GOODS &

PEOPLE THROUGH SPACE

SCHOLASTIC FUTURES PUBLISHING

TRANSPORTATION
UNIT

BY BRUCE BARNS
 WHAT IS SPACE? OAUET

There Is a layer of gases arourS

ouRESt
the These gases are
earth.
called the atmosphere.
Atmosphere Is presem to about
100 maes above the eanh.

Space is Out regim beyond the

atmosphere. There no air
sound. Temperatures are very O a DAO
hot in the sun ard very cold
away from the sun

How long would h take to travel

somewhere in space?
Well it depends on where you're travelling
to in space and the rocket your using.
For example, it took the
American shuttle (now retired) but to get
up to the same altitude as the ISS would
take two minutes and 30 seconds.
But SpaceX's Falcon Heavy (the most powerful
operational rocket in the world) took 3 minutes and 24 seconds to get up to the same altitude as the ISS

GRAVITY

To reach space one gd

away from the eanh's PLdL
putt is caned gravity. Every
large body in space ns own
gravitationat pun. The larger the
object, the more have.
The moons gravity causes
changes in the eanh's tides. The
sun's gravity keeps the
In our solar system h place.

To escape the pun of the earth's

gravity you rntA travd faster
than 17,500 rnDes per hour. As
long as you keep golng unt faä
you can stay In orbt around the
earth.

Maintaining that isn't too

hard in because there Is

nothing to stow you down.

2
 PROPULSiON
Fud •t booster
We use maidy internal b the On the
combustion engines to propd
our vehides on earth. Besides
fuel, we must have air to run
these engines. With01.n air
typical intemat EXHAU
engine would, not work in space.
Even if we brought an oxygen
supply, the engines wouldnt be
pæetfu! enough to reach the
high speed needed to escape
gravity. uquid Fuel •nd con tuned
on or omea • •ear*' •n'
Rocket engines are needed to
the Od
propel vehicles in space.
Rockets are reaction engtnes
Newton's Third Law states
for every action there is in EX OXYGEN
equal and opposlte reaction; So. FUEL
burning fud is forced mR of a
rocket in one direction, the
rocket will move in the other
direction.

FORCES
DRAG
When you think Sforce• on a
rocket, think of energy that
the change its

path.

There are 3 forces that act on a

rocket:

THRUST Thrust the

from the ro&t
pet out
the b•ek and pwbec GRAVITY
the roeet forward.

GRAVITY GraviW is the form

that trio to the
rocket bad( to earth.
DIRECTION
OF FUGHT
DRAG *modnunle drao
friction of tie dr
again* the
trying to stow n
down.

When a rocket Mts ON from

earth. au three forces act on the
rocket. In space, drag is not
present because there is no air, THRUST

3
 DRAG
We said drag was the force that ansb of
air was able to a rocket.m be ond Den
•There are several waye to
change the affect air puts on a
LONGWVDINA
rocket: AX'S
arncK
DENS"Y The Of noum
of is be that
away pu
9M. less
dense on hot

SPEED As speed inyeases, the

amount is
hat
m 903 Gmec faster,
the drag be 9 times

LONOITUDINAL
DRAG The size. Shape. betion, AX'S
and tmootmesc of
nose, fins. body of
the •Hect h" ANUE OF
wen h goes the ATTACK
air.

DIRECTION
ANGLE OF ATTACK
The greater the angle of
•ttae&, be
more surfaee
pu ty to against A omen of D Üb)e
the air. A Mtbte
wijlijy
Mt•öii

DEGREES OF FREEDOM
pneh
A rocket can move in eight
different ways.
Dn
THRUST Mwement in a forward
Yaw
DRAG Movement the direction
In
opposit of thrust Lon
YAW A swinping to
pen or the left M
right
tight)

PITCH A swinging movement

(up or either up D' down.
down) Pitch
Doun
ROLL A spinnin movement
(right around me nekeb
or ten) iongftudinal axis.

Thrust end drag motions are in a

line (linear). Pitch, Yaw, and Roll Thrust
are rotational motions.

4
 CENTER OF GRAVITY
To help you understand why a
rocket flies in a straight tine, you
must understand the term center
of gravity (CG).
•rot.

When an object spins in spcej it Contor of GrovJty

rotates around its CG. To find
the CGof a rocket. find its
balance point.

CENTER OF PRESSURE Posltlve

Fins can also help keep a rocket
flying stratght in the air. A point
at which the forces of the alr act a tut
Is called the Center of Pressure
(CP). The fin shape. size, ca
number. and location afY the
CP- The body and nose cone
design and placement arso
affect the CP.

The CENTER OF PRESSURE CP a ca

must be BEHIND the CENTER
OF GRAVITY to have a stable ease bp b
rocket.
Mathematic formulas can be
used to find the CP. }Mnd tunnel
tests can also be used to see Neutral
the rocket will fly rigM.

NO*' CP CZ
Adding nose weights and
moving fins toward the rear wnt ca
help move the CG t0berd the
frontand CP the the
back, making a rocket more
stable. Negattvo

5
 SHAPES

FIN DESIGN.

The size. shape, number. and

placement of fins are important Swept Deno
in designing a stable rocket.

