Constants and formulas

N A = 6.022 ×1023 mol −1 kB = 1.381×10−23 J ⋅ K −1 F = 96,485 C ⋅ mol −1

R = 8.314 J ⋅ K −1 ⋅ mol −1 = 8.206 ×10−2 L ⋅ atm ⋅ K −1 ⋅ mol −1 = 8.314 ×10−2 L ⋅ bar ⋅ K −1 ⋅ mol −1
1 L ⋅ atm = 101.325 J 0 oC = 273.15 K 1 C ⋅V =1 J
€ 3 € 5 €
CV , m = R CV , m = R CV , m
= 3R
€ 2 2
€ € € V2
ΔU = q + w w = −PΔV w = −nRT ln
V1
q = CΔT CP, m = CV , m + R € ΔH = ΔU + RTΔn
€ €
€ ΔH o = ΣnΔH fo ( P ) − ΣnΔH fo€
( R) ΔH = ΣnΔH B ( R) − ΣnΔH B ( P )
€
q T2 V2
€ ΔS = rev € ΔS = C ln € ΔS = nR ln
T T1 V1
P €
€ ΔS = nR ln 1 S = kB lnW ΔS o = ΣnΔSmo ( P ) − ΣnΔSmo ( R)
P2
€ ΔG = ΔH − TΔS € ΔG o = ΣnΔG fo ( P ) − ΣnΔG fo (€R) ΔG = −nFE
nFE o nE o
ΔG o = −RT ln K € ΔG = ΔG o + RT ln Q € ln K = =
€ RT 0.025693 V
€ RT 0.025693 V 0.05917 V €
E = Eo −
nF
ln Q = E o − €
n
ln Q = E o −
n
logQ pH = − log H + [ ]
€ € 1 1
[ A] = [ A] − kt ln [ A] = ln [ A] − kt € = + kt
o o
[ A] [ A]o
€ ln 2 −
Ea € k1 Ea ⎛ 1 1⎞
t1/ 2 = k = Ae RT
ln = ⎜ − ⎟
k k2 R ⎝ T2 T1⎠
€ €
Cs, H 2O(l ) = 4.184 J ⋅ o C −1 ⋅ g −1 Cs, H 2O(s ) = 2.03 J ⋅ o C −1 ⋅ g −1 € Cs, H 2O(g ) = 2.01 J ⋅ o C −1 ⋅ g −1
Cm, H 2O(l ) = 75.29 J ⋅ K −1 ⋅ mol€−1 Cm, H 2O(s ) = 37 J ⋅ K −1 ⋅ mol −1 Cs, Ni = 0.445 J ⋅ o C −1 ⋅ g −1
€ €
ΔH fus, H 2O = 6.01 kJ ⋅ mol −1 ΔH vap, H 2O = 40.7 kJ ⋅ mol −1
€ € €
( )
ΔH fo CO2( g ) = −393.5 kJ ⋅ mol −1 ( )
ΔH fo H(+aq ) = 20 kJ ⋅ mol −1
€
€ €
€
( )
ΔH fo H2O( l) = −285.8 kJ ⋅ mol −1
€
( )
ΔH fo NH3( g ) = −45.9 kJ ⋅ mol −1

€
( )
ΔH fo N 2 H 4( l) = 50.6 kJ ⋅ mol −1
€
ΔH (OH( ) ) = −239.99 kJ ⋅ mol
o
f
−
aq
−1

€
( )
Smo NH3( g ) = 192.8 J ⋅ K −1 ⋅ mol −1
€
S ( N H ( ) ) = 121.2 J ⋅ K ⋅ mol
o
m 2 4 l
−1 −1

€
( )
ΔG fo CO2( g ) = −394.4 kJ ⋅ mol −1
€
ΔG ( H( ) ) = 0 kJ ⋅ mol
o
f
+
aq
−1

ΔG ( H O( ) ) = −237.1 kJ ⋅ mol
o
f 2 l
−1
ΔG ( NH ( ) ) = −16.4 kJ ⋅ mol
o
f 3 g
−1

€ €
ΔG ( N H ( ) ) = 149.3 kJ ⋅ mol
o
f 2 4 l
−1
ΔG (OH( ) ) = −10.75 kJ ⋅ mol
o
f
−
aq
−1

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€ €

€ €
 Bond enthalpy (kJ⋅mol–1)
H– C– C= C≡ N– N= N≡ O– O= F– Cl– Br– I–
H 436 413 391 463 563 432 366 299
C 413 348 615 812 292 615 891 351 728 441 328 276 240
N 391 292 615 891 161 418 945 176 607 270 200 240 159
O 463 351 728 176 607 139 498 185 203 210 220
S 339 259 477 265 469 284 255 217 170
F 563 441 270 185 157 253 249 278
Cl 432 328 200 203 253 243 216 208
Br 366 276 240 210 249 216 192 175
I 299 240 159 220 278 208 175 151

Ag + + e− → Ag E o = +0.80 V Mn 2+ + 2e− → Mn E o = −1.185 V

Cd 2+ + 2e− → Cd E o = −0.403 V Ni 2+ + 2e− → Ni E o = −0.257 V
Co3+ + e− → Co2+ E o = +1.92 V PbI2 + 2e → Pb + 2I
− −
E o = −0.37 V
€ Fe2+ + 2e− → Fe € E o = −0.447 V € Ru 2+ + 2e− → Ru € E o = +0.455 V
€ Fe3+ + e− → Fe2+ € E o = +0.77 V € Sn 4+ + 2e− → Sn 2+ € E o = +0.151 V
€ Hg22+ + 2e− → 2Hg € E o = +0.80 V WO3 + 6H + 6e →W
+ −
€ + 3H2O
€
€ In 3+ + 3e− → In € E o = −0.338 V € € E o = −0.09 V
−
€ In (OH ) 4 + 3e− → In€+ 4OH − E o = −1.01 V € Zn 2+ + 2e− → Zn € E o = −0.76 V
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