1

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Farming and fishing are major sources of livelihood in

rural households in the Philippines. Farming systems in the

country are complex, multi-faceted, and moreover geared to

promote efficient production and a steady source of income

(Briones, 2005). The intensive farm systems of developed

countries continue to seek to maximize yield through what is

usually described as best management practice (BMP) that

involves the efficient use of all inputs, including

fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, crops and crop

rotations, livestock breeding programs and often precision

agricultural techniques. Fertilizers have been central to

this approach, which has resulted in a very rapid increase

in productivity over that last 40 years (Goulding et. al.,

2007). Fertilizers contain all sorts of chemicals which

boost the health and growth of plants and promote growth of

high quality flowers and fruits. However, fertilizers are

also harmful for the environment (New Ecologist, 2016). One

of the greatest consequences is soil acidity. Acidic soil

causes significant losses in production and where the choice

of crops is restricted to acid tolerant species and

 2

varieties, profitable market opportunities may be reduced.

(Bolland et. al., 2004).

On the other hand, Herbert A. Pohl found out another

certain activity applied to plants for exquisite results and

fast production. He introduced Electro-culture which is the

practice of applying strong electric fields or other sources

of small air ions to growing plants. It has the potential to

markedly increase crop production and to speed crop growth.

Additional researches stated that the application of

electricity, magnetism, monochrome light, and sound can

stimulate the growth of plants to a great extent. This

little-known technology, called Electro-culture, can

accelerate growth rates, increase yields, and improve crop

quality. Electro-culture can protect plants from diseases,

insects and frost. These methods also can reduce the

requirements for fertilizer or pesticides. Farmers can grow

bigger and better crops in less time, with less effort, and

at a lower cost (Nelson, 2007).

The use of Direct Current (DC) electro-culture was

successfully tested on potatoes, seeds and trees. It was

proven that the passage of an electric current modifies the

physico-chemical properties of soil. Its aggregation

increases, and its permeability to moisture improves, cure

some diseases of trees, and end the dormancy of seeds

 3

(Wheaton, 1968). Hence, the focus of this study is to

determine and further investigate the effects of DC voltages

on a Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) growth in terms of

height accumulation.

1.1 Objectives of the Study

The primary goal of this study is to determine the

effects of DC Voltages on the growth of Sweet Pepper

(Capsicum annuum) if subjected to different DC Voltages and

varying electrocution time.

In addition, this study specifically aims to:

 Measure and compare the height accumulated by the plant

before, during and after electrocution.

 Determine the significant difference between the

exposed Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) stem heights

compared to the controlled group stem heights.

 Evaluate if relationship exist between exposure time

and amount of DC voltage on the growth of the stem of

Capsicum annuum.

1.2 Significance of the Study

The result of the study would allow and enable the

Filipino farmers be informed of the idea of Electro-culture

that would aid in increasing the crop production without

 4

causing any surface and ground water contamination, and soil

disruption that are brought by inorganic fertilizers.

It would also help the community enjoy products that

are fertilizer-free and experience a better crop production

technique.

This could also be a useful concept to the students

since they will gain knowledge of the vast use of

electricity and may use these as new ways to improve living

and can contribute to advancements in the community.

1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The main focus of this research is to determine the

effects of DC Voltages on Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Growth specifically on the plants’ stem height. The study

used two 9-volt battery and two 1.5-volt battery bought from

a local hardware store; and the seed of Sweet pepper

(Capsicum annuum) was bought from the Jeels Masagana Farm

Supply, Butuan City. Prior to experimentation, all of the

batteries were first tested using an electrical tester to

test their volts. Seven (7) containers were used, six (6)

containers for experimental set-ups and one (1) container as

the control set-up. The experimental containers were grouped

into three according to specific voltages (V): 9, 12 and 18.

The seeds were partitioned in each containers where they

 5

were placed outdoors. The time frame of electrocution were 5

min and 10 min each day. The stem height were measured daily

before starting the electrocution process. The

experimentation was conducted in Father Saturnino Urios

University Physics Laboratory for 7 days exactly.

1.4 Definition of terms

Electroculture The practice of applying

strong electric fields or
electricity to growing plants,
has potential of increasing
crop production and of speeding
crop growth markedly.

Direct Current (DC) The electric charge (current)

only flows in one direction.
Widely used in
low voltage applications such
as charging batteries,
automotive applications,
aircraft applications and other
low voltage, low current
applications.

