Professional Documents
Culture Documents
An Illustrated Tutorial of Musculoskeletal Sonography Part 2, Upper - Extremity
An Illustrated Tutorial of Musculoskeletal Sonography Part 2, Upper - Extremity
A B
A B
Fig. 2.—54-year-old woman with rotator cuff tear.
A and B, Longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) sonograms of supraspinatus tendon reveal full-thickness tear, confirmed at surgery. Several secondary signs of full-thickness
rotator cuff tear are present including cortical irregularity (solid arrow) of tuberosity adjacent to tendon tear, volume loss (double arrow), subacromial–subdeltoid bursal
contour deformity and flattening (open arrows), and subdeltoid bursal distention (arrowhead). l = lateral, m = medial, a = anterior, p = posterior.
A B
Fig. 4.—67-year-old man with partial-thickness rotator cuff tear.
A and B, Longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) sonograms of supraspinatus tendon show discrete bursal surface defect (black arrows) representing partial-thickness tear
with intact articular surface fibers present (white arrows). l = lateral, m = medial, a = anterior, p = posterior.
Fig. 5.—51-year-old man with supraspinatus tendinosis. Longitudinal sonogram of su- Fig. 6.—37-year-old woman with calcific tendinitis. Longitudinal sonogram of su-
praspinatus tendon shows diffuse thickening and heterogeneity (white arrows) with- praspinatus tendon reveals large irregular hyperechoic foci (black arrows) with associ-
out discrete defect, consistent with diffuse tendinosis. Note small region of relatively ated distal shadowing (white arrows), along with several smaller lesions, representing
spared normal fibrillar pattern of tendon (black arrows). m = medial, l = lateral. intrasubstance calcifications. Tendon is also focally thickened. m = medial, l = lateral.
Fig. 8.—66-year-old man with left glenohumeral joint loose bodies. Fig. 9.—42-year-old man with pain and weakness of left shoulder. Transverse sonogram of an-
Transverse sonogram of anterior shoulder reveals several small terior left shoulder shows dislocation of long head of biceps tendon (arrows) medially out of
echogenic foci (arrowheads) medial to intraarticular portion of bi- bicipital groove (arrowheads). Subscapularis tendon was torn on sonographic examination.
ceps tendon (arrows), floating within joint effusion. Echogenic foci Findings were confirmed at surgery. L = lesser tuberosity.
were mobile on real-time dynamic imaging, confirming presence of
loose bodies.
nation. The tomographic nature of sonography will be distended by hypoechoic to anechoic The distal triceps tendon insertion onto
allows imaging in multiple planes to optimally fluid displacing the fat pads, seen best in the the posterior olecranon is well visualized
reveal a subtle cortical disruption representing a posterior recess with the elbow flexed (Fig. with sonography; however, the distal biceps
minimally displaced fracture, most commonly 14). When there is clinical concern for septic tendon insertion onto the radial tuberosity is
involving the greater tuberosity [10] (Fig. 12). arthritis, sonographically guided aspiration of more difficult to consistently visualize [11].
Direct correlation to patient symptomatology the joint fluid can be performed [1]. Directed inspection of these structures can
with transducer pressure is helpful. A Hill-Sachs Inflammation of the olecranon bursa is a reveal injuries ranging from strains to com-
lesion can be evaluated with sonography in the common condition that can be confused with plete rupture (Fig. 16).
setting of anterior shoulder dislocation (Fig. 13). other sources of elbow pain. Characteristic With epicondylitis, there is thickening and
findings of olecranon bursitis include hypo- hypoechogenicity of the tendon at the attach-
Elbow echoic distention of the olecranon bursa with ment on the epicondyle [1]. Calcification
Sonography is sensitive for the detection of increased power Doppler sonography flow, within the tendon can indicate chronic injury
a joint effusion in the elbow. The joint capsule typically in a rimlike fashion (Fig. 15). and should be correlated with radiologic find-
B C
A B
Fig. 12.—36-year-old man with occult greater tuberosity fracture after trauma.
A and B, Longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) sonograms of right shoulder reveal cortical disruption of greater tuberosity (arrows) at supraspinatus insertion. Fracture was
not identified on radiographs obtained a week before sonographic examination. l = lateral, m = medial, a = anterior, p = posterior.
A B
Fig. 15.—47-year-old man with right elbow olecranon bursitis.
A, Longitudinal sonogram of elbow superficial to olecranon process (O) shows marked thickening of soft tissues with irregular anechoic fluid collection (arrows) repre-
senting distended olecranon bursa. Note dorsal cortex of olecranon (arrowheads). p = proximal, d = distal.
B, Longitudinal sonogram with power Doppler sonography shows increased flow in synovium around periphery, consistent with olecranon (O). Arrows indicate bursal fluid
collection; arrowheads indicate dorsal cortex of olecranon.
A B
Fig. 16.—20-year-old woman with partial triceps muscle tear.
A and B, Longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) sonograms of distal triceps muscle near musculotendinous junction show discrete defect involving long head of triceps mus-
cle, representing tear (arrows). p = proximal, d = distal, m = medial, l = lateral.
