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Neutral Earthing - Siemens
Neutral Earthing - Siemens
Introduction
Theoretical background
Practical aspects
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 1 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Significance of earth faults for network operation
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May 1 year
April
March 8760 hours
February
January
31 536 000 seconds
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 2 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Kaleidoscope of methods available
Isolated neutral
Earth fault compensation KNOSPE
Solid earthing
NOSPE
Floating neutral
Effective earthing
Petersen coil
Resonant earthing
Short-time earthing
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 3 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Statistical data of German networks
Amount of faults
6 11 6 3
per 100 km and year
Isolated neutral 23 % - - -
Low-impedance neutral
8% 2% 22 % 100 %
earthing
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 4 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Display methods for system values
UL1 UL1
UL1(t) = ÛL1 sinωt
t
t Mathematical
equations
Positive sequence
Negative sequence
UL1
Zero sequence
Phase-related
display Symmetrical
components
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 5 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
The transient phase of an earth fault
Isolated neutral
Discharge
Charging oscillation
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 6 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Characteristics of transient phase
Frequency
Discharge 500 Hz . . . 100 000 Hz
Charging oscillation 100 Hz . . . 4 000 Hz
3Û LE max
Overvoltage factor kt = = 1.2...2.7...3.5
2U b
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 7 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Permanent earth fault
ICE
Isolated neutral
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 8 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Vector diagram for system with isolated neutral
UL1
UL1 = 0
UL2
Normal operation
UL2
Earth fault
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 9 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Characteristics of power frequent voltage rise
ULE Max 1
Coefficient of ZE = ... 1
Ub 3
earthing
3 ULE Max
Earth-fault factor cf = 1 ... 3
DIN VDE 0111
Ub
IEC 71-1
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 10 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Network calculation
3-phase short-circuit
UN
IK =
3⋅ Z
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 11 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Network calculation
Symmetrical components
U1L1
Positive 1
sequence U1 = 3 (UL1+ a UL2+ a² UL3)
U1L2
UL1
U2 L1
Negative
1
U2 L3 sequence U2 = (UL1+ a² UL2+ a UL3)
3
UL3
UL2
Zero 1
U0 L1
sequence U0 = 3 (UL1 + UL2 + UL3)
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 12 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Symmetrical components
Example
a2 UT
a US
UR
U1
a UT
a2 US
UR
U2
US
UR U0
UT
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 13 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Symmetrical components
Example
a2 UT
a US
UR
U1
U2
U0
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 14 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Symmetrical components
Line to ground fault
I 1 = I R + I S ⋅ a + I T ⋅ a2
I 2 = I R + I S ⋅ a2 + I T ⋅ a
Boundary requirements at the fault location are
I0 = IR + IS + IT fulfilled by series connection of component
systems
IS = 0
S
~
Positive sequence
R
UR = 0
Negative sequence
Boundary requirements
at the fault location
IS = IT = 0
UR = 0 Zero sequence
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 15 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation
System with isolated neutral
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
3 ⋅ UN
IF =
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 16 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Isolated neutral
ICE
ICE - capacitive earth fault current
ICE = 3 UN⋅ ω ⋅ C0
Isolated neutral
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 17 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Estimation of capacitive earth fault current
Overhead lines
110 kV 0.36 A/km
20 kV 0.06 A/km
10 kV 0.03 A/km
Cables
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 18 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Intermittent earth fault
-0,5
Ice (t2) = 0
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 19 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Intermittent earth fault
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 20 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Ferro resonances
Prerequisite:
Circuit with non linear characteristic
e.g. saturation on reactance
Principle:
Driving voltage UN
From operational point 1 to point 2
But operational point 2 not stable
Current reversal to operational point 3
Types:
Nominal frequency, 3rd harmonic
Trigger: About 2nd harmonic
Switching events About 0.5 nominal frequency (subharmonic)
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 21 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Ferro resonances
Possible configurations:
Single phase voltage transformer with bus bar or short cable
Energising reactor via short cable
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 22 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Earth fault compensation
Petersen
coil Ires Ires - Residual current
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 23 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation
System with earth fault compensation
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 24 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Estimation of residual current
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 25 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Reappearing of phase voltage
Exact tuning v = 0
Tuning v = -10
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 26 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Solid earthing
Ik1
Ik1 – short-circuit current
Solid earthing
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 27 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation
Solid earthing
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
3 ⋅ UN
I k1 = 3I0 =
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 28 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Vector diagram for system with solid earthing
UL1
UL1 = 0
UL2 UL2
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 29 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Examples for zero-sequence impedances of lines
Overhead lines
Cables
Oil cable 110 kV 0.8 ... 0.4 Ω /km 0.4 ... 0.2 Ω /km
XLPE cable 110 kV 0.6 ... 0.5 Ω /km 0.3 ... 0.2 Ω /km
Lead-sheath cable 20 kV 0.6 ... 0.4 Ω /km 0.4 ... 0.3 Ω /km
XLPE cable 20 kV 0.6 ... 0.4 Ω /km 0.3 ... 0.2 Ω /km
Lead-sheath cable 10 kV 2.0 ... 1.1 Ω /km 0.5 ... 0.2 Ω /km
XLPE cable 10 kV 3.2 ... 1.4 Ω /km 0.9 ... 0.3 Ω /km
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 30 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Low-impedance neutral earthing
Ik1
Ik1 – 1-phase short-circuit current
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 31 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation
Low-impedance neutral earthing
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
3 ⋅ UN
I k1 = 3I0 =
Z1 + Z2 + Z0
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 32 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
High-impedance neutral earthing
IF
IF - Earth fault
current
High-impedance neutral earthing
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 33 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Fault current calculation
System with high-impedance neutral earthing
Positive sequence ~
Negative sequence
Zero sequence
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 34 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Practical aspects
Methods applied
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 35 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Neutral earthing practice in Germany
NE = Low-impedance neutral earthing IS = Isolated neutral SE = Short time earthing EFC = Earth fault compensation