Multivariate Analysis Its statistical technique used

to analyze data that arises
from more than one variable.

Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annum) It is a plant with a large

green, yellow, orange, or red
variety of capsicum that has a
mild or sweet flavor which
typically germinates in 5-6
days.
 6

Voltage The pressure from an

electrical circuit’s power
source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a
conducting loop, enabling them
to do work such as illuminating
a light.

Wilk’s Lambda Distribution Its a test statistic used in

multivariate analysis of
variance (MANOVA) to test
whether there are differences
between the means of identified
groups of subjects on a
combination of dependent
variables. – APIL PA NI?

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Electroculture is a group of techniques that uses

electricity and magnetism to assist plant growth. Plants are

sensitive to electricity and magnetism. Improved plant

growth, quality and increased yields, are some of the

noticeable effects. The technology can also be used to

protect plants from pests and diseases (REFERENCE). With his

15 years of experience and knowledge about the applications

of electroculture and the influence of electromagnetism on

plant growth and development, and water and soil fertility,

he conducted an experiment where a giant sunflower in his

garden in 2009 has magnetic bees wax capacitors dug in at

 7

several places around them to increase the magnetism and

earth electricity locally to benefit the plants and soil.

On the other hand, according to Nelson (2007)

Electoculture can be another means to increase crop

production, without the use of fertilizers. The application

of electricity, magnetism, monochrome light, and sound can

stimulate the growth of plants to a great extent. This

little-known technology, called Electro-culture, can

accelerate growth rates, increase yields, and improve crop

quality. Electro-culture can protect plants from diseases,

insects and frost. These methods also can reduce the

requirements for fertilizer or pesticides. Farmers can grow

bigger and better crops in less time, with less effort, and

at a lower cost. Another paper of Patwardhan and Gandhare

(2013) presents a discussion about the application of

electricity that stimulates the growth of the plant to a

great extent. This paper also demonstrates that exposure to

the action of a high voltage electric field can be an

effective tool for the enhancement of germination. The

experiments were carried out on tomato seeds.

The several approaches to Electro-culture include:

antennas, static electricity, direct and alternating

current, magnetism, radio frequencies, monochrome and

intermittent lighting, and sound. The energies are applied

 8

to the seeds, plants, soil or the water and nutrients

(Nelson, 2007). The use of Direct Current (DC) was first

applied in the 1840s, W. Ross of New York, who reportedly

obtained a several fold increase in the yield of a field of

potatoes when he buried a copper plate (5 ft x 14 ft) in the

earth, and a zinc plate of the same dimensions 200 ft away.

It was then applied to trees. Meanwhile, electricity cures

trees of some diseases. A method was developed in 1966 to

treat avocado trees affected with canker and orange trees

with scaly bark. An electrode was inserted into the living

cambium and phloem layers of the tree and the current passed

into the branches, roots or soil. Later on, it was then

applied to seed and proved that brief exposure of seeds to

electric current ends their dormancy, accelerates

development throughout the period of vegetation, and

ultimately increases yields. It was proven that the passage

of an electric current modifies the physico-chemical

properties of soil. Its aggregation increases, and its

permeability to moisture improves, cure some diseases of

trees, and end the dormancy of seeds.

Additionally, electroculture is continually being

studied. As such, Rafallo B., Sulapas N. and Rafallo J.

(2015) studied the effects of DC voltages on mongo (Vigna

radiata) seed growths. Subjecting the seed into 3 V and 9 V

 9

for 10 minutes, 30 minutes and 45 minutes daily for a week

on both indoor and outdoor samples. They have concluded that

the mongo seed which generally grows for 2 – 3 days when

subjected into electricity can be an alternative method of

plant growth enhancer. In addition, they also concluded that

not all electro cultured plants grew faster than non-electro

cultured plants depending on the sensitivity of a plant to

an applied voltage. It further showed that ‘9V 10 minutes’

container had the highest average height both indoor and

outdoor. Indication resulted that with higher applied

voltage but lesser time of exposure applied, plants grew

faster more especially with broad daylight.

Sweet pepper has only 5-6 days of germination and an

important agricultural crop not only because of its economic

importance but also due to the nutritional and medicinal

value of its fruits as well as being excellent source of

natural colours and antioxidant compounds (Howard et al.,

2000). It is the world’s second important vegetable, ranking

after tomatoes and it is the most produced type of spice

flavouring and colouring for food while providing essential

vitamins and minerals. The nutritional value of pepper

merits special attention. It is a rich source of vitamins A

and E. Both hot and sweet pepper contains more vitamin C to

prevent flu colds than any other vegetable crop (Bosland and
 10

Votava, 2000). In many household, pepper provides the only

needed flavor to enhance intake of otherwise blend diets.

