
log14
14 = 2 log 2
a) (33)2 = 36 b) (3–1)4 = 3–4
1
c) 3k = 10 d) 3k =
2
log 3k = log10 1
k log 3 = log10 log 3k = log
2
1 1
k= k log 3 = log
log 3 2
1 1
10 = 3 log 3 log
k= 2
log 3
1
log
2
1
=3 log 3
2
a) Answers may vary. A sample solution is 44.
b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is 162.
c)

(4 )
2
3 2 3
a) 4 b) = 43
3
8 4
1 " 7%4 ! 1$ ! 1$
(4 )
3 21 4
3 2
c) !$4 ' = 4 !4 8
2 2 2 3 4
d) # 2 & ' # 2 & = 2 ' 2 3
# & " % " %
12 21 12 4
+ +
=48 8 =23 3
33 16
=48 =23
16
! 1$ 3
= # 42 &
" %
8
= 43
( ) (5 ) ( ) (6 )
x +3 x !1 w!1 3m!1
a) 24x = 22 b) 2
= 53x c) 3w+1 = 32 d) 2
= 62m+5
24x = 22x +6 52x ! 2 = 53x 3w+1 = 32w! 2 66m! 2 = 62m+5
4x = 2x + 6 2x ! 2 = 3x w + 1 = 2w ! 2 6m ! 2 = 2m + 5
2x = 6 !2 = 3x ! 2x 1+ 2 = 2w ! w 6m ! 2m = 5 + 2
x=3 x = !2 w=3 4m = 7
7
m=
4
Check:
a)

b)
c)
d)
(2 ) = (2 ) (3 ) = (3 ) (5 ) ( ) (2 ) ( )
3x x !3 x 2x !3 2 y !1 y+4 2k !3 k +3
2 3 3 2 3
a) b) c) = 52 d) 4
= 25
26x = 23x !9 33x = 34x !6 56 y !3 = 52 y +8 28k !12 = 25k +15
6x = 3x ! 9 3x = 4x ! 6 6y ! 3= 2y + 8 8k ! 12 = 5k + 15
3x = !9 4x ! 3x = 6 4 y = 11 8k ! 5k = 15 + 12
x = !3 x=6 11 3k = 27
y=
4 k=9
Check:
a)

b)
c)
d)
( )
2x !5
a) 102x = 102 b) log102x = log1002x !5
102x = 104x !10 2x log10 = (2x ! 5) log100
2x = 4x ! 10 2x(1) = (2x ! 5)(2)
4x ! 2x = 10 2x = 4x ! 10
2x = 10 4x ! 2x = 10
x=5 2x = 10
x=5
c) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

I like using logarithms because I do not need to find a common base.

a) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
n=0 1 2
b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
n=0 1 2

Both models are the same, so they illustrate that (23)n = 8n.
d) L.S. = (23 ) n
= 23n
R.S. = 8n
= (23 ) n
= 23n
Since L.S. = R.S., f(n) = g(n), n ∈ R.

f(n) = (32)n and g(n) = 9n
n= 0 1 2
( )
n
c) L.S. = 32
= 9n
R.S. = 9 n
Since L.S. = R.S., f(n) = g(n), n ∈ R.

x
! 1$
( ) &&%
a) # 23
#"
2
= 2x ' 2
3
x
2 2 = 2x ' 2
3
x= x'2
2
3
x ' x = '2
2
1
x = '2
2
x = '4
Check:
" 1 %2k
(3 ) ( )
k !1
b) 2
= $ 33 2 '
$ '
# &
32k !2 = 33k
2k ! 2 = 3k
3k ! 2k = !2
k = !2
Check:

a) log10 = log 2 x b) 10 = 2 x
1 = x log 2 log10 = log 2 x
1 1 = x log 2
x=
log 2 1
x=
log 2
1
Therefore 10 = 2 log 2
c) 10 = 3x
log10 = log 3x
1 = x log 3
1
x=
log 3
1
Therefore 10 = 3 log 3
10 = bx
log10 = log bx
1 = x log b
1
x=
log b
1
Therefore 10 = b log b
, b>0
log a
a = b log b
log a
log b
log a = log b
log a
log a = log b
log b
log a = log a
log a
Since both sides are equal, a = b log b

for any a, b > 0.
Solutions to Achievement Check questions are provided in the Teacher’s Resource.

( ) (3 ) ( )
x +1 x!2 2x +1
a) i) 23x > 22 ii) 4
< 33
23x > 22x + 2 34x !8 < 36x +3
3x > 2x + 2 4x ! 8 < 6x + 3
3x ! 2x > 2 !8 ! 3 < 6x ! 4x
x>2 !11 < 2x
11
x>!
2

Graph each side of the inequality as a separate function. Find their point of intersection. Test
a point other than the point of intersection to ensure that the inequality is true.
Check a) i):
181.02 > 128

Check a) ii):
5.4 × 10–16 < 1.8 × 10–16

8x > 2x + 1
1
x>
2

a) i)
2x > x3 for 0 < x < 1.37; 2x < x3 for x > 1.37 (correct to 2 decimal places)
2x > x3 for x > 9.94 (correct to 2 decimal places)
ii)
1.1x > x10 for –0.99 < x < 1.01 (correct to 2 decimal places)

b)
3x > x4 for –0.80 < x < 1.52 (correct to 2 decimal places)

Chapter 7 Section 2 Techniques for Solving Exponential
Equations
Substitute x = 4 into all the equations to find a point.

Match the graphs to the equations using the point found.
4 4
4 4
! 1$ ! 1$ 4 ! 1$ ! 1$ 4
i) y = 100 # & ii) y = 50 # & iii) y = 50 # & iv) y = 100 # &
" 2% " 2% " 2% " 2%
100 = 25 50 = 50
= =
16 16
= 6.25 = 3.125
a) iii) b) i) c) ii) d) iv)
100
a) log 2 = log1.07 t b) log 3 = log1.1t c) = 1.04t
10
log 2 = t log1.07 log 3 = t log1.1
10 = 1.04t
log 2 log 3
t= t= log10 = log1.04t
log1.07 log1.1
1 = t log1.04
t =& 10.24 t =& 11.53
1
t=
log1.04
t =& 58.71
d) log5 = log1.08t + 2 e) log 0.5 = log1.2t !1

log5 = (t + 2) log1.08 log 0.5 = (t ! 1) log1.2
log5 log 0.5
t+2= t !1=
log1.08 log1.2
log5 log 0.5
t= !2 t= +1
log1.08 log1.2
t =& 18.91 t =& !2.80

t 6
3t
! 1$ ! 1$ 4 100 ! 1 $ t
f) log10 = log # & g) log15 = log # & h) =
" 4% " 2% 25 #" 2 &%
6
1 t 1
1 = 3t log log15 = log ! 1$ t
4 4 2 4=# &
1 t log15 " 2%
3t = = 6
log
1
4
4
log
1
2
( )
22 = 2'1 t
6
1 4 log15 '
t= t= 2
2 =2 t
1 1
3log log 6
4 2 2='
t =& '0.55 t =& '15.63 t
6
t='
2
t = '3
90 s
a) = 1.5 min
60 s
1.5
! 1 $3.1
( )
A 1.5 = 50# &
"2%
=& 35.75
Approximately 35.75 mg of a 50 mg polomium-218 sample will remain after 90 s.
t
! 1 $ 3.1
b) 5 = 50 # &
" 2%
t
! 1 $ 3.1
0.1 = # &
" 2%
t
! 1 $ 3.1
log 0.1 = log # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.1 = log
3.1 2
t log 0.1
=
3.1 1
log
2
3.1log 0.1
t=
1
log
2
t =& 10.30
It will take approximately 10.3 min for the sample to decay to 10% of its initial amount.