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 36 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Criteria for comparison of methods
– Voltage stress
– Current stress
y Destruction at the fault location
y Potential rise
y Inductive interference; EMC
– Operational aspects
y Fault detection
y Fault localisation
y Amount of switching required
y Fail safe situation
– Investment costs
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 37 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Earth fault transients and voltage rise
Isolated neutral
Earth fault compensation
ICE = 100 A
Fault duration ms
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 38 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Fault current and voltage rise during earth fault
U / ULE
1.8 3
IK1 / IK3
1.6
1.4
0.8
0.6
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 ∞ Z0 / Z1
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 39 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Fault current and voltage rise during earth fault
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 40 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Neutral earthing in high voltage networks
IK1 ≥ IK3
IK1< IK3
IK1< IK3
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 41 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Required protection for transmission systems
Overhead line
Distance protection, Overcurrent protection (Back-up)
1-phase auto reclosure
Cable
Differential protection, Distance protection ,
Overcurrent protection (Back-up)
Overhead line
Transient earth fault relay
Cable
-
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 42 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Operational aspects
System with isolated neutral
3I0A
3I0B
ICE
3I0C
3I0E
3I0D
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 43 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Determination of zero sequence voltage
L1
L2
L3
UN
3
100V
Open delta winding 3
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 44 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Determination of earth fault current
Holmgreen
L1
L2
L3
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 45 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Operational aspects
System with earth fault compensation
Icoil
3I0A
3I0B
Ires
3I0C
3I0E
Icoil 3I0D
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 46 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Petersen coil details
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 47 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Earth fault compensation
Types of Petersen coil
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 48 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Tuning of Petersen coil
Overhead line
Voltage of neutral point
in normal operation
Cable
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 49 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Double earth fault current distribution
L3
L2
L1
L3
L2
L1
L3
L2
L1
3
IEE ≤ IK2 = 2
IK3
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 50 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Directional earth fault relay
U0 U0
Ires
Capacitive Wattmetric
directional earth fault relay directional earth fault relay
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 51 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Required protection relays for earth fault detection
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 52 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Determination of residual current
Window type current transformer
L1 L2 L3
I Fault I Sheath
I Earth
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 53 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Transient earth fault relay
L1
L2
L3
t [ms]
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 54 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Transient earth fault relay
Fault indication survey
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 55 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Increase of residual current
3I0ZA 3I0ZA
3I0ZB 3I0ZA
IAdditional
Ires + IAdditional
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 56 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Pulsating residual current
Icoil
ICE
Ires + IPulse
IPulse
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 57 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Detection by 5th harmonic
ICoil
ICE
Ires
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 58 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Combined method
Earth fault compensation with phase grounding
Icoil
3I0A
3I0B
Ires
3I0C
3I0E
Icoil 3I0D
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 59 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Combined method
Earth fault compensation with phase grounding
3I0A
3I0B
3I0C
3I0E
Icoil 3I0D
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 60 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Combined method
Earth fault compensation with phase grounding
L3
L2
L1
Load current
L3
L2
L1
L3
L2
L1
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 61 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Combined method
Residual current compensation
Icoil
3I0A
3I0B
Ires = 0
3I0C
3I0E
Icoil 3I0D
~
~
Ires
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 62 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Earth fault trial in 20 kV network
3I0 in A
110/20kV 0
Residual current
1.6
1.2
150 2 1 pu
3I0 in A 0.8
0
0.4
0.0
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 t/sec. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
f/fg
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 63 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Earth fault trial in compensated network
Voltages and current at the fault location
U [kV]
20 kV
110 kV
t [ms]
Ires
Ires [A]
Ires [A]
t [ms]
t [ms]
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 64 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Operational aspects
System with low-impedance neutral earthing
3I0 = IK1
IK1
Ineutral
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 65 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Comparison of neutral resistor and reactor
UR UR
US US
UT UT
IR IR
t t
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 66 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Short circuit trial
Voltages at medium- and low-voltage level
U [kV]
t [ms]
10 kV
U [V]
0.4 kV
t [ms]
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 67 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Low-impedance neutral earthing
Design types of neutral resistors
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 68 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Low-impedance neutral earthing
Connection possibilities for a neutral resistor
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 69 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Low-impedance neutral earthing
Design types of earthing transformers
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 70 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Required protection for low-impedance neutral
earthing
• Overcurrent relay
sensitive earth fault detection 0.1 IN
• Distance protection
Overcurrent pick-up
Earth fault for loop selection
Impedance pick-up
in meshed networks
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 71 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Test circuit for measurements
Current source
Remote station Feeding station
Test
voltage
Active power
Test
UE current
V
Sheath
current
Earth
current
Uind
Z0
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 72 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Combined method
Short term neutral earthing for detection
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 73 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Combined method
Reverse short term neutral earthing
IK1/ Ires
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 74 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Combined method
Short term neutral earthing for trip
Ires/ IK1
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 75 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI
Comparison of neutral earthing schemes
France - Germany
Trip
For internal use only. / Copyright © Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Page 76 01.2008 Th. Connor PTD SE PTI