MIDTERM REVIEWER

BASIC MAP READING

DEFINITION OF MAP
• A graphic representation of the earth’s surface or part of it, drawn into scale as seen
from above.
• It uses colors, symbols, and labels to represent features found on the ground.
• Map reading on the other hand is the knowledge and skills necessary to interpret correctly
and efficiently map information. The number one rule of map reading is to read right up.

CATEGORIES OF MAPS
Types of Maps 
• SCALE - the ratio or fraction between the distance on a map and the corresponding
distance on the surface of the earth
• TYPE - Map categorized according to its purpose or the manner it was made. Maps
produced by other government agencies or civilian entities
Scale 
1. SMALL SCALE - 1:1,000,000 & SMALLER
• used for general planning and for strategic studies
• standard SMALL-scale map is 1:1,000,000.
2. MEDIUM SCALE – 1:75,000-1:1,000,000
• used for operational planning
• standard medium-scale map is 1:250,000.
3. LARGE SCALE - 1:75,000 & LARGER
• used for tactical, administrative, and logistical planning
• STANDARD LARGE-SCALE IS 1:50,000
Types of Maps 
• Planimetric map
• Topographic map
• Photomap  
• Joint operations graphics 
 • Photomosaic map
• Terrain model
• Military city map 
• Special maps

MARGINAL INFORMATION
• Adjoining Sheet Diagram
 Maps of all standard scales contain a diagram that illustrates the adjoining
sheets. All represented sheets are identified by their sheets numbers.
• Elevation Guide  
 This normally found in the lower right margin. It is a miniature characterization
of the terrain shown. The terrain is represented by bands of elevation, spot
elevations, and major drainage features. It elevation guide provides guide the
map reader with a means of rapid recognition of major landforms.
• Declination Diagram
  This is located in the lower margin of large-scale maps and indicates the angular
relationship of true north , grid north and magnetic north.

• Bar Scale  
 These are located in the center of the lower margin. They are rulers used to
convert map distance to ground distance. Maps have three or more bar scales,
each in a different unit of measure. Care should be exercised when using the
scales, specially in the selection of the unit of measure that is needed.

• Contour Interval Note  

 The contour interval note is found in the center of the lower margin normally
below the bar scales. It states the vertical distance between adjacent contour
lines of the map. When supplementary contours are used, the interval is
indicated. In recent edition maps, the contour interval is given in meters instead
of feet.
• Spheroid Note
  The spheroid note is located in the center of the lower margin. Spheriods
(ellipsoids) have specific parameters that define the X Y Z axis of the earth. The
spheriod is an integral part of the datum.
• Projection Note
 The projection system is the framework of the map. For military maps, this
framework is of the conformal type; that is, small areas of the surface of the
earth retain their true shapes on the projection; measured angles closely
approximate true values; and the scale factor is the same in all directions from a
point. The projection note is located in the center of the lower margin.
• Legend
 The legend is located in the lower left margin. It illustrates and identifies the
topographic symbols used to depict some of the more prominent features on the
map. The symbols are not always the same on every map.

COLORS USED ON A MILITARY MAP

• Black – man-made objects
• Blue – drainage/bodies of water
• Brown – relief & elevation
• Green –vegetation
• Red – roads, built-up areas and special features
• Reddish-Brown – cultural features, all relief features and elevation