The answer to part b) would be the same for any initial sample, since 10% (0.1) is the ratio of
A(t)
A(t) to A0. So = 0.1 .
A0
a) log 2 x = log 3x !1 b) log5x ! 2 = log 4 x

x log 2 = (x ! 1) log 3 (x ! 2) log5 = x log 4
x log 2 = x log 3 ! log 3 x log5 ! 2 log5 = x log 4
x log 2 ! x log 3 = ! log 3 x log5 ! x log 4 = 2 log5
x(log 2 ! log 3) = ! log 3 x(log5 ! log 4) = 2 log5
log 3 2 log5
x= x=
log 3 ! log 2 log5 ! log 4
c) log8x +1 = log 3x !1 d) log 7 2x +1 = log 4 x ! 2

(x + 1) log8 = (x ! 1) log 3 (2x + 1) log 7 = (x ! 2) log 4
x log8 + log8 = x log 3 ! log 3 2x log 7 + log 7 = x log 4 ! 2 log 4
log8 + log 3 = x log 3 ! x log8 log 7 + 2 log 4 = x log 4 ! 2x log 7
log8 + log 3 = x(log 3 ! log8) log 7 + 2 log 4 = x(log 4 ! 2 log 7)
log8 + log 3 log 7 + 2 log 4
x= x=
log 3 ! log8 log 4 ! 2 log 7
a) 2.710 b) 14.425 c) –3.240 d) –1.883
(2 ) !1 ± 12 ! 4(1)(!6)
2
x x x
a) +2 !6=0 b) 2 =
2(1)
a = 1, b = 1, c = !6
!1 ± 25
2x =
2
!1 ± 5
2x =
2
x
2 = 2" x =1
or
2 x = !3, not true
c) 2x = –3

a) (8x )2 ! 2(8x ) ! 5 = 0
a = 1, b = !2, c = !5
!(!2) ± (!2)2 ! 4(1)(!5)

b) 8x =
2(1)
2 ± 24
8x =
2
2± 4"6
8x =
2
2±2 6
8x =
2
8x = 1 ± 6
8x = 1+ 6
log8x = log(1+ 6 )
x log8 = log(1+ 6 )
log(1+ 6 )
x=
log8
or
8x = 1! 6, not true
c) 8x = 1! 6

t
! 1$ h
a) A(t) = A0 # &
" 2%
5
! 1$ h
17 = 20 # &
" 2%
5
17 ! 1 $ h
=
20 #" 2 &%
5
! 1$ h
log 0.85 = log # &
" 2%
5 1
log 0.85 = log
h 2
5 log 0.85
=
h 1
log
2
1
5log
h= 2
log 0.85
h =& 21.3
The half-life of thorium-233 is approximately 21.3 min.
t
! 1 $ 21.3
b) 1 = 20 # &
" 2%
t
1 ! 1 $ 21.3
=
20 #" 2 &%
t
! 1 $ 21.3
log 0.05 = log # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.05 = log
21.3 2
t log 0.05
=
21.3 1
log
2
21.3log 0.05
t=
1
log
2
t =& 92.06
It will take approximately 92.06 min for the sample to decay to 1 mg (92.17 min using the
exact half-life).

t
! 1$ h
a) A(t) = A0 # &
" 2%
3
! 1$ h
9 = 10 # &
" 2%
3
! 1$ h
0.9 = # &
" 2%
3
! 1$ h
log 0.9 = log # &
" 2%
3 1
log 0.9 = log
h 2
3 log 0.9
=
h 1
log
2
1
3log
h= 2
log 0.9
h =& 19.7
The half-life of bismuth-214 is approximately 19.7 min.
b)
c) i) A shorter half-life means less time for the substance to decay.

The graph would decrease faster since it takes less time for the sample to decay.
ii) A longer half-life means more time for the substance to decay.
The graph would decrease at a slower rate since it takes more time for the sample to
decay.
d) i) A greater sample size means more substance to decay in the same amount of time.
The graph would have a steeper slope (negative).
ii) A smaller sample size means less substance to decay in the same amount of time.
The graph would have a slope that isn’t as steep.

(4x)2 + 2(4x) + 3 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
!2 ± 22 ! 4(1)(3)
4x =
2(1)
!2 ± !8
4x =
2
There are no real roots.
a) (3x)2 – 7(3x) + 12 = 0
a = 1, b = –7, c = 12
!(!7) ± (!7)2 ! 4(1)(12)
3x =
2(1)
7± 1
3x =
2
7 ± 1
3x =
2
8 6
3x = or 3x =
2 2
x x
3 =4 3 =3
x log 3 = log 4 x =1
log 4
x=
log 3
x =& 1.26

b) (5x)2 + (5x) – 3 = 0
a = 1, b = 1, c = –3
!1 ± 12 ! 4(1)(!3)
5x =
2(1)
!1 ± 13
5x =
2
!1+ 13
5x =
2
" !1+ 13 %
x log5 = log $ '
# 2 &
" !1+ 13 %
log $ '
# 2 &
x=
log5
x =& 0.16
or
!1! 13
5x = < 0, extraneous root
2
c) (3) 24
2x +3
8
= d)
18
2
= 92x !1
2x +3
3 = 31 91 = 92x !1
2x + 3 = 1 1 = 2x ! 1
2x = !2 2x = 2
x = !1 x =1
e) 3x + 1+ 56(3! x ) = 0
(3x )(3x ) + 3x + 56(3! x )(3x ) = 0(3x ) multiply each term by 3x
(3 )
2
x
+ 3x + 56 = 0
a = 1,b = 1,c = 56
!1 ± 12 ! 4(1)(56)
3x =
2(1)
!1 ± !223
3x = , no real roots
2

f) 4 x ! 3 ! 18(4! x ) = 0
(4 x )2 ! 3(4 x ) ! 18 = 0 multiply both sides by 4 x
a = 1, b = !3, c = !18
x !(!3) ± (!3)2 ! 4(1)(!18)

4 =
2(1)
3 ± 81
4x =
2
3+ 9 3! 9
4x = or 4x =
2 2
x x
4 =6 4 = !3 < 0, extraneous root
x log 4 = log 6
log 6
x=
log 4
x =& 1.29
a)

b)
c)

d)
e)
There is no zero so there is no solution.
f)

t
! 1$ h
a) A(t) = A0 # &
" 2%
t
! 1 $ 20
0.1 = # &
" 2%
t
! 1 $ 20
log 0.1 = log # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.1 = log
20 2
t log 0.1
=
20 1
log
2
20 log 0.1
t=
1
log
2
t =& 66.4
It would take approximately 66.4 h for 90% of platinum-197 to turn into gold.

