L

E
A

CHARACTERIZATION R
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AND
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CLASSIFICATION OF
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MAGNOLIOPSIDE
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(DICOTS)
GROUP VI :
M
 NUR ZAMZAM YUNIAR FAISAL (1916440001)
 NENG WULANDARI NUR SAFITRI (1916440005) O
 MAGFIRAH NUR R (1916441009)
 YUDHI ARDYANSYAH (1916441012) D
 ST.PUTRI KHOFIFAH (1916442013)

ICP OF SCIENCE EDUCATION 2019

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BIOSYSTEMATICS
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MAGNOLIOPSIDE (DICOTS)

MAGNOLIOPSIDES

Magnoliopsida plants are part of closed seed plants (Angiosperms). Morphologically,

the root system of the magnoliopsid plant is a taproot type, the leaves tend to have pinnate or
pinnate leaves and the stems experience secondary growth. Secondary growth is thickened
growth produced by the lateral meristem, which occurs in woody plant roots. Secondary
growth will form vascular cambium and cork cambium. The vascular cambium adds
secondary xylem and secondary phloem, thereby increasing vascular flow and support for the
shoot system. While the cork cambium is part of the cortex, its activity produces cork tissue
outwardly called felem and inward which will produce a layer of foamy skin called feloderm.

Taproots consist of large, clearly visible primary roots forming many relatively
smaller lateral roots. Taproots can act as food reserves in some plants. Magnoliopsid plant
stems have a cambium, where the cleavage of the cambium outwards forms the secondary
phloem and inward forms the secondary xylem. This cambium activity causes the stem to
increase in size.

Gambar : tumbuhan yang termasuk magnoliopsida

The type of leaf repetition in the magnoliopsida plant, namely pinnate leaf bones and
finger leaf bones. Bony pinnate leaves, leaves have one mother bone that runs from the base
of the leaf to the tip of the leaf, and from the mother leaf bone grows branch bones to the left
and right. Bony leaves are finger, the mother leaf bone comes out from one point at the base
of the leaf in several directions .

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A. Magnoloaceae
Magnoliaceae is the tribal name for the group of cempaka-cempakaan, and the general
public commonly refers to cempaka flowers or kantil flowers. Members of the Magnoliaceae
family play an important role in the evolution of tall plants, as they are the beginning of
changes in the flowering system. The inflorescences are arranged in a spiral shape which is a
modification of the inflorescences of the pinaceae. Some members of this family of plants is
important and valuable in life such as Michelia XII which is a symbol of local flora Aceh
Darussalam.

Michelia Campaka

Magnoliaceae is a family or family in Spermatophyta which is included in the order

Magnoliales. The Magnoliaceae family consists of two subfamilies, namely:

·         Magnolioideae with the most famous genus is Magnolia.

·         Liriodendroidae , which is a monogeneric sub-family consisting of only 1 genus
liriodendron (Tulip)

Magnolia Tulips

Unlike most angiospermae whose flowers have an arrangement in a circle, Magnoliaceae has
stamens and pistils in spirals in cone-shaped containers. This condition is found in some plant
fossils and is believed to be the basis or initial condition for angiosperm. The flowers also
have indistinguishable parts distinguished into petals and petals, while the angiosperm that
develops then tends to have clearly distinguished leaves and petals. The second-placed part of
flower jewelry or perianth is known as tepals.

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Habitus Magnoliaceae

The family Magnoliaceae has about 225 species in 7 genera, although some classification systems
include all magnoioideae subfamily in the genus Magnolia. Family distribution ranges east of North
America, Mexico and Central America, in the West Indies, tropical South America, southern and
eastern India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Malesia, China, Japan, and Korea.

Magnolia alba
One of the famous species Magnoliaceae

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FAMILY

Magnoliaceae morphology is supported by a number of morphological characters together
among the various genera that fall into this family. Most of the flowers are bisexual (with the
exception of Kmeria and some species of Magnolia Gynopodium section), radial, and with elongated
containers. Alternative leaves, simple, and sometimes rounded. Solitary inflorescences, conspicuously
distinguished by petals and leaves. Sepal ranges from six to many; Many stamens and short features
of filaments are less distinguished from the pistil head. Carpels are usually numerous, different, and
on elongated containers. The fruit is an aggregate of follicles that usually become tightly mature and
open along the abaxial surface. The seeds have a fleshy coat and colors that range from red to orange
(except Liriodendron). Magnoliaceae undergo insect-assisted pollination in the form of beetles ,
except for liriodendrons, whose pollination is assisted by bees. Carpels of Magnolia flowers are
especially thick avoid damage by beetles. Magnolioideae scattering is aided by scattered birds while
the seed is Liriodendron aided by wind.