INTRODUCTION TO SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

a. Signal Communication – is a method, means or a combination of conveying information
from one person or place to another except direct conversation.
b. Means of Signal Communication – is a medium by which information is conveyed from
one person or place to another.
c. Agency of Signal Communication – is a facility which embraces the personnel and
equipment necessary to provide signal communication by any means or a combination
thereof.
SIGNAL COMMUNICATION RESPONSIBILITY RELATIONSHIP
 a. Superior to Subordinate – This principles provides that the commander of a superior
unit is responsible for the installation, operation and maintenance of signal
communication to the subordinate units. Attached units are subordinate to the unit to
which attached and therefore the commander of the unit to which attached is
responsible for the installation, operation and maintenance of signal communications.
b. Supporting to Supported – The commander of a unit that is assigned a supporting
mission is responsible for the installation, operation, and maintenance of signal
communication to the supported unit.
c. Reinforcing to Reinforce – This principle holds true only for the artillery units for it is
only an artillery unit that can reinforce the fire of another unit, The commander of an
artillery unit is responsible for the installation, operation, and maintenance of signal
communication to reinforced artillery unit.
d. Lateral Communication – Normally, the responsibility for the establishment of
communication between adjacent units is fixed by next higher commander or may
established in the unit’s standing operating procedures. In the absence of specific orders
fixing this responsibility, the commander of the unit on the left is responsible for the
installation, operation and maintenance of signal communication to the unit on the
right.
e. Internal communication – Signal communication is command responsibility. It therefore
follows that the commander of a unit regardless of its size is responsible for the
installation, operation, and maintenance of all signal communication facilities that will
be needed by his command for internal control and command.
f. Maintenance – Effective maintenance requires the close coordination and joint
participation of all concerned. If communication is disrupted, its reestablishment is the
joint duty of all units affected. However, responsibility remains with the unit
commander who is responsible for the establishment of communication
MEANS OF SIGNAL COMMUNICATION
Physical Communication Means
1. Messenger – is the oldest and relatively most secure means of communication and may
be classified into special and scheduled messenger service.
2. Trained Animals – although the AFP does not use this means of communication, its use
is not precluded. This means it makes use of the ability of some animals to find their
way back from relatively extended distances and from strange places.
3. Mail – although this is considered as another means of physical communication, this is
not controlled by the communicators. In the AFP, the adjutant general and its equivalent
 entity in lower echelons are provided with the funds necessary to defray postal
expenses

Telecommunication Means
The word telecommunication is derived from the Greek combining form “tele” meaning
far; far off or broadly operating at a distance. Thus the word “telegraph” originally meant
simply communication from afar and then applied to all methods of communications across
distances such as semaphore telegraph of ancient times. Use of this word denotes an electrical
method of transmission is of comparatively recent origin. Similarly, the word
telecommunication includes but is not limited to electrical means. Sound and visual means of
communications similarly falls under this means.
1. Radio – is the most useful, fastest and versatile means of communication. It is
considered a principal means of communication hence enough radio sets are provided
to units to make rear communications available to unit commander and key staff
officers.
TYPE OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS
TYPE OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS
i. URC 773M
a. Frequency modulated (FM)
b. Transmission range 10km
c. Whip Antenna
d. Man Pack
e. Power Source 12VDC 24pcs BA 30

i. PRC 77
a. Frequency modulated (FM)
b. Transmission range 8km
c. Man Pack
d. Press to Talk
e. Power Source 12VDC 20pcs BA 30
 ii. URC 187
a. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
b. Transmission Range 40kms (sky wave propagation)
c. Dipole Antenna
d. Press to Talk
e. Power Source 12-24VDC 36pcs BA 30

2. Wire – is one of the principal means of communication and includes the use of field
wires, cables assemblies, wire laying and recovery equipment, sound powered and
battery operated telephones, digital and rotary telephones, switchboards,
teletypewriters, and associated equipments.
3. Sound – also supplementary means of communications that is available to all units.
Sound signals are transmitted by whistles, bugles, horns, gongs, weapons and other
noise making devices. They are used chiefly to attract attentions, transmit pre-arranged
messages and spread alarms.
4. Visual – this is a supplementary means of communication that is available to all units.
Visual signals in most units are generally limited to panels, arm - and-hand signals and
other pre-arranged signals as pyrotechnics and aircraft maneuvers.

BATTLE FORMATIONS
FIRE TEAM FORMATIONS
Wedge. The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team. The interval between
soldiers in the wedge formation is normally 10 meters. The wedge expands and contracts
depending on the terrain. When rough terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make control of
the wedge difficult, fire teams modify the wedge. The normal interval is reduced so that all
team members can still see their team leader and the team leaders can still their squad leader.
The sides of the wedge can contract to the point where the wedge resembles a single file.
When moving in less rugged terrain, where control is easier, soldiers expand or resume their
original positions.
SQUAD FORMATIONS
describe the relationships between fire teams in the squad. They include the squad column and
squad line.
 a. Squad Column. The squad column is the squad’s most common formation. It provides
good dispersion laterally and in depth without sacrificing control, and facilitates
maneuver. The lead fire team is the base fire team. When the squad moves
independently or as the rear element of the platoon, the rifleman in the rail fire team
provides rear security (Figure 2-7).
b. Squad Line. The squad line provides maximum firepower to the front (Figure 2-8). When
a squad is acting as the base squad, the fire team on the right is the base fire team.
c. Squad File. When not traveling in a column or line, squads travel in file. The squad file
has the same characteristics as the fire team file. If the squad leader desires to increase
his control over the formation, exert greater morale presence by leading from the front,
and be immediately available to make key decisions, he will move forward to the first or
second position. Additional control over the rear of the formation can be pro-vided by
moving a team Leader to the last position. (Figure 2-9.)