This is not a “get-rich quick” scheme since the cost of the nuclear process exceeds the price
of the gold.
1! 2!0.05n > 0.2

!2!0.05n > 0.2 ! 1
!2!0.05n > !0.8
2!0.05n < 0.8
log 2!0.05n < log 0.8
!0.05n log 2 < log 0.8
log 0.8
!0.05n <
log 2
log 0.8
n>
!0.05log 2
n > 6.44
After approximately 6.44 days the probability is greater than 20%.

t
! 1$ 3
a) V (t) = 24 000 # &
" 2%
t
! 1$ 3
0.25 = # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.25 = log
3 2
t log 0.25
=
3 1
log
2
3log 0.25
t=
1
log
2
t=6
It would take 6 years for the minivan to depreciate to one quarter of its initial value.
t
! 1$ 3
b) 0.1 = # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.1 = log
3 2
t log 0.1
=
3 1
log
2
3log 0.1
t=
1
log
2
t =& 10
It would take approximately 10 years for the minivan to depreciate to 10% of its initial value.

t
! 1 $ 12
a) i) 0.5 = # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.5 = log
12 2
t log 0.5
=
12 1
log
2
t
=1
12
t = 12
It will take 12 s for the note to decay to half of its initial value.
t
! 1 $ 12
ii) 0.1 = # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.1 = log
12 2
t log 0.1
=
12 1
log
2
12 log 0.1
t=
1
log
2
t =& 40
It will take approximately 40 s for the note to decay to 10% of its initial value.
b) When I0 = 1:
c) i) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The half-life would be longer, so the 12 in the exponent would increase.
ii) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The graph would not be as steep. It would decrease at a slower rate.

t
" 1 % 20
a) If A0 is the initial amount, y = A0 ! A0 $ '
# 2&
b) Time starts at 0 s and continues forever. The amount starts at 0 g and continues until all the
platinum-197 is gold-197.
Domain: {t ∈ R, t ≥ 0}; Range: {y ∈ R, 0 < y ≤ A0}
Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
a) The carbon fusion cycle takes place in very hot stars. During the cycle, the addition of four
hydrogen atoms changes a carbon atom into other elements before returning it back to carbon
and releasing a helium atom and two positrons. At each of the six stages of the process,
energy is released.
Every time a carbon cycle takes place, two of the four protons are destroyed.
b) Call the protons in hydrogen and helium atoms available protons. If there are 5 × 1013
available protons in a star, how many will there be after three complete carbon cycles?
Solution: 5 × 1013(0.5)3 = 6.25 × 1012
After how many carbon cycles will there be fewer than 10% of the original available protons?
Solution: Find when 0.5x is less than 0.1: (0.5)3 = 0.125 and (0.5)4 = 0.0625
After four complete carbon cycles.

D;
4 x ! 4 x !1 = 24
4 x !1 (4 ! 1) = 24
4 x !1 (3) = 24
24
4 x !1 =
3
x !1
4 =8
(2 )
x !1
2
= 23
22x ! 2 = 23
2x ! 2 = 3
2x = 5
5
x=
2
5
" " 5%% 2
( 2x ) x
= $ 2$ ' '
# # 2&&
5
= 52
= 55
= 54 ( 5
= 25 5

C;
2a = 5 2b = 3
a log 2 = log5 blog 2 = log 3
log(5 ! 2)
log 3 (5 ! 2) =
log 3
log5 + log 2
= product law
log 3
a log 2 + log 2
=
blog 2
log 2(a + 1)
=
blog 2
a +1
=
b
h(2x + 1) = 2h(x) + 1
h(2(0) + 1) = 2h(0) + 1
h(1) = 2(2) + 1
h(1) = 5
h(2(1) + 1) = 2h(1) + 1
h(3) = 2(5) + 1
h(3) = 11

Chapter 7 Section 3 Product and Quotient Laws of Logarithms
! 48 $
a) log(9 × 6) = log 54 b) log # & = log 8
" 6%
! 36 $
c) log3(7 × 3) = log3 21 d) log5 # & = log5 2
" 18 %
screen shot for part c):
a) 1.732 b) 0.903 c) 2.771 d) 0.431
! 3ab $
a) log(2xyz), x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 b) log 2 # , a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
" 2c &%
" m2 n3 %
c) log m2 + log n3 ! log y 4 = log $ 4 ' , m > 0, n > 0, y > 0
# y &
( )
d) log u 2 + log v + log w = log u 2 v w , u > 0, v > 0, w > 0
a) log 6 (18 ! 2) = log 6 36 b) log(40 ! 2.5) = log100

=2 =2
c) log12 (8 ! 2 ! 9) = log12 144 d) log(5 ! 40 ! 5) = log1000

=2 =3

! 54 $ ! 50 000 $
a) log 3 # & = log 3 27 b) log # = log10 000
" 2% " 5 &%
=3 =4
! 320 $ ! 2 $
c) log 4 # = log 4 64 d) log # = log 0.01
" 5 &% " 200 &%
=3 = '2
a) log16 23 + log16 82 ! log16 2 = log16 8 + log16 64 ! log16 2

# 8 " 64 &
= log16 %
$ 2 ('
= log16 256
=2
1
b) log 20 + log 2 + log1253 = log 20 + log 2 + log5
= log(20 ! 2 ! 5)
= log 200
=& 2.301
a) log7 c + log7 d b) log3 m – log3 n
1
1
c) 3
log u + log v = log u + 3log v d) log a + log b 2 ! log c 2 = log a + log b ! 2 log c
2
e) log 2 (5 ! 2) = log 2 5 + log 2 2 f) log5 (25 ! 2) = log5 25 + log5 2

= log 2 5 + 1 = 2 + log5 2

log5 (5 ! 10) = log5 5 + log5 10
= 1+ log5 10
Since log5 10 can be simplified again using 10 = 5 × 2, the original solution is the simplest result.