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ECONOMIC ROLE OF MAGNOLIACEAE

1. Medicine
Michelia champaca root and dry root bark are used as laxatives, while flowers and fruits are used as
carminatives and in certain kidney problems and diseases related to diseases such as
gonorrhea. Drimys winteri and Illicium uerum skins are beneficial in treatment.
 
2. Wood
Michelia excelsa wood is an excellent commercial wood known as "eucalyptus". M. acuminata,
Manglietia hookeri, Michelia baillonii, M. dottsopa and Pachylarnax pleiocarpa produce valuable
wood used for factory work, furniture, musical instruments, toys etc.
 
3. Ornaments
Magnolia and Michelia species have a surprising beauty due to their fragrant white and yellow
flowers. Michelia champaca flowers are used by women for their hair ornaments and are also offered
at temples. Michelia champaca produces 'champaca oil' from flowers, camphor from wood and
fragrant water from leaves.
 

B. CRUCIFERA

The family cabbage or Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae) is a family of flowering plants. In this
family there are a number of types of vegetables that are of great use to human life. Cruciferae is the
first used name meaning "cruciferous carrier", which reflects the tribe's distinctive feature because it
has four petals arranged to resemble a cross or cross.

Brassicaceae

Brassicaceae

General characteristics of Brassicaceae consist of:

·         In the form of annual or perrenial terna
Annual plant or seasonal plant or often also called plant of the year is a plant that usually
germinates, flowers, and dies within a year or season. Examples of Annual Plants (seasons , a
year) :
Which includes seasonal crops are Corn and rice
                     
Those that include plants a year are omat, orchids, sweet potatoes
The one that includes young plants is Spinach
Perrenial plant is a plant that lives for more than two years. Vermicelli plants, especially
small flowering plants, grow and bloom in spring and summer and then die again every
autumn and winter.
Examples of annual plants are Cloves, coconut, acid, jackfruit

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Examples of Vermicelli plants namely Oil palm

Examples of hard plants (woody) namely Kalapa, teak, palm, palm, cloves, areca nut.
·         Single or compound leaves, sitting scattered

·        Transvestite, zigomorphic or aktinomorphic flowers, usually arranged in a sign at the end of

the stem
·        The petals consist of 4 petals, arranged in 2 circles. Crown leaves 4 riveted with crown
leaves
·        Stamens 6 in 2 circles
·        Will fruit hitchhike consists of 2 leaves
·        Will hitchhike fruit consists of 2 leaves of berakatan fruit
·        Fruit in the form of radish fruit (siliqua) when cooked opens with two valves, or cut into
pieces.
·        Seeds without endosperm
·        Example: Brassica oleracea(cabbage), Raphanus sativus(radish)

Brassica oleracea (cabbage) Raphanus sativus (Radish)

Getting to Know Cruciferous Vegetables

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New research from Edith Cowan University in Australia shows that cruciferous vegetables
are especially important for human vascular health. Criciferous vegetables are a type of food source of
fiber; vitamins C, E, and K; multiple carotenoids; folate; and minerals. In addition, cruciferous also
contains sulfur compounds known as glucosinolates, which give rise to a rather bitter taste and
pungent odor. Cruciferous vegetables are included in the Brassica classification, such as cabbage,
cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, radish, watercress and green mustard. Healthline's
website reports that Cruciferous vegetables have risen in popularity recently due to their cancer-
fighting nature. This large group of plants itself is also diverse, each vegetable can provide a strong
and unique taste. It comes from the Latin for cross or crucifix because the flowers of this plant
resemble crosses

C. COMPOSITAE

Compositae or Asteraceae (family of kenikir-kenikiran) is a family of flowering

plants. According to the APG II system the tribe belongs to the nation of Asterales. In the Cronquist
System the tribe was the only member of Asterales. Members of this tribe have compound flowers
and various types..

Composite rate has the following characteristics: It has compound interest, i.e. edge flower and tube
flower, Tube flower has pistil and stamen, edge flower does not .