ACTIONS AT DANGER AREAS

A danger area is any place on a route where the leader’s estimate process tells him that
his platoon might be exposed to enemy observation, fire, or both. Platoons try to avoid danger
areas. If a platoon must cross a danger area, it does so with great caution and as quickly as
possible.
a. Types of Danger Areas. The following are some examples of danger areas and crossing
procedures.
1. Open areas. Conceal the platoon on the nearside and observe the area. Post
security to give early warning. Send an element across to clear the far side.
When cleared, cross the remainder of the platoon at the shortest exposed
distance and as quickly as possible.
2. Roads and trails. Cross roads or trails at or near a bend, a narrow spot, or on low
ground.
3. Villages. Pass villages on the downwind side and well away from them. Avoid
animals, especially dogs, which might reveal the presence of the platoon.
4. Enemy positions. Pass on the downwind side (the enemy might have scout dogs).
Be alert for trip wires and warning devices.
5. Animals can reveal the soldiers’/enemy’s position.
6. Minefields. Bypass minefields if at all possible, even if it requires changing the
route by a great distance. Clear a path through minefields only if necessary.
 7. Streams. Select a narrow spot in the stream that offers concealment on both
banks. Observe the far side carefully. Emplace near and far-side security for early
warning. Clear the far side, then cross rapidly but quietly.
8. Wire obstacles. Avoid wire obstacles (the enemy covers obstacles with
observation and fire).
b. Crossing of Danger Areas. When the platoon crosses a danger area independently or as
the lead clement of a larger force, it must —
a. Designate near- and far-side rally points.
b. Secure the near side (right, left flanks, and rear security).
c. Reconnoiter and secure the far side.
d. Execute crossing the danger area.
2. The platoon leader or squad leader decides how the unit will cross based on the
time he has, the size of the unit, the size of the danger area, the fields of fire into
the area, and the amount of security he can post. A small unit may cross all at
once, in buddy teams, or one soldier at a time.
3. A large unit normally crosses its elements one at a time. As each element
crosses, it moves to an overwatch position or to the far-side rally point until told
to continue movement.
c. Crossing of linear Danger Areas (Platoon). The platoon crosses the danger area in the
formation and location specified by the platoon leader. On the far side of the danger
area, platoon personnel and equipment are accounted for. The platoon continues the
mission. (Figure 2-27.)
1. When the lead team signals "danger area" (relayed throughout the platoon), the
platoon halts.
2. The platoon leader moves forward, confirms the danger area, and determines
what technique the platoon will use to cross. The platoon sergeant also moves
forward to the platoon leader.
3. The platoon leader informs all squad leaders of the situation and the near-side
and far-side rally points.
4. The platoon sergeant directs positioning of the near-side security (usually
conducted by the trail squad). These two security teams may follow him forward
when the platoon halts and a danger area signal is passed back.
 5. The platoon leader reconnoiters the danger area and selects the crossing point
that provides the best cover and concealment.
6. Near-side security observes to the flanks and overmatches the crossing.
7. When the near-side security is in place, the platoon leader directs the far-side
security team to cross the danger area.

INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT TECHNIQUE

DAY AND NIGHT TRAINING
DAY TRAINING
1. Factors to be considered in day movement
a. Terrain – suitable to fast movement and provide adequate security.
b. Security – use all available cover and concealment and provide good observation
points.
c. Knowledge in the use of camouflage and concealment
2. Techniques and Aids in Day Movement
a. Prepare and equip yourself.
b. Tape or pad any parts of your weapon or equipment that rattles or are so loose
that may snag, as you walk.
c. Wear soft, well-fitting clothes
d. Carry only prescribed and necessary equipment.
e. Move by bounds that is a short distance at a time, halt, listen, observe. Then
move again.
f. Change direction slightly from time to time when moving through tall grasses.
g. If you alarm birds and animals, remain in a position and observe briefly. Their
flight or movement may attract the enemy’s attention.
h. Follow the furrows as much as possible when crawling over a flowed field.
i. Cross roads and trails wherein there is the most cover and concealment.
3. Individual Movement
a. CRAWL – is a move close to ground to avoid being seen by the enemy.
 1. Two Types of Crawl
2. High Crawl
1. Cover and concealment are available in the area.
2. When poor visibility reduces enemy observation.
3. When speed is needed.
3. Low Crawl
1. Cover and concealment are scarce or few.
2. When visibility permits good enemy observations.
3. When speed is not needed.
Difference Between High Crawl and Low Crawl
1) High Crawl
• Body is kept free from the ground with weight resting on forearms
and lower legs.
• Move forward by alternately advancing the elbows and knees.
• Cradle rifle in your arms to keep muzzle.
2) Low Crawl
• Body rifle are flat to the ground.
• Drag rifle foe of the butt of the rifle with finger over the muzzle.
• Push arms forward and cocked left leg forward.
• Pull yourself with arms forward and push with left legs.
NIGHT TRAINING
Using your eyes effectively at night requires application of the following:
1. Principles of Night Vision
a. Dark adaptation – means allowing your eyes to become accustomed to low level
of illumination.
b. Off Center Vision – techniques in keeping your attention focused to an object
without locking directly at it.
c. Scanning – it using off center vision to observe an area or an object.
2. Techniques in Night Vision:
a. Avoid straining your eyes.
b. Sudden light destroys our sight vision
c. Adapt your seeing at night vision.
1. Human eye for night vision by staying in the dark for about one hour
before you go out.
2. Prepare your eyes for night vision by staying in the darkness for about
one hour before you go out.