! x2 $ 2
1
a) log # & = log x ' log x 2
" x%
1
= 2 log x ' log x
2
4 1
= log x ' log x
2 2
3
= log x, x > 0
2
! 1$ 7
! 1$
( m)
! m$ 7
# m2 &
b) log # 3 & + log = log # 3 & + log # m &
2
" m % #" m &% " %

1 7
'3
= log m 2 + log m 2
1 6
' 7
= log m 2 2 + log m
2
5
' 7
= log m + log m 2
2
5 7
= ' log m + log m
2 2
= log m, m > 0
3
! 1$
( k ) + log
1
( )
3 1
3 2
c) log k + log k = log k 2 + log # k 2 & + log k 2 3
" %
1 3 2
= log k + log k + log k
2 2 3
3 9 4
= log k + log k + log k
6 6 6
16
= log k
6
8
= log k, k > 0
3

1 ! 1$ 1
d) 2 log w + 3log w + log w2 = 2 log w + 3log # w 2 & + (2) log w
2 " % 2
3
= 2 log w + log w + log w
2
4 3 2
= log+ log w + log w
2 2 2
9
= log w, w > 0
2
" x2 ! 4 % " (x ! 2)(x + 2) % ! x 2 + 7x + 12 $ ! (x + 4)(x + 3) $

a) log $ ' = log $ '& b) log # & = log # &%
# x!2 & # x!2 " x+3 % " x+3
( )
= log x + 2 , x > 2 ( )
= log x + 4 , x > '3
" x2 ! x ! 6 % " (x ! 3)(x + 2) % " x 2 + 7x + 12 % " (x + 4)(x + 3) %

c) log $ ' = log $ d) log $ ' = log
# 2x ! 6 & # 2(x ! 3) '& 2
# x !9 &
$# (x ! 3)(x + 3) '&
" x + 2% " x + 4%
= log $ , x>3 = log $ , x>3
# 2 '& # x ! 3 '&
!V $
a) Vo = log # 2 &
" V1 %
! 10V1 $ ! 100V1 $ !V $
b) i) Vo = log # & ii) Vo = log # & iii) Vo = log # 1 &
" V1 % " V1 % " V1 %
= log10 = log100 = log1
=1 =2 =0
a) log(10nx) = log10 + log n + log x

= 1+ log n + log x
translate y = log x up (1 + log n) units, n > 0

log 20x = log(10 ! 2 ! x)

= 1+ log 2 + log x
" 1 %
( )
log 5x = log $10 ! ! x '
# 2 &
1
= log10 + log + log x
2
1
= 1+ log + log x
2

This process cannot be applied when n is an integer since you cannot have a logarithm of a
negative number. You can have positive integers only.
a)
b)
c)
d) p(x) = g(x) ; this demonstrates the power law.
a) q(x) = f (x) + g(x)

= 2 log x + 4 log x
= 6 log x
= log x 6

b)

The graph has values for x < 0 and x > 0 because x6 is an even power: the graph has a
discontinuity at x = 0.
Y1 is the difference of two functions f(x) and g(x). Y2 is the simplified form once the quotient law
is used.
f (x) = log(20x 2 ) and g(x) = log(2x)
" 20x 2 %
( )
log(20x 2 ) ! log 2x = log $
# 2x &
'
= log(10x)

Using the product law:

log102 = log(10 ! 10)
= log10 + log10
= 1+ 1
=2
Using the power law:
log102 = 2 log10
= 2(1)
=2
a) A(t) = 40 000 + 2000t

B(t) = 38 500(1.05)t
It will take approximately 6.7 years for Renata to earn the same amount at either firm.
b) i)
Renata will earn more at firm B after 10 years.

ii)
Renata will earn more at firm B after 20 years.

Does Renata plan to stay at the job for more than 6.7 years? If not, she would get more
money taking Firm A’s offer. She should also consider the benefits and experiences the jobs
offer.
Let x = log b m and y = log b n

bx = m and b y = n
m bx
=
n by
m
= bx ! y product law of exponents
n
" m%
log b $ ' = x ! y logarithm to base b of both sides
# n&
" m%
log b $ ' = log b m ! log b n
# n&
a) Let x = log b m and y = log b n

bx = m and b y = n
log b mn = log b m + log b n product law of logarithms
log b mn = x + y
mn = bx + y
bx b y = bx + y

b) Let x = log b m and y = log b n
bx = m and b y = n
! m$
log b # & = log b m ' log b n quotient law of logarithms
" n%
! m$
log b # & = x ' y
" n%
m
= bx ' y
n
bx
= bx ' y
by

This will occur when the line y = –x + c is tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 1 and has a y-intercept
above the x-axis.
c = 1.41
f( x) = - x+ c 5
AB: x2+ y2 = 12
-8 -6 -4 -2 A B 2 4 6 8
-1
-2
2 2
y = –x + c intersects x + y = 1 at point P(x, y).
The distance to P(x, y) is the radius of the circle r = 1 and
x= y
1 = x2 + x2
1 = 2x 2
1
= x2
2
1 1
x= and y =
2 2
y = !x + c
1 1
=! +c
2 2
1 1
c= +
2 2
2
c=
2
c= 2

k = -1
f( x) = x2
+k
2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-1
-2
k = –1

B;
equation of a line with slope ! 2
b = !2a + d
!3 = !2r + d substitute the point (r,!3)
d = !3 + 2r
b = !2a + 2r ! 3 (1)
1
equation of a line with slope (perpendicular to ! 2)
2
1
b= a+c
2
1
r = (6) + c
2
substitute the point 6,r ( )
c= r !3
1
b= a+r !3
2
2 ()
1
a + r ! 3 = !2a + 2r ! 3
2
1
a + 2a ! 3 + 3 = 2r ! r
2
1 4
a+ a= r
2 2
5
r= a
2
2
a= r
5
c
Pounds of coffee per k sacks =
k
c
pounds of coffee per (k + n) sacks =
k+n
c c
The sacks hold ! fewer pounds.
k k+n

Chapter 7 Section 4 Techniques for Solving Logarithmic
Equations
a) log(x ! 2) = 1 b) 2 = log(x + 25) c) 4 = 2 log( p + 62)

x ! 2 = 10 1 2
10 = x + 25 2 = log( p + 62)
x = 10 + 2 100 ! 25 = x 102 = p + 62
x = 12 x = 75 100 ! 62 = p
p = 38
d) 1! log(w ! 7) = 0 e) log(k ! 8) = 2 f) 6 ! 3log 2n = 0

1 = log(w ! 7) k ! 8 = 10 2
6 = 3log 2n
10 = w ! 7 k = 100 + 8 2 = log 2n
10 + 7 = w k = 108 102 = 2n
w = 17 100
=n
2
n = 50
Check:
a) log(12 – 2) = 1 b) 2 = log(75 + 25) c) 4 = 2log(38 + 62)
d) 1 – log (17 – 7) e) log(108 – 8) = 2 f) 6 – 3log 2(50) = 0

a) log 3 (x + 4) = 2 b) 5 = log 2 (2x ! 10)

log 3 (x + 4) = log 3 9 log 2 32 = log 2 (2x ! 10)
x+4=9 32 = 2x ! 10
x = 9!4 2x = 32 + 10
x=5 2x = 42
x = 21
c) 2 = log 4 (k ! 11) d) 9 = log5 (x + 100) + 6

log 4 16 = log 4 (k ! 11) 9 ! 6 = log5 (x + 100)
16 = k ! 11 3 = log5 (x + 100)
k = 16 + 11 log5 125 = log5 (x + 100)
k = 27 125 = x + 100
x = 125 ! 100
x = 25
e) log8 (t ! 1) = !1 f) log 3 (n2 ! 3n + 5) = 2

