PROJECT PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT
LGB 30802

NORFADHLINA KHALID
UniKL - MIMET
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Project Scheduling
(Developing a Project Plan)
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Developing the Project Network

 The project network is the tool used for planning,
scheduling and monitoring project progress.
 The network is developed from the information collected
from the WBS and is a graphic flow chart of the project
job plan.
PLANNING

PROJECT NETWORK SCHEDULING

MONITORING
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Project Network Approach

 There are two approaches used to develop project
networks are known as:

Activity-On-Node (AON)

Activity-On-Arrow (AOA)

 Both methods use two building blocks – the arrow and

the node
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Developing a Project Network

Basic Rules to Follow in Developing Project Networks:

1. Networks flow typically from left to right.

A B C

2. An activity cannot begin until all preceding connected

activities have been completed.
3. Arrows on networks indicate precedence and flow.
Arrows can cross over each other.
4. Each activity should have a unique identification number
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Activity-On-Node (AON) Fundamental

 Also called the precedence diagram method.
 There are a few typical uses of building blocks for the
AON network construction.
 An activity is presented by a node (box). The node
can take many forms.
 The dependencies among activities are depicted by
arrow between the rectangles (boxes) on the AON
network.
 The arrow indicate how the activities are related and
the sequence in which things must be accomplish.
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AON Network Fundamental

A is preceded by nothing
A B C B is preceded by A
C is preceded by B

Y Y and Z are preceded by X

X Y and Z can begin at the same time, if you wish
X is a burst activity
Z
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AON Network Fundamental cont.

J J,K and L can all begin at the same time , if you

wish (they need not occur simultaneously) but,
K Z All (J,K,L) must be completed before M can begin

L M is a merge activity

X Z
Z is preceded by X and Y

AA is preceded by X and Y

Y AA
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Network Computation Process

 Drawing the project network places the activities in
the right sequence for computing start and finish
times of activities.
 Performing a few simple computations allows the
project manager to complete a process known as the
Forward Pass and Backward Pass.

Forward Pass – Earliest Times

1. How soon can the activity start? (early start – ES)
2. How soon can the activity finish? (early finish – EF)
3. How soon can the project be finished?
(expected time – TE)
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Network Computation Process cont.

Backward Pass – Latest Times
1. How late can the activity start? (late start – LS)
2. How late can the activity finish? (late finish – LF)
3. Which activities represent the critical path (CP)
This is the longest path in the network which, when
delayed, will delay the project.
4. How long can the activity be delayed?
(slack or float – SL)
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Activity-On-Node Network
Legend:

ES ID EF
FORWARD PASS SL SL BACKWARD PASS

LS Dur LF
Forward Pass is used to determine the total completion time of the
project.
Backward Pass is used to identify the critical path of activities by
determine the total of slack or float (zero slack) of the project activity
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Activity-On-Arrow (AOA) Fundamental

Activity
Any portions of project (tasks) which required by project, uses up
resource and consumes time – may involve labor, paper work,
contractual negotiations, machinery operations
Activity on Arrow (AOA) showed as arrow, AON – Activity on Node

Event
Beginning or ending points of one or more activities,
instantaneous point in time, also called ‘nodes’

Network
Combination of all project activities and the events
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AOA Network

ACTIVITY ARROW

EVENT PRECEEDING
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AOA Network
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AOA Network
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AOA Network
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AOA Network
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PERT versus CPM

PERT CPM

- Program Evaluation and - Critical Path Method

Review Technique
- Developed by the US Navy
with Booz Hamilton Lockheed
- Used for the Polaris Missile
/Submarine program 1958
- Developed by El
Dupont for Chemical
Plant Shutdown Project-
about same time as
PERT

Both use same calculations, almost similar

Main difference is probabilistic and deterministic in time
estimation
Gantt Chart also used in scheduling
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TUTORIAL NETWORK:
Task 1: A project has been defined to contain the following
list of activities along with their required times for
completion:
Activity Activity Expected Dependency
No completion
time
A Requirements 5 -
collection
B Screen design 6 A
C Report design 7 A
D Database design 2 B,C
E User documentation 6 D
F Programming 5 D
G Testing 3 F
H Installation 1 E,G
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Question Task 1:
1. Construct a Network Diagram for the activities using
Activity-On-Node (AON) network.
2. Calculate the earliest expected completion time
using (Forward pass).
3. Calculate the total slack of the project using
(Backward Pass)
4. Determine the critical path in the project activity.
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Answer:
1. Construct a Network Diagram for the activities using
Activity-On-Node (AON) network.

ES B EF ES E EF

SL SL SL SL

LS 6 LF LS 6 LF
ES H EF

SL SL
ES A EF ES D EF
LS 1 LF
SL SL SL SL

LS 5 LF LS 2 LF

ES C EF ES F EF ES G EF

SL SL SL SL SL SL

LS 7 LF LS 5 LF LS 3 LF
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2. Calculate the earliest expected completion time

using (Forward pass).

5 B 11 14 E 20

6 6
22 H 23

0 A 5 12 D 14
1

5 2

5 C 12 14 F 19 19 G 22

7 5 3

(+)
Total completion time of the project = 23 days
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3. Calculate the total slack of the project using

(Backward Pass)
(-)
5 B 11 14 E 20

1 1 2 2

6 6 12 16 6 22
22 H 23

0 0
0 A 5 12 D 14
22 1 23
0 0 0 0

0 5 5 12 2 14

5 C 12 14 F 19 19 G 22

0 0 0 0 0 0

5 7 12 14 5 19 19 3 22

Total slack of the project = B + E

=1+2
= 3 days
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4. Determine the critical path in the project activity.

5 B 11 14 E 20

1 1 2 2

6 6 12 16 6 22
22 H 23

0 0
0 A 5 12 D 14
22 1 23
0 0 0 0

0 5 5 12 2 14

5 C 12 14 F 19 19 G 22

0 0 0 0 0 0

5 7 12 14 5 19 19 3 22

The critical path of the project = A, C, D, F, G and H (zero slack)

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THANK YOU FOR

YOUR ATTENTION