Hence, the plant was chosen for this experimentation.

CAN YOU ADD 1 ARTICLE WHICH SOMEHOW DISCUSS OR EXPLAIN THE

POSSIBLE REASONS ON HOW ELECTRICITY INFLUENCES GROWTH DON’T

FORGET TO CITE THE AUTHOR

 11

CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Plant Preparation

The seeds were soaked into water and the seeds that

sunk were chosen as plant sample since seeds that sunk

has better growing potential. The seeds were then

divided to fit into 7 containers and each contained 10

seeds. The seeds were deposited in a container

bedraggled with 75 ml of tap water and a compacted

cotton balls were placed inside the container which

served as the growing medium. There were 7 containers:

one (1) control and six (6) experimental. The 6

experimental containers were divided into 3 according to

specific voltages (V): 9, 12 and 18. In every pair that

consists one group, the first and second were

electrocuted for 5 and 10 minutes respectively, and then

were exposed to their outdoor environment.

3.2 Batteries and Wires Preparation

Four Batteries, two having a voltage of 9 and the other

two having a voltage of 1.5, and 2-meter wire (#18) were

purchased. The batteries were grouped where the first

group composing of only 1 battery with a voltage of 9;

 12

second group composing of 3 batteries where 1 having a

voltage of 9 and the other 2 having a voltage of 1.5 to

produce 12 V; third group composing of two batteries

with both having a voltage of 9 to make 18 V. Electrical

tape was used to group the batteries. All of the

batteries were tested using an electrical tester to test

their volts. Wires were connected both in anode and

cathode. (Refer to Appendix __)

Figure 1. Wires were connected and the batteries were

grouped based on the desired amount of volts (9 volts,
12 volts ad 18 volts). It was then tested using
electrical tester.
 13

Figure 2. The batteries were tested using electrical-

tester before and after applying electricity making sure
the volts that were applied is correct.

3.3 Electroculture Activity

After 3 days of germination, the heights were measured

for Day 0 as the initial height. The 3 experimental set-

ups having 2 containers per set-up were then exposed to

their respective voltages with their corresponding time

of exposure. Electrocution were done by exposing the

ends of the wires in the water-soaked container of the

experimental set-ups for 5 minutes and 10 minutes

respectively in 9 volts, 12 volts and 18 volts set-ups

each day for a week. Stem heights of each plant were

measured simultaneously every day. The results were

recorded and so with their average heights. Both

experimental and controlled group were compared every

day until 7th day.

A1 A2 B1 B2
 14

C1 C2 CONTROLLED SET-UP

Figure 3.Experimental and controlled group after 3

days of germination

Figure 4. Both ends of the wire were soaked to the wet

cotton, leaving it for 5 minutes and 10 minutes in 9
volts, 12 volts, and 18 volts.
 15

Figure 5. Samples were measured every day before

applying electricity to the samples.

3.4 Analysis of Data

T-test’s statistical significance was used to

differentiate the experimental groups and controlled group

whether the difference between the averages reflected a

significant difference in the stem heights since this

statistical analysis can determine whether the mean of a

population significantly differs from a specific value or

from the mean of another population.

One way ANOVA was used to determine whether there are

any statistical significant differences between the

experimental groups with 5 minutes electrocution and the

experimental groups with 10 minutes electrocution since this

statistical analysis compares the means between the groups

and determines whether any of those means are significantly

different from each other.

 16

Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Electrocution Set-ups

BUHATI DIRI UG NARRATION ANG KADTONG PHOTO NA NAA SA
METHODOLOGY NGA INGON NAKO NGA ETRANSFER SA RESULT – KADTONG
2ND TO THE LAST GROUP OF PHOTOS NGA NAA SA METHODS NINYO –
NARRATION SA UBOS DAYON ANG PHOTOS.

4.2 Collection of Data – PLEASE USE MILLIMETERS (mm)

Height (cm.)
Controlled
Experimental Groups
Group
9 Volts 12 Volts 18 Volts
Day
5 10 5 10 5 10

min. min. min. min. min. min.