1 log 3 (n2 ! 3n + 5) = log 3 9
log8 (t ! 1) = log8
8 n2 ! 3n + 5 = 9
1
t !1= n2 ! 3n + 5 ! 9 = 0
8
1 8 n2 ! 3n ! 4 = 0
t= + (n ! 4)(n + 1) = 0
8 8
9 n = 4 or n = !1
t=
8

a) log x + log(x ! 4) = 1
log "# x(x ! 4) $% = log10
x 2 ! 4x = 10
x 2 ! 4x ! 10 = 0
!(!4) ± (!4)2 ! 4(1)(!10)
x=
2(1)
4 ± 56
x=
2
4 ± 2 14
x=
2
x = 2 ± 14
x = 2 + 14
2 ! 14 is an extraneous root since both log x and log(x ! 4)
are undefined for this value.
Check:

b) log x 3 ! log 2 ! log(2x 2 ) = 0
" x3 %
log $ 2 '
=0
# 2(2x ) &
" x%
log $ ' = 0
# 4&
x
= 100
4
x
=1
4
x=4
Check:
c) log(v ! 1) ! log(v ! 16) = 2

" v !1 %
log $ =2
# v ! 16 '&
v !1
= 102
v ! 16
v ! 1 = 100v ! 1600
100v ! v = 1600 ! 1
99v = 1599
1599
v=
99
533
v=
33

Check:
d) 1 = log( y + 9) ! log y
" y + 9%
1 = log $
# y '&
y+9
101 =
y
10 y = y + 9
9y = 9
y =1
Check:

e) log "#(k + 2)(k ! 1) $% = 1
k 2 + k ! 2 = 101
k 2 + k ! 12 = 0
(k + 4)(k ! 3) = 0
k=3
k = !4 is an extraneous root since both log(k + 2) and log(k ! 1)
are undefined for this value.
Check:

! p + 5$
f) log # =3
" p + 1 &%
p+5
= 103
p +1
p + 5 = 1000 p + 1000
1000 p ' p = 5 ' 1000
999 p = '995
995
p='
999
Check:
Graph both sides of the equation and find the points of intersection.

1 1
1
a) log(x 2 ! 3x) 2 = b) log(x 2 + 48x) 2 = 1
2
1
log(x 2 ! 3x) =
1
1
2
( )
log x 2 + 48x = 1
2 2
2 log(x 2 + 48x) = 2
log(x ! 3x) = 1
x 2 + 48x = 102
x 2 ! 3x = 101
x 2 + 48x ! 100 = 0
x 2 ! 3x ! 10 = 0
(x + 50)(x ! 2) = 0
(x ! 5)(x + 2) = 0
x = !50 or x = 2
x = 5 or x = !2
Check:
1 1 1 1
a) log(52 ! 3 " 5) 2 = log10 2 b) log((!50)2 + 48 " (!50)) 2 = log100 2
1 =1
=
2
1 1
1 1 log((2)2 + 48 " 2) 2 = log100 2
2
log((!2) ! 3 " (!2)) 2 = log10 2 =1
1
=
2
! x + 5$
a) log 2 # = log 2 256 b) log(2k + 4) ! log k = 1
" 2x &%
" 2k + 4 %
x+5 log $ = log10
= 256 # k '&
2x
x + 5 = 512x 2k + 4
= 10
k
511x = 5
2k + 4 = 10k
5
x= 10k ! 2k = 4
511
8k = 4
1
k=
2

a)
x =& 9.05
b)
x =& 2.16
# 0.9 &
a) L = 10 log % "12 (
$ 1.0 ! 10 '
=& 119.54
The concert is approximately 119.54 dB.

# I &
b) 20 = 10 log %
$ 1.0 ! 10 "12 ('
# I &
2 = log %
$ 1.0 ! 10 "12 ('
I
10 2 =
1.0 ! 10 "12
(
100 1.0 ! 10 "12 ) =I
I = 1 ! 10 "10
The whisper’s intensity is 1 × 10–10 W/m2.
# I &
c) 120 = 10 log % "12 (
$ 1.0 ! 10 '
# I &
12 = log % "12 (
$ 1.0 ! 10 '
I
1012 =
1.0 ! 10 "12
(
1012 1.0 ! 10 "12 ) =I
I =1
The car stereo’s intensity is 1 W/m2.
a) No, the statement is not true since log (–3) and log (–4) are undefined.
b) Yes.
L.S. = ! log 3 ! log 4

= !(log 3 + log 4)
= ! #$ log(3 " 4) %&
= ! log12
R.S. = ! log12
Since L.S. = R.S., –log 3 – log 4 = –log 12.

! $
# 1& ! 1$
a) n = log 2 # & b) 4 = log 2 # &
# 1& " p%
" 4% ! 1$
n = log 2 4 log 2 16 = log 2 # &
" p%
n=2 1
16 =
p
1
p=
16
2 3
a) = log w2 ! 10w
3
1
2
3
(
= log w2 ! 10w 3 )
2 1
(
= log w2 ! 10w
3 3
)
(
2 = log w2 ! 10w )
102 = w2 ! 10w
w2 ! 10w ! 100 = 0
!(!10) ± (!10)2 ! 4(1)(!100)
w=
2(1)
10 ± 500
w=
2
10 ± 10 5
w=
2
w = 5±5 5

b)
Answers may vary. A sample answer is shown.

Graph each side of the equation as a function and find the point of intersection.
x = –1

log b a = c and log y b = c

bc = a and y c = b
(y )
c
c
=a substitute y c = b
2
yc = a
2
log a y c = log a a logarithm of base a of both sides
c 2 log a y = 1 power law of logarithms
1
log a y =
c2
log a y = c !2
1 × 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 44

1
3= m +
m
3 m = m+1
9m = m2 + 2m + 1 square both sides
2
m ! 7m + 1 = 0
!(!7) ± (!7)2 ! 4(1)(1)
m=
2(1)
7 ± 45
m=
2
7±3 5
m=
2
7+3 5 7!3 5
substitute m = substitute m =
2 2
1 7+3 5 2 1 7!3 5 2
m! = ! m! = !
m 2 7+3 5 m 2 7!3 5
(7 + 3 5)(7 + 3 5) 4 (7 ! 3 5)(7 ! 3 5) ! 2(2)
= ! =
2(7 + 3 5) 2(7 + 3 5) 2(7 ! 3 5)
49 + 42 5 + 45 ! 4 49 ! 42 5 + 45 ! 4
= =
2(7 + 3 5) 2(7 ! 3 5)
90 + 42 5 90 ! 42 5
= =
2(7 + 3 5) 2(7 ! 3 5)
45 + 21 5 45 ! 21 5 7+3 5
= = "
7+3 5 7!3 5 7+3 5
45 + 21 5 7!3 5 315 ! 12 5 ! 315
= " =
7+3 5 7!3 5 49 ! 45
315 ! 135 5 + 147 5 ! 315 !12 5
= =
49 ! 45 4
12 5 = !3 5
=
4
=3 5
1
m! = ±3 5
m

D;
u + uv + v = 10
u(1+ v) = 10 ! v
10 ! v
u=
1+ v
2
" 10 ! v % 2
$# 1+ v '& + v = 40
" 100 ! 20v + v 2 % 2

$ 2 ' = 40 ! v
# 1+ 2v + v &
( )(
100 ! 20v + v 2 = 40 ! v 2 1+ 2v + v 2 )
100 ! 20v + v 2 = 40 + 80v + 40v 2 ! v 2 ! 2v 3 ! v 4
v 4 + 2v 3 + v 2 ! 39v 2 ! 20v ! 80v + 100 ! 40 = 0
v 4 + 2v 3 ! 38v 2 ! 100v + 60 = 0
v =& 0.5 or v =& 6.3 since it is a positive real number.
Case 1: v =& 0.5

10 ! (0.5)
u=
1+ (0.5)
=& 6.3
Case 2: v =& 6.3
10 ! (6.3)
u=
1+ (6.3)
=& 0.5
u + v =& 6.3 + 0.5

=& 6.8
The closest integer value is 7.