3. Problem on Night Movement

a. Night Vision – adapt in seeing at night by enlarging the pupil in order to let in
more light. Keep cut of light around you and do not straight to light.
b. Appearance and sizes – darkness changes appearance and sizes of an object:
1) Tree look smaller because tips and twigs of branches cannot be seen. An
airplane caught by the beam of searching light looks large.
2) Night glasses make it possible to see the objective that would to small.
3) Light is visible at night ordinary condition for darkness.
4. Problem on Night Movement
a. Sound and Smell
1) Learn to identify, evaluate, and react to common battlefield noises and
the common sound in your area of operation. All of these sound like a
snap of twig, click of bolt, rattle of a canteen, the bark of a dog, the call
wind and domestic animals and fowls are information which may be
valuable to you. you can learn a lot by listening.
2) Sound can be heard better at night because there are fewer noises to
interfere, and night air carries sound better.
3) Sound can prevail your presence to the enemy. Suppress sneeze by
pressing up on your nostril with your finger.
4) Smells can help or endanger you. Odors from gasoline, cooking foods or
burning tobacco warn you of the enemy presence. Avoid the uses if
 shaving lotion, deodorant, hair oil and scented soap. Odors from these
may reveal your presence to the enemy.
5) Touch – learn to operate and adjust equipment by touch alone.
5. Concealment at Night
a. Darkness provides concealment at night.
b. Keep all light concealed
c. Take advantages of the blinding effects of the burst of light.
d. Use camouflage to hide yourself in darkness
e. Pay as much attention to background at night.
6. Rules for Night Movement:
a. Move by touching distance.
b. Be guided on prominent terrain features.
c. Move in the open as much a possible.
d. Take advantage of the sound
e. Do not run at night except when necessary.
f. Stop and listen frequently.
7. How to Move at Night
a. Walking at right
1) Keep weighing in one foot as you step
2) Feel the ground with your toe before stepping it down.
b. Hitting the ground at night. Going into prone position at night, crouch slowly and
both rifle under armpit and feet the ground with free hand.
c. Crawling at night – crawl on hand and knees. Then lay rifle on the ground by
your side. Keep hand on the spot and bring forward knees, it meets the hand.
With hands feel the ground for the knees. Then clear again next spot for other
knees to the same way and alternately and silently.
8. How to know position.
a. Always keep track on where you are and the direction to the other place in the
area.
 b. Use terrain features to keep direction at night.
c. Choose a route that can easily follow.
d. When moving at night, stop often.
e. Maps and compass are good aids in maintaining direction.
8. Security at Night
Darkness provides a great ideal of protection. Use these hints to gain greater security.
a. Know the challenge and passwords.
b. Use the buddy system – work with your buddy.
c. Proper use of the counter sign/call sign
9. Cover and Concealment
a. COVER – is natural or artificial protection from the fire of the enemy.
Types of Cover:
1) Natural (Ravines, hallows, reverse slopes big mound of earth)
2) Artificial (Fighting positions, trenches, walls)
b. CONCEALMENT – is natural or artificial protection from enemy observation
(shadows, foliage, thick bush, fog, the clouds and even the strong rain are
included)
b. Cover and Concealment
a. CAMOUFLAGING – employs visual trickery to exploit the weaknesses of the
human eyesight and brains. Camouflage comes from a French word that means
“to play a practical joke” - - to fool our foe, to trick him that you are not there
when, in fact, you are so close to him than you can practically kill him silently.
NOTE: Your camouflage must be so consistent to be effective. Your camouflaging colors must
closely resemble those around you. Remember also that foliage shapes differ from place to
place. You must also camouflage everything. Do not forget your rifle, your backpacks, you hand
and even teeth. Do not forget to camouflage your shoes.
RIFLE SQUAD ORGANIZATION
1. COMPOSITION
a. Squad Leader – he carries out the orders of his platoon leader. His responsibility
includes the discipline, appearance, training, control and welfare of his men at all
 times. He also sees to it that the weapons and other equipment of his unit area
properly maintained and cared for to be assured of their proper functioning and
economical use. In combat, he is responsible for the tactical employment, fire
discipline, control and maneuver of his squad.
b. Fire Team Leader – he gives positive leadership to his team, and maintains
discipline, welfare and combat proficiency. He Carries out his assigned mission
by vigorously exerting the most practical and effective course of action until his
mission is accomplished. He assists in controlling the squad by setting the
examples and by initiating action as a fighting leader.
Duties and Responsibilities Of Members
a. Rifle Squad Leader – Responsible for all that the Rifle Squad does or fails to do. He is
tactical leader and, as such, leads by example:
1) Keeps the platoon sergeant/leader informed on squad supplies status
and squad requirements
b. Team Leader
There are two (2) team leaders in the squad. One (1) for each fire team.
1) Control the movement of their fire teams.
2) Ensure that their soldiers maintain the unit standards in all areas.
3) The eyes and ears of the team.
c. Automatic Rifle Man
There are two (2) automatic rifle men in the squad. One (1) for each fire team.
1) Responsible in providing sustained automatic fire for the squad.
2) Secure the left flank area during movements and halts.
d. Grenadier
There are two (2) grenadiers in the squad. One (1) for each fire team.
1) Provides grenade capability to the squad and the platoon for maximum
firepower.
2) Secure the right flank area of the squad during movement and halts.
e. Rifle Man
There are two (2) rifle men in the squad. One (1) for each fire team.
 1) Responsible for the food supply and medical requirements of the team.
2) Monitors the health and hygiene of the squad and provides technical
expertise and supervisions of the combat lifesavers.
3) Erases the tracks left by the team during operations.

U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16A1

PARTS OF THE RIFLE CAL 5.56MM M16A1.
Two Main Groups
a. Upper Receiver Group.
• Flash suppressor
• Barrel
• Bayonet Stud
• Front Sigh
• Upper Sling Swivel
• Hand guard
• Sling Spring
• Carrying handle
• Charging handle
• Rear Sight
• Forward Assist
• Bolt Assembly
• Bust cover
b. Lower Receiver Group.
• Rubber recall pack
• Trigger Guard
• Pivot take down pin
• Stock
• Pistol grip
• Trigger
• Magazine release button
• Hammer
• Selector Level
 • Lower sling swivel

U.S. RIFLE CAL 7.62MM M14

CYCLE OF OPERATION
a. Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of the cartridge.
b. Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel.
c. Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon.
d. Ejecting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon.
e. Cocking – returning the firing mechanism to cock position.
f. Feeding – placing the cartridge in the receiver.
g. Chambering – placing the cartridge in the chamber.
h. Locking – sealing the cartridge in the chamber.