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Compositae Examples: Sunflowers, Dahlias, Crysan Flowers

Chrysanthemum morphology

According to Rukmana and Mulyana (1997), morphologically the chrysanthemum plant is

upright,soft structured, and green. If left continuously, the stem will become hard (woody) and
brownish in color. The leaves of chrysanthemum plants on the edges are smitt or jagged, arranged
intermittently on branches or stems. Flower shapes are classified into five kinds, namely single
bungga, anemone, pompon, decorative, and large. Stamens and pistils on delicate textured
chrysanthemum flowers, are in the middle position of the flower with an oblong crown and easily
loose. The length of the stamen is between 3-8 mm and is yellow. The resulting fruit of
chrysanthemum is oblong in shape, small in size, and covered with fruit membranes. The membranes
of chrysanthemum fruit when young are white, and black after old. The seeds produced from
chrysanthemums are oblong in shape, small in size and black in color; when the seeds are rooted,
white roots will appear (Steenis, 1978,, in Martini, 2014).

The chrysanthemum flower unit consists of many flowers called florets. According to

Kofranek (1980) in Martini (2014), florets on chrysanthemums consist of two types, namely ray
florets and disc florets in the middle of flowers. Florets on the outside are called ray florets, which
generally contain only pistil and have no segments and poles. Florets found on the inside are called
discflorets, which contain two reductive tools that have many possibilities for producing seeds.

D. LEGUMINOCEAE
The legume family or Fabaceae is one of the most important and largest family of dichotile
plants. Many important cultivated plants belong to this tribe, with various uses: seeds, fruits (pods),
flowers, bark, stems, leaves, tubers, until the roots are used by humans. Foodstuffs, beverages,
cooking spices, dyes, green fertilizers, animal feed, medical materials, until the poison is produced by
its members. All the plants of members of this tribe have one clear similarity: the fruit is a pod.

Fabaceae was once known as Leguminosae and Papilionaceae. The latter name is incorrect, and is
now used as the name of one of its sub-tegers. In the world of plant farming members of this tribe is
often referred to as legume.

Members of this tribe are also known for their ability to bind (fixation) nitrogen directly from the air
(not through soil fluids) because it symbiotic with certain bacteria on the roots or stems.  Tissues
containing symbiotic bacteria usually inflate and form nipples. Each type is usually symbiotic with a
typical type of bacteria as well.

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Fabaceae

Common features of Leguminoceae or Fabaceae

Its distinctive features are the fruit called pods, namely:

·         Fruit derived from 1 fruit leaf with or without pseudo bulkheads

·         The seeds are found in the stomach, when cooked, dried, broken, so that the seeds
are thrown out or the fruit is disjointed into pieces according to the bulkheads
·         There are also fleshy fruits and they never break.
This large tribe is divided into 3 sub-tribes, namely Faboideae (or Papilionoideae, a
butterfly flowering plant), Caesalpinioideae, and Mimosoideae.

Faboideae
Faboideae can be said to be a group of legumes or legumes. The flowers are butterfly- type,
zigomorphic, typical with a flower crown that is not the same shape. The crown is modified
into three parts: the flag, the wings (alae), and the keth (carina). The kee section protects the
sexual organs of stamens and pistils. Because it is protected this legume plant is usually a
self-contained plant. Flowers are usually single with pods usually cylindrical in shape.
Example:

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Soybeans (Glycine max)

Chickpeas (Phaseolus vulgaris) ,Kapri (Pisum sativum) ,Orok-orok (Crotalaria juncea)

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Caesalpinioideae
This subcutaneous is characterized by its flowers that are arranged compound forming like a
pyramid. Each flower has a relatively long stamen and pistil. The flowers are not butterfly-type.

Example:

Kembangmerak(Caesalpinia pulcherrima) Secang (Caesalpinia sappan)

Mimosoideae
This sub-ethnic group can be said to be a group of petai-petaian. The most obvious feature is
that the flowers are arranged compound on a flower base (bongkol) together in the shape of a
sphere. As a result, the flower looks like a haired ball.

Example:

Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) Lamtoro (Leucaena glauca)