Fig. 18.—73-year-old man with enlarged epitrochlear lymph nodes. Longitudi- Fig. 19.—48-year-old woman with nontender palpable mass involving snuff box region
nal sonogram of medial elbow shows several ovoid masses representing en- of her hand. Longitudinal sonogram of thumb revealed superficial simple cystic lesion
larged epitrochlear lymph nodes (arrows) from nonspecific cause. (arrows) adjacent to extensor pollucis longus tendon (arrowheads) representing gan-
Sonographically guided core biopsy was performed that did not reveal malig- glion cyst. p = proximal, d = distal.
nancy or infection. p = proximal, d = distal.
ings. Tenderness with transducer pressure is a pect of the distal humerus, in a groove adjacent a hypoechoic to anechoic well-defined struc-
helpful secondary finding. Integrity of collat- to the medial epicondyle. Cubital tunnel syn- ture with posterior acoustic enhancement con-
eral ligaments in the elbow, particularly the drome is a result of inflammation of the ulnar sistent with a cystic lesion [13] (Fig. 19).
ulnar collateral ligament, is also accessible to nerve manifested by an enlarged, hypoechoic Tenosynovitis appears as tendon sheath dis-
sonographic examination [1] (Fig. 17). appearance on sonography. Dynamic imaging tention from fluid and thickened synovium. In-
Enlargement of the lymph nodes can be can reveal intermittent subluxation of the ulnar creased flow on power Doppler sonography
revealed sonographically. Cat-scratch dis- nerve, a cause of ulnar neuritis [12]. indicates synovial inflammation (Fig. 20). Coex-
ease classically involves the medial epitroch- isting tendinosis or tendon tear may be present.
lear lymph nodes of the elbow after a Hand and Wrist
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a peripheral neur-
superficial wound inflicted by a cat’s claw Ganglion cysts represent the most common opathy frequently related to occupational causes.
(Fig. 18). Reactive lymph nodes maintain a soft-tissue mass in the hand and wrist and are Compression of the median nerve may result in
kidney bean shape with a typical echogenic generally attached to tendon sheaths, muscles, neuropathy with pain and paresthesias in a typi-
central region related to multiple interfaces. or cartilage. Unlike synovial cysts, ganglia do cal distribution. Sonographically, carpal tunnel
The ulnar nerve is normally positioned in not have a synovial lining and infrequently syndrome appears as enlargement and hypo-
the cubital tunnel along the posteromedial as- communicate with a joint. Sonography reveals echogenicity of the median nerve [14] (Fig. 21).
A B
Fig. 20.—28-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosis and swollen, painful left index finger.
A, Transverse sonogram of flexor compartment of index finger adjacent to middle phalynx cortex (white arrows) shows hypoechoic distention of tendon sheath (black ar-
rows) and slight heterogeneity of flexor tendon (arrowheads).
B, Transverse power Doppler sonogram reveals peripheral pattern of increased flow consistent with tenosynovitis.
References 5. van Holsbeeck MT, Kolowich PA, Eyler WR, et 10. Patten RM, Mack LA, Wang KY, Lingel J.
1. Jacobson JA, van Holsbeeck MT. Musculoskele- al. US depiction of partial-thickness tear of the Nondisplaced fractures of the greater tuberos-
tal ultrasonography. Orthop Clin North Am 1998; rotator cuff. Radiology 1995;197:443–446 ity of the humerus: sonographic detection. Ra-
29:135–167 6. Farin PU, Jaroma K. Sonographic findings of rotator diology 1992;182:201–204
2. Wiener SN, Seitz WH. Sonography of the shoul- cuff calcifications. J Ultrasound Med 1995; 14:7–14 11. Lozano V, Alonso P. Sonographic detection of the
der in patients with tears of the rotator cuff: accu- 7. Farin PU, Jaroma H, Harju A, Soimakallio S. Medial distal biceps tendon rupture. J Ultrasound Med
racy and value of selecting surgical options. AJR displacement of the biceps brachii tendon: evaluation 1995;14:389–391
1993;160:103–107 12. Lin J, Fessell DP, Jacobson JA, Weadock WJ,
with dynamic sonography during maximal external
3. Hollister MS, Mack LA, Patten RM, Winter TC, Mat- Hayes CW. An illustrated tutorial of musculoskel-
shoulder rotation. Radiology 1995;195:845–848
sen FA, Veith RR. Association of sonographically de- etal sonography. 1. Introduction and general prin-
8. Ptasznik R, Hennessy O. Abnormalities of the bi- ciples. AJR 2000;175:637–645
tected subacromial/subdeltoid bursal effusion and
intraarticular fluid with rotator cuff tear. AJR 1995; ceps tendon of the shoulder: sonographic find- 13. Bianchi S, Abdelwahab IF, Zwass A, Giacomello
165:605–608 ings. AJR 1995;164:409–414 P. Ultrasonographic evaluation of wrist ganglia.
4. Wohlwend JR, van Holsbeeck M, Craig J, et al. 9. Hashimoto BE, Hayes AS, Ager JD. Sonographic Skeletal Radiol 1994;23:201–203
The association between irregular greater tuber- diagnosis and treatment of ganglion cysts causing 14. Duncun I, Sullivan P, Lomas F. Sonography in the
osities and rotator cuff tears: a sonographic study. suprascapular nerve entrapment. J Ultrasound diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. AJR 1999;
AJR 1998;171:229–233 Med 1994;13:671–674 173:681–684