Chapter 7 Section 5 Making Connections: Mathematical
Modelling With Exponential and Logarithmic
Equations
P = 1006(1.016)t
6500 = 1006(1.016)t
6500
= 1.016t
1006
! 6500 $
log # = t log1.016
" 1006 &%
! 6500 $
log #
" 1006 &%
t=
log1.016
t =& 117.5
1920 + 117.5 = 2037.5
The off-ramp should be built in approximately June of 2037.
1920 – 145.4 =& 1774.6

In approximately the year 1774 the town’s population was only 100.

a) i) P = 1006(1.016)t
P = 1006(1.016)100
=& 4920
The town’s population will be approximately 4920 in 100 years from 1920.
t
P = 1000 ! 2 43.5
100
P = 1000 ! 2 43.5
=& 4921
The town’s population will be approximately 4921 in 100 years from 1920.
ii) P = 1006(1.016)t
20 000 = 1006(1.016)t
20 000
= 1.016t
1006
! 20 000 $
log # = t log1.016
" 1006 &%
! 20 000 $
log #
" 1006 &%
t=
log1.016
t =& 188.4
It will take approximately 188.4 years for the town’s population to reach 20 000.
t
P = 1000 ! 2 43.5
t
20 000 = 1000 ! 2 43.5
t
20 = 2 43.5
t
log 20 = log 2 43.5
t
log 20 = log 2
43.5
t log 20
=
43.5 log 2
43.5log 20
t=
log 2
t =& 188
It will take approximately 188 years for the town’s population to reach 20 000.

Quite close. The differences are due to rounding in each method.


The town may decide that the Lakeland Savings Bond account is now more favourable since
Northern Equity will not be as flexible and the principle will mature to $80 000 slightly faster.

A = 50 000(1.0325)2t A = 50 000(1.005)12t
80 000 = 50 000(1.0325)2t 80 000 = 50 000(1.005)12t ! 0.01(50 000)
8 805
= 1.03252t = (1.005)12t
5 500
8 805
log = 2t log1.0325 log = 12t log1.005
5 500
8 805
log log
2t = 5 12t = 500
log1.0325 log1.005
8 805
log log
t= 5 t= 500
2 log1.0325 12 log1.005
t =& 7.35 t =& 7.96
Rural Ontario Investment Group takes a little less time to make $80 000 (7.35 years) so it could
be considered. Muskoka Guaranteed Certificate takes approximately the same amount of time as
the other options, so it doesn’t need to be considered.
increasing in a curved pattern

b) i)
y =& 4.21x – 3.07
ii)
y =& 0.86x2 – 0.93x + 1.2
iii)
y =& 1.37(1.65)x

Quadratic, since the circle is increasing in two dimensions.
d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.
i) y =& 1.37(1.65)10
=& 207.8
The oil spill is approximately 207.8 m2 after 10 min.

ii) A = !r2
2
" 30 %
=!$ '
# 2&
=& 706.9
y =& 1.37(1.65)t
706.9 =& 1.37(1.65)t
706.9
=& 1.65t
1.37
! 706.9 $
log # =& t log1.65
" 1.37 &%
! 706.9 $
log #
" 1.37 &%
t =&
log1.65
t =& 12.44
The spill will take approximately 12.44 min to reach a diameter of 30 m.
e) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The spill is in the shape of a circle since it is spreading equally in all directions.
a) A = P(1+ i) n
P = 1000
i = 0.08 ÷ 4
= 0.02
n = 4t
A = 1000(1.02)4t
b) A = 1000(1.02)16
=& 1372.79
The value of the investment will be approximately $1372.79 in 4 years.
c) 2 = (1.02)4t
log 2 = 4t log1.02
log 2
4t =
log1.02
log 2
t=
4 log1.02
t =& 8.75
The value of the investment will take approximately 8.75 years to double.

a) A = 1000(1.02)4t ! 1000(0.05)
A = 1000(1.02)4t ! 50,for t < 4
b) Translates the graph down 50 units.
a, b)
Time (min) Temperature (°C)
0 100
2 90
4 85
6 81
8 78
10 74
12 71
14 68
16 66
18 64
20 62
c)
d)
e) I would use the exponential model because the quadratic model may work well with these
data, but it will eventually start increasing, which the data will not.

f) 40 = 94.54(0.978)t 30 = 94.54(0.978)t 0 = 94.54(0.978)t
40 30 0
log = log(0.978)t log = log(0.978)t log = log(0.978)t
94.54 94.54 94.54
40 30 0
log = t log 0.978 log = t log 0.978 log = t log 0.978
94.54 94.54 94.54
40 30 0
log log log
t= 94.54 t= 94.54 t= 94.54
log 0.978 log 0.978 log 0.978
t =& 38.7 t =& 51.6 t !is!undefined
This makes sense because the water cannot cool less than room temperature.
"I %
a) 150 ! 120 = 10 log $ 2 '
# I1 &
"I %
30 = 10 log $ 2 '
# I1 &
"I %
3 = log $ 2 '
# I1 &
I2
103 =
I1
I2
1000 =
I1
The ratio of the intensities is 1000. Rocco’s signal needs to be boosted to match Biff’s sound
level.
1
b) 1000 ÷ = 1000 ! 10 000
10 000
= 10 000 000
= 107
The sound crew should reduce the drums by a factor of 107.

a), b) Data on carbon-dating that gives the approximate age of piece of organic material, and
the ratio of the current amount of carbon-14 to the expected original amount.
Age (years) Carbon-14 Ratio

750 0.91
1000 0.88
2400 0.74
2850 0.70
4000 0.61
7500 0.39
8200 0.36
c)
d) Knowing that carbon dating involves a half-life, the exponential regression is the best.

e) How old is bone that contains 10% of its original carbon-14?
Solution:
0.1 = 0.999!122(0.999!875)t
0.1
log = log 0.999!875 t
0.999!122
0.1
log = t log 0.999!875
0.999!122
0.1
log
t= 0.999!122
log 0.999!875
t =& 18!412.5
The bone is about 5545 years old.
Using the formula from the exponential regression, determine the half-life of carbon-14.
Solution:
t
! 1$ h
#" &% = 0.999!875
t
2
t
! 1$ h
log # & = log 0.999!875 t
" 2%
t ! 1$
log # & = t log 0.999!875
h " 2%
! 1$
t log # &
" 2%
h=
t log 0.999!875
! 1$
log # &
" 2%
h=
log 0.999!875
h =& 5545
The half-life is about 5545 years.