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THE ROLE OF FABACEAE OR LEGUMINOCEAE (LEGUMES) IN EVERYDAY

LIFE:
1. Prevent anemia
The high content of folate in peas, makes it the main ingredient to prevent the onset of
anemia. Your body does not have the exact amount of folate necessary for the body. Lack of
folate content in your body causes anemia, which can be overcome by the incorporation of
pigeon peas in your daily diet. One cup of peas every day can help you from the beginning of
anemia.
2. Helps in weight loss
The most significant benefit of pigeon peas is the low amount of calories, saturated fat and
cholesterol. The fiber content of food in the pods keeps the stomach full for a longer period of
time, avoiding the need to continue eating or snacking. Nutrition, as well as the content of
dietary fiber in peas, contributes to better metabolic function and reduces unnecessary weight
gain.
3. Increase energy
Peas are a great source of B vitamins, as well as riboflavin and niacin. These components
help increase carbohydrate metabolism and prevent unnecessary fat storage, thus naturally
increasing energy levels. Pigeon peas increase energy levels without causing weight gain or
fat growth.
4. Reduce inflammation.
Kancang consists of anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce swelling and other
inflammatory problems. The organic compounds in pigeon peas act as anti-inflammatory
agents and reduce inflammation or swelling of the body. Peas can be used as an emergency
aid, due to the speed at which peas relieve levels of inflammation.
5. Increase growth and development
Protein, the building block of the entire body, is essential for development and growth. The
high amount of protein in peas helps in the formation of cells, tissues, muscles and
bones. Protein content also helps in improving the normal healing process of the body, by
helping cell regeneration.
 

E. ARACHIS HYPOGAE
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are legumes or legumes of the fabaceae family that are
cultivated, as well as being the second most important legume after soybeans in
Indonesia. Plants originating from the Americas grow perdu as high as 30 to 50 cm (1 to 11/2
feet) with small leaves arranged compound. This plant is one of two types of cultivated plants
in addition to bogor beans, Voandziea subterranea whose fruit undergoes ripeness below
ground level. If the young fruit is exposed to light, the process of ripening seeds is disrupted.

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Arachis Hypogae

Root
Rooted peanuts grow straight into the soil to a depth of 40 cm. Peanut root has a system of mount
roots and branch roots that resemble fiber roots. The roots of these branches exist that are temporary
and permanent. Peanut root serves to absorb nutrients and water and strengthen the establishment of
plants.

Stem
The stem of the green bean plant is round and not woody, has books and the type of growth is
upright. The upright trunk has a trunk length of about 60-70 cm. The stem is green to purpleish. Pitojo
(2005) reported that the stems of peanut plants are not woody and downy, some are growing
Radiating and some are upright. The average trunk height is about 50 cm, but some reach 80 cm.

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Leaves      
Peanut leaves are light green to dark green, even-finned compound leaves, consisting of leafy
children with long stalks. According to Suprapto (2004) the leaves are tasked with getting as
much sunlight as possible.

Flowers
Peanut flowers are yellow in color and bloom at night, carry out the pollination process in the
morning, and will wither in the afternoon. Flowers indicate the presence of pods but those
that manage to become pods are only 15-20%. Peanut flowers are arranged in the form of
threads that appear in the armpits of the leaves, and include the perfect flower that is the
genitals of males and females contained in one flower. The crown of yellow peanut flowers
consists of 5 strands that form differently from each other (Trustinah, 1993).

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Pods
Pea fruit in the form of pods. Pods will form after the flower has finished the fertilization
process. After fertilization, it will form a fruit called ginofora. Ginofora will form a pod stalk that will
enter the soil, here the role of the sting rain is needed. After ginofora form pods, the growth process
will stop. Based on the results of AAK report (1989) peanuts bear pods. The pods are formed after
fertilization, where the fruit will grow elongated and called ginofor. After growing elongated, the
ginofor leads down and continues to enter the soil. When pods have formed then the longitudinal
growth process of ginofor is stopped. According to Suprapto (2004) ginofor formed in the upper
branch does not enter the soil so it will not form pods.

The skin of peanut seeds is white, fles, brown, pink, red, purple and dark purple depending on the
variety. The structure of the skin of the pod varies between smooth, medium to coarse. Rough-skinned
peanut species or varieties have a tendency to be resistant to peanut borer pests (Cylas formicarius
F). High-fat peanuts tend to have a savory taste (Peanut Variety Release Team, 2009).

Seeds
Peanut seeds are found in pods. Examples of peanut seeds can be seen on. The outer skin (testa) is
hard textured, serves to protect the seeds that are inside. The seeds are slightly oblong or round with a
slightly flat tip because they are clustered with other seeds while in the pod (Pitojo, 2005). The color
of bean seeds is varied: white, red kesumba, and purple. The differences depend on the varieties
(AAK, 1989).

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BENEFITS OF ARACHIS HYPOGAE FOR HUMAN LIFE:

·         Build and repair the body's cells
·         Prevents high cholesterol
·         Smooth digestion
·         Lose weight
·         Manage blood sugar levels
·         Maintaining heart health
·         Prevention of gallstones Prevents babies from being born deformed.

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