M14 GARAND
Three (3) Main Group of M14 Rifle
• Stock group
• Barrel and Receiver Group
• Trigger Mechanism
Eight (8) Cycle of Operation
1. Feeding - Takes place when a bullet is force in the path of the bolt.
2. Chambering - When a bullet is move into the chamber.
3. Locking - Occurs when the bolt is close tightly
4. Firing - Occurs when a firing pin sticks the primer of the cartridge.
5. Unlocking - Occurs after firing of a bullet
6. Extracting - Pulling of the cartridge from the chamber.
7. Ejecting - Throwing of empty cartridge from a barrel
8. Cocking - Occurs when a chamber is force into a pan of the next firing.
MAINTENANCE
1. Cleaning Materials
a. Bore cleaner (cleaning compound solvent (CR) is commonly used however it can
also be used on all metals pars for a temporary one (1) day protection only.
b. Dry cleaning solvent.
c. A carbon removing compound is used on stubborn carbon deposit by soaking the
part with the carbon and temperature.
2. Lubricants
a. Lubricating oil, general purpose is used for lubricating the rifle during normal
conditions of operation, and temperature.
b. CE # 10 engine oil may be used as substitute when oils prescribe are available.
3. Normal Maintenance
a. The rifle should be inspected daily when use for any evidence of rush or fouling
and to check the general conditions of the rifle. A light coat of oil should be
maintained on all metal part.
b. b. Do not used a muzzle plug to cover the muzzle of the rifle. This will cause
moisture to collect inside the bore.
HAND GRENADE
- Type of grenade that is being thrown.
LAUNCHED GRENADE
- Type of grenade that is being launched.

PRE MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING

A. Marksmanship
Is the basic step in training the soldier to employ successfully the pistol or the rifle in
combat.
B. Marksmanship Training
Is the technique of teaching of personnel on how to fire the weapon accurately and
employ it in combat.

PHASES OF AIMING
 A. Relationship between the eye and the sight - The placement of the eye is called
eye relief. Proper eye relief subject or minor variation is approximately 7.5 cm (3
inches). The best method of fixing eye relief is with the spot weld. (Position of
the neck).
B. Sight Alignment - is the relationship between the front sight and the rear sight
with respect to the firer’s eye.
C. Sight Picture - is obtained when the front sight and rear sight are properly
aligned to the target and aiming point is the correct relationship to the front
sight blade.
D. Breathing and Aiming Process - takes a normal breath, let part of it and hold the
remainder by closing the throat. We should not hold our breath for more than
approximately ten (10) seconds, otherwise, our vision may begin to blur and ling
strain may cause muscular tension. Here also it must be emphasized that you
must hold your breath while pulling the trigger.
E. Aiming Process - is conducted before firing live rounds. During day firing, the
soldier should practice sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.

ELEMENTS OF CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE

A. Sight Alignment - the top of the front sight blade is exactly in the center of the
rear sight aperture. You can insure that focusing your eye on the front sight
blade through the indistinct of fuzzy appearing rear sight aperture.
B. Aiming Point - is the target on which you are aligned your sight.

Trigger Control - is the independent of the forefinger on the trigger pulling, it straight to the
rear with uniformly increasing pressure until the weapon fired.
Uniformly increasing pressure of trigger control:
A. Taking up the slack
B. B. Increasing the pressure
C. C. Maintaining the pressure
Trigger Operations
D. Firm grip of the right hand must be taken up on the first trigger
pressure.
 E. Index finger touches trigger will using the first joint.
F. Regulate breathing, the target sight and eye are in line, holding your
breath a second then release the trigger finger again.

STANDARD FIRING POSITION

A. Prone Position - this position presents a low silhouette and easily adopted for
the use of cover and support.
B. Kneeling Position - this position are suitable for use at live ground that slope
gently upward.
C. Standing Position - this position is used in the assault to engage surprise target
and when no other position can be used.
D. Foxhole- this position is used whenever prepared positions are available.
E. Squatting Position - this position is an excellent position to be used in a mud,
shallow water or contaminated area. It is used on level ground that slopes
gently downward. (for flexibility, both feet must be on the ground).