a), b) Data on bacteria in a petri dish over several days.
Day Bacteria (thousands)

1 2.8
2 7.2
3 17.6
4 40.0
5 78.6
6 125.2
7 162.8
8 183.8
9 193.4
10 197.4
c)
d) The logistic curve models the data almost perfectly.

e) How many bacteria will there be after two weeks?
Solution:
200
y=
1 + 181e!0.953x
200
y=
1 + 181e!0.953(14 )
y =& 199.9
There will be about 199 900 bacteria.
After how many days did the bacteria population reach 100 000?
Solution:
200
100 =
1 + 181e!0.953x
200
1 + 181e!0.953x =
100
2 !1
e!0.953x =
181
1
log e!0.953x = log
181
1
!0.953x log e = log
181
1
log
x=! 181
0.953log e
x =& 5.45
The population reached 100 000 just before 5.5 days.
The data is constantly curving, so a piecewise linear would not be the best option.
If there were more data about the end behaviour, it might be possible to approximate the data
using two almost horizontal function (especially since the data is levelling off towards y = 200),
with a steep linear function in the middle.

1 1 1 1
downhill rate = x uphill = h level = h downhill = h average = h
16 24 x 24
! 1 1 1$ 1
#" 16 + 24 + x &% ÷ 3 = 24 average
1 1 1 1
+ + =
48 72 3x 24
1 6 3 2
= ' '
3x 144 144 144
1 1
=
3x 144
3x = 144
x = 48
She would have to travel 48 km/h downhill in order for her average to be 24 km/h for the entire
route.
(–1, 1) (1, 1)
1
(
A = r 2 ! " sin !
2
)
2 *$ $ # '-
#'
A=
1
2 ( )
2 ,& ) " sin & )/
+% 2 ( % 2 (.
1 *# -
A= ()
2 , "1/
2 +2 .
#
A = "1
2

z
xy =
4
z = 4xy
increase x by 50% (1 + 0.5)
decrease y by 25% (1 – 0.25)
z = 4(1.5x)(0.75y)
z = 4(1.125xy)
z is increased by 12.5%.

Chapter 7 Review
Chapter 7 Review Question 1 Page 408
5
1 ! 1$
3 1 !2 5
a) 4 b) 4 c) =4 d) (2) = # 4 2 &
42 " %
5
= 42
a) 5x = 20 b) 5x = 0.8
x log5 = log 20 x log5 = log 0.8
log 20 log 0.8
x= x=
log5 log5
log 20 log 0.8
5 log 5
= 20 5 log 5
= 0.8
( ) (2 ) ( )
x !1 2x +1 x !3
a) 35x = 33 b) 3
= 25
35x = 33x !3 26x +3 = 25x !15
5x = 3x ! 3 6x + 3 = 5x ! 15
2x = !3 x = !18
3
x=!
2
Check a):

Check b):
1.6
! 1$ h
a) 40 = 50 # &
" 2%
1.6
4 ! 1$ h
=
5 #" 2 &%
4 1.6 1
log = log
5 h 2
4
1.6 log 5
=
h 1
log
2
1
1.6 log
h= 2
4
log
5
h =& 5
The half-life of cobalt-60 is approximately 5 min.

t
! 1$ 5
b) 0.05 = # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.05 = log
5 2
t log 0.05
=
5 1
log
2
5log 0.05
t=
1
log
2
t =& 21.6
It takes approximately 21.6 min for the sample to decay to 5% of its initial amount.
a) log 3x ! 2 = log5x b) log 2 k ! 2 = log 3k +1

(x ! 2) log 3 = x log5 (k ! 2) log 2 = (k + 1) log 3
x log 3 ! 2 log 3 = x log5 k log 2 ! 2 log 2 = k log 3 + log 3
x log 3 ! x log5 = 2 log 3 k log 2 ! k log 3 = 2 log 2 + log 3
x(log 3 ! log5) = 2 log 3 k(log 2 ! log 3) = 2 log 2 + log 3
2 log 3 2 log 2 + log 3
x= k=
log 3 ! log5 log 2 ! log 3

a) x =& –4.301 k =& –6.129
b) 3x – 2 = 5x
2k – 2 = 5k + 1

a) (4x)2 – 4x – 20 = 0
a = 1, b = –1, c = –20
!(!1) ± (!1)2 ! 4(1)(!20)
4x =
2(1)
1 ± 81
4x =
2
1 ± 9
4x =
2
x
4 =5 or 4 x = !4 extraneous root since the base is negative
x log 4 = log5
log5
x=
log 4
b) 2 x (2 x ) + 12(2! x )(2 x ) ! 7(2 x ) = 0
( 2 ) ! 7 ( 2 ) + 12 = 0
2
x x
(2 x ! 4)(2 x ! 3) = 0
2x = 4 or 2x = 3
2 x = 22 x log 2 = log 3
log 3
x=2 x=
log 2
1 t
! 1$ h 1 2.5
a) 1516 = 2000 # & b) 0.10 =&
" 2% 2
1 t 1
1h log 0.10 =& log
0.758 = 2.5 2
2 t log 0.10
1 1 =&
log 0.758 = log 2.5 1
h 2 log
2
1 log 0.758 2.5log 0.10
= t =&
h 1 1
log log
2 2
1 t =& 8.3
log
h= 2
log 0.758
h =& 2.5
The half-life is approximately 2.5 years. It will take approximately 8.3 years to
depreciate to 10% of its purchase price.

! 128 $
a) log 6 (8 ! 27) = log 6 216 b) log 4 # = log 4 16
" 8 &%
=3
=2
c) log 22 + log52 = log 4 + log 25 d) log 32 + log12.5 = log 9 + log12.5

= log(4 ! 25) = log(9 ! 12.5)
= log100 = log112.5
=2 =& 2.05
" 8 ! 4%
a) log 7 $ = log 7 2
# 16 '&
! 3a 2 b $
b) log a2 + log(3b) – log c = log # & , a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
" c %
a) log a2 + log b + log c = 2 log a + log b + log c, a > 0, b > 0, c > 0

1
b) log k ! log m = log k ! log m 2
1
= log k ! log m, k > 0, m > 0
2
" 2m + 6 % " 2(m + 3) %

a) log $ 2 ' = log $
# m !9& # (m ! 3)(m + 3) '&
" 2 %
= log $ ,m > 3
# m ! 3 '&
" x 2 + 2x ! 15 % " (x + 5)(x ! 3) %

b) log $ 2 ' = log $ (x ! 4)(x ! 3) '
# x ! 7x + 12 & # &
" x + 5%
= log $ , x > 4 or x < !5
# x ! 4 '&

a) log(2x + 10) = 2 b) 1! log(2x) = 0

2x + 10 = 102 1 = log(2x)
2x = 100 ! 10 101 = 2x
2x = 90 x=5
x = 45
log 2 !" x(x + 2) #$ = log 2 8

x 2 + 2x = 8
x 2 + 2x % 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x % 2) = 0
x=2
x = %4 is an extraneous root since it would
make log 2 x and log 2 (x + 2) undefined.