A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2

Day 0 0.39 0.75 0.93 0.25 0.26 0.58 0.21

Day 1 0.6 0.98 1.58 0.46 0.67 1.08 0.99

Day 2 1.47 1.61 1.75 0.78 1.09 1.25 1.1

Day 3 1.47 1.65 2.11 1.19 1.35 1.68 1.51

Day 4 1.5 1.75 2.12 1.22 1.45 1.73 1.57

Day 5 1.57 1.79 2.18 1.51 1.47 1.77 1.63

Day 6 1.8 1.81 2.2 1.51 1.55 1.84 1.69

Day 7 1.99 1.84 2.45 1.75 1.8 1.94 1.73

Table 1. Height of the Sweet pepper plant experimental and

controlled groups over 7 days
 17

STEM height OF THE SWEET PEPPER IN 7 DAYS

9 V, 5 min. 9 V, 10 min. 12 V, 5 min. 12 V, 10 min.
18 V, 5 min. 18 V, 10 min Controlled
3

2.5
Height (centimeters)

1.5

0.5

0
D ay 0 Day 1 Day 2 D ay 3 Day 4 Day 5 D ay 6 D ay 7

No. of Days

Table 1 shows the height (in millimeter) of both the

experimental and controlled plants from Day 0 to Day 7 of

experimentation.

4.2Average Stem Height of the plants

Figure 6.Average Stem height of the Sweet pepper from Day 0

to Day 7 in 7 set-ups
Figure 6 shows the growth of seeds in each set-up from

Day 0 (initial) up to Day 7. The result of each set-up has

increasing trend until the last day of the experimentation.

Container with 12 Volts (V) and 5 minutes (min)

electrocution shows the highest stem height of all the set-

ups. Followed by the container with 9 V and 5 min

electrocution, 18 V and 10 min electrocution, 18 V and 5 min

 18

A VER A GE STEM he i ght O F THE EXPER IM EN TA L GR O UPS

EXPO SED F O R 5 M IN UTES IN 7 DA YS
9 V, 5 min. 12 V, 5 min. 18 V, 5 min.
3

2.5
Height (centimeters)

1.5

0.5

0
D ay 0 Day 1 Day 2 D ay 3 Day 4 Day 5 D ay 6 D ay 7

No. of Days

electrocution, 12 V and 10 min electrocution then the

controlled set up.

4.3 Average Stem Height of the experimental groups exposed

for 5 minutes
 19

Figure 7. Average Stem height of the experimental groups

exposed for 5 minutes from Day 0 to Day 7 in 3 set-ups.

Figure 7 shows the average stem heights in the three

experimental set-ups that were exposed for 5 minutes from

Day 0 to Day 7. The result of each set-up has increasing

trend until the last day of the experimentation. Set-up

with 12 V and 5 min electrocution shows the highest stem

height of the experimental groups that were exposed for 5

minutes followed by the 9 V and 5 min electrocution then the

18 V and 5 min electrocution set-up.

 20

STEM height OF THE SWEET PEPPER IN 7 DAYS

9 V, 10 min. 12 V, 10 min. 18 V, 10 min
2.5

2
Height (centimeters)

1.5

0.5

0
D ay 0 Day 1 Day 2 D ay 3 Day 4 Day 5 D ay 6 D ay 7

No. of Days

4.4 Average Stem Height of the experimental groups exposed

for 10 minutes

Figure 8. Average Stem height of the experimental groups

exposed for 10 minutes from Day 0 to Day 7 in 3 set-ups.
 21

Figure 8 shows the average stem heights in the three

experimental set-ups that were exposed for 10 minutes from

Day 0 to Day 7. The result of each set-up has increasing

trend until the last day of the experimentation. Set-up

with 18 V and 10 min electrocution shows the highest stem

height of the experimental groups that were exposed for 10

minutes followed by the 9 V and 10 min electrocution then

the 12 V and 10 min electrocution set-up.

4.5 Independent t-test of Experimental group and Controlled

Group at a=0.05
 22

Table 2. Independent t-test of Experimental Group and

Control Group at alpha 0.05 where NS is not significant and
S is significant.

From the results in Table 2, using the t-test

statistical significance, the p-value with less than the

significance level alpha 5% is only the set-up 12 Volts and

5 minutes. Therefore, voltage and the time of exposure have

a significant effect to the stem heights but only when the

voltage is 12 volts and the time of electrocution is 5

minutes.