Tapered Swept

Trapezoidal

Cllpped•Den•

The basic shape of the fin as well

spa (S)

as the cross se±n design are

important to a drag-free flight.
Diomeier (D)
 Flight
Vogt* 1 on 12th, 1961 lasted hout and 4B minutee. Mud Gagarin was
the human to ever be lagnåeg im. speee. He parachuted into D cwfidd after
Cbe —psu)e was ejeeee from toeket about 2.000 lee! in the ait.

SPACE HiGHLlGHTS Freedom 7

Nan Shepard was ute first to be 'hot Inlo sp•ee. 15 miry* too)'
place m
May Sth, WSI and covered e distanee o! 297 miles.
There have been reny space
Friend•hlp
nights by our country and John Glenn was the first Enerietn to orbit the earth. On Februaty 20th, '962 he made
others. Some of the important 3 orbits in 4 hours and 55 minutec.
events are highlighted here: Vostok 6
A Russian womon. Valentina Tenshkova became the first woman to in epee.
She later matried a Rissian cosmonaut and had a baby caned the child'
because both parents had trawled in spaee,
Gemini 4
On June 3rd. 1965, Edward mhe m•ae the first US spa* walk. He was outside the
capsule 22 minutes on the end 01 a 2S toot tether —rd.

Deæmber 21st. 1958. Frank Barman, James Lovett. and Wtliam hders were
launched on their flight that took ihem around the moon on Christmas Day.
Apollo
On July 16th.1B. Neil kmstrong and Edwin Addn began the night mat made them
üe first humane to set foot on be surface of the moon. Miehael Collim remained In
lunar orbit.

Skylab
On Nwember 16th.1973. Gerald Edward Gibson. and William began a
US record B4 day flight Ohe rewd is over 174 days). Stylab conducted many
expeiiements and was the tact mission before the spaee shuttles.
Sp•ee Shuttle Columbh
The Erst flight of a reusable veNeie designed to be launched into sp•ee. and ny bud'
and band on earth "ke an ns on April 12th.1981. üippen•nd John
Youn Oh boarde

THE SPACE SHUTTE Sp•e• Shuttb• Launeh Preen

The Space Shuttle was desWd to be a
numble span vetide. Bhutt)e
bunt In 4 pan: a 12 long orbiter; ard ct
tø 150 foot lone solid boosters
that tan away after launch: a 154 loot Z EACH
long externd tank and three main
enginem
Eztern•t

V•rlled Ton

Shuttle Pavloea
Orbner Bin Enginee
Cabin Win&v
Booster
Oft'td
Enneuvetlng
Poi

Main
inboard
Enslnoe

The 4.5 million pound EFtem can trave' Now Cop A—en
at the speed of feetper cecond.
The foot by IS foot ear* bay can Spee• Proem
hold up to 65,000 pounds of material.
The retum to atmsphere makes
the cpaeectaft heM up to "Odegrees S.
•bm*m deme brth'
F. The orbiter Is kept from bumtng up
by 30.000 sitiea tites. Mer landing. the
shuttle can be made operaion•! in 160 s.
hours. 8. "M 210

7
ENDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION NAME
TRANSPORTATION UNIT
Moving Goods & Peop8e Through Space PERIOD

gases
1. Atmosphere is the name describing the around the

earth.

2. The region beyond the atmosphere is called space

3. Although it would only take 2-1/2 days to travel to the moon, it would take about
81,000 years
years to travel to the nearest star.

4. Every large body in space tries to attract objects. This putt is called
Gravitational pull.

5. To escape the earth's pull, one must travel faster than 17,500 miles per hour.
flue and air
6. Internal combustion engines need to operate. Rocket engines are called
reaction
engines.

7. To understand how rockets propel an object one must understand Newton's Third
equal opposite
Law which states: For every action, there is an and reaction.

8. Booster rockets that burn completely once ignited are called Solid fuel

rockets. Rockets that carry a supply of oxygen to mix with the

fuel are called liquid fuel rockets and may be turned on or off.

9. The force that goes out the back end of the rocket is called thrust

Tre force that tries to pull the rocket back to earth i? called Gravite

The force that is caused by friction of the air on the rocket is called drag

10. The farther away from sea level one gets, the air is less dense or thick the

air becomes.

11. The greater the angle of attack, the rocket will have more drag and be
less stable.

12. Rockets can move in 8 different ways. Left to right movement is called

YAW PITCH
Up and down movement is called Spinning around the

longitudinal axis is called ROLL

13. Because thrust and drag motions are in a line they are called Linear motions
The
.

remaining 3 are turning, swinging, and spinning therefore they are called
rotational
I motions.

14. The balance point of a rocket is called its center of gravity

 15. The point of which the forces of air act on a rocket is called the center of

pressure

16. A stab!e rocket witl have the center of pressure behind the center of gravity.

neutral
17. When a rocket has the CP and CG at the same point it is said to have

stability.
size number
18. A stable rocket depends on the Fin shape

and placement of fins.

19. jn the space below draw a dipped-delta fin and label the Tip, Root, and Span.

cosmonaut Yuri
20. Who was the first human ever launched into space? Gagarin
21. The first American to orbit the earth was john Glenn

22. The first flight of a reusable space vehicle was in the year 1981
23. The space shuttie is constructed in 4 parts: rocket boosters shuttle orbiter
external tank , and 3 main engines.

240 The heat generated by the shuttle's return to the atmosphere reaches
3 000
temperatures of degrees.

25. To keep from burning up on returning to earths the shuttle is protected by 30,000
Silica tiles