! log 0.2 $
a) t = 5 #
" log 0.5 &%
=& 11.6
It takes approximately 11.6 h for the caffeine to drop to 20%.
! log P $
b) 3 = 5#
" log 0.5 &%
3 log P
=
5 log 0.5
3
log 0.5 = log P
5
3
log 0.5 5 = log P
3
P = 0.55
P =& 0.66
Approximately 66% of the caffeine will remain in the body at noon.
0.066
a) P = 500, i = , n = 2t
2
= 0.033
A = P(1 + i)n
= 500(1+ 0.033)2t
= 500(1.033)2t
b) A = 500(1.033)10
=& 691.79
The investment is worth $691.79 after 5 years.
c) 2 = (1.033)2t
log 2 = 2t log1.033
log 2
2t =
log1.033
log 2
t=
2 log1.033
t =& 10.67
It will take approximately 10.67 years for the investment to double.

d) i) A = 500(1.033)2t + 500(0.01)
A = 500(1.033)2t + 5, t > 3
The graph would be the same shape translated up 5 units.
ii) A = 1000(1.033)2t
The graph would be above the original function and increasing at a faster rate.
Chapter 7 Chapter Problem Wrap-Up
Solutions to the Chapter Problem Wrap-Up are provided in the Teacher’s Resource.

Chapter 7 Practice Test
Chapter 7 Practice Test Question 1 Page 410
The correct solution is C.
( )
3
23 2
= 22
The correct solution is A.
( )
x
2 x +1 = 22
2 x +1 = 22x
x + 1 = 2x
x =1
The correct solution is D.
The sum of the logarithms equals the logarithm of the product.
The correct solution is C.
" 5 ! 10 %
log 2 $ = log 2 2
# 25 '&
=1
" %
$ 6 ! 4' " 3%
log 3 $ ' = log 3 $ 24 ! '
$ 8 ' # 8&
# 3 &
= log 3 9
=2

(2 ) ( ) ( )
x+2 2x !1 x!4
3
a) = 22 b) 3x = 34
23x +6 = 24x ! 2 3x = 34x !16
3x + 6 = 4x ! 2 x = 4x ! 16
4x ! 3x = 6 + 2 4x ! x = 16
x=8 3x = 16
16
x=
3
c) 1 = log(x + 5) ! log 2 d) log8 ! log(x ! 2) = 1

" x + 5% " 8 %
log10 = log $ log $ = log10
# 2 '& # x ! 2 '&
x+5 8
10 = = 10
2 x!2
20 = x + 5 8 = 10x ! 20
x = 15 10x = 28
x = 2.8
a)

b)
c)

d)
a) log (x + 1) = 5 log x – 2
b) x =& 3.37, from the graph
c) log(x + 1) = 5log x ! 2
2 = 5log x ! log(x + 1)
log100 = log x 5 ! log(x + 1)
" x5 %
log100 = log $ '
# x + 1&
x5
100 =
x +1
100x + 100 = x 5
x 5 ! 100x ! 100 = 0
Since x =& 3.37 is the only value where log (x + 1) and log x are defined, it is the solution.
The other values are extraneous roots.

10
! 1$ h
a) 41 = 50 # &
" 2%
10
1h
0.82 =
2
10 1
log 0.82 = log
h 2
10 log 0.82
=
h 1
log
2
1
10 log
h= 2
log 0.82
h =& 35
The half-life is approximately 35 min.
t
! 1 $ 35
b) 0.01 = # &
" 2%
t 1
log 0.01 = log
35 2
t log 0.01
=
35 1
log
2
35log 0.01
t=
1
log
2
t =& 232.5
It will take approximately 232.5 min (approximately 3 h, 52 min, and 30 s) for the material to
decay to 1% of its initial amount.

33
! 1$ h
0.10 = # &
" 2%
33 1
log 0.10 = log
h 2
33 log 0.10
=
h 1
log
2
1
33log
h= 2
log 0.10
h =& 9.9
The half-life is approximately 9.9 min.
a) log(x ! 1)2 = log(x + 1)

(x ! 1)2 = x + 1
x 2 ! 2x + 1! x ! 1 = 0
x 2 ! 3x = 0
x(x ! 3) = 0
x=3
x = 0 is an extraneous root since log(x ! 1)
would be undefined
b)


Yes, a quadratic curve of best fit could be drawn through the points since the points are
nearly the shape of a quadratic.

Yes, an exponential curve of best fit could be drawn through the points since they follow the
shape of an exponential equation.

i) population of a bacteria culture over time
ii) surface area affected by an oil spill over time
a)
b)
y =& 0.17x2 – 5.34x + 97.93
c)
y =& 95.67(0.96)x
d) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The exponential model is better for predicting values for x > 15.74. The quadratic model
gives increasing values, which is not realistic.

e) i) y =& 95.67(0.96)15
y =& 49.6
The tea is approximately 49.6°C after 15 min.
ii) (
38 =& 95.67 0.96 ) x
0.40 =& 0.96 x

log 0.40 =& x log 0.96
log 0.40
x =&
log 0.96
x =& 21.1
It would take approximately 21.1 min for the tea to reach 38°C.
f) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

The temperature of the room was constant.

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Chapter 7 Tools and Strategies for Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills

Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills Question 1 Page 362

Using the product law:

e) 5q2r f) v3w4 g) 4ab4

Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills Question 2 Page 362

Using the quotient law:

Using the product law then the quotient law:

Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills Question 3 Page 362

Using the power law:

e) 8w6 f) a2b8 g) rs6

Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills Question 4 Page 362

b) (–27k3m9)(4k6 m4) = –108k9m13, product and power laws

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 660

a) (x + 6)(x ! 4) = 0 b) 2m2 ! 9m + 10 = 0 c) (2a ! 1)(2a + 7) = 0

Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills Question 6 Page 362

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 661

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 662

d) log5 (52 )2 = log5 54 e) log 2 (25 )2 = log 2 210 f) log 3 34 = 4

Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills Question 9 Page 363

log17 log 3 log8

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 663

a) t log5 = log 4 b) 2t log1.2 = log1.6 c) t log 7 = log 2

g) t log 2 = log 9 h) 3t log 2 = log15

Chapter 7 Prerequisite Skills Question 11 Page 363

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 664

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 1 Page 368

a) (22)6 = 212 b) (23)3 = 29

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 2 Page 368

a) (33)2 = 36 b) (3–1)4 = 3–4

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 3 Page 368

a) Answers may vary. A sample solution is 44.

b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is 162.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 665

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 5 Page 368

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 666

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 6 Page 368

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 667

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 7 Page 368

c) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 668

a) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

c) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 9 Page 368

a) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 669

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 670

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 12 Page 368

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 13 Page 368

Since both sides are equal, a = b log b

Chapter 7 Section 1 Question 14 Page 369

Solutions to Achievement Check questions are provided in the Teacher’s Resource.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 671

b) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

181.02 > 128

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 672

5.4 × 10–16 < 1.8 × 10–16

c) Answers may vary. A sample solution is shown.

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 673

2x > x3 for x > 9.94 (correct to 2 decimal places)

MHR • Advanced Functions 12 Solutions 674