4.6 ANOVA on the experimental groups exposed for 5 minutes

Table
3.ANOV A on
the

experimental groups exposed for 5 minutes at alpha=0.05

 23

From the results in table 3, using the one-way ANOVA,

the p-value of the three voltages with 5 minutes exposure is

0.0293 which is less than the significance level alpha 5%.

Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and concludes that in

5 min exposure, the 3 voltages have significant difference.

Meaning, the stem heights of the sweet pepper plant has

significant changes as the number of voltage changes when

the time of exposure is 5 minutes.

4.7 ANOVA on the experimental groups exposed for 10 minutes

Table 4.ANOVA on the experimental groups exposed for 10

minutes at alpha=0.05

From the results in table 4, using the one-way ANOVA,

the p-value of the three voltages with 10 minutes exposure

is 0.1510 which is less than the significance level alpha

5%. Thus, the null hypothesis is not rejected and concludes

that in 10 minutes exposure, the 3 voltages have significant

 24

difference. Meaning, the stem heights of the sweet pepper

plant has no significant change as the number of voltage

changes when the time of exposure is 10 minutes.

Discussion

In the past researches, voltage used was very much

higher compared to this study. In S. Lemström (1904) study,

he used DC voltages which ranges from 20,000 to 70,000 volts

on plants such as carrots, peas, cabbage and tobacco. He

observed that a maximum of 45% has been added to the normal

percentage yield of the plant itself.

Another researcher, E.C. Dudgeon (1910), used the soil

which was rich pasture and had not been turned over for 30

years for the control plot and the soil which is used to

grow root crops for four consecutive years for the

experimental plot. The crop in the experimental plot which

was electrified was fruitful and was ready to cut eight days

before the crop in the control group.

Moreover, the experimental group where electricity were

applied help the plants grow inch higher than the controlled

group for the reason that plants can sense electric field.
 25

Researchers are starting to find evidence that plant growth

can be enhanced by taking advantage of the sensitivity of

plant cells to electric currents. As said by Robert Emmerich

(year), the functional potassium channel TPC1 consists of

two identical subunits. Potassium ions (blue spheres) are

guided through the canal pore when calcium ions that bind to

the channel protein (green spheres) and changes in the

electric field activate the voltage sensors. When the

channel opens, an electrical signal (red current trace) is

triggered and cells of the sample plant Arabidopsis

thaliana depicted here exchange information. In this study,

the blue sphere was gradually observed as we applied

electricity to the experimental group. The longer the time

exposed to electricity the bluer the color it produced. The

cells of plants, animals and humans all use electrical

signals to communicate with each other. Nerve cells use them

to activated muscles. But leaves, too, send electrical

signals to other parts of the plant, for example, when they

were injured and are threatened by hungry insects. As stated

by Professor Rainer Hedrich, Head of the Chair for Molecular

Plant Physiology and Biophysics at the University of

Würzburg they have been asking themselves for many years

what molecular components plants use to exchange information

among each other and how they sense the changes in electric
 26

voltage. That was when they used the patch clamp technique

to make the first-time discovery of an ion channel in plants

which is activated by calcium ions and an electric field. In

2005, other scientists then found the gene underlying this

ion channel (name: TCP1). Prior to further researches, where

they have studied the use of electrical energy to influence

plant growth. Many of those investigators have shown yield

increases from plants which were subjected to an electrical

treatment. Others have found electrical energy caused a

decrease in growth rate, while a third group of

investigators have found that electrical energy does not

affect plant growth. Unfortunately, the research done by

these men was conducted using different treatment procedures

and different environmental conditions which makes

comparisons and the drawing of general conclusions difficult

if not, impossible (Wheaton, 1968). This explains why

Voltage does not have a significant effect on most of the

set-ups and why voltage and the time of exposure only have a

significant effect on the 12 Volts and 5 minutes set-up.

This also explains why the stem heights of the sweet pepper

plant changes as the number of voltage changes in the 5

minutes time of exposure. The treatment and environmental

conditions possibly not favor the conduct of electricity to

the Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annum). The results were slightly

 27

disturbed by few flaws during the conduct. Few suggestions

and recommendations are given.

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the research work

undertaken, the conclusions drawn and the recommendations

made as an outgrowth of this study.

5.1 Summary of Findings

The salient findings of the study are as follows:

1. Average Stem Height of the Sweet Pepper Plants

The average stem height of the 12 Volts and 5

minutes set-up is the highest and the lowest is

the controlled group (Refer to figure 6).

2. Average Stem Height of the Experimental Groups

exposed for 5 minutes

The average stem height of the 12 volts and 5

minutes set-up is the highest and the lowest is

the 18 volts and 5 minutes set-up (Refer to

figure 7).
 28

3. Average Stem Height of the Experimental Groups

exposed for 10 minutes

The average stem height of the 18 volts and 10

minutes set-up is the highest and the lowest is

the 12 volts and 10 minutes set-up (Refer to

figure 8).

4. Independent t-test of Experimental Group and

Controlled group at alpha = 0.05

Voltage and the time of exposure have a

significant effect to the sweet pepper plant when

the set-up is with a voltage of 12 and the time of

exposure of 5 minutes (Refer to table 2).

5. ANOVA on the experimental groups exposed for 5

minutes

The stem heights of the sweet pepper plant has

significant changes as the number of voltage

changes when the time of exposure is 5 minutes

(Refer to table 3).

6. ANOVA on the experimental groups exposed for 10

minutes

The stem heights of the sweet pepper plant has no

significant changes as the number of voltage

changes when the time of exposure is 10 minutes

(Refer to table 4).

 29

5.2 Conclusion

Based on the findings derived from this study, the

following conclusions were drawn.

1. Electricity does give a significant effect to the

stem height of the Sweet pepper (Capsicum annum)

exposed on varying voltages and differing time of

electrocution. In this study, it gives a significant

effect when the applied voltage is 12 and the time

of electrocution is 5 minutes only.

2. The lower the time of exposure, it contributes to a

significant change in the sweet pepper stems’

heights.

3. Electro-culture has a high potential to be an

alternative method to enhance the plant growth

specifically on its stem height since it has a high

stimulation effect.

5.3 Recommendations

The following recommendations are offered based on the

findings and conclusion of the study.

1. Different plants can be another subject for

electro-culture.
 30

2. Increasing the voltage and variation on exposure

time are significant for deeper variable analysis

since each plant species differ from one another.

3. Lengthen the observation time for more accurate

results.

REFERENCES

(2016). The Harmful Effects of Fertilizers on the

Environment. Retrieved from

 31

http://www.thenewecologist.com/2016/05/the-harmful-effects-

of-fertilizers-on-the-environment/

Briones, N.D. (2005.). Environmental Sustainability Issues

in Philippine Agriculture. Asian Journal of Agriculture and

Development. Vol. 2 (1-2), 70-71.

Bolland M, Gazey C, Miller A, Gartner D and Roche J

(2004) Subsurface Acidity. Department of Agriculture and

Food, Western Australia Bulletin 4602.

Goulding et.al.(2007). Optimizing nutrient management for

farm systems. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610177/

Howard et al.( 2000).Pepper production and other Agro

productions. Retrieved from

http://www.agenciadepublicidaddm.com/215bf0/vlakcjre.php?

lrs=economic-importance-of-pepper

Nelson, R. (2007). Electro-Culture(The Electrical Tickle )

Retrieved from
 32

http://blog.lege.net/content/StimulatingPlantGrowthWithElect

ricityMagnetismSound.html

Patwardhan & Gandhare.(2013). A New Approach of Electric

Field Adoption for Germination Improvement. Retrieved from

https://file.scirp.org/pdf/JPEE_2014041510524368.pdf

Van Doorne. Electroculture, Good vibes for Agriculture.

Retrieved from

https://www.electrocultureandmagnetoculture.com/

Wkeaton, F.(1968). Effects of various electrical fields on

seed germination. Retrieved from

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?

article=4520&context=rtd
 33

LIST OF APPENDIX
 34

9 VOLTS 12 volts

5 minutes 10 minutes 5 minutes 10

minutes B2

A1 A2 B1

18 volts CONTROLLED

GROUP

5 minutes 10 minutes

C2
C1

Figure 6. Experimental groups and controlled group after 7

days - NO NEED TO WRITE FIGURE 6. ONLY CAPTION OF WHAT IS
THE PHOTOS ARE ABOUT
 35

SAMPLE ONLY

APPENDIX A

(UNSAY NAA DIRI NA APPENDIX, LIKE DOCUMENTATION OR

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UPS ETC.)

 36

APPENDIX B

UNSA NAPOD ABOUT ANG APPENDIX B

 37

APPENDIX C

ETC ETC ETC